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<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1179.101388" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-1179-63" ID-Pensoft-UUID="35F0E278C7E65818B7636E3886EEA9C5" ID-ZooBank="720A0A7F8BDA409FA6928CF13494BA71" ModsDocID="1313-2970-1179-63" checkinTime="1694247949167" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Justesen, Mathias Just, Hansen, Aslak Kappel, Knizek, Milos, Lindelow, Ake, Solodovnikov, Alexey &amp; Ravn, Hans Peter" docDate="2023" docId="F69B98DC8AAA55C59619458D60EB06A9" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 1179: 63-105" docOrigin="ZooKeys 1179" docPubDate="2023-09-08" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1179.101388" docTitle="Cryphalus numidicus Eichhoff 1878" docType="treatment" docVersion="2" id="35F0E278C7E65818B7636E3886EEA9C5" lastPageNumber="63" masterDocId="35F0E278C7E65818B7636E3886EEA9C5" masterDocTitle="Taxonomic reappraisal of the European fauna of the bark beetle genus Cryphalus (Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Scolytinae)" masterLastPageNumber="105" masterPageNumber="63" pageNumber="63" updateTime="1694248252113" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="68FDDCBB4BF926D22C52F040ACAE1BB3">Taxonomic reappraisal of the European fauna of the bark beetle genus Cryphalus (Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Scolytinae)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="AEC596401CCB59595B1541E8AE9577B0">Justesen, Mathias Just</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="D4673C5B93BA71609EEFB23DAEE47274" type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5252-7045</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation id="98DB8562F105C577CFA38436777D084F">Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 23, 1958 Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen, Denmark</mods:affiliation>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="6ABB5B14C7980DB4C520B2044FD81CB6" type="email">majj@ign.ku.dk</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:namePart id="475637334F76A3C498C1019E82EFD7D4">Hansen, Aslak Kappel</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="7C267E421F4B5D3091AC55A35FA76413" type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2089-7233</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation id="F4BA08D3468714A603058F1DAC6398F9">Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 23, 1958 Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen, Denmark</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
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<mods:roleTerm id="1356E57525BB952A693792E439F82E3A">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="78966657DF4A10AA0829E838ED411EF9">Knizek, Milos</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="FF7750CE4C1F19C70CB5ED521B637E66" type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3221-9448</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation id="5C1EFBD9B78D67D67E10EFC60FBA6694">Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, 2100 Kobenhavn O, Copenhagen, Denmark</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
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<mods:roleTerm id="E41CCD9289F5CCF504DCAA7D6CC8AACF">Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="BC2A005168E0C5C2884D56F32451ED46">Lindelow, Ake</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="F1FB000FE1C64131BA8189A9B7473DFC">Forestry and Game Management Research Institute, Strnady 136, CZ- 252 02 Jiloviste, Czech Republic</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
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<mods:roleTerm id="E9B4A9348CAAC4B270333E1CD9AB8EF3">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="E3DB32DC3DE1F9C6683F5D128F5A014A">Solodovnikov, Alexey</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="D8DB17724FCF4A2D4FC7B75D89B9B92E" type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2031-849X</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation id="B2A5B7D3688D07A3D0B6B894194D5FED">Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 23, 1958 Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen, Denmark</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="42753836567DCDCC947B8DDF07E3633A">Ravn, Hans Peter</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="3DE133DC9FCB2053EE5D87C3A2330D78" type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5090-3273</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation id="042A15563E45DC306C4F2E24147DA4AC">Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 23, 1958 Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen, Denmark</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:date id="72BE985ABF28D505270956E0203501CE">2023</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="81CACB3BCF28278E4420BADC25900F60">2023-09-08</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="D00E6B0F19D4C628B1A47EEBF2BBDA0B">1179</mods:number>
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<treatment id="F69B98DC8AAA55C59619458D60EB06A9" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:F69B98DC8AAA55C59619458D60EB06A9" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/F69B98DC8AAA55C59619458D60EB06A9" lastPageNumber="63" pageId="0" pageNumber="63">
<subSubSection id="8A08C15B0FE322818A98E9B40A58F737" pageId="0" pageNumber="63" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="22B4AC772F1D65B12AC2F1FA7F691A2F" pageId="0" pageNumber="63">
<taxonomicName id="DC7C57141A790F43D475EB972DE56DF0" ID-CoL="ZSQX" LSID="F69B98DC-8AAA-55C5-9619-458D60EB06A9" authority="Eichhoff, 1878" authorityName="Eichhoff" authorityYear="1878" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Cryphalus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cryphalus numidicus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="63" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="numidicus">Cryphalus numidicus Eichhoff, 1878</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="79D8A9D05CEEE257BAE3B13C1305E2E1" pageId="0" pageNumber="63" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="434C6A3CC06CD5DABE08EA547E52619A" pageId="0" pageNumber="63">
<taxonomicName id="C29A8CC58E1E81446DF8D4F2722A6D84" authorityName="Eichhoff" authorityYear="1878" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Cryphalus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cryphalus numidicus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="63" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="numidicus">Cryphalus numidicus</taxonomicName>
Eichhoff, 1878a: 385.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="95863630CE42565D0E10BB4696A032A9" pageId="0" pageNumber="63">
<taxonomicName id="CA71A046E96C86BF2C723BED8844C89A" authorityName="Eichhoff" authorityYear="1878" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Cryphalus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cryphalus numidicus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="63" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="numidicus">Cryphalus numidicus</taxonomicName>
<bibRefCitation id="B5E95BC7417B7C1FF99B625EED5D6550" author="Eichhoff, WJ" journalOrPublisher="Entomologische Zeitung, Stettin" pageId="0" pageNumber="63" refId="B16" refString="Eichhoff, WJ, 1878b. Ratio, descriptio, emendatio eorum Tomicinorum qui sunt in Dr medic. Chapuisii et autoris ipsius collectionibus et quos praeterea recognovit scriptor. Memoires de la Societe Royale des Sciences de Liege. Serie 2e(8): 1-531. [+ pl. I-V.]" title="Ratio, descriptio, emendatio eorum Tomicinorum qui sunt in Dr medic. Chapuisii et autoris ipsius collectionibus et quos praeterea recognovit scriptor. Memoires de la Societe Royale des Sciences de Liege. Serie 2 e (8): 1 - 531. [+ pl. I-V.]" year="1878 b">Eichhoff: 1878b</bibRefCitation>
: 487.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="BCBA3FFFCC9E818BD7B404DE622062D3" pageId="0" pageNumber="63" type="type material">
<paragraph id="460EFCF665311907EF7AE1733F8B6870" pageId="0" pageNumber="63">Type material.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8201E3F62FD453CDBC237417399DE115" pageId="0" pageNumber="63">
According to
<bibRefCitation id="DA32879D0E8FCB2A4FE7885FDE1623AE" author="Horn, W" journalOrPublisher="Akademie der Landwirtschaftswissenschaften der Deutschen Demokratischen Republik, Berlin, Germany" pageId="0" pageNumber="63" refId="B26" refString="Horn, W, Kahle, I, Friese, G, Gaedike, R, 1990a. Collectiones Entomologicae, ein Kompendium ueber den Verbleib Entomologischer Sammlungen der Welt bis 1960. Teil I: A bis K. Akademie der Landwirtschaftswissenschaften der Deutschen Demokratischen Republik, Berlin, Germany" title="Collectiones Entomologicae, ein Kompendium ueber den Verbleib Entomologischer Sammlungen der Welt bis 1960. Teil I: A bis K." year="1990 a">Horn et al. (1990a)</bibRefCitation>
,
<normalizedToken id="1F6B37BF1AFCC1C317AF1A8AC2BFD6E7" originalValue="Eichhoff’s">Eichhoff's</normalizedToken>
bark beetle material was transferred via C. Schaufuss and then again via H. Eggers to the Zoological Museum in Hamburg. According to
<bibRefCitation id="467F379CF480B9258EB6FA6E37FDC501" author="Wood, SL" journalOrPublisher="The Great Basin Naturalist" pageId="0" pageNumber="63" pagination="89 - 92" publicationUrl="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41712699" refId="B86" refString="Wood, SL, 1992a. Nomenclatural changes in Scolytidae and Platypodidae (Coleoptera). The Great Basin Naturalist 52 (1): 89 - 92, https://www.jstor.org/stable/41712699" title="Nomenclatural changes in Scolytidae and Platypodidae (Coleoptera)." url="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41712699" volume="52" year="1992 a">Wood (1992a)</bibRefCitation>
, the
<taxonomicName id="8D946306D3A2FB5F5381751C7C9E7B57" class="Insecta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="C. numidicus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="63" rank="species" species="numidicus">
<emphasis id="7547458883A4F550A5FDAC9836C43CB5" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="63">C. numidicus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
material in Hamburg was destroyed. Contact with the Zoological Museum in Hamburg confirmed that the material (if there) was destroyed (pers. comm. Husemann, November 2018).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C7F7E8D8CF7EE8F9384C851173440D2D" pageId="0" pageNumber="63" type="neotype designation">
<paragraph id="A460038B987C19368CDDE2A980E89047" pageId="0" pageNumber="63">Neotype designation.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="A7A5034162526EF5D57A885055F5ED81" pageId="0" pageNumber="63">
We designate a neotype of
<taxonomicName id="962F07D9514A632434BA48F33B20E01D" authorityName="Eichhoff" authorityYear="1878" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Cryphalus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cryphalus numidicus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="63" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="numidicus">
<emphasis id="D054174C4718FAAFA01A5BFE34B38AD8" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="63">Cryphalus numidicus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
with the express purpose of clarifying the taxonomic status. The original description was based on specimens collected in Greece (
<bibRefCitation id="456FB90A0FF56BAB42D718CC9CF01CFD" author="Eichhoff, WJ" journalOrPublisher="Entomologische Zeitung, Stettin" pageId="0" pageNumber="63" pagination="383 - 392" publicationUrl="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/35939#page/7/mode/1up" refId="B15" refString="Eichhoff, WJ, 1878a. Neue oder noch unbeschriebene Tomicinen. Entomologische Zeitung, Stettin 39 (7-9): 383 - 392, https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/35939#page/7/mode/1up" title="Neue oder noch unbeschriebene Tomicinen." url="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/35939#page/7/mode/1up" volume="39" year="1878 a">Eichhoff 1878a</bibRefCitation>
). A male neotype of
<taxonomicName id="EB7345C246FCC7CEFA3F2E08B910C774" authorityName="Eichhoff" authorityYear="1878" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Cryphalus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cryphalus numidicus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="63" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="numidicus">
<emphasis id="F62E5304453C6D16666BC9B66E59E5BF" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="63">Cryphalus numidicus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Eichhoff, 1878) was designated (Fig.
<figureCitation id="3DB6F9ABAD1B06D2D24D1EA50D6BBD06" captionStart="Figure 12" captionStartId="F12" captionText="Figure 12. Neotype of Cryphalus numidicus. Stored at NHMD in the entomological collections." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1179.101388.figure12" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/903296" pageId="0" pageNumber="63">12</figureCitation>
). It was collected on 31 March 2019 in Greece (
<geoCoordinate id="A851F294E864FA022C6BA30F155F0572" degrees="37" direction="north" minutes="03" orientation="latitude" precision="1" seconds="21.9" value="37.056084">37°03'21.9&quot;N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="0C43DDD76E7D810521674AD15463E974" degrees="22" direction="east" minutes="48" orientation="longitude" precision="1" seconds="44.8" value="22.812443">22°48'44.8&quot;E</geoCoordinate>
) from an
<taxonomicName id="1F941B072801D48925C9679D3C5C6DD2" class="Coniferopsida" family="Pinaceae" genus="Abies" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Abies cephalonica" order="Pinales" pageId="0" pageNumber="63" phylum="Gymnospermae" rank="species" species="cephalonica">
<emphasis id="29938F6FA5B2A47FFA7B5CB895A7D4BD" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="63">Abies cephalonica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Loudon tree that had recently fallen. The specimen will be stored at NHMD in the entomological collections. COI sequence (Fig.
<figureCitation id="FED8BC59E88C10A148CCA472CD177CA6" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="F8" captionText="Figure 8. Species tree based on COI barcodes. Support values are given as posterior probability for Bayesian analysis and ultrafast bootstrap and SH-aLRT values for maximum likelihood analysis. Nodes coloured green for PP ≥ 0.90, UFB ≥ 80 and SH-aLRT ≥ 95, yellow for either PP ≥ 0.90, UFB ≥ 80 or SH-aLRT ≥ 95, and red for PP &lt;0.90, UFB &lt;80 and SH-aLRT &lt;95." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1179.101388.figure8" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/903292" pageId="0" pageNumber="63">8</figureCitation>
, NUM1 and NUM) are from specimens collected in the same branch as the neotype.
</paragraph>
<caption id="932623D3520A36561E345508359F6170" doi="10.3897/zookeys.1179.101388.figure12" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/903296" pageId="0" pageNumber="63" start="Figure 12" startId="F12">
<paragraph id="66436DAC9491672419013CC303810DA0" pageId="0" pageNumber="63">
<emphasis id="8CE7B5F83875E787F75357C8C137CEB5" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="63">Figure 12.</emphasis>
Neotype of
<taxonomicName id="B8E941AF313C5570A0AB3D383F8BD61D" authorityName="Eichhoff" authorityYear="1878" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Cryphalus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cryphalus numidicus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="63" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="numidicus">
<emphasis id="4892E06A829D3D6824400967E45D63E6" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="63">Cryphalus numidicus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Stored at NHMD in the entomological collections.
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="11AD03FE95EBD1E9936F17FE4BCB675A" pageId="0" pageNumber="63" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="16B12A60B071327BEB4CDD6CF2CFAF9F" pageId="0" pageNumber="63">Material examined.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="79631EE9E966C0040BD9F6FCEC89D715" pageId="0" pageNumber="63">
<materialsCitation id="D346022CCE7558F70D16B82F72F1ECC8" collectingDate="2023-01-01" collectingDateMax="2023-12-31" collectingDateMin="2023-01-01" country="Greece" location="Morphological" specimenCount="55">
<specimenCount id="782ECBCB6D6E1FBB98AF002CD568DAD0" type="generic">55 specimens</specimenCount>
from a single location in
<collectingCountry id="C9A95C66E32D781909BA51B8DA16948D" name="Greece">Greece</collectingCountry>
(Table
<tableCitation id="CED85A8CD1940D8A212DA1C2584670AA" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="T1" captionText="Table 1. Examined material." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/D919FC8726136461D67D1D38B86DAE53" pageId="0" pageNumber="63" tableUuid="D919FC8726136461D67D1D38B86DAE53">1</tableCitation>
) were examined.
<location id="50299CC28BB5A9232E17FBC2016E266C" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:F69B98DC8AAA55C59619458D60EB06A9:50299CC28BB5A9232E17FBC2016E266C" country="Greece" name="Morphological">Morphological</location>
measurements were done on
</materialsCitation>
<materialsCitation id="2C30C92E0F523F30D2A93419EA097C88" collectingDate="2023-01-01" collectingDateMax="2023-12-31" collectingDateMin="2023-01-01" country="Greece" location="The" specimenCount="16">
<specimenCount id="D39E7D025D07A3BC875DE09F6C84CFAD" type="generic">16 specimens</specimenCount>
from that location.
<location id="4B47CB1A2CF5F7833AD066DBB12AEF6E" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:F69B98DC8AAA55C59619458D60EB06A9:4B47CB1A2CF5F7833AD066DBB12AEF6E" country="Greece" name="The">The</location>
average results of the measurements are shown in Fig.
<figureCitation id="628FAD99858C4E365EFDA5D02A78FF60" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. The variation of measured characters in five European Cryphalus species. Pronotal lateral setae, mid (mm), refers to the length of the lateral setae on pronotum between the summit and the apex." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1179.101388.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/903286" pageId="0" pageNumber="63">2</figureCitation>
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="B1800BD54D4FE980A41EEAEAE5B88FB4" pageId="0" pageNumber="63" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="70E57AB09E65C7CA6DC7236B4E5774F8" pageId="0" pageNumber="63">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="C4128AD40466BE0C5984F9D0B104196D" pageId="0" pageNumber="63">
This species can be diagnosed from morphologically similar
<taxonomicName id="440D1FFA2052864850CC90895C0725A7" authorityName="W.F.Erichson" authorityYear="1836" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Cryphalus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cryphalus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="63" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="95F2DEBA470EF17C9A19899D1C4B261A" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="63">Cryphalus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in Europe by the combination of circular pronotum, asperities (&gt; 47) on pronotum in almost concentric circles, very long erect interstrial setae on the elytral declivity longer than width of second interstria. For confident identification, the male genitalia is unique. The penis body when seen from above (dorsally) is equally broad and highly asymmetric, spiralled. The entire aedeagus is ~ 0.5 mm in length (Fig.
<figureCitation id="A6DCBCEF667FBADF37DF547C5E41F878" captionStart="Figure 13" captionStartId="F13" captionText="Figure 13. Cryphalus numidicus A distribution B lateral and dorsal view C aedeagus D SEM, specimen from Leonidio, Greece E SEM (43 x magnification), specimen from Leonidio, Greece." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1179.101388.figure13" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/903297" pageId="0" pageNumber="63">13B-E</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<caption id="7CFEECA610F9D68B142A5B9D3725F000" doi="10.3897/zookeys.1179.101388.figure13" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/903297" pageId="0" pageNumber="63" start="Figure 13" startId="F13">
<paragraph id="22C0E1ADB0E15929EFF63441BD0686AF" pageId="0" pageNumber="63">
<emphasis id="816D5F9258D94A11C0D078BFB7621A78" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="63">Figure 13.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="5AE9685D45C359083645AAA0804E758C" authorityName="Eichhoff" authorityYear="1878" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Cryphalus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cryphalus numidicus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="63" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="numidicus">
<emphasis id="B58A3F3F719146068D3CAD9D1E23AFD2" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="63">Cryphalus numidicus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="42669909D7346467813E45310443EDE5" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="63">A</emphasis>
distribution
<emphasis id="9F427C27FD288C6AC4AE609D56B631A7" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="63">B</emphasis>
lateral and dorsal view
<emphasis id="75D99DE3E94B4954CF7CAA187E5B8843" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="63">C</emphasis>
aedeagus
<emphasis id="110D3D86FC3F6E4638E3063B925A6E91" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="63">D</emphasis>
SEM, specimen from Leonidio, Greece
<emphasis id="43460B0A6B0B4DAC416057119C76B978" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="63">E</emphasis>
SEM (43
<normalizedToken id="8E7A6AD35B588DF42F2E681079335BF0" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
magnification), specimen from Leonidio, Greece.
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="885CBEAA88A52044114C750B9FCAEEC1" pageId="0" pageNumber="63" type="description">
<paragraph id="4098DE53C0095B677D76715EEC12DF01" pageId="0" pageNumber="63">Description.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="A7FF7F1E28A82FE7CC8D7EFD57C7AE37" pageId="0" pageNumber="63">
Length 1.5-1.88 mm, average size 1.68 mm.
<taxonomicName id="30981229C0E931D2F6A5F73D016985D4" genus="Proportions" lsidName="Proportions" pageId="0" pageNumber="63" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B62BC10969F57526D53593A43A9CE6BC" bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="63">Proportions</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
: 2.15
<normalizedToken id="B98C340724E3CB88F36D6FA19300C2AA" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
as long as wide, elytra 1.30
<normalizedToken id="71DF1BF5AEBF876D76FA02E73B5543E7" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
as long as wide, elytra 1.65
<normalizedToken id="06625677B609896E506FE20734514CB6" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
longer than pronotum.
<emphasis id="5AD534649E2FABAC979DD98FF7613546" bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="63">Antennae</emphasis>
: club with three procurved sutures marked by coarse and long setae. Funiculus with four antennomeres (with pedicel).
<emphasis id="DDA598DA7E7883B5A795266B9D55A513" bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="63">Pronotum</emphasis>
: dark brown to black on both slope and disc. Profile anterior to summit rounded, wider in line with summit. Apical margin with 3-7 asperities, the outer one or two pairs usually smaller, erect setae on entire lateral margins. Anterior slope with&gt; 47 asperities, including the ones on the anterior margin. Disc between 1/4-1/5 the length of pronotum, gently sloping, weakly tuberculate surface texture with a small hair-like seta in each tubercle. Vestiture on declivity and disc hair-like. Suture between pronotum and elytra weakly sinuate. Scutellum: with few trifurcate setae on the margin towards elytra (Fig.
<figureCitation id="41613FA7E086DA81D504B068DA129711" captionStart="Figure 13" captionStartId="F13" captionText="Figure 13. Cryphalus numidicus A distribution B lateral and dorsal view C aedeagus D SEM, specimen from Leonidio, Greece E SEM (43 x magnification), specimen from Leonidio, Greece." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1179.101388.figure13" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/903297" pageId="0" pageNumber="63">13D</figureCitation>
).
<emphasis id="7FC407E4591B39973417A80AADD55CE2" bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="63">Elytra</emphasis>
: usually brown to black, if brown often darker at base, margins equally wide. Surface smooth. Striae with rows of punctures, each puncture with a short hair-like seta, punctures sometimes visible. Interstrial setae long (0.20-0.38 mm) and erect. Interstrial ground vestiture (scales) are serrated, ~ 2-3
<normalizedToken id="6C87DE5EF951A7FFA38C439F2437E503" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
as long as wide and translucent brown with a weak iridescence (Fig.
<figureCitation id="341A6C445F71C4181DBA92E5F25C7AA6" captionStart="Figure 13" captionStartId="F13" captionText="Figure 13. Cryphalus numidicus A distribution B lateral and dorsal view C aedeagus D SEM, specimen from Leonidio, Greece E SEM (43 x magnification), specimen from Leonidio, Greece." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1179.101388.figure13" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/903297" pageId="0" pageNumber="63">13B, D, E</figureCitation>
).
<emphasis id="ADE4631E767BD7340E960468AF5F2087" bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="63">Proventriculus</emphasis>
: sutural teeth of irregular size, confused, in two or more longitudinal rows. Apical teeth extend laterally over the entire segment. Masticatory brush slightly &lt;1/2 of the proventricular length (Fig.
<figureCitation id="B9DDD454789ABAF2394F2917CFE3852B" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="F7" captionText="Figure 7. Proventricules of the five native Cryphalus species currently recognised in Europe." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1179.101388.figure7" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/903291" pageId="0" pageNumber="63">7</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="AF08DAE02AA4EEB06627C4829574A032" pageId="0" pageNumber="63">
<emphasis id="D101BA64CD70D081627FA31B0D26217B" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="63">
<emphasis id="EBCEDC7A8FF9E1A9CC3E6B0777FCA092" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="63">Sexual dimorphism</emphasis>
.
</emphasis>
Males and females can be separated using the last ventrite (Fig.
<figureCitation id="13B597FA2BFADD3FBFBEF51BD476742E" captionStart="Figure 11" captionStartId="F11" captionText="Figure 11. Sexual dimorphism of ventrite in Cryphalus spp." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1179.101388.figure11" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/903295" pageId="0" pageNumber="63">11</figureCitation>
), as suggested by (
<bibRefCitation id="F99BC5CDDA3AB67405E7560DA6E2051A" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1093/isd/ixaa002" author="Johnson, AJ" journalOrPublisher="Insect Systematics and Diversity" pageId="0" pageNumber="63" pagination="1 - 1" refId="B30" refString="Johnson, AJ, Hulcr, J, Knizek, M, Atkinson, TH, Mandelshtam, MY, Smith, SM, Cognato, AI, Park, S, Li, Y, Jordal, BH, 2020a. Revision of the bark beetle genera within the former Cryphalini (Curculionidae: Scolytinae). Insect Systematics and Diversity 4 (3): 1 - 1, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/isd/ixaa002" title="Revision of the bark beetle genera within the former Cryphalini (Curculionidae: Scolytinae)." url="https://doi.org/10.1093/isd/ixaa002" volume="4" year="2020 a">Johnson et al. 2020a</bibRefCitation>
).
<bibRefCitation id="D58422F712D1D4369921F9160342E730" author="Wood, SL" journalOrPublisher="Memoirs of the Great Basin Naturalist" pageId="0" pageNumber="63" pagination="1 - 1359" publicationUrl="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/part/248626" refId="B85" refString="Wood, SL, 1982. The bark and ambrosia beetles of North and Central America (Coleoptera: Scolytidae), a taxonomic monograph. Memoirs of the Great Basin Naturalist 6: 1 - 1359, https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/part/248626" title="The bark and ambrosia beetles of North and Central America (Coleoptera: Scolytidae), a taxonomic monograph." url="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/part/248626" volume="6" year="1982">Wood (1982)</bibRefCitation>
also suggests that the sexes of several scolytines including
<taxonomicName id="3B2A395459FB20AB83ACF6E23D15DBF2" authorityName="W.F.Erichson" authorityYear="1836" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Cryphalus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cryphalus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="63" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="ADD86B649291DD19D7359EC57AA9175B" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="63">Cryphalus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, can be separated by males having a clearly visible 8th tergite and the females a highly reduced or absent 8th tergite. This character was not examined. The females (1.74 mm) are on average slightly larger than males (1.66 mm). No clear difference in tubercles or carina on the frons was noticed.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="C30113C8293DEE10575190A7F94DA759" pageId="0" pageNumber="63">
<emphasis id="BABFF29DF0AF76D82193F8464537FF44" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="63">Male.</emphasis>
The aedeagus is approximately 0.6 mm and the penis body is 0.4 mm, when measured in dorsal view from the two points furthest away from each other (Fig.
<figureCitation id="F4B8AF3557D78E55ED8C0E679D79AE54" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figure 5. Lateral and dorsal illustration of male genitalia of five European Cryphalus species." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1179.101388.figure5" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/903289" pageId="0" pageNumber="63">5</figureCitation>
). The penis body when seen from above (dorsally) is highly asymmetrical, equally broad, and clearly spirally twisted. Aedeagus apodemes make up ~ 40% of the entire aedeagus length when measured from dorsal view, they are spiralled and bending downwards. The tegmen is sclerotised and completes a ring around the penis body. It is very thin and has two thin ventral apodemes, which are approximately the length of the distance between them (Figs
<figureCitation id="D8DA5E680E6D54BF2873D5CFAECF7397" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figure 5. Lateral and dorsal illustration of male genitalia of five European Cryphalus species." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1179.101388.figure5" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/903289" pageId="0" pageNumber="63">5</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="B566A5D27AB55FA4F58DD1843973141A" captionStart="Figure 13" captionStartId="F13" captionText="Figure 13. Cryphalus numidicus A distribution B lateral and dorsal view C aedeagus D SEM, specimen from Leonidio, Greece E SEM (43 x magnification), specimen from Leonidio, Greece." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1179.101388.figure13" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/903297" pageId="0" pageNumber="63">13C</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="FFA2EB6487D68DC96E2CD3DDD059DBAD" pageId="0" pageNumber="63">
<emphasis id="FCE8F120261BD27E6AF8F94ABA2EAB04" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="63">Larvae.</emphasis>
Nothing is known about the characteristics of the larvae of this species.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="1F3833094EAAF9D2793F33ECF67608BD" pageId="0" pageNumber="63" type="host">
<paragraph id="E99C4DA427BD713B7C3A8182A835190F" pageId="0" pageNumber="63">Host plants.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="A2046B9FD96332A3BF8AE1500F135613" pageId="0" pageNumber="63">
In North Africa
<taxonomicName id="C44F2584DF5D8F6B70533BA43CD74AE5" class="Insecta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="C. numidicus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="63" rank="species" species="numidicus">
<emphasis id="6F68395BBE5109EFED6D6401C6DE6105" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="63">C. numidicus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is known to occur on
<taxonomicName id="8427634F57A2BD94AF891E5B1D148A81" class="Coniferopsida" family="Pinaceae" genus="Abies" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Abies pinsapo" order="Pinales" pageId="0" pageNumber="63" phylum="Gymnospermae" rank="species" species="pinsapo">
<emphasis id="C324B7FB7DACE85A4E057C0991971934" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="63">Abies pinsapo</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Boiss.,
<taxonomicName id="49AE917317586B63560ADDA6171CC9A8" lsidName="A. numidica" pageId="0" pageNumber="63" rank="species" species="numidica">
<emphasis id="DB6237002CAEB7BE162E83191B1929C7" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="63">A. numidica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
de Lannoy ex
<normalizedToken id="ECCCE4B7900E903FB7A8098A255DB00D" originalValue="Carrière">Carriere</normalizedToken>
,
<taxonomicName id="BE12B1D9970C019BEB44F3B7B43146D5" class="Pinopsida" family="Pinaceae" genus="Pinus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Pinus halepensis" order="Pinales" pageId="0" pageNumber="63" phylum="Coniferophyta" rank="species" species="halepensis">
<emphasis id="ADDB2F5E23D5B0C32D68E3541C1F32CD" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="63">Pinus halepensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Mill. and
<taxonomicName id="8D2019A4F4E5A64E4EE91CD5B87490A7" class="Coniferopsida" family="Pinaceae" genus="Cedrus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Cedrus atlantica" order="Pinales" pageId="0" pageNumber="63" phylum="Gymnospermae" rank="species" species="atlantica">
<emphasis id="FDD5CF130D452C25EBFF447BF7A6C3B6" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="63">Cedrus atlantica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Endl.) Manetti ex
<normalizedToken id="3B80F91C89525F0DB3B18F1D4C8B8FC3" originalValue="Carrière">Carriere</normalizedToken>
(
<bibRefCitation id="AC3D7039C3702D0D12BF221E9A3DE9CE" author="Lieutier, F" editor="Paine, TD" journalOrPublisher="Switzerland, Springer International Publishing" pageId="0" pageNumber="63" pagination="105 - 197" refId="B47" refString="Lieutier, F, Mendel, Z, Faccoli, M, 2016. Bark beetles of Mediterranean conifers. In: Paine, TD, Lieutier, F, Eds., Insects and diseases of Mediterranean forest systems. Switzerland, Springer International Publishing: 105 - 197" title="Bark beetles of Mediterranean conifers." volumeTitle="Insects and diseases of Mediterranean forest systems." year="2016">Lieutier et al. 2016</bibRefCitation>
). In Europe it has been found in
<taxonomicName id="E363B4A9F0ABD51E2D74550527B18FD2" lsidName="A. pinsapo" pageId="0" pageNumber="63" rank="species" species="pinsapo">
<emphasis id="DE99F87E3E89F1812DE1C1CAE16EA2A5" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="63">A. pinsapo</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="1B636AB2188AD9F25F05739C794066CD" lsidName="P. halepensis" pageId="0" pageNumber="63" rank="species" species="halepensis">
<emphasis id="848CF0EBF8099ACD7C4D8357B19E8B02" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="63">P. halepensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="5EB341995FD09FFE747B66A3C8FE195B" author="Pfeffer, A" journalOrPublisher="Pro Entomologia, Basel" pageId="0" pageNumber="63" refId="B63" refString="Pfeffer, A, 1995. Zentral- und Westpalaearktische Borken- und Kernkaefer (Coleoptera: Scolytidae, Platypodidae). Pro Entomologia, Basel" title="Zentral- und Westpalaearktische Borken- und Kernkaefer (Coleoptera: Scolytidae, Platypodidae)." year="1995">Pfeffer 1995</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="9985E2F14906D6A0659A8972FA71BA17" author="Lieutier, F" editor="Paine, TD" journalOrPublisher="Switzerland, Springer International Publishing" pageId="0" pageNumber="63" pagination="105 - 197" refId="B47" refString="Lieutier, F, Mendel, Z, Faccoli, M, 2016. Bark beetles of Mediterranean conifers. In: Paine, TD, Lieutier, F, Eds., Insects and diseases of Mediterranean forest systems. Switzerland, Springer International Publishing: 105 - 197" title="Bark beetles of Mediterranean conifers." volumeTitle="Insects and diseases of Mediterranean forest systems." year="2016">Lieutier et al. 2016</bibRefCitation>
). We collected it from
<taxonomicName id="5238976E7F618345FE1250D9B64AED00" lsidName="A. cephalonica" pageId="0" pageNumber="63" rank="species" species="cephalonica">
<emphasis id="83797F0493ABE86D25F4C514C9179CE4" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="63">A. cephalonica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="252835D43A1C6FEEDF0257E6FE29B468" pageId="0" pageNumber="63" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="203534F9805F6E316E514122D0DF361A" pageId="0" pageNumber="63">Distribution.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="39F4E24199F84B20471B0ED4CEE2851E" pageId="0" pageNumber="63">
According to the Palearctic catalogue (
<bibRefCitation id="60F63EC067CC2BBE0993DB7683519C4A" author="Knizek, M" editor="Loebl, I" journalOrPublisher="7), Curculionoidea I. Apollo Books, Steenstrup" pageId="0" pageNumber="63" pagination="86 - 87" refId="B40" refString="Knizek, M, 2011. Scolytinae. In: Loebl, I, Smetana, A, Eds., Catalogue of Palaearctic Coleoptera (Vol. 7), Curculionoidea I. Apollo Books, Steenstrup: 86 - 87" title="Scolytinae." volumeTitle="Catalogue of Palaearctic Coleoptera (Vol." year="2011">
<normalizedToken id="9FBBB0F5B8096252253621CFC8F75238" originalValue="Knížek">Knizek</normalizedToken>
2011
</bibRefCitation>
),
<taxonomicName id="1F9A598AC6372C81A6F14FBBB5BBE8C4" class="Insecta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="C. numidicus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="63" rank="species" species="numidicus">
<emphasis id="87DFE1EDEEAB25DEC3891298483688BA" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="63">C. numidicus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is found in Europe: Bulgaria, France, Greece, Italy, Spain, Switzerland; North Africa: Algeria, Egypt, Libya, Morocco, Tunisia. Asia: Turkey.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="75BFFA6F5271CBF39A9C9F32F25D7B97" pageId="0" pageNumber="63">
Except for Switzerland and Bulgaria, the current distribution of
<taxonomicName id="49C8D49206AFE09387FAF3B3182AA714" class="Insecta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="C. numidicus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="63" rank="species" species="numidicus">
<emphasis id="0D60E45AE9279211461D792DB3D5AE33" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="63">C. numidicus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is confined to the Mediterranean region, following the distribution of the host species mentioned above. It is unclear if
<taxonomicName id="63A88F458FA147EF024AEC8F96F1465F" class="Insecta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="C. numidicus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="63" rank="species" species="numidicus">
<emphasis id="40DD7E3BF466A1DA249AC530AAB60F08" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="63">C. numidicus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
occur on
<taxonomicName id="E0B351E56782C1DA82BA599D4C35EFA2" class="Coniferopsida" family="Pinaceae" genus="Abies" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Abies bornmuelleriana" order="Pinales" pageId="0" pageNumber="63" phylum="Gymnospermae" rank="species" species="bornmuelleriana">
<emphasis id="A3DF98AC2CC7E05B7581E4DA51C749D3" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="63">Abies bornmuelleriana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Mattf.,
<taxonomicName id="421CB94C56AA2550B637AF579973CDA3" class="Coniferopsida" family="Pinaceae" genus="Abies" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Abies cilicica" order="Pinales" pageId="0" pageNumber="63" phylum="Gymnospermae" rank="species" species="cilicica">
<emphasis id="BFC45DE874677EF04AF9D1D4EC9A9297" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="63">Abies cilicica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Antoine &amp; Kotschy)
<normalizedToken id="6B86BBB5368C5BE96D2BA177D801B6C5" originalValue="Carrière">Carriere</normalizedToken>
and
<taxonomicName id="A593AD139317C8943BADCE3095F486A9" lsidName="A. nordmanniana" pageId="0" pageNumber="63" rank="species" species="nordmanniana">
<emphasis id="5F9811FACB58E03FFFF3EE88EC313B49" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="63">A. nordmanniana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in the East Mediterranean region, or if it is only
<taxonomicName id="859A21E1295768D1D0045805DC59BC36" class="Insecta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="C. piceae" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="63" rank="species" species="piceae">
<emphasis id="472764CF6D46F59206DF275AFD4E4554" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="63">C. piceae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
that occurs there. We collected it in Greece from
<taxonomicName id="AEE06CB922718ABBFF13A690E52493CC" lsidName="A. cephalonica" pageId="0" pageNumber="63" rank="species" species="cephalonica">
<emphasis id="7F2135460C27F53F9D6E94D203B5DC1B" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="63">A. cephalonica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. See Fig.
<figureCitation id="B62C4547A7E0EA05E5421ED482803878" captionStart="Figure 13" captionStartId="F13" captionText="Figure 13. Cryphalus numidicus A distribution B lateral and dorsal view C aedeagus D SEM, specimen from Leonidio, Greece E SEM (43 x magnification), specimen from Leonidio, Greece." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1179.101388.figure13" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/903297" pageId="0" pageNumber="63">13A</figureCitation>
for distribution map.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="EA9DA755E6CFD431D99FE2D86E41C8AF" pageId="0" pageNumber="63" type="bionomics">
<paragraph id="9181F34429E4D25005EEAE26C32201F0" pageId="0" pageNumber="63">Bionomics.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8D68923401D9EAB3A944C82B91BD76EC" pageId="0" pageNumber="63">
We found adults in mating galleries near Kounoupia in Greece (
<geoCoordinate id="0C5F13D76910311B0B7E3F7440115B47" degrees="37" direction="north" minutes="03" orientation="latitude" precision="1" seconds="21.9" value="37.056084">37°03'21.9&quot;N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="0200DF8AAE37563D4F132C771506737B" degrees="22" direction="east" minutes="48" orientation="longitude" precision="1" seconds="44.8" value="22.812443">22°48'44.8&quot;E</geoCoordinate>
) on 31st March 2019, on an
<taxonomicName id="BF5F50A505CF1135598F0F086263D744" lsidName="A. cephalonica" pageId="0" pageNumber="63" rank="species" species="cephalonica">
<emphasis id="DDEAA5705E2BDEE13056BDA56F92C6A8" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="63">A. cephalonica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
branch, attached to a tree that had fallen during winter, where the bark was still relatively fresh. The branches were recently infested, so activity must have started already in mid-March. This could suggest the possibility of two generations a year. A study by
<bibRefCitation id="9E1CFB1C4C7503E8D3C348F11C774DC5" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1080/21580103.2020.1756929" author="Beghami, R" journalOrPublisher="Forest Science and Technology" pageId="0" pageNumber="63" pagination="75 - 85" refId="B6" refString="Beghami, R, Bertella, N, Laamari, M, Bensaci, OA, 2020. Bark beetle and woodborer insects' outbreak as a potent driver of Atlas cedar (Cedrus atlantica (Endl.) Carriere) forests dieback in Aures -East Algeria-. Forest Science and Technology 16 (2): 75 - 85, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/21580103.2020.1756929" title="Bark beetle and woodborer insects' outbreak as a potent driver of Atlas cedar (Cedrus atlantica (Endl.) Carriere) forests dieback in Aures - East Algeria-." url="https://doi.org/10.1080/21580103.2020.1756929" volume="16" year="2020">Beghami et al. (2020)</bibRefCitation>
showed that
<taxonomicName id="26CC841A78D54356C191A5FDB1B404D5" class="Insecta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="C. numidicus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="63" rank="species" species="numidicus">
<emphasis id="454BA1611ECCA9F0AD0A56D38033CF43" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="63">C. numidicus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from Algeria was active in spring, summer, and autumn and that it could reach three generations per year, with two sister broods in early spring and summer and the second generation in mid-September to early November (under favourable weather conditions).
<bibRefCitation id="B1AF066F29978FCCF3CB79BFAF39B880" author="Lieutier, F" editor="Paine, TD" journalOrPublisher="Switzerland, Springer International Publishing" pageId="0" pageNumber="63" pagination="105 - 197" refId="B47" refString="Lieutier, F, Mendel, Z, Faccoli, M, 2016. Bark beetles of Mediterranean conifers. In: Paine, TD, Lieutier, F, Eds., Insects and diseases of Mediterranean forest systems. Switzerland, Springer International Publishing: 105 - 197" title="Bark beetles of Mediterranean conifers." volumeTitle="Insects and diseases of Mediterranean forest systems." year="2016">Lieutier et al. (2016)</bibRefCitation>
stated &quot;The species develops quickly and produces 1-2 generations per year depending on climatic conditions&quot; and &quot;the adults bore very irregular galleries (often invaded by fungi) within the phloem of thin bark on small branches of healthy trees&quot;.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="FAC4DA701F499B48F0B07C2F1B4E6757" pageId="0" pageNumber="63" type="economic significance">
<paragraph id="00D1A8404E64C3264990E23BCB7EE306" pageId="0" pageNumber="63">Economic significance.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="78C55C0AC3265368E5379E96D439328B" pageId="0" pageNumber="63">
According to
<bibRefCitation id="79C67C7C123A75165E5A6E1E239CCA33" author="Lieutier, F" editor="Paine, TD" journalOrPublisher="Switzerland, Springer International Publishing" pageId="0" pageNumber="63" pagination="105 - 197" refId="B47" refString="Lieutier, F, Mendel, Z, Faccoli, M, 2016. Bark beetles of Mediterranean conifers. In: Paine, TD, Lieutier, F, Eds., Insects and diseases of Mediterranean forest systems. Switzerland, Springer International Publishing: 105 - 197" title="Bark beetles of Mediterranean conifers." volumeTitle="Insects and diseases of Mediterranean forest systems." year="2016">Lieutier et al. (2016)</bibRefCitation>
,
<taxonomicName id="0327370DBF4C3015A3F5083344CA2B5A" class="Insecta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="C. numidicus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="63" rank="species" species="numidicus">
<emphasis id="8A44D25DA5A6788EB7D4D94F5A20B431" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="63">C. numidicus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
can cause primary damage if the population density is high and the species can be regarded as a primary and extremely dangerous pest because of its ability to infest and reproduce massively in young healthy trees. The species infests and kills apparently healthy hosts, causing the death of trees (
<bibRefCitation id="67E81B5426008BD9F61FB359A09880ED" author="Lieutier, F" editor="Paine, TD" journalOrPublisher="Switzerland, Springer International Publishing" pageId="0" pageNumber="63" pagination="105 - 197" refId="B47" refString="Lieutier, F, Mendel, Z, Faccoli, M, 2016. Bark beetles of Mediterranean conifers. In: Paine, TD, Lieutier, F, Eds., Insects and diseases of Mediterranean forest systems. Switzerland, Springer International Publishing: 105 - 197" title="Bark beetles of Mediterranean conifers." volumeTitle="Insects and diseases of Mediterranean forest systems." year="2016">Lieutier et al. 2016</bibRefCitation>
). Following Berghami et al. (2020),
<taxonomicName id="7A3F90906C7C015F4A11717343F112B6" class="Insecta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="C. numidicus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="63" rank="species" species="numidicus">
<emphasis id="4D963229046B6AD54B62ED57D0CB1BD0" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="63">C. numidicus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is a
<normalizedToken id="BAF8914F6A9607821D3DCCD08CCFACC1" originalValue="“pioneer”">&quot;pioneer&quot;</normalizedToken>
species able to establish on relatively freshly cut material, only four months old.
<taxonomicName id="799CAD4DB21B4B5B956E79EF417D42F3" authorityName="Eichhoff" authorityYear="1878" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Cryphalus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cryphalus numidicus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="63" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="numidicus">
<emphasis id="9B6F569759D72FCB7590527679E5A1CE" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="63">Cryphalus numidicus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
prefers the middle and top part of trees and branches of small diameter. Attacks on cedars are initiated by both
<taxonomicName id="846C2104700C93F482F266D6BC7BA6D5" class="Insecta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="C. numidicus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="63" rank="species" species="numidicus">
<emphasis id="4AC8C8F21AE80ED835FE054A80199842" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="63">C. numidicus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="5F7C071A9D5E6A0D85A78EFAF7DC298A" authorityName="C.Brisout" authorityYear="1883" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Phloeosinus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Phloeosinus cedri" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="63" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cedri">
<emphasis id="FA9CC27A9EE11BBAA3AC0CA71654DC27" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="63">Phloeosinus cedri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
C.N.F. Brisout de Barneville, 1883; however, only the latter can attack the crown and the mid-trunk of healthy cedars. After
<taxonomicName id="56A5D1D888A57D08C44A19F152606C98" lsidName="P. cedri" pageId="0" pageNumber="63" rank="species" species="cedri">
<emphasis id="3DE32F2BB29B776F63D3D5B18CB9CA04" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="63">P. cedri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
attacks,
<taxonomicName id="AE2769C1D9EBA968064082823D21BC9B" class="Insecta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="C. numidicus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="63" rank="species" species="numidicus">
<emphasis id="E3ACBCCA2F2C329319A3E20A67E8A46F" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="63">C. numidicus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
further impairs cedar defences through massive attacks (
<bibRefCitation id="5437DAFC2D9508C93AF87708E5476393" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1080/21580103.2020.1756929" author="Beghami, R" journalOrPublisher="Forest Science and Technology" pageId="0" pageNumber="63" pagination="75 - 85" refId="B6" refString="Beghami, R, Bertella, N, Laamari, M, Bensaci, OA, 2020. Bark beetle and woodborer insects' outbreak as a potent driver of Atlas cedar (Cedrus atlantica (Endl.) Carriere) forests dieback in Aures -East Algeria-. Forest Science and Technology 16 (2): 75 - 85, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/21580103.2020.1756929" title="Bark beetle and woodborer insects' outbreak as a potent driver of Atlas cedar (Cedrus atlantica (Endl.) Carriere) forests dieback in Aures - East Algeria-." url="https://doi.org/10.1080/21580103.2020.1756929" volume="16" year="2020">Beghami et al. 2020</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C9005DE1D193FE76A5963A1C3F1A8F0C" pageId="0" pageNumber="63" type="remarks">
<paragraph id="20B372E44FF612515F98B4D86976C56C" pageId="0" pageNumber="63">Remarks.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="79193C4D7F217FC5F13E09EC83556478" pageId="0" pageNumber="63">
For discussion on the diagnostic characters separating
<taxonomicName id="8446A52044453CDE05F5ED4785B508FC" class="Insecta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="C. numidicus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="63" rank="species" species="numidicus">
<emphasis id="83102C55576A7517CA17CDE26C546DA9" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="63">C. numidicus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from
<taxonomicName id="47877094D3DA4E55109FE91382520EDC" class="Insecta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="C. piceae" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="63" rank="species" species="piceae">
<emphasis id="F625E868D47C9F4A746844E76CE4B884" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="63">C. piceae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, see remarks for the latter species.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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