244 lines
25 KiB
XML
244 lines
25 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.798.28375" ID-GBIF-Dataset="f7ab074f-9736-4227-9d45-35a5de3e9fe5" ID-PMC="PMC6262047" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-798-135" ID-PubMed="30510468" ID-ZBK="3D20453A609F4715AF65DC69E6A7AC73" ModsDocAuthor="" ModsDocDate="2018" ModsDocID="1313-2970-798-135" ModsDocOrigin="ZooKeys 798" ModsDocTitle="Description of a new deep-water dogfish shark from Hawaii, with comments on the Squalusmitsukurii species complex in the West Pacific" checkinTime="1542850902657" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Daly-Engel, Toby S., Koch, Amber, Anderson, James M., Cotton, Charles F. & rubbs, R. Dean" docDate="2018" docId="3D0A8A6D3B08B2F7FF95B92D84F28022" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 798: 135-157" docOrigin="ZooKeys 798" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.798.28375" docTitle="Squalus hawaiiensis Daly-Engel, Koch, Anderson, Cotton & rubbs, 2018, sp. n." docType="treatment" docUuid="105A6FF0-9FFD-4425-BE9C-85019A911B25" docUuidSource="ZooBank" docVersion="5" lastPageNumber="135" masterDocId="9A00FFCEFFA91D57FFF9FFE01856D358" masterDocTitle="Description of a new deep-water dogfish shark from Hawaii, with comments on the Squalusmitsukurii species complex in the West Pacific" masterLastPageNumber="157" masterPageNumber="135" originalUpdateDomain="Boston" originalUpdateTime="1542850902657" originalUpdateUser="pensoft" pageNumber="135" updateTime="1668166451895" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Description of a new deep-water dogfish shark from Hawaii, with comments on the Squalusmitsukurii species complex in the West Pacific</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Daly-Engel, Toby S.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Koch, Amber</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Anderson, James M.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Cotton, Charles F.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>rubbs, R. Dean</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>ZooKeys</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2018</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>798</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>135</mods:start>
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<mods:end>157</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:location>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.798.28375</mods:url>
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</mods:location>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.798.28375</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1313-2970-798-135</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ZBK">3D20453A609F4715AF65DC69E6A7AC73</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ZooBank">3D20453A609F4715AF65DC69E6A7AC73</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="149768479" LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:105A6FF0-9FFD-4425-BE9C-85019A911B25" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D0A8A6D3B08B2F7FF95B92D84F28022" lastPageNumber="135" pageId="0" pageNumber="135">
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="135" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="135">
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<taxonomicName LSID="http://zoobank.org/105A6FF0-9FFD-4425-BE9C-85019A911B25" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Squalidae" genus="Squalus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Squalus hawaiiensis" order="Squaliformes" pageId="0" pageNumber="135" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hawaiiensis">Squalus hawaiiensis</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel pageId="0" pageNumber="135">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="135" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="135">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="135">
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A large species of
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<taxonomicName class="Actinopterygii" family="Polyodontidae" genus="Squalus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Squalus" order="Acipenseriformes" pageId="0" pageNumber="135" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Squalus</taxonomicName>
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of the '
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<taxonomicName lsidName="S mitsukurii" pageId="0" pageNumber="135" rank="species" species="mitsukurii">mitsukurii</taxonomicName>
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<normalizedToken originalValue="group’">group'</normalizedToken>
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with the following combination of characters: body relatively slender, trunk height 8.7-12.4% TL (mean 10.1% TL, n=8; Figure 3); snout is angular and short to moderate in length, mouth width 1.35-1.60 (1.48) times horizontal prenarial length and pre-oral length is 1.92-2.06 (1.97) times the prenarial length (Figure 4); pre-first dorsal length 30.3-31.5 (30.2)% TL; pre-second dorsal length 63.6-67.0 (65.5)% TL; interdorsal space 26.7-30.0 (28.6)% TL; pelvic-caudal space 25.2-29.3 (27.1)% TL; relatively small, upright dorsal fins; first dorsal fin length 11.4-12.8 (12.2)% TL, height 6.5-7.8 (7.3)% TL, inner margin length 4.9-5.7 (5.4)%% TL; second dorsal fin length 10.6-11.7 (11.1)% TL, height 4.0-4.6 (4.4)% TL, inner margin length 4.3-4.9 (4.6)% TL; first dorsal fin spine length 46.6-64.6 (55.6)% of first dorsal fin height; second dorsal spine length 104.5-114.5 (109.0)% of second dorsal fin height; caudal bar triangular, extending from the caudal fork nearly to the anterior edge of the lower caudal, distinct upper caudal blotch and fringe in juveniles, upper caudal blotch diffuse in adults but extending to the posterior margin of the upper caudal fin, upper and lower caudal fins white tipped; flank denticles tricuspid (Figure 5
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<normalizedToken originalValue="A–C">A-C</normalizedToken>
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); teeth are similar in appearance in the upper and lower jaw, with numbers ranging from 26-28 in the upper jaw and 23 in the lower jaw; 41-45 monospondylous centra, 85-89 precaudal centra, 112-116 total centra; adult maximum size at least 101 cm TL.
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</paragraph>
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<caption pageId="0" pageNumber="135">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="135">
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Figure 3. Holotype. Lateral view of
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<taxonomicName class="Actinopterygii" family="Polyodontidae" genus="Squalus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Squalus hawaiiensis" order="Acipenseriformes" pageId="0" pageNumber="135" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hawaiiensis">Squalus hawaiiensis</taxonomicName>
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sp. n. holotype (UF241161, female 750.5 mm TL).
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<caption pageId="0" pageNumber="135">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="135">
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Figure 4. Holotype. Ventral view of
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<taxonomicName class="Actinopterygii" family="Polyodontidae" genus="Squalus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Squalus hawaiiensis" order="Acipenseriformes" pageId="0" pageNumber="135" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hawaiiensis">Squalus hawaiiensis</taxonomicName>
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sp. n. holotype (UF241161, female 750.5 mm TL).
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<caption pageId="0" pageNumber="135">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="135">
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Figure 5. SEM images of dermal denticles. Three views of dermal denticles from adult male (TL = 72.5 cm)
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<taxonomicName class="Actinopterygii" family="Polyodontidae" genus="Squalus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Squalus hawaiiensis" order="Acipenseriformes" pageId="0" pageNumber="135" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hawaiiensis">Squalus hawaiiensis</taxonomicName>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="135" type="description">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="135">Description.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="135">
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Morphometric data are provided in Table 3.
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<taxonomicName class="Actinopterygii" family="Polyodontidae" genus="Squalus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Squalus hawaiiensis" order="Acipenseriformes" pageId="0" pageNumber="135" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hawaiiensis">Squalus hawaiiensis</taxonomicName>
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sp. n. is a relatively large dogfish shark with a fusiform body, a relatively short snout, and small dorsal fins. The nape is modestly humped over the pectoral fins, particularly in large females. Head length is 21.4-23.9% TL. The snout is relatively short but angular and relatively pointed in dorsal view, with a pre-narial length that is 49-52% of the pre-oral length and 1.06-1.31 times eye length. Pre-oral length is 2.04-2.42 times the internarial space. Pre-vent length is 50.4-53.6% of the TL. Mouth width is 0.69-0.83 times the pre-oral length. Eye is large (3.9-4.9% of TL) and strongly notched posteriorly. Upper and lower labial furrows pronounced. Upper labial furrow length 1.9-2.5% TL, 24.9-33.0% of mouth width, and 19.3-24.7% of pre-oral length. Inner nostril labial furrow space is 1.89-2.27 times labial furrow length. Pre-first dorsal fin length is 30.3-31.5% of TL, pre-second dorsal space is 63.6-67.0% of TL and the interdorsal space ranges from 26.7% to 30.0% of TL. The first dorsal fin is rounded at the apex. First dorsal fin length measures 1.62-1.81 times first dorsal fin height. First dorsal fin length is 1.02-1.16 times second dorsal fin length and the height of the first dorsal fin is 1.57-1.80 times the height of the second dorsal fin. Second dorsal fin length 2.36-2.79 times the second dorsal fin height. Dorsal fin spines are stout, with the spine on the second dorsal fin typically longer (4.1-5.0%TL) than the spine on the first dorsal fin (3.6-4.6%TL). First dorsal spine length is 0.39-0.65 (mean: 0.53%) times the first dorsal fin height. Second dorsal spine length is 0.84-1.15 (mean: 1.04%) times the second dorsal fin height. The pectoral fins are well developed with an anterior margin that is 12.8-16.0% of the TL. The pectoral inner margin is 6.4-7.4% of total length and free rear tip is rounded (Figure 6
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<normalizedToken originalValue="A–C">A-C</normalizedToken>
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).
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</paragraph>
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<caption pageId="0" pageNumber="135">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="135">
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Figure 6. Holotype. A First dorsal fin B second dorsal fin C pectoral fin of
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<taxonomicName class="Actinopterygii" family="Polyodontidae" genus="Squalus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Squalus hawaiiensis" order="Acipenseriformes" pageId="0" pageNumber="135" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hawaiiensis">Squalus hawaiiensis</taxonomicName>
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holotype (UF241161, female 750.5 mm TL).
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="135">
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<taxonomicName class="Actinopterygii" family="Polyodontidae" genus="Squalus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Squalus hawaiiensis" order="Acipenseriformes" pageId="0" pageNumber="135" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hawaiiensis">Squalus hawaiiensis</taxonomicName>
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is morphologically similar to other species in the "
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<taxonomicName lsidName="S mitsukurii" pageId="0" pageNumber="135" rank="species" species="mitsukurii">mitsukurii</taxonomicName>
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" group. It is distinguished morphologically by a very long inter-dorsal space which ranges from 26.7% to 30.0% of TL compared to 18.7-25.5% in
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<taxonomicName class="Elasmobranchii" family="Squalidae" genus="Squalus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Squalus mitsukurii" order="Squaliformes" pageId="0" pageNumber="135" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mitsukurii">Squalus mitsukurii</taxonomicName>
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(
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<bibRefCitation pageId="0" pageNumber="135">Last et al. 2007a</bibRefCitation>
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) and 23.5-24.6% in
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<taxonomicName class="Elasmobranchii" family="Squalidae" genus="Squalus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Squalus formosus" order="Squaliformes" pageId="0" pageNumber="135" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="formosus">Squalus formosus</taxonomicName>
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(
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<bibRefCitation author="White, WT" journalOrPublisher="Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences" pageId="0" pageNumber="135" url="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.2011.03068.x" year="2011">
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White and
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Iglésias">Iglesias</normalizedToken>
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2011
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</bibRefCitation>
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), both from Taiwan and southern Japan, and to 23.5-25.6 in
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<taxonomicName lsidName="S. edmundsi" pageId="0" pageNumber="135" rank="species" species="edmundsi">S. edmundsi</taxonomicName>
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, 20.6-23.8% in
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<taxonomicName lsidName="S. grahami" pageId="0" pageNumber="135" rank="species" species="grahami">S. grahami</taxonomicName>
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(
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<bibRefCitation pageId="0" pageNumber="135">White et al. 2007</bibRefCitation>
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), 21.7-25.9% in
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<taxonomicName lsidName="S. montalbani" pageId="0" pageNumber="135" rank="species" species="montalbani">S. montalbani</taxonomicName>
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(
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<bibRefCitation pageId="0" pageNumber="135">Last et al. 2007b</bibRefCitation>
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), all from Australia and 22.6-26.0% in
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<taxonomicName lsidName="S. griffini" pageId="0" pageNumber="135" rank="species" species="griffini">S. griffini</taxonomicName>
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(
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<bibRefCitation pageId="0" pageNumber="135">Duffy and Last 2007</bibRefCitation>
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) from New Zealand, but overlaps with
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<taxonomicName lsidName="S. chloroculus" pageId="0" pageNumber="135" rank="species" species="chloroculus">S. chloroculus</taxonomicName>
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(23.7-27.5%) from Australia (
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<bibRefCitation pageId="0" pageNumber="135">Last et al. 2007b</bibRefCitation>
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),
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<taxonomicName lsidName="S. nasutus" pageId="0" pageNumber="135" rank="species" species="nasutus">S. nasutus</taxonomicName>
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(24.4-28.0%) from Australia, Indonesia, and the Philippines (
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<bibRefCitation pageId="0" pageNumber="135">Last et al. 2007a</bibRefCitation>
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) and
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<taxonomicName lsidName="S. japonicus" pageId="0" pageNumber="135" rank="species" species="japonicus">S. japonicus</taxonomicName>
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from Japan (28.0-29.5%TL) (
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<bibRefCitation author="Chen, C" journalOrPublisher="Japanese Journal of Ichthyology" pageId="0" pageNumber="135" pagination="26 - 42" title="Blainville's dogfish, Squalusblainville, from Japan, with notes on S. mitsukurii and S. japonicus." volume="26" year="1979">Chen et al. 1979</bibRefCitation>
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).
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<taxonomicName class="Actinopterygii" family="Polyodontidae" genus="Squalus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Squalus hawaiiensis" order="Acipenseriformes" pageId="0" pageNumber="135" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hawaiiensis">Squalus hawaiiensis</taxonomicName>
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is further distinguished from
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<taxonomicName lsidName="S. mitsukurii" pageId="0" pageNumber="135" rank="species" species="mitsukurii">S. mitsukurii</taxonomicName>
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by having smaller first and second dorsal fin lengths and anterior margins and a longer body or torso (longer pre-caudal and pre-second dorsal lengths but shorter dorsal caudal margin; Table 3). The longer torso is reflected in differences in the ranges of the following ratios between
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<taxonomicName lsidName="S. mitsukurii" pageId="0" pageNumber="135" rank="species" species="mitsukurii">S. mitsukurii</taxonomicName>
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type specimens (reported in Last et al. 2007) and all
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<taxonomicName lsidName="S. mitsukurii" pageId="0" pageNumber="135" rank="species" species="mitsukurii">S. mitsukurii</taxonomicName>
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measured here (N=8): pre-first dorsal length 1.45-1.73 vs. 1.01-1.16 times interdorsal space; prepectoral length 1.09-1.28 vs. 0.74-0.86 times interdorsal space; prepectoral length 1.02-1.07 vs. 0.78-0.89 times pelvic-caudal space. Based on data from
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<bibRefCitation author="Chen, C" journalOrPublisher="Japanese Journal of Ichthyology" pageId="0" pageNumber="135" pagination="26 - 42" title="Blainville's dogfish, Squalusblainville, from Japan, with notes on S. mitsukurii and S. japonicus." volume="26" year="1979">Chen et al. (1979)</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<taxonomicName lsidName="S. mitsukurii" pageId="0" pageNumber="135" rank="species" species="mitsukurii">S. mitsukurii</taxonomicName>
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has higher vertebral meristic counts (45-51 monospondylous centra, 87-93 precaudal centra, 118-127 total centra) than
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<taxonomicName lsidName="S. hawaiiensis" pageId="0" pageNumber="135" rank="species" species="hawaiiensis">S. hawaiiensis</taxonomicName>
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(41-45 monospondylous centra, 85-89 precaudal centra, 112-116 total centra).
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<taxonomicName class="Elasmobranchii" family="Squalidae" genus="Squalus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Squalus chloroculus" order="Squaliformes" pageId="0" pageNumber="135" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="chloroculus">Squalus chloroculus</taxonomicName>
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has a caudal bar that extends much higher on the upper caudal fin and lacks the upper caudal blotch characteristic of
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<taxonomicName lsidName="S. hawaiiensis" pageId="0" pageNumber="135" rank="species" species="hawaiiensis">S. hawaiiensis</taxonomicName>
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(Figure 7
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<normalizedToken originalValue="A–C">A-C</normalizedToken>
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).
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<taxonomicName class="Elasmobranchii" family="Squalidae" genus="Squalus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Squalus chloroculus" order="Squaliformes" pageId="0" pageNumber="135" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="chloroculus">Squalus chloroculus</taxonomicName>
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also has much shorter first dorsal fin spines (2.3-3.3%TL) and second dorsal fin spines (2.5-3.9%TL) than
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<taxonomicName lsidName="S. hawaiiensis" pageId="0" pageNumber="135" rank="species" species="hawaiiensis">S. hawaiiensis</taxonomicName>
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.
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<taxonomicName class="Elasmobranchii" family="Squalidae" genus="Squalus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Squalus nasutus" order="Squaliformes" pageId="0" pageNumber="135" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nasutus">Squalus nasutus</taxonomicName>
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has a much longer snout with pre-narial lengths of 5.9-7.5%TL and pre-oral lengths of 11.1-12.7%TL compared to 4.8-5.4%TL and 9.6-10.4%TL respectively for
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<taxonomicName lsidName="S. hawaiiensis" pageId="0" pageNumber="135" rank="species" species="hawaiiensis">S. hawaiiensis</taxonomicName>
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. Based on the morphometrics from
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<bibRefCitation author="Chen, C" journalOrPublisher="Japanese Journal of Ichthyology" pageId="0" pageNumber="135" pagination="26 - 42" title="Blainville's dogfish, Squalusblainville, from Japan, with notes on S. mitsukurii and S. japonicus." volume="26" year="1979">Chen et al. (1979)</bibRefCitation>
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, the closely related
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<taxonomicName lsidName="S. japonicus" pageId="0" pageNumber="135" rank="species" species="japonicus">S. japonicus</taxonomicName>
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differs from
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<taxonomicName lsidName="S. hawaiiensis" pageId="0" pageNumber="135" rank="species" species="hawaiiensis">S. hawaiiensis</taxonomicName>
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in having a smaller mouth (6.4-6.9%TL compared to 7.0-8.1%TL) and shorter first and second dorsal fin lengths. First dorsal fin length in
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<taxonomicName lsidName="S. japonicus" pageId="0" pageNumber="135" rank="species" species="japonicus">S. japonicus</taxonomicName>
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is 10.1-11.0%TL compared to 11.4-12.8%TL in
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<taxonomicName lsidName="S. hawaiiensis" pageId="0" pageNumber="135" rank="species" species="hawaiiensis">S. hawaiiensis</taxonomicName>
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. Second dorsal fin length is 7.9-8.4%TL
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<taxonomicName lsidName="S. japonicus" pageId="0" pageNumber="135" rank="species" species="japonicus">S. japonicus</taxonomicName>
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compared to 10.6-11.7%TL in
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<taxonomicName lsidName="S. hawaiiensis" pageId="0" pageNumber="135" rank="species" species="hawaiiensis">S. hawaiiensis</taxonomicName>
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.
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</paragraph>
|
||
<caption pageId="0" pageNumber="135">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="135">
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Figure 7. Caudal fin of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Actinopterygii" family="Polyodontidae" genus="Squalus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Squalus hawaiiensis" order="Acipenseriformes" pageId="0" pageNumber="135" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hawaiiensis">Squalus hawaiiensis</taxonomicName>
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sp. n. A Holotype (UF241161, female 750.5 mm TL) B fresh adult male C fresh adult female.
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||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="135">
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Color. In life (based on many captured specimens): dorsal surface uniformly dark gray to brown, light gray to white ventrally. Dorsal fins uniformly gray to brown with think black tips that narrow with age, free rear tips slightly paler. Caudal fin mostly dusky with a broken white trailing edge, dark caudal bar triangular, extending from the caudal fork nearly to the anterior edge of the lower caudal (Figure 8
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="A–B">A-B</normalizedToken>
|
||
). Upper caudal blotch diffuse in adults, extending to a short length of the posterior margin of the upper caudal fin, upper and lower caudal fins white tipped; pectoral and pelvic fins greyish dorsally, darker in the middle and with well-defined white posterior margin; Juveniles with much more pronounced fin markings; dorsal fins with black fringes, dark blotch in pectoral fins, caudal bar distinct on lower caudal from the fork to the anterior edge, well-defined and separated black upper caudal blotch and upper caudal fringe with upper caudal blotch not reaching the posterior margin of the upper caudal fin. In juvenile
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="S. mitsukurii" pageId="0" pageNumber="135" rank="species" species="mitsukurii">S. mitsukurii</taxonomicName>
|
||
the upper caudal blotch is smaller and indistinct from the upper caudal fringe and the caudal bar is diagonal rather than triangular and does not reach the posterior edge of the lower caudal fin. In preservative: holotype similar, dark markings on fins faint but evident; caudal bar faint; broad, pale posterior margins on pectoral and pelvic fins well-defined. Eyes bright green in life (Figure 8C).
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||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption pageId="0" pageNumber="135">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="135">
|
||
Figure 8. Images of the Hawaiian spurdog,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Actinopterygii" family="Polyodontidae" genus="Squalus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Squalus hawaiiensis" order="Acipenseriformes" pageId="0" pageNumber="135" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hawaiiensis">Squalus hawaiiensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
. A Lateral view of adult female
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Actinopterygii" family="Polyodontidae" genus="Squalus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Squalus hawaiiensis" order="Acipenseriformes" pageId="0" pageNumber="135" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hawaiiensis">Squalus hawaiiensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
, drawing by R. McPhie B embryonic
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Actinopterygii" family="Polyodontidae" genus="Squalus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Squalus hawaiiensis" order="Acipenseriformes" pageId="0" pageNumber="135" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hawaiiensis">Squalus hawaiiensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
, lateral and dorsal views, drawings by R. McPhie C embryonic
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Actinopterygii" family="Polyodontidae" genus="Squalus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Squalus hawaiiensis" order="Acipenseriformes" pageId="0" pageNumber="135" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hawaiiensis">Squalus hawaiiensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
, dorsal view. Photo by RDG.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="135">
|
||
Size. Based on 197 Hawaii specimens surveyed, 156 females and 41 males (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Daly-Engel, TS" journalOrPublisher="Marine Ecology Progress Series" pageId="0" pageNumber="135" pagination="255 - 267" title="Is multiple mating beneficial or unavoidable? Low multiple paternity and genetic diversity in the shortspine spurdog (Squalusmitsukurii)." url="https://doi.org/10.3354/meps08417" volume="403" year="2010">Daly-Engel et al. 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Cotton, CF" journalOrPublisher="Marine and Freshwater research" pageId="0" pageNumber="135" pagination="811 - 822" title="Age, growth and reproduction of Squaluscf. mitsukurii from Hawaiian waters." url="https://doi.org/10.1071/MF10307" volume="62" year="2011">Cotton et al. 2011</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), the maximum observed length of females and males was 101 cm TL and 78 cm TL respectively.
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Cotton, CF" journalOrPublisher="Marine and Freshwater research" pageId="0" pageNumber="135" pagination="811 - 822" title="Age, growth and reproduction of Squaluscf. mitsukurii from Hawaiian waters." url="https://doi.org/10.1071/MF10307" volume="62" year="2011">Cotton et al. (2011)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
reported that females reach maturity at ~64 cm TL and males reach maturity at ~47 cm TL.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="135">Etymology. Derived from the type locality in the Hawaiian Archipelago</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="135">Vernacular. Hawaiian Spurdog</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |