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<document ID-CLB-Dataset="297124" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.7316519" ID-GBIF-Dataset="3f0f641c-cd4b-4694-8e47-c47be23ac2a9" ID-ISBN="0-8018-8221-4" checkinTime="1670905116760" checkinUser="guido" docAuthor="Wilson, Don E. &amp; Reeder, DeeAnn" docDate="2005" docId="E76F79BFA769C404547A03F36304910A" docLanguage="en" docName="MammalSpeciesofTheWorld.2005.Carnivora.532-628.xml" docOrigin="Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1, Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press" docTitle="Phoca Linnaeus 1758" docType="treatment" docVersion="5" id="E69BF2968277AF6992A8FF32E9D4E7ED" lastPageNumber="599" masterDocId="E69BF2968277AF6992A8FF32E9D4E7ED" masterDocTitle="Order Carnivora" masterLastPageNumber="628" masterPageNumber="532" pageNumber="599" updateTime="1716792096583" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
<mods:mods id="799072561240D8234777596B0018C492" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
<mods:titleInfo id="E776220679BBC484C6F442F08B8AB7D5">
<mods:title id="AA77B6AF37DC62413F786C8E8FD8F1E7">Order Carnivora</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:name id="F051A6756F4046A7377A3C4CF5BB91CF" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="6EA360405192DA686CB571F884A7BBDD">Wilson, Don E.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:name id="D4C556072C4ED40EBA7887AED382E37D" type="personal">
<mods:role id="EA18E398F9F55F9B4A35E2BB249E667F">
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<mods:namePart id="FDD0EC5BB71699B55FB5DB78CADB1833">Reeder, DeeAnn</mods:namePart>
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<mods:dateIssued id="A8E10CA92016A03DED332D1E8462775C">2005</mods:dateIssued>
<mods:publisher id="36A66EF75607613B9892C36F6AFF82C8">The Johns Hopkins University Press</mods:publisher>
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<mods:titleInfo id="12772D1AAEDF9CA87DC6E00D951E257A">
<mods:title id="3272503EF5AEE28F7A341D38168AD3A9">Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="FDD7D93ACEB90449F06F195E171B0F67">
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<mods:classification id="C52E4C3B042DF394AEA6961188CD58B8">book chapter</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier id="069C2F8A5761A772FF036912393D4255" type="ISBN">0-8018-8221-4</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="A15DC0D9D78F48E5DE8A3FD0EAA1CE66" type="DOI">10.5281/zenodo.7316519</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="E76F79BFA769C404547A03F36304910A" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11345171" ID-GBIF-Taxon="231547304" ID-Zenodo-Dep="11345171" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:E76F79BFA769C404547A03F36304910A" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/E76F79BFA769C404547A03F36304910A" lastPageNumber="599" pageNumber="599" sourceUrl="http://www.departments.bucknell.edu/biology/resources/msw3/browse.asp?id=14001058">
<subSubSection id="2C8EB1E46A3BE146CD444449A1A930EC" pageNumber="599" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="A34DD75C717EB62973086B821067C9CF" pageNumber="599">
<taxonomicName id="FD01F7F1CF67C544B7E3EF913507B393" ID-CoL="63MGG" authority="Linnaeus 1758" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" class="Mammalia" family="Phocidae" genus="Phoca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageNumber="599" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="37E7FDD0A711A7DC5AB992991905818C" italics="true" pageNumber="599">Phoca</emphasis>
Linnaeus 1758
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="0B32AEEB9FFCBD2D97DC5002B5B59CA3" pageNumber="599" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="80AD10DE13D3BEC9235F8A5C542D3C1B" pageNumber="599">
<treatmentCitation id="7D0DA048A6D97C537251ADCA5CBF1458" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3915778" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3915778" LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:1F620503-7D4C-4955-9996-07DB32E5486D" author="Linnaeus" authority="Linnaeus 1758" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" class="Mammalia" family="Phocidae" genus="Phoca" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/DEC701FD0F89D5B33BBADA79155DE956" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" page="37" pageNumber="599" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus" title="Phoca" volumeTitle="Syst. Nat., 10th ed., Vol. 1" year="1758">
<taxonomicName id="2F6BE156CCCABD749ACFFF07BC1A5324" ID-CoL="63MGG" authority="Linnaeus 1758" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" class="Mammalia" family="Phocidae" genus="Phoca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageNumber="599" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="C516A8C65AE78AD1A54B7E8368A9D0F8" italics="true" pageNumber="599">Phoca</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="7D864C11B1B5ABBEEDCCFCACBFDDE4E0" author="Linnaeus, C." refId="ref213949" refString="Linnaeus, C. 1758. Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classis, ordines, genera, species cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tenth ed. Vol. 1. Laurentii Salvii, Stockholm, 824 pp." year="1758">Linnaeus 1758</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
,
<bibCitation id="F03F2A7B523F69A41B62ACD8CE3E2692" author="Linnaeus" pageNumber="599" pagination="37" title="Phoca" volumeTitle="Syst. Nat., 10th ed., Vol. 1" year="1758">Syst. Nat., 10th ed., Vol. 1: 37</bibCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="57F52E1819414B3BEB9E6393C0C97FEE" pageNumber="599" type="type_taxon">
<paragraph id="685914B9D38BF6D60A6B403017982282" pageNumber="599">
<emphasis id="287EAB7BC4A98339210B8D0BE3B5E30B" inLineHeading="true" pageNumber="599">Type Species:</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="AFAA1EF704219E4DF8F28D6DF345877F" authority="Linnaeus 1758" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" class="Mammalia" family="Phocidae" genus="Phoca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageNumber="599" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vitulina">
<emphasis id="A5717E135F1FD2F45182AC8F657A4676" italics="true" pageNumber="599">Phoca vitulina</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="08CC55BEB0EDB108DC4F7F6F34DFD5BB" author="Linnaeus, C." refId="ref213949" refString="Linnaeus, C. 1758. Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classis, ordines, genera, species cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tenth ed. Vol. 1. Laurentii Salvii, Stockholm, 824 pp." year="1758">Linnaeus 1758</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="4C125F7DA577E170F1385DBB104D102B" pageNumber="599" type="synonym_list">
<paragraph id="E87EC33A8066118B49DFA56AB4FD98F8" pageNumber="599">
<emphasis id="65000974F5AFDE072ADD5B45D391AB66" inLineHeading="true" pageNumber="599">Synonyms:</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="20B81FE681A785E3315CC8F502803E56" authority="Rafinesque 1815" authorityName="Rafinesque" authorityYear="1815" class="Mammalia" family="Phocidae" genus="Ambysus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageNumber="599" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="9F04800303959C864B6A1EA99B0E35B6" italics="true" pageNumber="599">Ambysus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="C44C7D413BF9096E754F39E6D7408E4F" author="Rafinesque, C. S." refId="ref295952" refString="Rafinesque, C. S. 1815. Analyse de la nature. Palerme, 244 p." year="1815">Rafinesque 1815</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
;
<taxonomicName id="0BA79C93AAD85E994DE531F749C56C60" authority="Rafinesque 1815" authorityName="Rafinesque" authorityYear="1815" class="Mammalia" family="Phocidae" genus="Arctias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageNumber="599" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="DB815B212F93AD2D67E8F6DBFBD0629B" italics="true" pageNumber="599">Arctias</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="561DBB61B39B30C643F96F02DAC0A94F" author="Rafinesque, C. S." refId="ref295952" refString="Rafinesque, C. S. 1815. Analyse de la nature. Palerme, 244 p." year="1815">Rafinesque 1815</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
;
<taxonomicName id="C4D56D62A21894139613C03C768D18FB" authority="F. G. Cuvier 1826" authorityName="F. G. Cuvier" authorityYear="1826" class="Mammalia" family="Phocidae" genus="Calocephalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageNumber="599" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="2DBE602976056C0FC23FDF6D53B7A3B5" italics="true" pageNumber="599">Calocephalus</emphasis>
F. G. Cuvier 1826
</taxonomicName>
;
<taxonomicName id="852AD44503446E23A49FCE402F2954F1" authority="Dybowski 1929" authorityName="Dybowski" authorityYear="1929" class="Mammalia" family="Phocidae" genus="Caspiopusa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageNumber="599" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="21015EDB1017754090292FF1BD5ADA5F" italics="true" pageNumber="599">Caspiopusa</emphasis>
Dybowski 1929
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="9BF3FDFCCE6BEAE5B1645694FC62528A" pageNumber="599" type="child_taxa">
<paragraph id="F16883C34F0ACDA09D24240E008EF327" pageNumber="599">
<emphasis id="C4BA45305E5CA81D1361F9807177BC66" inLineHeading="true" pageNumber="599">Species and subspecies:</emphasis>
2 species with 5 subspecies:
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="F08A652112DF0D369068D146F08E8816" pageNumber="599">
Species
<taxonomicName id="1B890116B8859A6752C422B3676236CB" authority="Pallas 1811" authorityName="Pallas" authorityYear="1811" class="Mammalia" family="Phocidae" genus="Phoca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageNumber="599" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="largha">
<emphasis id="8ED64F417D64181FDFE55F74E8CAE6CE" italics="true" pageNumber="599">Phoca largha</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="C13C30FB920C91CDBA7A7B54DD10D188" author="Pallas, P. S." refId="ref271664" refString="Pallas, P. S. 1811 [1831]. Zoographia Rosso-Asiatica, sistens omnium Animalium in extenso Imperio Rossico et adjacentibus maribus observatorum recensionem, domicillia, mores et descriptiones, anatomen atque icones plurimorum. [ICZN Opinion 212 -- dates of volumes: 1 &amp; 2: 1811; 3: 1814]. Petropoli, in officina Caes. acadamiae scientiarum. 3 vol. [official date of publ for vol 1 - 1811 impress], 1: 1 - 568." year="1811">Pallas 1811</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="DA537D31151EFA9037CAD78D5E3A199D" pageNumber="599">
Species
<taxonomicName id="4AC0238C71170A9140D16FCDA0372841" authority="Linnaeus 1758" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" class="Mammalia" family="Phocidae" genus="Phoca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageNumber="599" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vitulina">
<emphasis id="DE9DBDBE7E36F34E405F4C592B973208" italics="true" pageNumber="599">Phoca vitulina</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="CC90468979C3ADE1D0D8D2A2256EB9D7" author="Linnaeus, C." refId="ref213949" refString="Linnaeus, C. 1758. Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classis, ordines, genera, species cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tenth ed. Vol. 1. Laurentii Salvii, Stockholm, 824 pp." year="1758">Linnaeus 1758</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="C69AEB5F37BA808269E127AF9413C18F" pageNumber="599">
Subspecies
<taxonomicName id="608110F315DA52957FA247330AABE9AA" authority="Linnaeus 1758" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" class="Mammalia" family="Phocidae" genus="Phoca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageNumber="599" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="vitulina" subSpecies="vitulina">
<emphasis id="66610F93010F332F0EE313624B410B6D" italics="true" pageNumber="599">Phoca vitulina</emphasis>
subsp.
<emphasis id="4D887C11FD8555F62D7966706EFF9F6E" italics="true" pageNumber="599">vitulina</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="7D8E3552C57E28AFF2AF07DE3D41A200" author="Linnaeus, C." refId="ref213949" refString="Linnaeus, C. 1758. Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classis, ordines, genera, species cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tenth ed. Vol. 1. Laurentii Salvii, Stockholm, 824 pp." year="1758">Linnaeus 1758</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="561545CD00F50385963A573E7305D1C5" pageNumber="599">
Subspecies
<taxonomicName id="D2405F2971D21F42E306D07FC3EFB17B" authority="De Kay 1842" authorityName="De Kay" authorityYear="1842" class="Mammalia" family="Phocidae" genus="Phoca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageNumber="599" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="vitulina" subSpecies="concolor">
<emphasis id="49F76C87E7A4B45D59B1A2BE7658D3DC" italics="true" pageNumber="599">Phoca vitulina</emphasis>
subsp.
<emphasis id="E30F8E7A15BF1DAE8CF3779C2CDE7853" italics="true" pageNumber="599">concolor</emphasis>
De Kay 1842
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="C989AED585A6B46BDD079B62F0B0B1A1" pageNumber="599">
Subspecies
<taxonomicName id="B501D96526F632E3D12C87B42765B739" authority="Doutt 1942" authorityName="Doutt" authorityYear="1942" class="Mammalia" family="Phocidae" genus="Phoca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageNumber="599" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="vitulina" subSpecies="mellonae">
<emphasis id="F64818E9C19B2936780134185D4BD893" italics="true" pageNumber="599">Phoca vitulina</emphasis>
subsp.
<emphasis id="E622F415FAB5CB72ECB13A0CCFF4A453" italics="true" pageNumber="599">mellonae</emphasis>
Doutt 1942
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="BF2D940BD268F0AEF588EF5D6D1DBC81" pageNumber="599">
Subspecies
<taxonomicName id="B5735ED3F1FB9304F7A6E82581424A79" authority="Gray 1864" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1864" class="Mammalia" family="Phocidae" genus="Phoca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageNumber="599" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="vitulina" subSpecies="richardii">
<emphasis id="39FA0F019EC8664970CA2105F460F917" italics="true" pageNumber="599">Phoca vitulina</emphasis>
subsp.
<emphasis id="A91C914C28728091450CC6F381C1C003" italics="true" pageNumber="599">richardii</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="F020796A7A8B84124C89E72AAEB47E4E" author="Gray, J. E." refId="ref128689" refString="Gray, J. E. 1864 [1865]. A revision of the genera and species of viverrine animals (Viverridae) founded on the collection in the British Museum. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1864: 502 - 579." year="1864">Gray 1864</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="1B3DD7F26341F8C1F95884C6A0CD3949" pageNumber="599">
Subspecies
<taxonomicName id="CDD48E2031ED377E2A932F9D42CC4FB7" authority="J. A. Allen 1902" authorityName="J. A. Allen" authorityYear="1902" class="Mammalia" family="Phocidae" genus="Phoca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageNumber="599" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="vitulina" subSpecies="stejnegeri">
<emphasis id="86236CB9FF7CDD5BC754BE6CE9750184" italics="true" pageNumber="599">Phoca vitulina</emphasis>
subsp.
<emphasis id="2694A141E95EA72150C37495B0CB930A" italics="true" pageNumber="599">stejnegeri</emphasis>
J. A.
<bibRefCitation id="B586A6EFF866E5952DB919199490F90A" author="Allen, J. A." refId="ref5572" refString="Allen, J. A. 1902. Mammal names proposed by Oken in his &quot; Lehrbuch der Zoologie &quot;. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 16: 373 - 379." year="1902">Allen 1902</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="AD0B46AB8C036DC9089A98CBE93EB9C1" pageNumber="599" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="273B6C20352267DA4DBC4226D9209A38" pageNumber="599">
<emphasis id="FBD966D01964FD9D8FED185715069463" inLineHeading="true" pageNumber="599">Discussion:</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="8C5B402B430F345A1FFBDD4D0CD78E30" author="Burns, J. J. &amp; F. H. Fay" refId="ref47280" refString="Burns, J. J., and F. H. Fay. 1970. Comparative morphology of the skull of the ribbon seal, Histriophoca fasciata, with remarks on systematics of Phocidae. Journal of Zoology, London, 161: 363 - 394." year="1970">Burns and Fay (1970)</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="B40A75874FC03B618A392A288DE8F2F2" author="Rice, D. W." refId="ref303261" refString="Rice, D. W. 1977. A list of the marine mammals of the world. Third ed. NOAA Technical Report, NMFS SSRF- 711: 1 - 15." year="1977">Rice (1977)</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="56372B794DDA415C303AE62F9425D3E5" author="McDermid, E. M. &amp; W. N. Bonner" refId="ref232998" refString="McDermid, E. M., and W. N. Bonner. 1975. Red cell and serum protein systems of gray seals and harbour seals. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, 50 B: 97 - 101." year="1975">McDermid and Bonner (1975)</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="81023DD08037B49FA519FF501C66B5F6" author="Gromov, I. M. &amp; G. I. Baranova" refId="ref130250" refString="Gromov, I. M., and G. I. Baranova (eds.). 1981. Katalog mlekopitayushchikh SSSR [Catalog of mammals of the USSR]. Nauka, Leningrad, 456 pp. (in Russian)." year="1981">Gromov and Baranova (1981)</bibRefCitation>
, King (1983), and
<bibRefCitation id="9B72BDDD564A915F0D06FB3F8304400C" author="Wyss, A. R." refId="ref396246" refString="Wyss, A. R. 1988. On &quot; Retrogression &quot; in the evolution of the Phocinae and phylogenetic affinities of the monk seals. American Museum Novitates, 2924: 1 - 38." year="1988">Wyss (1988)</bibRefCitation>
considered
<taxonomicName id="8C99DE646759209925BC302D24BC4FB0" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" class="Mammalia" family="Phocidae" genus="Phoca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="6F2B243995615F80C5EF814FDFD99B3F" italics="true" pageNumber="599">Phoca</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="38B9E8AC4BA148FAC3ACCA9660C5A03C" authorityName="Scopoli" authorityYear="1771" class="Mammalia" family="Phocidae" genus="Pusa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="C515A799B9B13451EF31B680FE692EEC" italics="true" pageNumber="599">Pusa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="157C22AE013CCA239054D1A8E67B6EF2" authorityName="Gill" authorityYear="1873" class="Mammalia" family="Phocidae" genus="Histriophoca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="1BD96523F0884B011B48B4F11114A6B5" italics="true" pageNumber="599">Histriophoca</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and
<taxonomicName id="9A630A7963D324D51BFCFFD8532FA4F2" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1844" class="Mammalia" family="Phocidae" genus="Pagophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="AAC418FC356F38E6C59B5AB7942D0987" italics="true" pageNumber="599">Pagophilus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
a monophyletic group. Cladistic analysis based on morphology and mtDNA reveal two clades,
<emphasis id="6863CB070A0132C5EFF40BA53E3B2CBD" italics="true" pageNumber="599">
<taxonomicName id="111D5E7A646E4638310120DB1A5F75F1" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1844" class="Mammalia" family="Phocidae" genus="Pagophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Pagophilus</taxonomicName>
+
<taxonomicName id="454A987B5A699EFA933BEA8BFA4CD6BC" authorityName="Gill" authorityYear="1873" class="Mammalia" family="Phocidae" genus="Histriophoca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Histriophoca</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
and
<emphasis id="3C11EC100CDD3C0D4AF1E629914A3262" italics="true" pageNumber="599">
<taxonomicName id="30D6F358B1B42BEF1495F625629A3B67" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" class="Mammalia" family="Phocidae" genus="Phoca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Phoca</taxonomicName>
+
<taxonomicName id="E10BC063C987892E21442CECE15DC8CD" authorityName="Scopoli" authorityYear="1771" class="Mammalia" family="Phocidae" genus="Pusa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Pusa</taxonomicName>
+
<taxonomicName id="1E458DD1210A3316AD498DBA60B9860D" authorityName="Nilsson" authorityYear="1820" class="Mammalia" family="Phocidae" genus="Halichoerus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Halichoerus</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="CCA19D4959802104C278B5FEDC2C06C8" author="Carr, S. M. &amp; E. A. Perry" refId="ref53100" refString="Carr, S. M., and E. A. Perry. 1998. Intra- and interfamilial systematic relationships of phocid seals as indicated by mitochondrial DNA sequences. Pp. 277 - 290, in Molecular genetics of marine mammals (A. E. Dizon, S. J. Chivers, and W. F. Perrin, eds.). Society for Marine mammalogy Special Publication, 3: 1 - 388." year="1998">Carr and Perry, 1998</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="B85D68FFDAD8D3A7C2E9970ADAE97880" author="Mouchaty, S. &amp; J. A. Cook &amp; G. F. Shields" refId="ref249127" refString="Mouchaty, S., J. A. Cook, and G. F. Shields. 1995. Phylogenetic analysis of northern hair seals based on nucleaotide sequences of the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene. Journal of Mammalogy, 76: 1178 - 1185." year="1995">Mouchaty et al., 1995</bibRefCitation>
;
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Muizon, 1982
<emphasis id="C6F4DBD8DA0EFD06E77DE8B51AC2C92B" italics="true" pageNumber="599">b</emphasis>
</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="3F6DE006F5168775106811DF09562267" author="Perry, E. A. &amp; S. M. Carr &amp; S. E. Bartlett &amp; W. S. Davidson" refId="ref281096" refString="Perry, E. A., S. M. Carr, S. E. Bartlett, and W. S. Davidson. 1995. A phylogenetic perspective on the evolution of reproductive behavior in pagophilic seals of the northwest Atlantic as indicated by mitochondrial DNA sequences. Journal of Mammalogy, 76: 22 - 31." year="1995">Perry et al., 1995</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="6020931F90858DB3B7BE0E442AFB6220" author="Rice, D. W." refId="ref303390" refString="Rice, D. W. 1998. Marine mammals of the world: Systematics and distribution. Society for Marine Mammalogy, Special Publication, 4: 1 - 230." year="1998">Rice, 1998</bibRefCitation>
). This was also supported by Bininda-Emonds et al.’s (1999) &quot;complete data&quot; phylogeny.
<bibRefCitation id="7E5E5308AAE153593D69AD6456428CDE" author="Burns, J. J. &amp; F. H. Fay" refId="ref47280" refString="Burns, J. J., and F. H. Fay. 1970. Comparative morphology of the skull of the ribbon seal, Histriophoca fasciata, with remarks on systematics of Phocidae. Journal of Zoology, London, 161: 363 - 394." year="1970">Burns and Fay (1970)</bibRefCitation>
and
<bibRefCitation id="DA8A30E23469B4A0C45F9F3EE6865DBC" author="McDermid, E. M. &amp; W. N. Bonner" refId="ref232998" refString="McDermid, E. M., and W. N. Bonner. 1975. Red cell and serum protein systems of gray seals and harbour seals. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, 50 B: 97 - 101." year="1975">McDermid and Bonner (1975)</bibRefCitation>
argued that these differences should be recognized only at the subgeneric level.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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