175 lines
20 KiB
XML
175 lines
20 KiB
XML
<document id="30787419F887C0F85034B1F7C85CE59E" ID-CLB-Dataset="35264" ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.567.7212" ID-GBIF-Dataset="728b01bf-aa02-4acf-9d1f-9164c114f5a2" ID-PMC="PMC4829695" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-567-1" ID-PubMed="27103869" ID-ZooBank="6C7EADF3055D4219909EE37D218171FD" ModsDocAuthor="" ModsDocDate="2016" ModsDocID="1313-2970-567-1" ModsDocOrigin="ZooKeys 567" ModsDocTitle="The genus Litophyton Forskål, 1775 (Octocorallia, Alcyonacea, Nephtheidae) in the Red Sea and the western Indian Ocean" checkinTime="1456222814710" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="van Ofwegen, Leen P." docDate="2016" docId="7FDF36E3A7540DEF713A5057517D8DD8" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 567: 1-128" docOrigin="ZooKeys 567" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.567.7212" docTitle="Litophyton Forskal 1775" docType="treatment" docVersion="7" lastPageNumber="4" masterDocId="CF1B4455FFF1345BAD40FFD7FFCED220" masterDocTitle="The genus Litophyton Forskal, 1775 (Octocorallia, Alcyonacea, Nephtheidae) in the Red Sea and the western Indian Ocean" masterLastPageNumber="128" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="3" updateTime="1732880867909" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="D161BF61528EB22ABB677F440EAED25E">The genus Litophyton Forskal, 1775 (Octocorallia, Alcyonacea, Nephtheidae) in the Red Sea and the western Indian Ocean</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="F1E7ED7D2B48A262A8E44BC417253600">van Ofwegen, Leen P.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="39757AE05BF853FD96F5DF6D945F7044">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="4113AA1B985F94447118998C59E1620A">ZooKeys</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="FC474B6FE0FDD263F43F85E80FB5A8D4">2016</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="93566A3F5344DCA34C2059410528E56E">567</mods:number>
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<mods:url id="95375638385985361EFC91FBE24BDB89">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.567.7212</mods:url>
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<mods:classification id="032C33DFAFE0E3EE45A61D6EDE39DBF6">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="C09CE56ECFFA0B8DC9618FC9E544B09B" type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.567.7212</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment id="7FDF36E3A7540DEF713A5057517D8DD8" ID-GBIF-Taxon="127872311" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:7FDF36E3A7540DEF713A5057517D8DD8" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/7FDF36E3A7540DEF713A5057517D8DD8" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="4" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" scope_family="Nephtheidae" scope_order="Alcyonacea" scope_subClass="Octocorallia">
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<subSubSection id="20CE280C0271A05DEA86B60AF376AD03" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" type="multiple">
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<paragraph id="7DC0DE866D2DF65DC779536935588473" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Taxon classification Animalia Alcyonacea Nephtheidae</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="0555EAC10AD60F9C28C91828493B28EF" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="97E82780D79E91C5C78F8F84988EAFF7" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
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<taxonomicName id="DFC4BB0A4AC57DB844EE9B6301437761" ID-CoL="84R64" authority="Forskal, 1775" authorityName="Forskal" authorityYear="1775" class="Anthozoa" family="Nephtheidae" genus="Litophyton" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Litophyton" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
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Litophyton
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<normalizedToken id="2077ABD09FBA13A057C5E2543F176D99" originalValue="Forskål">Forskal</normalizedToken>
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, 1775
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</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="4D1D369EB7C34164648B3A35771226BD" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="BA2595BC70FA9A9D08F884CFFB2F538C" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
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<taxonomicName id="79DD6339E67E8FF90E7DE17E0201E2BC" class="Anthozoa" family="Nephtheidae" genus="Litophyton" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Litophyton" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">Litophyton</taxonomicName>
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<normalizedToken id="6E2ACE3484A9FF23292D4BE89F9A335B" originalValue="Forskål">Forskal</normalizedToken>
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, 1775: 139.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="22CFF83A2CA6FEA74563CDD800D0D605" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
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<taxonomicName id="D090108CF6A10ECDDBD4BD26FFA8F46B" class="Anthozoa" family="Nephtheidae" genus="Ammothea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ammothea" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">Ammothea</taxonomicName>
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Lamarck, 1816: 410.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="BB76496919B79ACC2FF6EFF4BDC0854A" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
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<taxonomicName id="858C1958B21064B4621061AA82752041" genus="Nephthee" lsidName="Nephthee" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" rank="genus">Nephthee</taxonomicName>
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Savigny, 1817: pl. 2 fig. 5 (plates of the text of Andouin)
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="B5BAAF0056DA62A73458674D247178CB" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
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<taxonomicName id="4071394DD2E56E199F10DBC0DC01FA8E" class="Anthozoa" family="Nephtheidae" genus="Nephthea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nephthea" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">Nephthea</taxonomicName>
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Audouin, 1828: 49.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="296B5CFB0D7FC94CC4A3E0F92FF942A9" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
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<taxonomicName id="FBD8DD153093AFC24A8BB1AB56CF9D3B" class="Anthozoa" family="Nephtheidae" genus="Nephthya" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nephthya" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">Nephthya</taxonomicName>
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Ehrenberg, 1834: 284.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="A41838D7D9761BC13637A56676459DB7" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
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<taxonomicName id="6016D2A5F95F03173784702E6BE59514" genus="Neptaea" lsidName="Neptaea" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" rank="genus">Neptaea</taxonomicName>
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Blainville, 1834: 523.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="432A74F35F44B1D7757F5B5C7D89DA59" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
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<taxonomicName id="517B42A953AC79CA55C4011D14A30EF7" genus="Nephtya" lsidName="Nephtya" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" rank="genus">Nephtya</taxonomicName>
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Van Beneden, 1867: 197.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="137ED71A7C41D871ABC936B19FEF4D52" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
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<taxonomicName id="2D1E661692031BE72E569E97C3E647E8" genus="Amicella" lsidName="Amicella" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" rank="genus">Amicella</taxonomicName>
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Gray, 1869: 123.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="B1839D2DBB7E98293216E5908893436C" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
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<taxonomicName id="6F25AAE464E46344F60B75E5D16F830C" class="Anthozoa" family="Nephtheidae" genus="Verrilliana" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Verrilliana" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">Verrilliana</taxonomicName>
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Gray, 1869: 130.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="64DE32EFFA67BB566BF4CF7994BF3D07" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
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<taxonomicName id="BD953AE5B553975590FB4CF76287087E" genus="Litophytum" lsidName="Litophytum" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" rank="genus">Litophytum</taxonomicName>
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<normalizedToken id="221761CED787705A3EE34879A2AF3E52" originalValue="Kükenthal">Kuekenthal</normalizedToken>
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, 1903: 106.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="32912BFB6832B67E655F78D0A46B748E" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph id="92A717C613336C6C2211BD8C1AEDF016" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="27F27727C04E1EA1617B2A9FF4A80B7F" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Nephtheids with bushy and arborescent colonies. Polyps clustered at the end of the terminal branches, forming catkins. Polyps non-retractile, without or with supporting bundle, sometimes completely unarmed. Sclerites of surface layer of branches, stem and stalk are spindles and unilateral spinose spindles, the colony stalk also contains capstans and derivatives of capstans. Interior of the stalk has sparsely tuberculated spindles. Colonies zooxantellate.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="A0A734DA4B0756254E9D1E1F2500F2D1" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" type="type species">
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<paragraph id="019B3F31E25E894E0197D8F92104BB06" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Type species.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="FD2E9126A4AED5AE1E8C7E48106BF460" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
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<taxonomicName id="2664EE3B35F855053128D9F66162B43B" class="Anthozoa" family="Nephtheidae" genus="Litophyton" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Litophyton arboreum" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="arboreum">Litophyton arboreum</taxonomicName>
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<normalizedToken id="79D88A357D29E65F0914E1D82488604E" originalValue="Forskål">Forskal</normalizedToken>
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, 1775, by monotypy.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="83F4E5559AB33DA37893E86D623AA1F7" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" type="remarks">
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<paragraph id="66053A0565CBB855C86A36C93518A8A3" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Remarks.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="89D1C993C91D9BFC0F778CF470582180" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
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Because of the synonymy of
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<taxonomicName id="7CA71C6AE1FF3A532A7ADB52E98961F3" class="Anthozoa" family="Nephtheidae" genus="Nephthea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nephthea" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">Nephthea</taxonomicName>
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with
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<taxonomicName id="A37FE43F7175F3858AC097878A6D2B0E" class="Anthozoa" family="Nephtheidae" genus="Litophyton" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Litophyton" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">Litophyton</taxonomicName>
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, for many species a spelling emendation needed to be made to comply with ICZN Art. 31.2 in relation to gender agreement between generic and species names.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="D809C67331DE73FB6631F8EFC3C46EA4" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="4" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" type="characters used">
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<paragraph id="ADF29BE449A2A1C633556C82CEE421BD" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Characters used.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="834698BC6915F4E116FD077F6E79B874" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
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<taxonomicName id="9B576C450BBB082B8AEEA7A51193710E" class="Anthozoa" family="Nephtheidae" genus="Litophyton" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Litophyton" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">Litophyton</taxonomicName>
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species are known to have extreme intraspecific variation in colony shape and sclerites (
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<bibRefCitation id="72A3963AA4E8FBC2C4884B4480945734" author="Verseveldt, J" journalOrPublisher="Amsterdam" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" pagination="69 - 171" title="Octocorallia from north-western Madagascar (Part IIIa-d)." volumeTitle="Proceedings Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie van Wetenschappen" year="1973">Verseveldt 1973</bibRefCitation>
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). For the Red Sea and Indian Ocean the number of nominal species is 26, but in the present study this number has been reduced to 13 valid species, including a new one, whereas 13 species have been synonymized or assigned to other genera (see below).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="A9E097A8A77D4453278DC1208511E6B4" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
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<pageBreakToken id="4BA9A1C539CDAC04EEC8D6E98653E0B2" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" start="start">Colony</pageBreakToken>
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shape did not prove to provide a reliably constant character. A good example is
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<taxonomicName id="1611F634CBAD7D782B61353A281608EB" class="Anthozoa" family="Nephtheidae" genus="Litophyton" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Litophyton savignyi" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="savignyi">Litophyton? savignyi</taxonomicName>
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, which may resemble some other
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<taxonomicName id="D86B8601D035F269396B9A17F8DC8817" class="Anthozoa" family="Nephtheidae" genus="Litophyton" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Litophyton" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">Litophyton</taxonomicName>
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species but can also have a colony shape like that seen in some species of
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<taxonomicName id="AF64C8B3C2E4B2AF4AC08436645AEF2E" class="Anthozoa" family="Nephtheidae" genus="Stereonephthya" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Stereonephthya" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">Stereonephthya</taxonomicName>
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(Figures 50-51).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="19C7B0F0084060C923A914A344920FB1" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
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The polyp armature showed some useful characters but some sclerite arrangements were observed in various species:
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<taxonomicName id="C96495E943AD76713B7D6C61E648CACE" class="Anthozoa" family="Nephtheidae" genus="Litophyton" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Litophyton chabrolii" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="chabrolii">Litophyton chabrolii</taxonomicName>
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(Figure 2B),
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<taxonomicName id="D9D0BE19E6872D5DC70C42F52813FEF0" class="Anthozoa" family="Nephtheidae" genus="Litophyton" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Litophyton laevis" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="laevis">Litophyton laevis</taxonomicName>
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(Figure 2A),
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<taxonomicName id="8FF46404D2DFC2FF34949EE1BFF472EC" class="Anthozoa" family="Nephtheidae" genus="Litophyton" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Litophyton simulatum" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="simulatum">Litophyton simulatum</taxonomicName>
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(Figure 2D), and
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<taxonomicName id="82BC004FC41AEE1122693D9AE0B469F8" class="Anthozoa" family="Nephtheidae" genus="Litophyton" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Litophyton striatum" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="striatum">Litophyton striatum</taxonomicName>
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(Figure 2C), Only one species,
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<taxonomicName id="5CA24189827EC4CA391C744FD72ED501" class="Anthozoa" family="Nephtheidae" genus="Litophyton" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Litophyton savignyi" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="savignyi">Litophyton? savignyi</taxonomicName>
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had a projecting supporting bundle; three had small rodlets in the polyp stalk,
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<taxonomicName id="F6A4DECBAA7FF14BD24647839F7317AC" class="Anthozoa" family="Nephtheidae" genus="Litophyton" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Litophyton arboreum" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="arboreum">Litophyton arboreum</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="5900308A0583F90E9CF6F2E02EF87F4B" class="Anthozoa" family="Nephtheidae" genus="Litophyton" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Litophyton curvum" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="curvum">Litophyton curvum</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="48F97EDF7CBC30A88B4489EE85642C10" class="Anthozoa" family="Nephtheidae" genus="Litophyton" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Litophyton filamentosum" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="filamentosum">Litophyton filamentosum</taxonomicName>
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; two had rodlets in the polyp head,
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<taxonomicName id="470AF5B8C7B8C3EA9F515AEDBAC99A63" class="Anthozoa" family="Nephtheidae" genus="Litophyton" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Litophyton maldivensis" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="maldivensis">Litophyton maldivensis</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="7CA6AC4B8664500A5812F3546BE7FA68" class="Anthozoa" family="Nephtheidae" genus="Litophyton" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Litophyton viridis" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="viridis">Litophyton viridis</taxonomicName>
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; one lacked sclerites in the adaxial polyp part,
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<taxonomicName id="7962C2089B7A1F0E5A29066245B16970" class="Anthozoa" family="Nephtheidae" genus="Litophyton" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Litophyton bumastum" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="bumastum">Litophyton bumastum</taxonomicName>
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and the remaining five species had spindles all over the polyp,
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<taxonomicName id="E19EB2B18CAD689F36C9CB630B10F955" class="Anthozoa" family="Nephtheidae" genus="Litophyton" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Litophyton chabrolii" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="chabrolii">Litophyton chabrolii</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="09B8D494939CBB3EAB9C26881FEA08B3" class="Anthozoa" family="Nephtheidae" genus="Litophyton" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Litophyton laevis" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="laevis">Litophyton laevis</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="B8BB33EA4A85F0DEF6A92F74E470AF06" class="Anthozoa" family="Nephtheidae" genus="Litophyton" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Litophyton lanternarium" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="lanternarium">Litophyton lanternarium</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="8D983E581FC551E51944E85C6BAE3FB2" class="Anthozoa" family="Nephtheidae" genus="Litophyton" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Litophyton simulatum" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="simulatum">Litophyton simulatum</taxonomicName>
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, and
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<taxonomicName id="C1E4F199FB12C98624FE38DD585D26E7" class="Anthozoa" family="Nephtheidae" genus="Litophyton" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Litophyton striatum" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="striatum">Litophyton striatum</taxonomicName>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="45108046BF7F4E90ED9B7F66EAFFA370" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
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The sclerites of
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<taxonomicName id="60C17861F7971D190A3F3A76FF1D1C7F" class="Anthozoa" family="Nephtheidae" genus="Litophyton" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Litophyton" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">Litophyton</taxonomicName>
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species show a staggering morphological variation, with those in the polyp and stem and stalk surfaces varying most in shape. Notably, the shape of the stalk surface sclerites is different depending on the height on the stalk. The least variable sclerites are the spindles of the internal canals. As with the polyp armature some species have the same types of spindles, which limits the usefulness of these sclerites.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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</treatment>
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</document> |