531 lines
74 KiB
XML
531 lines
74 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="7CF4E66DB182751E3BC32C265874757B">Revision of the giant geckos of New Caledonia (Reptilia: Diplodactylidae: Rhacodactylus)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="7C925D8E25824F08DFF7E7FF0C97A443">Bauer, Aaron M.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="18F426BFD45370A57178FDD6048FDE85">Jackman, Todd R.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="1E6315D92F8BC7D48E8DC0F0368A2FF3">Sadlier, Ross A.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="2B009CF5CA6325AB817648C554DCA31F">Whitaker, Anthony H.</mods:namePart>
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<treatment id="5C4F87E1FFAFFFB0088FF8ADD51FB423" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6166576" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119521658" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6166576" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:5C4F87E1FFAFFFB0088FF8ADD51FB423" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/5C4F87E1FFAFFFB0088FF8ADD51FB423" lastPageId="22" lastPageNumber="23" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
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<subSubSection id="9CFC657CFFAFFFB7088FF8ADD64CB13A" box="[151,329,1836,1862]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="D45936F7FFAFFFB7088FF8ADD64CB13A" blockId="17.[151,329,1836,1862]" box="[151,329,1836,1862]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
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<heading id="8F11819BFFAFFFB7088FF8ADD64CB13A" bold="true" box="[151,329,1836,1862]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" reason="1">
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<taxonomicName id="13E64D74FFAFFFB7088FF8ADD64CB13A" box="[151,329,1836,1862]" class="Reptilia" family="Diplodactylidae" genus="Rhacodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="E692EAE5FFAFFFB7088FF8ADD64CB13A" bold="true" box="[151,329,1836,1862]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Rhacodactylus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="D45936F7FFAFFFB4088FF8F2D336B493" blockId="17.[151,1436,1906,2003]" lastBlockId="18.[151,1436,151,751]" lastPageId="18" lastPageNumber="19" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
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<taxonomicName id="13E64D74FFAFFFB7088FF8F2D6C2B1F7" box="[151,455,1907,1931]" class="Reptilia" family="Diplodactylidae" genus="Rhacodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="auriculatus">
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<emphasis id="E692EAE5FFAFFFB7088FF8F2D6C2B1F7" box="[151,455,1907,1931]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Rhacodactylus auriculatus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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—Variation is limited in
|
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<taxonomicName id="13E64D74FFAFFFB70AE9F8F5D491B1F7" box="[753,916,1907,1931]" class="Reptilia" family="Diplodactylidae" genus="Rhacodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="auriculatus">
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<emphasis id="E692EAE5FFAFFFB70AE9F8F5D491B1F7" box="[753,916,1907,1931]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">R. auriculatus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(
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<figureCitation id="4CDD2A72FFAFFFB70BB1F8F3D31FB1F6" box="[937,1050,1906,1930]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 1" captionStart-1="FIGURE 2" captionStartId-0="10.[151,250,1813,1836]" captionStartId-1="11.[151,250,1554,1577]" captionTargetBox-0="[185,1384,161,1812]" captionTargetBox-1="[185,1392,253,1495]" captionTargetId-0="figure@10.[185,1409,137,1826]" captionTargetId-1="figure@11.[167,1419,235,1518]" captionTargetPageId-0="10" captionTargetPageId-1="11" captionText-0="FIGURE 1. Maximum likelihood tree based on the mitochondrial ND 2 gene and flanking tRNAs showing relationships among species of New Caledonian diplodactylids and their immediate sister-group, the Australian genus Pseudothecadactylus. Values subtending branches are maximum likelihood / Bayesian posterior probabilities above the line and maximum parsimony bootstrap values below the line. Dashes for posterior probabilities indicate no support for the maximum likelihood topology whereas dashes for maximum parsimony bootstraps indicates values <50 %. Support values are not shown for conspecific relationships where samples differ by three or fewer bases. In the case of Rhacodactylus auriculatus southern ultramafic block samples are cumulatively represented as a triangle." captionText-1="FIGURE 2. Maximum likelihood tree based on the combined mitochondrial (ND 2 and flanking tRNAs) and nuclear genes (RAG 1) showing relationships among species of New Caledonian diplodactylids and their immediate sister-group, the Australian genus Pseudothecadactylus. The tree has been pruned to show only one exemplar for each taxon. Both intra- and interspecific patterns of relationship are nearly identical to those supported by ND 2 only (Fig. 1). Only within Dierogekko and Rhacodactylus sensu stricto are alternative patterns hypothesized (see text). Values subtending branches are maximum likelihood / Bayesian posterior probabilities above the line and maximum parsimony bootstrap values below the line. Dashes for posterior probabilities indicate no support for the maximum likelihood topology whereas dashes for maximum parsimony bootstraps indicates values <50 %." httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/211735/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/211736/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Figs. 1–2</figureCitation>
|
||
). Until recently this species was believed to be restricted to the southern ultramafic block of the Grande Terre (Bauer & Sadlier 2000, 2001). There is little divergence or substructure within the clade from this region. This is consistent with Bauer’s (1990) observation that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="13E64D74FFACFFB4094AFF18D6F4B6CC" box="[338,497,152,176]" class="Reptilia" family="Diplodactylidae" genus="Rhacodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="auriculatus">
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<emphasis id="E692EAE5FFACFFB4094AFF18D6F4B6CC" box="[338,497,152,176]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">R. auriculatus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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||
is polymorphic in color throughout this range and shows no geographically-related trends in character variation, and with the lack of allozyme variation reported by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="B0774B06FFACFFB40C5FFF3DD224B6A8" box="[1095,1313,188,212]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" refString="Good, D. A., Bauer, A. M. & Sadlier, R. A. (1997) Allozyme evidence for the phylogeny of giant New Caledonain geckos (Squamata: Diplodactylidae: Rhacodactylus), with comments on the status of R. leachianus henkeli. Australian Journal of Zoology, 45, 317 - 330." type="journal article">
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||
Good
|
||
<emphasis id="E692EAE5FFACFFB40C97FF3CD3CEB6A8" box="[1167,1227,188,212]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">et al.</emphasis>
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(1997)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
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. However, extensive field surveys in the northern ultramafic ranges of the Grande Terre undertaken by the authors beginning in 2001, have revealed that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="13E64D74FFACFFB409D4FE84D56EB760" box="[460,619,260,284]" class="Reptilia" family="Diplodactylidae" genus="Rhacodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="auriculatus">
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<emphasis id="E692EAE5FFACFFB409D4FE84D56EB760" box="[460,619,260,284]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">R. auriculatus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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also occurs as far north as Dôme de Tiébaghi in the west and Poro in the east (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="B0774B06FFACFFB408CCFEA6D6CCB743" author="Whitaker" box="[212,457,295,320]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" refString="Whitaker, A. H., Sadlier, R. A., Bauer, A. M. & Whitaker, V. A. (2004) Biodiversity and conservation status of lizards in threatened and restricted habitats of north-western New Caledonia. Unpublished report by Whitaker Consultants Limited to Direction du Developpement Economique et de l'Environnement, Province Nord, Kone, New Caledonia, viii + 106 pp." type="book" year="2004">
|
||
Whitaker
|
||
<emphasis id="E692EAE5FFACFFB40951FEA8D681B73C" box="[329,388,296,320]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2004
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="B0774B06FFACFFB409C1FEA9D5B7B743" author="Bauer" box="[473,690,295,320]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" refString="Bauer, A. M., Jackman, T., Sadlier, R. A. & Whitaker, A. H. (2006 a) A new genus and species of diplodactylid gecko (Reptilia: Squamata: Diplodactylidae) from northwestern New Caledonia. Pacific Science, 60, 125 - 135." type="journal article" year="2006" yearSuffix="a">
|
||
Bauer
|
||
<emphasis id="E692EAE5FFACFFB40A3EFEA8D567B73C" box="[550,610,296,320]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2006a
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="B0774B06FFACFFB40AD9FEA6D5D7B743" author="Bauer" box="[705,722,295,319]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" refString="Bauer, A. M., Jackman, T., Sadlier, R. A. & Whitaker, A. H. (2006 b) A revision of the Bavayia validiclavis group (Squamata: Gekkota: Diplodactylidae), a clade of New Caledonian geckos exhibiting microendemism. Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences, 57, 503 - 547." type="journal article" year="2006" yearSuffix="b">b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<figureCitation id="4CDD2A72FFACFFB40AF9FEA6D42CB743" box="[737,809,295,319]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="17.[151,250,1624,1647]" captionTargetBox="[163,1425,682,1587]" captionTargetId="figure@17.[151,1436,663,1602]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="FIGURE 4. Distribution map of Rhacodactylus auriculatus (circles). Green symbols represent vouchered records, orange symbols represent unvouchered sight or literature records. See Appendix for a list of localities mapped." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/211738/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
||
). Our samples included specimens from the Dôme de Tiébaghi, Mt. Kaala, Massif de
|
||
<taxonomicName id="13E64D74FFACFFB40A1FFECDD585B718" box="[519,640,332,356]" class="Reptilia" family="Diplodactylidae" genus="Dierogekko" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="18" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="koniambo">Koniambo</taxonomicName>
|
||
, Plateau de Tia, Massif de Kopéto and Massif du Boulinda. Samples from the southernmost of these localities (Tia, Boulinda) are nearly genetically identical to one another, but each of the other localities, representing three isolated ultramafic blocks, are divergent, albeit at a low level (3.1–4.1%). The northernmost locality of Dôme de Tiébaghi is the most deeply divergent lineage. However, this divergence is less than between well-diagnosed species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="13E64D74FFACFFB40A97FE5DD414B788" box="[655,785,476,500]" class="Reptilia" family="Diplodactylidae" genus="Dierogekko" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="E692EAE5FFACFFB40A97FE5DD414B788" box="[655,785,476,500]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Dierogekko</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
or other giant geckos and we interpret the pattern seen as the result of isolation by distance within a lineage now known to have an almost island-wide distribution on ultramafic surfaces. The lack of variation within the southern ultramafic block or the Boulinda-Kopéto block probably reflects the continuity of gene flow between largely continuous blocks of maquis habitat or possibly recent rapid expansion. Unlike its congeners,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="13E64D74FFACFFB40AB4FDECD44BB4F8" box="[684,846,620,644]" class="Reptilia" family="Diplodactylidae" genus="Rhacodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="auriculatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="E692EAE5FFACFFB40AB4FDECD44BB4F8" box="[684,846,620,644]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">R. auriculatus</emphasis>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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||
readily moves on the ground (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="B0774B06FFACFFB40CA1FDEDD7D5B4DB" author="Bauer" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" refString="Bauer, A. M. & Vindum, J. V. (1990) A checklist and key to the herpetofauna of New Caledonia, with remarks on biogeography. Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences, 47, 17 - 45." type="journal article" year="1990">Bauer and Vindum, 1990</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and occurs in maquis vegetation and at least on the periphery of humid forest habitat (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="B0774B06FFACFFB40CA0FD0ED294B4DB" author="Snyder" box="[1208,1425,655,680]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" refString="Snyder, J., Snyder, L. & Bauer, A. M. (2010) Ecological observations on the gargoyle gecko, Rhacodactylus auriculatus (Bavay, 1869) in southern New Caledonia. Salamandra, 46, 37 - 47." type="journal article" year="2010">
|
||
Snyder
|
||
<emphasis id="E692EAE5FFACFFB40D0AFD10D249B4D4" box="[1298,1356,656,680]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2010
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Given that the northern populations of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="13E64D74FFACFFB40A55FD34D5E8B4B0" box="[589,749,692,716]" class="Reptilia" family="Diplodactylidae" genus="Rhacodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="auriculatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="E692EAE5FFACFFB40A55FD34D5E8B4B0" box="[589,749,692,716]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">R. auriculatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
escaped detection for nearly 150 years, it is possible that the species is even more widely distributed on ultramafic surfaces than now indicated.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="8099667FFFACFFB4088FF958D3ABB172" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/211739/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" targetBox="[160,1425,817,1724]" targetPageId="18">
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<paragraph id="D45936F7FFACFFB4088FF958D3ABB172" blockId="18.[151,1436,1753,1806]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
|
||
<emphasis id="E692EAE5FFACFFB4088FF958D612B093" bold="true" box="[151,279,1753,1776]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">FIGURE 5.</emphasis>
|
||
Distribution map of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="13E64D74FFACFFB409E4F958D40FB093" box="[508,778,1753,1775]" class="Reptilia" family="Diplodactylidae" genus="Rhacodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="leachianus">
|
||
<emphasis id="E692EAE5FFACFFB409E4F958D40FB093" box="[508,778,1753,1775]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Rhacodactylus leachianus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(circles). Green symbols represent vouchered records, orange symbols represent unvouchered sight or literature records. See Appendix for a list of localities mapped.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="D45936F7FFACFFB508DFF8BAD28BB7D0" blockId="18.[151,1437,1850,2019]" lastBlockId="19.[151,1436,151,2012]" lastPageId="19" lastPageNumber="20" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="13E64D74FFACFFB408DFF8BAD6F4B12F" box="[199,497,1851,1875]" class="Reptilia" family="Diplodactylidae" genus="Rhacodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="leachianus">
|
||
<emphasis id="E692EAE5FFACFFB408DFF8BAD6F4B12F" box="[199,497,1851,1875]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Rhacodactylus leachianus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
—Morphological variation in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="13E64D74FFACFFB40B48F8BAD37FB12F" box="[848,1146,1851,1875]" class="Reptilia" family="Diplodactylidae" genus="Rhacodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="leachianus">
|
||
<emphasis id="E692EAE5FFACFFB40B48F8BAD37FB12F" box="[848,1146,1851,1875]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Rhacodactylus leachianus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, at least with respect to size, body proportions, and color pattern, has been remarked upon by numerous authors (e.g.,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="B0774B06FFACFFB40CA5F8DFD255B10A" author="Henkel" box="[1213,1360,1886,1910]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" refString="Henkel, F. - W. (1991) Zur Kenntnis der diplodactylinen Gecko-Gattung Rhacodactylus Fitzinger, 1843. Aspekte von Freileben, Haltung und Nachzucht. Salamandra, 27, 58 - 69." type="journal article" year="1991">Henkel 1991</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="B0774B06FFACFFB40D44F8DFD292B10A" author="Henkel" box="[1372,1431,1886,1910]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" refString="Henkel, F. - W. (1993) Notes on the diplodactyline gecko genus Rhacodactylus (Fitzinger, 1843), observations in the wild as well as aspects of captive husbandry and breeding. Dactylus, 1 (4), 22 - 32." type="journal article" year="1993">1993</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="B0774B06FFACFFB4088FF803D676B1E6" author="Seipp" box="[151,371,1922,1946]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" refString="Seipp, R. & Klemmer, K. (1994) Wiederentdeckung von Rhacodactylus ciliatus Guichenot 1866 im Suden Neukaledoniens (Reptilia: Sauria: Gekkonidae). Senckenbergiana Biologica, 24, 199 - 204." type="journal article" year="1994">Seipp & Obst 1994</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="B0774B06FFACFFB40967F803D57DB1E6" author="Seipp" box="[383,632,1922,1946]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" refString="Seipp, R. & Henkel, F. - W. (2000) Rhacodactylus: Biology, Natural History and Husbandry. Edition Chimaira, Frankfurt am Main, 173 pp." type="book" year="2000">Seipp & Henkel 2000</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="B0774B06FFACFFB40A9CF803D5BBB1E6" author="Henkel" box="[644,702,1922,1946]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" refString="Seipp, R. & Henkel, F. - W. (2011) Rhacodactylus: Biology, Natural History and Husbandry, 2 nd ed. Edition Chimaira, Frankfurt am Main, 173 pp." type="book" year="2011">2011</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; de
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="B0774B06FFACFFB40AF4F803D4BBB1E6" author="Vosjoli" box="[748,958,1922,1947]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" refString="de Vosjoli, P., Fast, F. & Repashy, A. (2003) Rhacodactylus, the Complete Guide to their Selelction and Care. Advanced Visions, Inc., Vista, California. 296 pp." type="book" year="2003">
|
||
Vosjoli
|
||
<emphasis id="E692EAE5FFACFFB40B5AF805D47EB1E7" box="[834,891,1923,1947]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2003
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="B0774B06FFACFFB40BD2F803D360B1E6" author="Cemelli" box="[970,1125,1922,1946]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" refString="Cemelli, S. (2009) Island giants, your guide to the New Caledonian giant gecko. Reptiles, June 2009, 32 - 41." type="journal article" year="2009">Cemelli 2009</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="B0774B06FFACFFB40C69F803D7E7B1C2" author="Schonecker" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" refString="Schonecker, P. & Schonecker, S. (2009 b) Biologie, Haltung und Nachzucht von Rhacodactylus leachianus henkeli. Draco, 9 (4), 42 - 49." type="journal article" year="2009" yearSuffix="b">Schönecker & Schönecker 2009b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In particular,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="13E64D74FFACFFB40993F829D526B1C2" box="[395,547,1958,1983]" class="Reptilia" family="Diplodactylidae" genus="Rhacodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="leachianus">
|
||
<emphasis id="E692EAE5FFACFFB40993F829D526B1C2" box="[395,547,1958,1983]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">R. leachianus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from the offshore islands surrounding the Île des Pins have been recognized as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="13E64D74FFACFFB4088FF84DD529B19E" authority="Seipp and Obst, 2004" authorityName="Seipp and Obst" authorityYear="2004" box="[151,556,1994,2019]" class="Reptilia" family="Diplodactylidae" genus="Rhacodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="leachianus" subSpecies="henkeli">
|
||
<emphasis id="E692EAE5FFACFFB4088FF84DD626B19F" box="[151,291,1995,2019]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">R. l. henkeli</emphasis>
|
||
Seipp and Obst, 2004
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Geckos from these populations are generally characterized by smaller size, stouter body, shorter snouts and tails, lower scale counts, and heavier patterning than most individuals from the Grande Terre. They have also been regarded as being more diurnal and less wary than individuals from the Grande Terre (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="B0774B06FFADFFB508F8FF5ED6B9B68B" author="Seipp" box="[224,444,223,247]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" refString="Seipp, R. & Klemmer, K. (1994) Wiederentdeckung von Rhacodactylus ciliatus Guichenot 1866 im Suden Neukaledoniens (Reptilia: Sauria: Gekkonidae). Senckenbergiana Biologica, 24, 199 - 204." type="journal article" year="1994">Seipp & Obst 1994</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; de Vosjoli 1995). Further, many “varieties” or “morphs” from different southern islands have been identified and are marketed as discrete entities in the pet trade (de
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="B0774B06FFADFFB50C12FE85D3DBB760" author="Vosjoli" box="[1034,1246,260,284]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" refString="de Vosjoli, P., Fast, F. & Repashy, A. (2003) Rhacodactylus, the Complete Guide to their Selelction and Care. Advanced Visions, Inc., Vista, California. 296 pp." type="book" year="2003">
|
||
Vosjoli
|
||
<emphasis id="E692EAE5FFADFFB50C79FE84D39EB760" box="[1121,1179,260,284]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2003
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="B0774B06FFADFFB50CF3FE85D294B760" author="Cemelli" box="[1259,1425,260,284]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" refString="Cemelli, S. (2009) Island giants, your guide to the New Caledonian giant gecko. Reptiles, June 2009, 32 - 41." type="journal article" year="2009">Cemelli, 2009</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="B0774B06FFADFFB5088FFEA6D66FB743" box="[151,362,295,320]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" refString="Good, D. A., Bauer, A. M. & Sadlier, R. A. (1997) Allozyme evidence for the phylogeny of giant New Caledonain geckos (Squamata: Diplodactylidae: Rhacodactylus), with comments on the status of R. leachianus henkeli. Australian Journal of Zoology, 45, 317 - 330." type="journal article">
|
||
Good
|
||
<emphasis id="E692EAE5FFADFFB508C6FEA8D61DB73C" box="[222,280,296,320]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(1997)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
reviewed the evidence for the recognition of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="13E64D74FFADFFB50B6EFEA8D4FAB73C" box="[886,1023,296,320]" class="Reptilia" family="Diplodactylidae" genus="Rhacodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="leachianus" subSpecies="henkeli">
|
||
<emphasis id="E692EAE5FFADFFB50B6EFEA8D4FAB73C" box="[886,1023,296,320]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">R. l. henkeli</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and concluded that the scale counts and color patterns seen in the insular forms fell within the range of variation of the nominate form. They further argued that features such as smaller size and reduced wariness might be expected on islands, where resources are limited and predators absent. Lower scale counts may be a direct consequence of smaller body size (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="B0774B06FFADFFB50CE2FE15D287B7D0" author="Hecht" box="[1274,1410,404,428]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" refString="Hecht, M. K. (1952) Natural selection in the lizard genus Aristelliger. Evolution, 6, 112 - 124." type="journal article" year="1952">Hecht 1952</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="D45936F7FFADFFB508DFFE39D429B54B" blockId="19.[151,1436,151,2012]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
|
||
In fact, the level of genetic differentiation between populations of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="13E64D74FFADFFB50BA2FE38D351B7AC" box="[954,1108,440,464]" class="Reptilia" family="Diplodactylidae" genus="Rhacodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="leachianus">
|
||
<emphasis id="E692EAE5FFADFFB50BA2FE38D351B7AC" box="[954,1108,440,464]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">R. leachianus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
on the Grande Terre may be greater than that observed between populations on the southern islets and the main island.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="B0774B06FFADFFB50CABFE5CD299B788" box="[1203,1436,476,500]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" refString="Vences, M., Henkel, F. - W. & Seipp, R. (2001) Molekulare Untersuchungen zur Phylogenie und Taxonomie der Neukaledonischen Geckos der Gattung Rhacodactylus (Reptilia: Gekkonidae). Salamandra, 37, 73 - 82." type="journal article">
|
||
Vences
|
||
<emphasis id="E692EAE5FFADFFB50D14FE5CD24DB788" box="[1292,1352,476,500]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2001)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
found no variation between specimens from four islands in the Île des Pins group and only a single base pair difference between these and a specimen from Nouméa in the southern Grande Terre. They did, however, find 18–19 base-pair differences between these southern forms and a specimen from Houaïlou on the central east coast. Our sampling within
|
||
<taxonomicName id="13E64D74FFADFFB5099FFDECD525B4F8" box="[391,544,620,644]" class="Reptilia" family="Diplodactylidae" genus="Rhacodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="leachianus">
|
||
<emphasis id="E692EAE5FFADFFB5099FFDECD525B4F8" box="[391,544,620,644]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">R. leachianus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, which occurs throughout much of
|
||
<collectingCountry id="ACF17667FFADFFB50BAAFDECD365B4F8" box="[946,1120,620,644]" name="New Caledonia" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">New Caledonia</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="4CDD2A72FFADFFB50C68FDEDD3B1B4F8" box="[1136,1204,620,644]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="18.[151,250,1753,1776]" captionTargetBox="[160,1425,817,1724]" captionTargetId="figure@18.[151,1436,805,1732]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="FIGURE 5. Distribution map of Rhacodactylus leachianus (circles). Green symbols represent vouchered records, orange symbols represent unvouchered sight or literature records. See Appendix for a list of localities mapped." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/211739/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
|
||
), was limited (Table 1), but included specimens from two southern islands (Môrô and Bayonnaise), a far southern mainland locality (Kwa Néie), and two central localities (Mt. Aoupinié and Vallée de Nimbaye). The northernmost localities sampled were largely invariant and were sister to the southern ones, including the islands (
|
||
<figureCitation id="4CDD2A72FFADFFB50C62FD56D3C4B493" box="[1146,1217,727,751]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="10.[151,250,1813,1836]" captionTargetBox="[185,1384,161,1812]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[185,1409,137,1826]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 1. Maximum likelihood tree based on the mitochondrial ND 2 gene and flanking tRNAs showing relationships among species of New Caledonian diplodactylids and their immediate sister-group, the Australian genus Pseudothecadactylus. Values subtending branches are maximum likelihood / Bayesian posterior probabilities above the line and maximum parsimony bootstrap values below the line. Dashes for posterior probabilities indicate no support for the maximum likelihood topology whereas dashes for maximum parsimony bootstraps indicates values <50 %. Support values are not shown for conspecific relationships where samples differ by three or fewer bases. In the case of Rhacodactylus auriculatus southern ultramafic block samples are cumulatively represented as a triangle." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/211735/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
), but the level of divergence was minimal, about half of that between northern and southern
|
||
<taxonomicName id="13E64D74FFADFFB50C14FD7CD3ABB568" box="[1036,1198,764,788]" class="Reptilia" family="Diplodactylidae" genus="Rhacodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="auriculatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="E692EAE5FFADFFB50C14FD7CD3ABB568" box="[1036,1198,764,788]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">R. auriculatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and the divergence between the southern mainland and islands was only 1.4%.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="D45936F7FFADFFB508DFFCC5D619B2DC" blockId="19.[151,1436,151,2012]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
|
||
Although we do not doubt the observed phenotypic differences between the mainland and insular forms, we believe that most of these differences represent either phenotypically plastic traits or traits that have become fixed in very recent times. Indeed sea level minima of
|
||
<quantity id="131E9B12FFADFFB50AA6FC0DD403B5D8" box="[702,774,908,932]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" unit="m" value="100.0">100 m</quantity>
|
||
or more would have connected the Grande Terre to the Île des Pins as recently as 16,000–20,000 years ago (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="B0774B06FFADFFB50AA4FC2ED46BB5BB" author="Holloway" box="[700,878,943,967]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" refString="Holloway, J. D. (1979) A Survey of the Lepidoptera, Biogeography and Ecology of New Caledonia. Dr. W. Junk, The Hague, The Netherlands." type="book" year="1979">Holloway 1979</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="B0774B06FFADFFB50B61FC2ED37DB5BB" author="Balouet" box="[889,1144,943,967]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" refString="Balouet, J. C. & Olson, S. L. (1989) Fossil birds from Late Quaternary deposits in New Caledonia. Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology (469), iv + 38 pp." type="book" year="1989">Balouet & Olson 1989</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), although the presence or extent of suitable habitat on the land exposed by lower sea levels is unknown. Further, cyclones in the region are known to overwash and denude some of the small islands upon which
|
||
<taxonomicName id="13E64D74FFADFFB50BD4FC78D362B26C" box="[972,1127,1016,1040]" class="Reptilia" family="Diplodactylidae" genus="Rhacodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="leachianus">
|
||
<emphasis id="E692EAE5FFADFFB50BD4FC78D362B26C" box="[972,1127,1016,1040]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">R. leachianus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
lives (Geneva 2008). This suggests that existing populations may reflect not simply lizards isolated by rising sea levels, but the result of many recolonizations from either the Île des Pins proper or the southern Grande Terre. We therefore echo
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="B0774B06FFADFFB50D02FBBED7E4B200" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" refString="Good, D. A., Bauer, A. M. & Sadlier, R. A. (1997) Allozyme evidence for the phylogeny of giant New Caledonain geckos (Squamata: Diplodactylidae: Rhacodactylus), with comments on the status of R. leachianus henkeli. Australian Journal of Zoology, 45, 317 - 330." type="journal article">
|
||
Good
|
||
<emphasis id="E692EAE5FFADFFB50D79FBC0D299B224" box="[1377,1436,1088,1112]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(1997)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
in regarding “
|
||
<emphasis id="E692EAE5FFADFFB50991FBE5D6DFB200" box="[393,474,1124,1148]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">henkeli</emphasis>
|
||
” as a morph of typical
|
||
<taxonomicName id="13E64D74FFADFFB50AF3FBE4D480B200" box="[747,901,1124,1148]" class="Reptilia" family="Diplodactylidae" genus="Rhacodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="leachianus">
|
||
<emphasis id="E692EAE5FFADFFB50AF3FBE4D480B200" box="[747,901,1124,1148]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">R. leachianus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
peculiar to the southern islets, rather than as a valid taxon.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="D45936F7FFADFFB508DFFB2DD6C6B3E0" blockId="19.[151,1436,151,2012]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
|
||
The status of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="13E64D74FFADFFB5097BFB2CD59EB2B8" authority="Bocage, 1873" authorityName="Bocage" authorityYear="1873" box="[355,667,1196,1221]" class="Reptilia" family="Diplodactylidae" genus="Rhacodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aubrianus">
|
||
<emphasis id="E692EAE5FFADFFB5097BFB2CD6F0B2B8" box="[355,501,1196,1220]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">R. aubrianus</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="B0774B06FFADFFB509E5FB2CD59EB2B8" author="Bocage" box="[509,667,1196,1221]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" refString="Bocage, J. V. Barboza du. (1873) Sur quelques sauriens nouveaux de la Nouvelle Caledonie et de l'Australie. Jornal de Sciencias Mathematicas, Physicas, e Naturaes, Academia Real das Sciencas de Lisboa, 4, 228 - 232." type="journal article" year="1873">Bocage, 1873</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, which has been recognized subspecifically by some authors (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="B0774B06FFADFFB50D45FB2DD7D7B294" author="Roux" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" refString="Roux J. (1913) Les reptiles de la Nouvelle-Caledonie et des Iles Loyalty. In: Sarasin F. & Roux J. (Eds.) Nova Caledonia, Zoologie. C. W. Kreidels Verlag, Wiesbaden, pp. 79 - 160, pls. 4 - 5." type="book chapter" year="1913">Roux 1913</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="B0774B06FFADFFB508F9FB51D66CB294" author="Kluge" box="[225,361,1232,1256]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" refString="Kluge, A. G. (1967) Systematics, phylogeny, and zoogeography of the lizard genus Diplodactylus Gray (Gekkonidae). Australian Journal of Zoology, 15, 1007 - 1108." type="journal article" year="1967">Kluge 1967</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) cannot be evaluated. The
|
||
<typeStatus id="0B5D8855FFADFFB50ABFFB50D40CB295" box="[679,777,1233,1257]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" type="syntype">syntypes</typeStatus>
|
||
of this form were destroyed by fire in 1978 (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="B0774B06FFADFFB50D3BFB51D61AB370" author="Almaca" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" refString="Almaca, C. & Neves, A. (1987) The Museu Bocage and the new series of its Arquivos. Arquivos do Museu Bocage, N. S., 1, 1 - 8." type="journal article" year="1987">Almaça & Neves 1987</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and are without specific locality. Putatively diagnostic features of snout scalation given by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="B0774B06FFADFFB50D50FB74D7E4B34C" author="Bocage" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" refString="Bocage, J. V. Barboza du. (1873) Sur quelques sauriens nouveaux de la Nouvelle Caledonie et de l'Australie. Jornal de Sciencias Mathematicas, Physicas, e Naturaes, Academia Real das Sciencas de Lisboa, 4, 228 - 232." type="journal article" year="1873">Bocage (1873)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
as diagnostic, in fact, also occur in some typical
|
||
<taxonomicName id="13E64D74FFADFFB50B03FA98D4B0B34C" box="[795,949,1304,1328]" class="Reptilia" family="Diplodactylidae" genus="Rhacodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="leachianus">
|
||
<emphasis id="E692EAE5FFADFFB50B03FA98D4B0B34C" box="[795,949,1304,1328]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">R. leachianus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Thus, we also regard this form as strictly synonymous with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="13E64D74FFADFFB50968FABCD50AB328" box="[368,527,1340,1364]" class="Reptilia" family="Diplodactylidae" genus="Rhacodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="leachianus">
|
||
<emphasis id="E692EAE5FFADFFB50968FABCD50AB328" box="[368,527,1340,1364]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">R. leachianus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, which is therefore, monotypic.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="B0774B06FFADFFB50B82FABDD3C1B328" author="Seipp" box="[922,1220,1340,1364]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" refString="Seipp, R. & Henkel, F. - W. (2011) Rhacodactylus: Biology, Natural History and Husbandry, 2 nd ed. Edition Chimaira, Frankfurt am Main, 173 pp." type="book" year="2011">Seipp and Henkel (2011)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
suggested that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="13E64D74FFADFFB50D9CFABCD615B304" class="Reptilia" family="Diplodactylidae" genus="Rhacodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="leachianus">
|
||
<emphasis id="E692EAE5FFADFFB50D9CFABCD615B304" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">R. leachianus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
“dark morph” was distinct in coloration and biology from the typical form and that these two occurred in sympatry in some areas.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="D45936F7FFADFFB508DFFA29D350B130" blockId="19.[151,1436,151,2012]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="13E64D74FFADFFB508DFFA29D52EB3BC" box="[199,555,1448,1472]" class="Reptilia" family="Diplodactylidae" genus="Rhacodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="trachyrhynchus">
|
||
<emphasis id="E692EAE5FFADFFB508DFFA29D52EB3BC" box="[199,555,1448,1472]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Rhacodactylus trachyrhynchus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="13E64D74FFADFFB50A6FFA28D449B3BC" box="[631,844,1448,1472]" class="Reptilia" family="Diplodactylidae" genus="Rhacodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="trachycephalus">
|
||
<emphasis id="E692EAE5FFADFFB50A6FFA28D449B3BC" box="[631,844,1448,1472]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">R. trachycephalus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
—
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="B0774B06FFADFFB50B93FA29D35EB3BC" author="Boulenger" box="[907,1115,1448,1472]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" refString="Boulenger, G. A. (1878) Description d'un genre nouveau et d'une espece nouvelle de la famille des geckotides. Bulletin de la Societe Zoologique de France, 3, 68 - 70, pl. 2." type="journal article" year="1878">Boulenger (1878)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
described
|
||
<taxonomicName id="13E64D74FFADFFB50CF3FA29D647B398" class="Squamata" family="Diplodactylidae" genus="Chameleonurus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="trachycephalus">
|
||
<emphasis id="E692EAE5FFADFFB50CF3FA29D647B398" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Chameleonurus trachycephalus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from the Île des Pins, but later synonymized his new genus and species with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="13E64D74FFADFFB50CEFFA4DD519B074" authority="Boulenger 1883" authorityName="Boulenger" authorityYear="1883" class="Reptilia" family="Diplodactylidae" genus="Rhacodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="trachyrhynchus">
|
||
<emphasis id="E692EAE5FFADFFB50CEFFA4DD640B074" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Rhacodactylus trachyrhynchus</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="B0774B06FFADFFB5094FFA71D511B074" author="Boulenger" box="[343,532,1520,1544]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" refString="Boulenger, G. A. (1883) On the geckos of New Caledonia. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1883, 116 - 131." type="proceedings paper" year="1883">Boulenger 1883</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The name remained largely unused for more than a century, until used in a subspecific context by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="B0774B06FFADFFB50983F995D599B050" author="Seipp" box="[411,668,1556,1580]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" refString="Seipp, R. & Klemmer, K. (1994) Wiederentdeckung von Rhacodactylus ciliatus Guichenot 1866 im Suden Neukaledoniens (Reptilia: Sauria: Gekkonidae). Senckenbergiana Biologica, 24, 199 - 204." type="journal article" year="1994">Seipp and Obst (1994)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="B0774B06FFADFFB50AB1F995D447B050" author="Kluge" box="[681,834,1556,1580]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" refString="Kluge, A. G. (2001) Gekkotan lizard taxonomy. Hamadryad, 26, 1 - 209." type="journal article" year="2001">Kluge (2001)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="B0774B06FFADFFB50B67F995D391B050" author="Seipp" box="[895,1172,1556,1580]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" refString="Seipp, R. & Henkel, F. - W. (2000) Rhacodactylus: Biology, Natural History and Husbandry. Edition Chimaira, Frankfurt am Main, 173 pp." type="book" year="2000">Seipp and Henkel (2000</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="B0774B06FFADFFB50CB8F995D3DDB050" author="Henkel" box="[1184,1240,1556,1580]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" refString="Seipp, R. & Henkel, F. - W. (2011) Rhacodactylus: Biology, Natural History and Husbandry, 2 nd ed. Edition Chimaira, Frankfurt am Main, 173 pp." type="book" year="2011">2011</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and it has lately been used with some consistency in the herpetocultural literature (Henkel 2009;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="B0774B06FFADFFB50C59F9B9D3F4B02C" author="Kaverkin" box="[1089,1265,1592,1616]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" refString="Kaverkin, Y. (2009) Haltung und Nachzucht von Rhacodactylus trachyrhynchus trachycephalus. Draco, 9 (4), 37 - 41." type="journal article" year="2009">Kaverkin 2009</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="B0774B06FFADFFB50D1FF9B8D7E4B008" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" refString="Vences, M., Henkel, F. - W. & Seipp, R. (2001) Molekulare Untersuchungen zur Phylogenie und Taxonomie der Neukaledonischen Geckos der Gattung Rhacodactylus (Reptilia: Gekkonidae). Salamandra, 37, 73 - 82." type="journal article">
|
||
Vences
|
||
<emphasis id="E692EAE5FFADFFB50D78F9B8D299B02C" box="[1376,1436,1592,1616]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2001)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
found a small difference (4 bp) between Île des Pins and Grande Terre (Mt. Koghis) samples. We sampled specimens from three locations: Mt. Aoupinié in central
|
||
<collectingCountry id="ACF17667FFADFFB50B3AF900D4D0B0E4" box="[802,981,1664,1688]" name="New Caledonia" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">New Caledonia</collectingCountry>
|
||
, an apparently isolated population from sclerophyll forest at Presqu’ïle de Pindaï on the west coast, and Îlot Môrô, off the Île des Pins. Divergence between the two mainland populations was nearly as great as that between the most divergent populations of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="13E64D74FFADFFB50CE5F948D29EB09C" box="[1277,1435,1736,1760]" class="Reptilia" family="Diplodactylidae" genus="Rhacodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="auriculatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="E692EAE5FFADFFB50CE5F948D29EB09C" box="[1277,1435,1736,1760]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">R. auriculatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
but the divergence from these to the Îlot Môrô sample are twice as great. Although not included by us,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="B0774B06FFADFFB50D06F96DD7E4B154" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" refString="Good, D. A., Bauer, A. M. & Sadlier, R. A. (1997) Allozyme evidence for the phylogeny of giant New Caledonain geckos (Squamata: Diplodactylidae: Rhacodactylus), with comments on the status of R. leachianus henkeli. Australian Journal of Zoology, 45, 317 - 330." type="journal article">
|
||
Good
|
||
<emphasis id="E692EAE5FFADFFB50D7CF96CD299B178" box="[1380,1436,1772,1796]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(1997)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
studied a specimen from Mt. Gouémba (= Wô Bwa Wîwâ) in the far southeast of the Grande Terre and found that it differed by one fixed allozyme difference from Mt. Aoupinié specimens.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="D45936F7FFADFFB208DFF8D8D7EAB788" blockId="19.[151,1436,151,2012]" lastBlockId="20.[151,1436,151,500]" lastPageId="20" lastPageNumber="21" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
|
||
De
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="B0774B06FFADFFB508F6F8D9D6C8B10C" box="[238,461,1880,1904]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" refString="de Vosjoli, P., Fast, F. & Repashy, A. (2003) Rhacodactylus, the Complete Guide to their Selelction and Care. Advanced Visions, Inc., Vista, California. 296 pp." type="book">
|
||
Vosjoli
|
||
<emphasis id="E692EAE5FFADFFB5095CF8D8D679B10C" box="[324,380,1880,1904]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2003)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
had suggested that the mainland and southern insular populations were distinct species based on differences in size, morphology and behavior. As noted by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="B0774B06FFADFFB50B8EF8FDD3ADB1E8" author="Seipp" box="[918,1192,1916,1940]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" refString="Seipp, R. & Henkel, F. - W. (2000) Rhacodactylus: Biology, Natural History and Husbandry. Edition Chimaira, Frankfurt am Main, 173 pp." type="book" year="2000">Seipp and Henkel (2000</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="B0774B06FFADFFB50CACF8FDD3E9B1E8" author="Henkel" box="[1204,1260,1916,1940]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" refString="Seipp, R. & Henkel, F. - W. (2011) Rhacodactylus: Biology, Natural History and Husbandry, 2 nd ed. Edition Chimaira, Frankfurt am Main, 173 pp." type="book" year="2011">2011</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) the population from the region of the Île des Pins, the
|
||
<typeStatus id="0B5D8855FFADFFB50A7FF820D592B1C5" box="[615,663,1953,1977]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">type</typeStatus>
|
||
locality of
|
||
<emphasis id="E692EAE5FFADFFB50B39F820D30BB1C4" box="[801,1038,1952,1976]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="13E64D74FFADFFB50B39F820D30FB1C4" box="[801,1034,1952,1976]" class="Reptilia" family="Diplodactylidae" genus="Rhacodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="trachyrhynchus" subSpecies="trachycephalus">R. t. trachycephalus</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
differs in a number of ways from typical
|
||
<emphasis id="E692EAE5FFADFFB508F5F844D6D3B1A0" box="[237,470,1988,2012]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
|
||
R. t.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="13E64D74FFADFFB50930F845D6D3B1A0" box="[296,470,1988,2012]" class="Reptilia" family="Diplodactylidae" genus="Rhacodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="trachyrhynchus">trachyrhynchus</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
, which are known from scattered localities across the Grande Terre (
|
||
<figureCitation id="4CDD2A72FFADFFB50CE1F845D244B1A0" box="[1273,1345,1988,2012]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="20.[151,250,1494,1517]" captionTargetBox="[163,1425,562,1466]" captionTargetId="figure@20.[151,1436,553,1473]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="FIGURE 6. Distribution map of Rhacodactylus trachyrhynchus (green circles) and R. trachycephalus (red circle). The question mark on the Île des Pins represents numerous records of R. trachycephalus, including the types, that lack precise locality data. See Appendix for a list of localities mapped." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/211740/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
|
||
). These include smaller size, a lower average number of scales in various counts, and a difference in the configuration of the head scalation.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="B0774B06FFAAFFB20977FF3CD582B6A8" author="Myers" box="[367,647,188,213]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" refString="Myers, A. & Pether, J. (1998) The New Caledonian live-bearing gecko (Rhacodactylus trachyrhynchus). Reptiles, 6 (11), 10 - 12, 14, 16, 18." type="journal article" year="1998">Myers and Pether (1998)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
suggested that Grande Terre animals were sometimes more yellowish than Île des Pins specimens, and differences in snout length have also been suggested (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="B0774B06FFAAFFB20C43FF5ED3EBB68B" author="Henkel" box="[1115,1262,223,247]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" refString="Henkel, F. - W. (1991) Zur Kenntnis der diplodactylinen Gecko-Gattung Rhacodactylus Fitzinger, 1843. Aspekte von Freileben, Haltung und Nachzucht. Salamandra, 27, 58 - 69." type="journal article" year="1991">Henkel 1991</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="B0774B06FFAAFFB20CE2FF5ED237B68B" author="Henkel" box="[1274,1330,223,247]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" refString="Henkel, F. - W. (1993) Notes on the diplodactyline gecko genus Rhacodactylus (Fitzinger, 1843), observations in the wild as well as aspects of captive husbandry and breeding. Dactylus, 1 (4), 22 - 32." type="journal article" year="1993">1993</bibRefCitation>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="B0774B06FFAAFFB20D20FF61D624B760" author="Myers" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" refString="Myers, A. & Pether, J. (1998) The New Caledonian live-bearing gecko (Rhacodactylus trachyrhynchus). Reptiles, 6 (11), 10 - 12, 14, 16, 18." type="journal article" year="1998">Myers & Pether 1998</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Although the same arguments regarding the recency and transiency of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="13E64D74FFAAFFB20C51FE85D389B760" box="[1097,1164,260,284]" class="Reptilia" family="Gekkonidae" genus="Gekko" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gecko">gecko</taxonomicName>
|
||
populations on the lowlying satellite islands around the Île des Pins applies to this form as to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="13E64D74FFAAFFB20BABFEA8D33FB73C" box="[947,1082,296,320]" class="Reptilia" family="Diplodactylidae" genus="Rhacodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="leachianus" subSpecies="henkeli">
|
||
<emphasis id="E692EAE5FFAAFFB20BABFEA8D33FB73C" box="[947,1082,296,320]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">R. l. henkeli</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the Île des Pins itself is a high island (maximum elevation
|
||
<quantity id="131E9B12FFAAFFB209C0FECDD527B718" box="[472,546,332,356]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.62" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" unit="m" value="262.0">262 m</quantity>
|
||
) that would have remained above water since the Miocene and which would have been isolated from the Grande Terre sporadically since that time (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="B0774B06FFAAFFB20BB5FEEED32BB7FB" author="Hope" box="[941,1070,367,391]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" refString="Hope, G. S. (1996) Quaternary change and the historical biogeography of Pacific Islands. In: Keast, A. & Miller, S. E. (Eds.) The Origin and Evolution of Pacific island Biotas, New Guinea to Eastern Polynesia: Patterns and Processes. SPB Academic Publishing, Amsterdam, pp. 165 - 190." type="book chapter" year="1996">Hope 1996</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Issues of size aside, we believe that the deep genetic divergence and distinctive morphological features seen in the insular specimens are reflective of a meaningful evolutionary split and we recognize
|
||
<taxonomicName id="13E64D74FFAAFFB20AE1FE38D398B7B3" authority="Boulenger, 1878" authorityName="Boulenger" authorityYear="1878" box="[761,1181,439,464]" class="Squamata" family="Diplodactylidae" genus="Chameleonurus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="trachycephalus">
|
||
<emphasis id="E692EAE5FFAAFFB20AE1FE38D4C0B7AC" box="[761,965,440,464]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">R. trachycephalus</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="B0774B06FFAAFFB20BCEFE36D390B7B3" author="Boulenger" box="[982,1173,439,463]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" refString="Boulenger, G. A. (1878) Description d'un genre nouveau et d'une espece nouvelle de la famille des geckotides. Bulletin de la Societe Zoologique de France, 3, 68 - 70, pl. 2." type="journal article" year="1878">Boulenger, 1878</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="4CDD2A72FFAAFFB20CB7FE36D219B7B3" box="[1199,1308,439,463]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 7" captionStart-1="FIGURE 8" captionStartId-0="21.[151,250,1977,2000]" captionStartId-1="22.[151,250,1537,1560]" captionTargetBox-0="[151,1435,395,1956]" captionTargetBox-1="[151,1435,661,1516]" captionTargetId-0="figure@21.[151,1436,391,1956]" captionTargetId-1="figure@22.[151,1436,661,1517]" captionTargetPageId-0="21" captionTargetPageId-1="22" captionText-0="FIGURE 7. Rhacodactylus trachycephalus lectotype (IRSNB 2.532) and paralectotype (IRSNB 2.533) from Île des Pins (without precise locality). Photos courtesy of Georges Lenglet." captionText-1="FIGURE 8. Living specimens of Rhacodactylus trachyrhynchus from Mt. Aoupinié, Province Nord, New Caledonia (A, B) and R. trachycephalus from Îlot Môrô, a small satellite island of the Île des Pins, Provence Sud, New Caledonia (C, D). Photos courtesy of Mark O’Shea." httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/211741/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/211742/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Figs. 7–8</figureCitation>
|
||
) as a valid species.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="8099667FFFAAFFB2088FFA57D55EB04C" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/211740/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" targetBox="[163,1425,562,1466]" targetPageId="20">
|
||
<paragraph id="D45936F7FFAAFFB2088FFA57D55EB04C" blockId="20.[151,1436,1494,1585]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
|
||
<emphasis id="E692EAE5FFAAFFB2088FFA57D617B397" bold="true" box="[151,274,1494,1517]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">FIGURE 6.</emphasis>
|
||
Distribution map of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="13E64D74FFAAFFB209FCFA57D41EB390" box="[484,795,1494,1516]" class="Reptilia" family="Diplodactylidae" genus="Rhacodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="trachyrhynchus">
|
||
<emphasis id="E692EAE5FFAAFFB209FCFA57D41EB390" box="[484,795,1494,1516]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Rhacodactylus trachyrhynchus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(green circles) and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="13E64D74FFAAFFB20BFAFA56D39DB390" box="[994,1176,1494,1516]" class="Squamata" family="Diplodactylidae" genus="Chameleonurus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="trachycephalus">
|
||
<emphasis id="E692EAE5FFAAFFB20BFAFA56D39DB390" box="[994,1176,1494,1516]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">R. trachycephalus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(red circle). The question mark on the Île des Pins represents numerous records of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="13E64D74FFAAFFB20AC1FA78D494B071" box="[729,913,1527,1550]" class="Squamata" family="Diplodactylidae" genus="Chameleonurus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="trachycephalus">
|
||
<emphasis id="E692EAE5FFAAFFB20AC1FA78D494B071" box="[729,913,1527,1550]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">R. trachycephalus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, including the types, that lack precise locality data. See Appendix for a list of localities mapped.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="D45936F7FFAAFFB208DFF904D6DFB151" blockId="20.[151,1436,1669,2018]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
|
||
Boulenger’s (1878) description is relatively detailed and is accompanied by a well-executed plate. His synonymization (1883) with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="13E64D74FFAAFFB209FCF92BD5B1B0BD" box="[484,692,1705,1729]" class="Reptilia" family="Diplodactylidae" genus="Rhacodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="trachyrhynchus">
|
||
<emphasis id="E692EAE5FFAAFFB209FCF92BD5B1B0BD" box="[484,692,1705,1729]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">R. trachyrhynchus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is understandable given that the small number of individuals of both species then known did not allow a distinction between individual or population variation and specific differences. Boulenger’s description was based on two specimens in the Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de
|
||
<collectingCountry id="ACF17667FFAAFFB2088FF894D7F9B151" box="[151,252,1813,1837]" name="Belgium" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Belgique</collectingCountry>
|
||
in Brussels (
|
||
<figureCitation id="4CDD2A72FFAAFFB20995F894D6CEB151" box="[397,459,1813,1837]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="21.[151,250,1977,2000]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,395,1956]" captionTargetId="figure@21.[151,1436,391,1956]" captionTargetPageId="21" captionText="FIGURE 7. Rhacodactylus trachycephalus lectotype (IRSNB 2.532) and paralectotype (IRSNB 2.533) from Île des Pins (without precise locality). Photos courtesy of Georges Lenglet." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/211741/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Fig 7</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="9CFC657CFFAAFFB208DFF8B9D290B19D" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" type="diagnosis">
|
||
<paragraph id="D45936F7FFAAFFB208DFF8B9D290B19D" blockId="20.[151,1436,1669,2018]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
|
||
<emphasis id="E692EAE5FFAAFFB208DFF8B9D644B12D" bold="true" box="[199,321,1848,1873]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="13E64D74FFAAFFB20951F8B8D5A7B12D" box="[329,674,1849,1873]" class="Reptilia" family="Diplodactylidae" genus="Rhacodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="trachycephalus">
|
||
<emphasis id="E692EAE5FFAAFFB20951F8B8D5A7B12D" box="[329,674,1849,1873]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Rhacodactylus trachycephalus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
may be distinguished from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="13E64D74FFAAFFB20BFAF8BBD3B4B12D" box="[994,1201,1849,1873]" class="Reptilia" family="Diplodactylidae" genus="Rhacodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="trachyrhynchus">
|
||
<emphasis id="E692EAE5FFAAFFB20BFAF8BBD3B4B12D" box="[994,1201,1849,1873]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">R. trachyrhynchus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the only other New Caledonian giant
|
||
<taxonomicName id="13E64D74FFAAFFB20978F8DCD6A6B109" box="[352,419,1885,1909]" class="Reptilia" family="Gekkonidae" genus="Gekko" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gecko">gecko</taxonomicName>
|
||
with a rugose snout by its smaller size (maximum SVL
|
||
<quantity id="131E9B12FFAAFFB20C35F8DCD38EB109" box="[1069,1163,1885,1909]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.4" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" unit="mm" value="140.0">140 mm</quantity>
|
||
<emphasis id="E692EAE5FFAAFFB20C8CF8DFD3DEB109" box="[1172,1243,1886,1909]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">versus</emphasis>
|
||
<quantity id="131E9B12FFAAFFB20CFCF8DCD243B109" box="[1252,1350,1885,1909]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.9" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" unit="mm" value="190.0">190 mm</quantity>
|
||
), larger eye size relative to snout length and eye-ear distance, lower number of midbody scale rows (maximum 111
|
||
<emphasis id="E692EAE5FFAAFFB20D4CF803D29EB1E5" box="[1364,1435,1922,1945]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">versus</emphasis>
|
||
minimum 119) (
|
||
<emphasis id="E692EAE5FFAAFFB2094AF824D679B1C1" box="[338,380,1957,1981]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">fide</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="B0774B06FFAAFFB2099DF824D586B1C1" author="Seipp" box="[389,643,1957,1981]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" refString="Seipp, R. & Henkel, F. - W. (2011) Rhacodactylus: Biology, Natural History and Husbandry, 2 nd ed. Edition Chimaira, Frankfurt am Main, 173 pp." type="book" year="2011">Seipp & Henkel 2011</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), exclusion of the rostral from the nostril (
|
||
<emphasis id="E692EAE5FFAAFFB20C6AF827D3BFB1C1" box="[1138,1210,1958,1981]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">versus</emphasis>
|
||
rostral contacts the nostril or very narrowly excluded in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="13E64D74FFAAFFB20A34F84BD5F2B19D" box="[556,759,1993,2017]" class="Reptilia" family="Diplodactylidae" genus="Rhacodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="trachyrhynchus">
|
||
<emphasis id="E692EAE5FFAAFFB20A34F84BD5F2B19D" box="[556,759,1993,2017]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">R. trachyrhynchus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), and smaller, less rugose scales in the loreal region (
|
||
<figureCitation id="4CDD2A72FFAAFFB20D5CF848D282B19D" box="[1348,1415,1993,2017]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="22.[151,250,1537,1560]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,661,1516]" captionTargetId="figure@22.[151,1436,661,1517]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="FIGURE 8. Living specimens of Rhacodactylus trachyrhynchus from Mt. Aoupinié, Province Nord, New Caledonia (A, B) and R. trachycephalus from Îlot Môrô, a small satellite island of the Île des Pins, Provence Sud, New Caledonia (C, D). Photos courtesy of Mark O’Shea." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/211742/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="9CFC657CFFABFFB008DFFF16D51FB423" lastPageId="22" lastPageNumber="23" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph id="D45936F7FFABFFB308DFFF16D495B71B" blockId="21.[151,1436,151,359]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
|
||
<emphasis id="E692EAE5FFABFFB308DFFF16D665B6CC" bold="true" box="[199,352,151,176]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Distribution.</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="B0774B06FFABFFB30973FF16D58FB6D3" author="Seipp" box="[363,650,151,175]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" refString="Vences, M., Henkel, F. - W. & Seipp, R. (2001) Molekulare Untersuchungen zur Phylogenie und Taxonomie der Neukaledonischen Geckos der Gattung Rhacodactylus (Reptilia: Gekkonidae). Salamandra, 37, 73 - 82." type="journal article" year="2001">Seipp and Henkel (2001</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="B0774B06FFABFFB30A81FF16D5D4B6D3" author="Henkel" box="[665,721,151,175]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" refString="Seipp, R. & Henkel, F. - W. (2011) Rhacodactylus: Biology, Natural History and Husbandry, 2 nd ed. Edition Chimaira, Frankfurt am Main, 173 pp." type="book" year="2011">2011</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) gave the distribution of this species as the Île des Pins and “Koutouma” [
|
||
<emphasis id="E692EAE5FFABFFB3092FFF3CD653B6A8" box="[311,342,189,212]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">sic</emphasis>
|
||
] (= Kûtomo), de
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="B0774B06FFABFFB30A38FF3DD5C7B6A8" author="Vosjoli" box="[544,706,188,212]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" refString="de Vosjoli, P. (1997) Great tales of the mad gecko hunters: Island X and riding the waves at the mouth of death. The Vivarium, 8 (2), 16 - 21." type="journal article" year="1997">Vosjoli (1997)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
reported it from “
|
||
<collectingCountry id="ACF17667FFABFFB30B88FF3DD4D2B6A8" box="[912,983,188,212]" name="Iceland" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Island</collectingCountry>
|
||
E,” and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="B0774B06FFABFFB30C24FF3CD21AB6A8" box="[1084,1311,188,212]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" refString="Vences, M., Henkel, F. - W. & Seipp, R. (2001) Molekulare Untersuchungen zur Phylogenie und Taxonomie der Neukaledonischen Geckos der Gattung Rhacodactylus (Reptilia: Gekkonidae). Salamandra, 37, 73 - 82." type="journal article">
|
||
Vences
|
||
<emphasis id="E692EAE5FFABFFB30C8BFF3CD3C8B6A8" box="[1171,1229,188,212]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2001)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
sequenced an individual supposedly from the Île des Pins. However, limited field investigations by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="B0774B06FFABFFB30C98FF61D299B68B" author="Bauer" box="[1152,1436,223,247]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" refString="Bauer, A. M. & Sadlier, R. A. (1994) The terrestrial herpetofauna of the Ile des Pins, New Caledonia. Pacific Science, 48, 353 - 366." type="journal article" year="1994">Bauer and Sadlier (1994)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and de Vosjoli (1995) could not verify its presence on the Île des Pins proper, although
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="B0774B06FFABFFB30C66FE84D299B760" author="Bauer" box="[1150,1436,260,284]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" refString="Bauer, A. M. & Sadlier, R. A. (1994) The terrestrial herpetofauna of the Ile des Pins, New Caledonia. Pacific Science, 48, 353 - 366." type="journal article" year="1994">Bauer and Sadlier (1994)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
did identify appropriate habitat for the species on the island. We have encountered it only on Môrô, an island of ~
|
||
<quantity id="131E9B12FFABFFB308BDFECED7F1B71B" box="[165,244,335,359]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" unit="km" value="0.1">0.1 km</quantity>
|
||
2, where its biology has been studied by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="B0774B06FFABFFB30AADFECED48EB71B" author="Cunkelman" box="[693,907,335,359]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" refString="Cunkelman, A. A. (2005) The ecology of Rhacodactylus leachianus and R trachyrhynchus in an area of sympatry. Unpublished M. S. thesis, Villanova University, xii + 114 pp." type="book" year="2005">Cunkelman (2005)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="8099667FFFABFFB3088FF838D411B18F" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/211741/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" targetBox="[151,1435,395,1956]" targetPageId="21">
|
||
<paragraph id="D45936F7FFABFFB3088FF838D411B18F" blockId="21.[151,1436,1977,2035]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
|
||
<emphasis id="E692EAE5FFABFFB3088FF838D612B1B3" bold="true" box="[151,279,1977,2000]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">FIGURE 7.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="13E64D74FFABFFB30939F83BD559B1AC" box="[289,604,1978,2000]" class="Reptilia" family="Diplodactylidae" genus="Rhacodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="trachycephalus">
|
||
<emphasis id="E692EAE5FFABFFB30939F83BD559B1AC" box="[289,604,1978,2000]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Rhacodactylus trachycephalus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
lectotype (IRSNB 2.532) and paralectotype (IRSNB 2.533) from Île des Pins (without precise locality). Photos courtesy of Georges Lenglet.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="D45936F7FFA8FFB008DFFF16D51FB423" blockId="22.[151,1437,151,607]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
|
||
<emphasis id="E692EAE5FFA8FFB008DFFF16D66BB6CC" bold="true" box="[199,366,151,176]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Conservation.</emphasis>
|
||
de
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="B0774B06FFA8FFB00981FF16D578B6D3" box="[409,637,151,176]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" refString="de Vosjoli, P., Fast, F. & Repashy, A. (2003) Rhacodactylus, the Complete Guide to their Selelction and Care. Advanced Visions, Inc., Vista, California. 296 pp." type="book">
|
||
Vosjoli
|
||
<emphasis id="E692EAE5FFA8FFB009E9FF18D52EB6CC" box="[497,555,152,176]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2003)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
highlighted
|
||
<taxonomicName id="13E64D74FFA8FFB00B16FF18D4DCB6CC" box="[782,985,152,176]" class="Reptilia" family="Diplodactylidae" genus="Rhacodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="trachycephalus">
|
||
<emphasis id="E692EAE5FFA8FFB00B16FF18D4DCB6CC" box="[782,985,152,176]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">R. trachycephalus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as the only endangered
|
||
<taxonomicName id="13E64D74FFA8FFB00CE8FF19D290B6CC" box="[1264,1429,152,176]" class="Reptilia" family="Diplodactylidae" genus="Rhacodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="E692EAE5FFA8FFB00CE8FF19D290B6CC" box="[1264,1429,152,176]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Rhacodactylus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. This species certainly has the most restricted range of any member of the genus. On Môrô they are especially vulnerable because of the easy access from the Île des Pins.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="13E64D74FFA8FFB00B24FF61D396B684" box="[828,1171,224,248]" class="Reptilia" family="Diplodactylidae" genus="Rhacodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="trachycephalus">
|
||
<emphasis id="E692EAE5FFA8FFB00B24FF61D396B684" box="[828,1171,224,248]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Rhacodactylus trachycephalus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is at very high risk due to potential demands from the pet trade. Most live-bearing
|
||
<taxonomicName id="13E64D74FFA8FFB00B52FE85D4EAB760" box="[842,1007,260,284]" class="Reptilia" family="Diplodactylidae" genus="Rhacodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="E692EAE5FFA8FFB00B52FE85D4EAB760" box="[842,1007,260,284]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Rhacodactylus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
offered for sale are members of this species (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="B0774B06FFA8FFB008E4FEA6D6B4B743" author="Kaverkin" box="[252,433,295,319]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" refString="Kaverkin, Y. (2009) Haltung und Nachzucht von Rhacodactylus trachyrhynchus trachycephalus. Draco, 9 (4), 37 - 41." type="journal article" year="2009">Kaverkin 2009</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In comparison to most oviparous species, live-bearing
|
||
<taxonomicName id="13E64D74FFA8FFB00C42FEA9D3FAB73C" box="[1114,1279,296,320]" class="Reptilia" family="Diplodactylidae" genus="Rhacodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="E692EAE5FFA8FFB00C42FEA9D3FAB73C" box="[1114,1279,296,320]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Rhacodactylus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
have proven difficult to breed in captivity (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="B0774B06FFA8FFB009F3FECDD5E6B718" author="Myers" box="[491,739,332,356]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" refString="Myers, A. & Pether, J. (1998) The New Caledonian live-bearing gecko (Rhacodactylus trachyrhynchus). Reptiles, 6 (11), 10 - 12, 14, 16, 18." type="journal article" year="1998">Myers & Pether 1998</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and they remain very expensive in the pet trade, with online prices of
|
||
<collectingCountry id="ACF17667FFA8FFB00916FEEED637B7FB" box="[270,306,367,391]" name="United States of America" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">US</collectingCountry>
|
||
$3000 or more as of
|
||
<date id="A0581037FFA8FFB00A26FEEED5D4B7FB" box="[574,721,367,391]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" value="2012-03">March 2012</date>
|
||
. This suggests there may remain a market for wild-caught individuals, a scenario which may no longer be true for some of the other giant geckos, which are now bred in great numbers in captivity and are available at relatively low prices. In addition to illegal collecting for the pet trade, this species is also likely to be highly vulnerable to introduced mammals, including rats and feral cats (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="B0774B06FFA8FFB00D01FE5DD7D1B46B" author="Cunkelman" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" refString="Cunkelman, A. A. (2005) The ecology of Rhacodactylus leachianus and R trachyrhynchus in an area of sympatry. Unpublished M. S. thesis, Villanova University, xii + 114 pp." type="book" year="2005">Cunkelman 2005</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Based on its extremely small area of occupancy and extent of occurrence as well as observed decline in habitat quality, as well as threats from introduced predators and the pet trade
|
||
<taxonomicName id="13E64D74FFA8FFB00C3DFDA4D3F6B440" box="[1061,1267,548,572]" class="Reptilia" family="Diplodactylidae" genus="Rhacodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="trachycephalus">
|
||
<emphasis id="E692EAE5FFA8FFB00C3DFDA4D3F6B440" box="[1061,1267,548,572]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">R. trachycephalus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is assessed as Critically Endangered (B1b; B2b).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |