233 lines
25 KiB
XML
233 lines
25 KiB
XML
<document id="2B9DE277FBA2786A830B603457848CB2" ID-CLB-Dataset="3306" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.5727205" ID-GBIF-Dataset="60d0954b-1201-4408-8492-1a762f592c33" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5727205" IM.metadata_requiresApprovalFor="plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_requiresApprovalFor="plazi" checkinTime="1636037979838" checkinUser="conny" docAuthor="Russell A. Mittermeier, Anthony B. Rylands & Don E. Wilson" docDate="2013" docId="313A88142A1CF338FF47FAD164A5F9A1" docLanguage="en" docName="hbmw_3_Atelidae_0484.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 3 Primates, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions" docTitle="Ateles fusciceps Gray 1866" docType="treatment" docVersion="13" lastPageNumber="538" masterDocId="CD03F06C2A13F337FFF3FF8F6156FFA3" masterDocTitle="Atelidae" masterLastPageNumber="549" masterPageNumber="484" pageNumber="538" updateTime="1699467777550" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
|
||
<mods:mods id="A970A75A96C8E6B76DC3D04E7DD4852B" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
|
||
<mods:titleInfo id="F606FEEE6C0216F7E2E8656413831B44">
|
||
<mods:title id="EB5A4648085DE3264B12C57FE10763C1">Atelidae</mods:title>
|
||
</mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:name id="5EA9F541A3419CB464E86B1B13F8D5CF" type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role id="C50FF8D2B0D4D42D3FCBEBE45A8C08BB">
|
||
<mods:roleTerm id="CA3E8D2C47DC7C605A92EEA0BE7A2F98">Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart id="E1A967BF5221C7B3F0A14806558AB21D">Russell A. Mittermeier</mods:namePart>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:name id="E0912A808E9E899AA9FC3376B2392154" type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role id="3DBF2B074522793D154F81D01B214DC5">
|
||
<mods:roleTerm id="A9F9915B2B246DDC8CF0E5E8F41F744A">Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart id="5251B39761E3907E6A543B4370654DC0">Anthony B. Rylands</mods:namePart>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:name id="43FD5CA9A62689E4B586C12E98EB4D20" type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role id="17585DDEC225E6E3D096C949EEE87ED8">
|
||
<mods:roleTerm id="3E186402127C4894F911462676594B5E">Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart id="0F048A35772A7904DBECFB92C0B4D64F">Don E. Wilson</mods:namePart>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:typeOfResource id="EF9D8DD759F42845E280CF9EA445D2A8">text</mods:typeOfResource>
|
||
<mods:relatedItem id="CA8BD8148BC8E9175184E08EA8E06BD5" type="host">
|
||
<mods:originInfo id="57C4CAF89ADEFF8DCD139136D6DC52AE">
|
||
<mods:dateIssued id="99B2E122EBBCB7505736B275819314A8">2013</mods:dateIssued>
|
||
<mods:dateOther id="58DF38674F66427D68834DD1DAC5A2C3" type="pubDate">2013-03-31</mods:dateOther>
|
||
<mods:publisher id="55E611130944953354B85A64989F54F6">Lynx Edicions</mods:publisher>
|
||
<mods:place id="5FA8A48537AC4D4EC781D29EBC5AC63B">
|
||
<mods:placeTerm id="7A09775F59FA78E5C7B1369093919C66">Barcelona</mods:placeTerm>
|
||
</mods:place>
|
||
</mods:originInfo>
|
||
<mods:titleInfo id="C7BBF48F3FA8F98759A783B662DCAE6E">
|
||
<mods:title id="F7D6AFCC03F3555E8BB6108CC44A02DB">Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 3 Primates</mods:title>
|
||
</mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:part id="8E352773D9C6029171BA8749A8B3CF74">
|
||
<mods:extent id="7BF43EC654289CA7572B70A11720FA6C" unit="page">
|
||
<mods:start id="2370F2F88750FEC439675C6139A79C9A">484</mods:start>
|
||
<mods:end id="11A6FE96D71BF0F56E03BB3F037EAB8E">549</mods:end>
|
||
</mods:extent>
|
||
</mods:part>
|
||
</mods:relatedItem>
|
||
<mods:classification id="6CE738328798F1E7334EEA3FC02A4181">book chapter</mods:classification>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="57217A5F2CC7A9C8CB68C57C280AF071" type="CLB-Dataset">3306</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="4844CC5AE6E6BE22AC83553F2A9C2CF8" type="DOI">10.5281/zenodo.5727205</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="B3875401F0CB11F54347CDA97B4C2494" type="GBIF-Dataset">60d0954b-1201-4408-8492-1a762f592c33</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="208552EA662DF865BE6326601197428A" type="Zenodo-Dep">5727205</mods:identifier>
|
||
</mods:mods>
|
||
<treatment id="313A88142A1CF338FF47FAD164A5F9A1" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5727282" ID-GBIF-Taxon="190703637" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5727282" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:313A88142A1CF338FF47FAD164A5F9A1" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/313A88142A1CF338FF47FAD164A5F9A1" lastPageNumber="538" pageId="15" pageNumber="538">
|
||
<subSubSection id="F1896A892A1CF338FF47FAD161BCFA2F" box="[180,234,1374,1420]" pageId="15" pageNumber="538" type="multiple">
|
||
<paragraph id="B92C39022A1CF338FF47FAD161BCFA2F" blockId="15.[175,1214,1374,1501]" box="[180,234,1374,1420]" pageId="15" pageNumber="538">
|
||
<heading id="E2648E6E2A1CF338FF47FAD161BCFA2F" box="[180,234,1374,1420]" pageId="15" pageNumber="538">
|
||
<figureCitation id="21A825872A1CF338FF47FAD161B2FA2F" box="[180,228,1374,1420]" captionStart="On" captionStartId="14.[102,134,3402,3423]" captionTargetBox="[11,2744,18,3635]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="On following pages 14 Brown-headed Spıder Monkey (Ateles fuscıceps) 15 Black Spider Monkey (Areias chamekl. 16 Red-faced Black Spıder Monkey (Areias paniscus) 17 Whne-wmskered Spodev Monkey (Areias margmatus) 18 Whıtebellıed Spıdeı Monkey (Areias belzeburh), 19 Vanegated Spıder Monkey (Areias hybndus)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6588389" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6588389/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="538">14</figureCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="F1896A892A1CF338FF08FAD16220FA2F" box="[251,886,1374,1420]" pageId="15" pageNumber="538" type="vernacular_names">
|
||
<paragraph id="B92C39022A1CF338FF08FAD16220FA2F" blockId="15.[175,1214,1374,1501]" box="[251,886,1374,1420]" pageId="15" pageNumber="538">
|
||
<heading id="E2648E6E2A1CF338FF08FAD16220FA2F" box="[251,886,1374,1420]" pageId="15" pageNumber="538">Brown-headed Spider Monkey</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="F1896A892A1CF338FC45FAD165EBFA2F" box="[950,1213,1374,1420]" pageId="15" pageNumber="538" type="nomenclature">
|
||
<paragraph id="B92C39022A1CF338FC45FAD165EBFA2F" blockId="15.[175,1214,1374,1501]" box="[950,1213,1374,1420]" pageId="15" pageNumber="538">
|
||
<heading id="E2648E6E2A1CF338FC45FAD165EBFA2F" box="[950,1213,1374,1420]" pageId="15" pageNumber="538">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7E9342812A1CF338FC45FAD165EBFA2F" ID-CoL="J8P5" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1866" box="[950,1213,1374,1420]" class="Mammalia" family="Atelidae" genus="Ateles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="15" pageNumber="538" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fusciceps">
|
||
<emphasis id="8BE7E5102A1CF338FC45FAD165EBFA2F" box="[950,1213,1374,1420]" pageId="15" pageNumber="538">Ateles fusciceps</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="F1896A892A1CF338FF42FA1065F6FA78" pageId="15" pageNumber="538" type="vernacular_names">
|
||
<paragraph id="B92C39022A1CF338FF42FA1065F6FA78" blockId="15.[175,1214,1374,1501]" pageId="15" pageNumber="538">
|
||
<heading id="E2648E6E2A1CF338FF42FA1065F6FA78" pageId="15" pageNumber="538">
|
||
<emphasis id="8BE7E5102A1CF338FF42FA1061A8FA17" box="[177,254,1439,1460]" pageId="15" pageNumber="538">French:</emphasis>
|
||
<vernacularName id="3790492C2A1CF338FEF5FA1060ECFA17" box="[262,442,1439,1460]" pageId="15" pageNumber="538">Atéle a téte brune</vernacularName>
|
||
/
|
||
<emphasis id="8BE7E5102A1CF338FE3CFA10637CFA17" box="[463,554,1439,1460]" pageId="15" pageNumber="538">German:</emphasis>
|
||
<vernacularName id="3790492C2A1CF338FDC7FA106277FA17" box="[564,801,1439,1460]" pageId="15" pageNumber="538">Braunkopf-Klammeraffe</vernacularName>
|
||
/
|
||
<emphasis id="8BE7E5102A1CF338FCC4FA1062C4FA17" box="[823,914,1439,1460]" pageId="15" pageNumber="538">Spanish:</emphasis>
|
||
<vernacularName id="3790492C2A1CF338FC6FFA1065ECFA17" box="[924,1210,1439,1460]" pageId="15" pageNumber="538">Mono arana de cabeza parda</vernacularName>
|
||
<emphasis id="8BE7E5102A1CF338FF42FA4960F1FA78" box="[177,423,1478,1499]" pageId="15" pageNumber="538">Other common names:</emphasis>
|
||
<vernacularName id="3790492C2A1CF338FE42FA4965F6FA78" box="[433,1184,1478,1499]" pageId="15" pageNumber="538">Black-headed Spider Monkey; Colombian Black Spider Monkey (rufiventris)</vernacularName>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="F1896A892A1CF338FCEBF9876436F98A" box="[792,1376,1544,1577]" pageId="15" pageNumber="538" type="reference_group">
|
||
<paragraph id="B92C39022A1CF338FCEBF9876436F98A" blockId="15.[792,1379,1544,1970]" box="[792,1376,1544,1577]" pageId="15" pageNumber="538">
|
||
<emphasis id="8BE7E5102A1CF338FCEBF98762E5F98A" box="[792,947,1544,1577]" pageId="15" pageNumber="538">Taxonomy.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7E9342812A1CF338FC23F987640DF98A" ID-CoL="J8P5" authority="Gray, 1866" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1866" box="[976,1371,1544,1577]" class="Mammalia" family="Atelidae" genus="Ateles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="15" pageNumber="538" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fusciceps">Ateles fusciceps Gray, 1866</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="F1896A892A1CF338FCEAF9BC65E9F965" pageId="15" pageNumber="538" type="materials_examined">
|
||
<paragraph id="B92C39022A1CF338FCEAF9BC65E9F965" blockId="15.[792,1379,1544,1970]" pageId="15" pageNumber="538">
|
||
<materialsCitation id="09FB335F2A1CF338FCEAF9BC65E9F965" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3785727303" pageId="15" pageNumber="538">
|
||
South America. Restricted by R. Kellogg and E. Goldman in 1944 to
|
||
<collectingCountry id="C18479922A1CF338FB59F9D56449F9D4" box="[1194,1311,1626,1655]" name="Ecuador" pageId="15" pageNumber="538">Ecuador</collectingCountry>
|
||
, Hacienda Chinipamba, near Penaherrera,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="7B57F7E02A1CF338FCE9F9266570F965" box="[794,1062,1705,1734]" country="Ecuador" name="Imbabura" pageId="15" pageNumber="538">Imbabura Province</collectingRegion>
|
||
at 1500 m.
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="F1896A892A1CF338FCEAF95E60BBF78A" pageId="15" pageNumber="538" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="B92C39022A1CF338FCEAF95E60BBF78A" blockId="15.[792,1379,1544,1970]" lastBlockId="15.[176,1382,1977,3463]" pageId="15" pageNumber="538">
|
||
The
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7E9342812A1CF338FC95F95E6515F94D" authorityName="Sclater" authorityYear="1872" box="[870,1091,1745,1774]" form="rufiventris" pageId="15" pageNumber="538" rank="form">form rufiventris</taxonomicName>
|
||
is sometimes considered a distinct species. A hybrid zone exists in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="C18479922A1CF338FC6FF893655AF89E" box="[924,1036,1820,1853]" name="Panama" pageId="15" pageNumber="538">Panama</collectingCountry>
|
||
between rufiventris and A.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7E9342812A1CF338FCCDF8CC62F3F8C7" authorityName="Kuhl" authorityYear="1820" box="[830,933,1859,1892]" class="Mammalia" family="Atelidae" genus="Ateles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="15" pageNumber="538" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="geoffroyi">geoffroyi</taxonomicName>
|
||
ornatus, even though cytogenetic studies by M. A. A. Medeiros and coworkers, published in 1997, indicated that rufiventris was reproductively isolated from A.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7E9342812A1CF338FCDEF83662C0F879" authorityName="Kuhl" authorityYear="1820" box="[813,918,1977,2010]" class="Mammalia" family="Atelidae" genus="Ateles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="15" pageNumber="538" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="geoffroyi">geoffroyi</taxonomicName>
|
||
. In a review in 1975, P. G. Heltne and L. M. Kunkel argued that the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7E9342812A1CF338FD66F86F621BF7A2" box="[661,845,2016,2049]" form="robustus" pageId="15" pageNumber="538" rank="form">form robustus</taxonomicName>
|
||
is a junior synonym of rufiventris. Two subspecies recognized.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="F1896A892A1CF338FF42F7A063FFF5F3" pageId="15" pageNumber="538" type="distribution">
|
||
<caption id="EDEC698A2A1CF338FF42F7A063FFF5F3" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5727247" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5727247" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5727247/files/figure.png" inLine="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="538" targetBox="[179,760,1556,1964]" targetPageId="15">
|
||
<paragraph id="B92C39022A1CF338FF42F7A063FFF5F3" blockId="15.[176,1382,1977,3463]" pageId="15" pageNumber="538">
|
||
<emphasis id="8BE7E5102A1CF338FF42F7A06316F7F3" box="[177,576,2095,2128]" pageId="15" pageNumber="538">Subspecies and Distribution.</emphasis>
|
||
A. [.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7E9342812A1CF338FF18F7D960A2F7D4" authority="Gray, 1866" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1866" box="[235,500,2134,2167]" class="Mammalia" family="Atelidae" genus="Ateles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="15" pageNumber="538" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fusciceps">fusciceps Gray, 1866</taxonomicName>
|
||
— NW
|
||
<collectingCountry id="C18479922A1CF338FDA7F7D9639FF7D4" box="[596,713,2134,2167]" name="Ecuador" pageId="15" pageNumber="538">Ecuador</collectingCountry>
|
||
, W of the Andes, historically in the provinces of
|
||
<collectingRegion id="7B57F7E02A1CF338FF42F70E6018F73D" box="[177,334,2177,2206]" country="Ecuador" name="Esmeraldas" pageId="15" pageNumber="538">Esmeraldas</collectingRegion>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingRegion id="7B57F7E02A1CF338FE6BF70E60A0F73D" box="[408,502,2177,2206]" country="Ecuador" name="Carchi" pageId="15" pageNumber="538">Carchi</collectingRegion>
|
||
, from the Colombian border S to the Cordillera de Colonche in the
|
||
<collectingRegion id="7B57F7E02A1CF338FEFAF72A60BAF765" box="[265,492,2213,2246]" country="Ecuador" name="Guayas" pageId="15" pageNumber="538">Guayas Province</collectingRegion>
|
||
(most S record is in “Puente sobre el rio Chimbo,”
|
||
<collectingRegion id="7B57F7E02A1CF338FB46F72A6067F74E" country="Ecuador" name="Chimborazo" pageId="15" pageNumber="538">Chimborazo Province</collectingRegion>
|
||
), but today it is restricted to two remnant populations (Awa Ethnological Reserve N of the Rio Mira, and Cotacachi-Cayapas Ecological Reserve and adjacent Los Cedros Protected Forest and surrounding forests S of the Rio Mira). A.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7E9342812A1CF338FF26F6CD636EF6C0" authority="Sclater, 1872" authorityName="Sclater" authorityYear="1872" box="[213,568,2370,2403]" class="Mammalia" family="Atelidae" genus="Ateles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="15" pageNumber="538" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="fusciceps" subSpecies="rufiventris">f. rufiventris Sclater, 1872</taxonomicName>
|
||
— E
|
||
<collectingCountry id="C18479922A1CF338FD8CF6CD63B9F6C0" box="[639,751,2370,2403]" name="Panama" pageId="15" pageNumber="538">Panama</collectingCountry>
|
||
(Atlantic slope) and W
|
||
<collectingCountry id="C18479922A1CF338FBA3F6CD658FF6C0" box="[1104,1241,2370,2403]" name="Colombia" pageId="15" pageNumber="538">Colombia</collectingCountry>
|
||
from the Uraba region in NW
|
||
<collectingRegion id="7B57F7E02A1CF338FE1AF6FD6321F628" box="[489,631,2418,2443]" country="Colombia" name="Antioquia" pageId="15" pageNumber="538">Antioquia</collectingRegion>
|
||
, N through
|
||
<collectingRegion id="7B57F7E02A1CF338FCC1F6FD62F8F628" box="[818,942,2418,2443]" country="Colombia" name="Cordoba" pageId="15" pageNumber="538">Cordoba</collectingRegion>
|
||
, Sucre, and N Bolivar departments (N distributional limit on the S bank of the Canal del Dique, Cartagena), W of the Rio
|
||
<collectingRegion id="7B57F7E02A1CF338FEECF64F6022F67A" box="[287,372,2496,2521]" country="Colombia" name="Cauca" pageId="15" pageNumber="538">Cauca</collectingRegion>
|
||
to the coast, E to the lower Rio
|
||
<collectingRegion id="7B57F7E02A1CF338FCDFF64F62D4F67A" box="[812,898,2496,2521]" country="Colombia" name="Cauca" pageId="15" pageNumber="538">Cauca</collectingRegion>
|
||
along the W bank to SC
|
||
<collectingRegion id="7B57F7E02A1CF338FB24F64F6435F67A" box="[1239,1379,2496,2521]" country="Colombia" name="Antioquia" pageId="15" pageNumber="538">Antioquia</collectingRegion>
|
||
(the Cerro Pirre or the Rio Tucuti marks the border with A.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7E9342812A1CF338FBFEF6506523F5A3" authorityName="Kuhl" authorityYear="1820" box="[1037,1141,2527,2560]" class="Mammalia" family="Atelidae" genus="Ateles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="15" pageNumber="538" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="geoffroyi">geoffroyi</taxonomicName>
|
||
grisescens), and S to the Cordillera Occidental of the Andes in SW
|
||
<collectingCountry id="C18479922A1CF338FCA9F58962B5F584" box="[858,995,2566,2599]" name="Colombia" pageId="15" pageNumber="538">Colombia</collectingCountry>
|
||
(the most southerly record is Barabacoas,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="7B57F7E02A1CF338FE8DF5B863CAF5F3" box="[382,668,2615,2640]" country="Colombia" name="Narino" pageId="15" pageNumber="538">Narino Department</collectingRegion>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="F1896A892A1CF338FF42F5D660BAF474" pageId="15" pageNumber="538" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="B92C39022A1CF338FF42F5D660BAF474" blockId="15.[176,1382,1977,3463]" pageId="15" pageNumber="538">
|
||
<emphasis id="8BE7E5102A1CF338FF42F5D660F8F5D5" box="[177,430,2649,2678]" pageId="15" pageNumber="538">Descriptive notes.</emphasis>
|
||
Head-body 37-64 cm (males) and 30-54 cm (females), tail 71- 86 cm (males) and 66-77 cm (females); weight ¢.8-9 kg (males) and c.8 kg (females). Fur of the Brown-headed Spider Monkeyis coarse and dark, with varying amounts of brown on cheeks and crown and sparse white hairs on lips and chin. Cheek hairs meet those of the crown in a small eye-to-ear crest. The nominate subspecies is brownishblack above with a yellow-brown anterior crown, grading from brown to black on the nape. It often has a white moustache and beard. The “Colombian Black Spider Monkey” (A.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7E9342812A1CF338FED6F4E76091F42A" authorityName="Sclater" authorityYear="1872" box="[293,455,2920,2953]" class="Mammalia" family="Atelidae" form="rufiventris" genus="Ateles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="15" pageNumber="538" phylum="Chordata" rank="form" species="fusciceps" subSpecies="rufiventris">f. rufiventris</taxonomicName>
|
||
) is glossy-black, except for a few whitish or golden hairs on cheeks and muzzle, and a slight brownish tinge on the forehead. Skin of the face is black. The genital area is reddish.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="F1896A892A1CF338FF41F452658DF349" pageId="15" pageNumber="538" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="B92C39022A1CF338FF41F452658DF349" blockId="15.[176,1382,1977,3463]" pageId="15" pageNumber="538">
|
||
<emphasis id="8BE7E5102A1CF338FF41F4526077F45D" box="[178,289,3037,3070]" pageId="15" pageNumber="538">Habitat.</emphasis>
|
||
[Lowland to lower montane primary rainforest. In
|
||
<collectingCountry id="C18479922A1CF338FC2DF4526505F45D" box="[990,1107,3037,3070]" name="Ecuador" pageId="15" pageNumber="538">Ecuador</collectingCountry>
|
||
, the Brown-headed Spider Monkey inhabits tropical lowland and subtropical humid forests at elevations of 100-1700 m. It survives today in the pre-montane wet forest of Cotacachi-Cayapas Ecological Reserve at elevations of 300-1200 m, butitis very scarce at higher elevations of 2500 m. The Colombian Black Spider Monkey occurs in dry, humid, and cloud forest, occupying the greatest range of forest habitats of any Colombian spider monkey. It occurs as high as 2000-2500 m above sea level in the Cordilllera Occidental.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="F1896A892A1CF338FF40F37F6522F2B2" box="[179,1140,3312,3345]" pageId="15" pageNumber="538" type="food_feeding">
|
||
<paragraph id="B92C39022A1CF338FF40F37F6522F2B2" blockId="15.[176,1382,1977,3463]" box="[179,1140,3312,3345]" pageId="15" pageNumber="538">
|
||
<emphasis id="8BE7E5102A1CF338FF40F37F60E1F2B2" box="[179,439,3312,3345]" pageId="15" pageNumber="538">Food and Feeding.</emphasis>
|
||
There is no information available for this species.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="F1896A892A1CF338FF40F294653FF224" pageId="15" pageNumber="538" type="breeding">
|
||
<paragraph id="B92C39022A1CF338FF40F294653FF224" blockId="15.[176,1382,1977,3463]" pageId="15" pageNumber="538">
|
||
<emphasis id="8BE7E5102A1CF338FF40F294606FF29B" box="[179,313,3355,3384]" pageId="15" pageNumber="538">Breeding.</emphasis>
|
||
Interbirth intervals are at 22-36 months (average 33 months). Infants have a pink face and red ears. They are dependent on nursing for ¢.10 months and suckle until they are 18-20 months old. Individuals may live up to 24 years.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="F1896A892A1CF338FA54FE946806FE9F" box="[1447,2384,283,316]" pageId="15" pageNumber="538" type="activity">
|
||
<paragraph id="B92C39022A1CF338FA54FE946806FE9F" blockId="15.[1447,2652,283,1538]" box="[1447,2384,283,316]" pageId="15" pageNumber="538">
|
||
<emphasis id="8BE7E5102A1CF338FA54FE9467C4FE9F" box="[1447,1682,283,316]" pageId="15" pageNumber="538">Activity patterns.</emphasis>
|
||
There is no information available for this species.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="F1896A892A1CF338FA5AFECC691AFDA1" pageId="15" pageNumber="538" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="B92C39022A1CF338FA5AFECC691AFDA1" blockId="15.[1447,2652,283,1538]" pageId="15" pageNumber="538">
|
||
<emphasis id="8BE7E5102A1CF338FA5AFECC693DFEC7" box="[1449,2155,323,356]" pageId="15" pageNumber="538">Movements, Home range and Social organization.</emphasis>
|
||
Densities of Brown-headed Spider Monkeys, based on calls, were 7-5 ind/km? at 332 m above sea level to 0-9 ind/km? at 1570 m. In 2007, X. Cueva and W. Pozo surveyed five sites in the buffer zone of the Cotacachi-Cayapas Ecological Reserve and recorded densities of 0-6-16-6 ind/km?, with an average subgroup size of 3-8 individuals.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="F1896A892A1CF338FA5AFD87668AFA9E" pageId="15" pageNumber="538" type="conservation">
|
||
<paragraph id="B92C39022A1CF338FA5AFD87668AFA9E" blockId="15.[1447,2652,283,1538]" pageId="15" pageNumber="538">
|
||
<emphasis id="8BE7E5102A1CF338FA5AFD87665CFD8A" box="[1449,1802,520,553]" pageId="15" pageNumber="538">Status and Conservation.</emphasis>
|
||
CITES Appendix II. Classified as Critically Endangered on The IUCN Red List, including both subspecies. Forest loss and hunting have devastated populations of both subspecies of the Brown-headed Spider Monkey. The nominate subspecies is protected by national law in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="C18479922A1CF338F7F7FDF1692CFD3C" box="[2052,2170,638,671]" name="Ecuador" pageId="15" pageNumber="538">Ecuador</collectingCountry>
|
||
. It is restricted to three small forested areas: Awa Ethnological Reserve, Cotacachi-Cayapas Ecological Reserve, and adjacent Los Cedros Protected Forest in north-western
|
||
<collectingCountry id="C18479922A1CF338F730FD42686EFD4D" box="[2243,2360,717,750]" name="Ecuador" pageId="15" pageNumber="538">Ecuador</collectingCountry>
|
||
. Logging, road construction, and hunting are damaging forests and associated wildlife in Awa. At Los Cedros, density is 1-2 ind/km?®. A recent attempt to recount the population there failed because numbers were so low. Total population of the nominate subspecies is believed to be in the low hundreds. Based on calculations from satellite photos, more than 30% of the habitat of the Colombian Black Spider Monkeys along the Pacific coast in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="C18479922A1CF338FA59FC366765FC79" box="[1450,1587,953,986]" name="Colombia" pageId="15" pageNumber="538">Colombia</collectingCountry>
|
||
has been lost in the past ten years. Ground-truthing of these data found that only 2:5% of viable secondary forest is left in this region. In
|
||
<collectingCountry id="C18479922A1CF338F6F2FC6E6824FBA1" box="[2305,2418,993,1026]" name="Panama" pageId="15" pageNumber="538">Panama</collectingCountry>
|
||
, there is a lower human population and likely higher habitat availability, but more research is needed to determine the status of the Brown-headed Spider Monkey and the threats to its populations. Its habitats are entirely fragmented in the southern part of it distribution, and there are only two known locations where it occurs in the
|
||
<collectingRegion id="7B57F7E02A1CF338F713FBF168F6FB3C" box="[2272,2464,1150,1183]" country="Panama" name="Embera-Wounaan" pageId="15" pageNumber="538">Choco region</collectingRegion>
|
||
in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="C18479922A1CF338F621FBF16B0DFB3C" box="[2514,2651,1150,1183]" name="Colombia" pageId="15" pageNumber="538">Colombia</collectingCountry>
|
||
(Las Orquideas and Los Katios national natural parks). It may also occur in Chagres and
|
||
<collectingRegion id="7B57F7E02A1CF338FA1FFB5E671CFB4D" box="[1516,1610,1233,1262]" country="Panama" name="Darien" pageId="15" pageNumber="538">Darién</collectingRegion>
|
||
national parks in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="C18479922A1CF338F8A9FB5E669DFB4D" box="[1882,1995,1233,1262]" name="Panama" pageId="15" pageNumber="538">Panama</collectingCountry>
|
||
. Parks such as Los Katios and Las Orquideas are believed to have very few spider monkeys because of indigenous hunting, and the density may be decreasing in Los Katios.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="F1896A892A1CF338FA58FAC564A5F9A1" pageId="15" pageNumber="538" type="bibRefCitation_list">
|
||
<paragraph id="B92C39022A1CF338FA58FAC564A5F9A1" blockId="15.[1447,2652,283,1538]" pageId="15" pageNumber="538">
|
||
<emphasis id="8BE7E5102A1CF338FA58FAC56712FAC0" box="[1451,1604,1354,1379]" pageId="15" pageNumber="538">Bibliography.</emphasis>
|
||
Cuarén, Shedden et al. (2008), Cueva & Pozo (2010), Defler (2003b, 2004), Eisenberg (1973, 1976), Gavilanez-Endara (2006), Heltne & Kunkel (1975), Hernandez-Camacho & Cooper (1976), Isler (2004), Kellogg & Goldman (1944), Madden & Albuja (1989), Magnusson (2006), Medeiros et al. (1997), Peck et al. (2011), Rosero (2010), Rossan & Baerg (1977), Rylands et al. (2006), Tirira (2001, 2004, 2007), de la Torre (2000).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |