209 lines
23 KiB
XML
209 lines
23 KiB
XML
<document id="556B15F81C5A25B1E7764BF59F7BDB60" ID-CLB-Dataset="3306" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.5727205" ID-GBIF-Dataset="60d0954b-1201-4408-8492-1a762f592c33" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5727205" IM.metadata_requiresApprovalFor="plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_requiresApprovalFor="plazi" checkinTime="1636037979838" checkinUser="conny" docAuthor="Russell A. Mittermeier, Anthony B. Rylands & Don E. Wilson" docDate="2013" docId="313A88142A16F332FF5EF5E469C2F675" docLanguage="en" docName="hbmw_3_Atelidae_0484.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 3 Primates, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions" docTitle="Alouatta discolor" docType="treatment" docVersion="12" lastPageNumber="528" masterDocId="CD03F06C2A13F337FFF3FF8F6156FFA3" masterDocTitle="Atelidae" masterLastPageNumber="549" masterPageNumber="484" pageNumber="528" updateTime="1699467777550" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods id="CF74D5EFA56F34E9B893FDE37D54A975" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo id="01192F40EF7DB208958771AA9A05C208">
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<mods:title id="526FBA2CF5E6902606CE5A763207EEAF">Atelidae</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="DC08137F631AF9A5529312867234422A" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="E6AB22CFDE5F18ACB901F1EBE883A4C9">Russell A. Mittermeier</mods:namePart>
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<mods:roleTerm id="45DFCD353A266E852D3F723E20A52794">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="726591B3E492CFC7B17F980D92550231">Anthony B. Rylands</mods:namePart>
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<mods:name id="0F4878C885FB0E6AC44D929E68227FD6" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="B9FB565931D149BEC0C6397FAD8A7778">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="3B3D30AF43079B8E52C1583ABCCE37CF">Don E. Wilson</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="E650EC9C8D8EE5566B758DB50C51A239">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:dateIssued id="69CD00B65BA03FD2221CC12D7A2A5DDE">2013</mods:dateIssued>
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<mods:dateOther id="52D42DFFABD980D6559ED6923BF96384" type="pubDate">2013-03-31</mods:dateOther>
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<mods:publisher id="3F29EC4CDA175F0DA6CBB0A364542863">Lynx Edicions</mods:publisher>
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<mods:place id="A17E7CAE19D17DADAD1B36E5F9F74316">
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<mods:placeTerm id="B9E231F396AA84BEFA2964B6DFC91B39">Barcelona</mods:placeTerm>
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<mods:titleInfo id="7FB8D193158B6C91772CBF0509C60C11">
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<mods:title id="68F81E1896271AD2D85B82C1E33200F9">Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 3 Primates</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:classification id="DE1F52EABC899018DCABF74159952037">book chapter</mods:classification>
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<treatment id="313A88142A16F332FF5EF5E469C2F675" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5727245" ID-GBIF-Taxon="190703621" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5727245" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:313A88142A16F332FF5EF5E469C2F675" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/313A88142A16F332FF5EF5E469C2F675" lastPageNumber="528" pageId="5" pageNumber="528">
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<subSubSection id="F1896A892A16F332FF5EF5E4619DF53E" box="[173,203,2667,2717]" pageId="5" pageNumber="528" type="multiple">
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<paragraph id="B92C39022A16F332FF5EF5E4619DF53E" blockId="5.[170,1007,2667,2799]" box="[173,203,2667,2717]" pageId="5" pageNumber="528">
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<heading id="E2648E6E2A16F332FF5EF5E4619DF53E" box="[173,203,2667,2717]" pageId="5" pageNumber="528">
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<figureCitation id="21A825872A16F332FF5EF5E46190F53E" box="[173,198,2667,2717]" captionStart="On" captionStartId="2.[106,137,3398,3418]" captionTargetBox="[15,2741,19,3636]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="On following pages 2 Urs ne Red Howler (Alouatta arcroldoal 3 Guıanan Red Howler (Alouarra macconnellı) 4 Bolıvıan Red Howler (Alouatta sara) 5 Amazon Black Howler Alouatta nigerrima) 6 Red-handed Howler (Alouarta belzebul) 7 Spıx s Howler (Alouatta discolorl 8 Maranhão Red-handed Howler (Alouatta ululata)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6585334" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6585334/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="528">7</figureCitation>
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.
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</heading>
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||
</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="F1896A892A16F332FF2EF5E460ACF53E" box="[221,506,2667,2717]" pageId="5" pageNumber="528" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph id="B92C39022A16F332FF2EF5E460ACF53E" blockId="5.[170,1007,2667,2799]" box="[221,506,2667,2717]" pageId="5" pageNumber="528">
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<heading id="E2648E6E2A16F332FF2EF5E460ACF53E" box="[221,506,2667,2717]" pageId="5" pageNumber="528">Spix’s Howler</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="F1896A892A16F332FDCDF5E4623AF53E" box="[574,876,2667,2717]" pageId="5" pageNumber="528" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="B92C39022A16F332FDCDF5E4623AF53E" blockId="5.[170,1007,2667,2799]" box="[574,876,2667,2717]" pageId="5" pageNumber="528">
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||
<heading id="E2648E6E2A16F332FDCDF5E4623AF53E" box="[574,876,2667,2717]" pageId="5" pageNumber="528">
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<taxonomicName id="7E9342812A16F332FDCDF5E4623AF53E" ID-CoL="65WK8" baseAuthorityName="Spix" baseAuthorityYear="1823" box="[574,876,2667,2717]" class="Mammalia" family="Atelidae" genus="Alouatta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="5" pageNumber="528" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="discolor">
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<emphasis id="8BE7E5102A16F332FDCDF5E4623AF53E" box="[574,876,2667,2717]" pageId="5" pageNumber="528">Alouatta discolor</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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||
</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="F1896A892A16F332FF58F52163E4F548" pageId="5" pageNumber="528" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph id="B92C39022A16F332FF58F52163E4F548" blockId="5.[170,1007,2667,2799]" pageId="5" pageNumber="528">
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||
<heading id="E2648E6E2A16F332FF58F52163E4F548" pageId="5" pageNumber="528">
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||
<emphasis id="8BE7E5102A16F332FF58F52161AEF560" box="[171,248,2734,2755]" pageId="5" pageNumber="528">French:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="3790492C2A16F332FEF1F52160CCF560" box="[258,410,2734,2755]" pageId="5" pageNumber="528">Hurleur de Spix</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="8BE7E5102A16F332FE5CF521635CF560" box="[431,522,2734,2755]" pageId="5" pageNumber="528">German:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="3790492C2A16F332FDE0F52163C0F560" box="[531,662,2734,2755]" pageId="5" pageNumber="528">Spix-Brullaffe</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="8BE7E5102A16F332FD5FF5216250F560" box="[684,774,2734,2755]" pageId="5" pageNumber="528">Spanish:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="3790492C2A16F332FCE2F52162B8F560" box="[785,1006,2734,2755]" pageId="5" pageNumber="528">Mono aullador de Spix</vernacularName>
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<emphasis id="8BE7E5102A16F332FF59F55960F7F548" box="[170,417,2774,2795]" pageId="5" pageNumber="528">Other common names:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="3790492C2A16F332FE58F55963E4F548" box="[427,690,2774,2795]" pageId="5" pageNumber="528">Spix's Red-handed Howler</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="F1896A892A16F332FCE1F4AF640FF49A" box="[786,1369,2848,2873]" pageId="5" pageNumber="528" type="reference_group">
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||
<paragraph id="B92C39022A16F332FCE1F4AF640FF49A" blockId="5.[786,1374,2848,3265]" box="[786,1369,2848,2873]" pageId="5" pageNumber="528">
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<emphasis id="8BE7E5102A16F332FCE1F4AF62FAF49A" box="[786,940,2848,2873]" pageId="5" pageNumber="528">Taxonomy.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="7E9342812A16F332FC3AF4AF6402F49A" ID-CoL="6RSDH" authority="Spix, 1823" authorityName="Spix" authorityYear="1823" box="[969,1364,2848,2873]" class="Mammalia" family="Atelidae" genus="Mycetes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="5" pageNumber="528" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="discolor">Mycetes discolor Spix, 1823</taxonomicName>
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,
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="F1896A892A16F332FCE0F4CB6464F4C2" box="[787,1330,2884,2913]" pageId="5" pageNumber="528" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="B92C39022A16F332FCE0F4CB6464F4C2" blockId="5.[786,1374,2848,3265]" box="[787,1330,2884,2913]" pageId="5" pageNumber="528">
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<materialsCitation id="09FB335F2A16F332FCE0F4CB6464F4C2" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3784531305" box="[787,1330,2884,2913]" pageId="5" pageNumber="528">
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Forte Curupa (= Gurupa), Para,
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<collectingCountry id="C18479922A16F332FB2EF4CB6479F4C2" box="[1245,1327,2884,2913]" name="Brazil" pageId="5" pageNumber="528">Brazil</collectingCountry>
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.
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</materialsCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="F1896A892A16F332FCE1F4E462AFF2B3" pageId="5" pageNumber="528" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="B92C39022A16F332FCE1F4E462AFF2B3" blockId="5.[786,1374,2848,3265]" lastBlockId="5.[171,1375,3276,3461]" pageId="5" pageNumber="528">
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The type locality is on the southern bank of the Rio Amazonas, not on the island of Gurupa, which is occupied by A.
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<taxonomicName id="7E9342812A16F332FB0BF435621CF45D" authorityName="Elliot" authorityYear="1910" class="Mammalia" family="Atelidae" genus="Alouatta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="5" pageNumber="528" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macconnelli">macconnelli</taxonomicName>
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. Formerly believed to be a subspecies of A.
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<taxonomicName id="7E9342812A16F332FC9CF3876298F386" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1766" box="[879,974,3080,3109]" class="Mammalia" family="Atelidae" genus="Alouatta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="5" pageNumber="528" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="belzebul">belzebul</taxonomicName>
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. Although C. P. Groves in 2001 considered A.
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<taxonomicName id="7E9342812A16F332FBCAF3A465CEF3EF" authorityName="Spix" authorityYear="1823" box="[1081,1176,3115,3148]" class="Mammalia" family="Atelidae" genus="Alouatta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="5" pageNumber="528" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="discolor">discolor</taxonomicName>
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to be a synonym of A.
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<taxonomicName id="7E9342812A16F332FC49F3DD658AF3D0" authority=", R. Gregorin" authorityName="R. Gregorin" box="[954,1244,3154,3187]" class="Mammalia" family="Atelidae" genus="Alouatta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="5" pageNumber="528" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="belzebul">belzebul, R. Gregorin</taxonomicName>
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in 2006 concluded it was a distinct species based on the morphology of the cranium and hyoid apparatus and pelage color and patterns. On the left bank of the Rio
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<collectingCountry id="C18479922A16F332FAFCF3436042F2B3" name="Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha" pageId="5" pageNumber="528">Santa Helena</collectingCountry>
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, it is sympatric with A.
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<taxonomicName id="7E9342812A16F332FDA5F37C639FF2B3" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1766" box="[598,713,3315,3344]" class="Mammalia" family="Atelidae" genus="Alouatta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="5" pageNumber="528" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="seniculus">seniculus</taxonomicName>
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puruensis. Monotypic.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="F1896A892A16F332FF58F29166F0FEC1" pageId="5" pageNumber="528" type="distribution">
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<caption id="EDEC698A2A16F332FF58F29166F0FEC1" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5727227" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5727227" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5727227/files/figure.png" inLine="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="528" targetBox="[175,754,2855,3261]" targetPageId="5">
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<paragraph id="B92C39022A16F332FF58F29166F0FEC1" blockId="5.[171,1375,3276,3461]" lastBlockId="5.[1439,2647,282,2524]" pageId="5" pageNumber="528">
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<emphasis id="8BE7E5102A16F332FF58F291600DF294" box="[171,347,3358,3383]" pageId="5" pageNumber="528">Distribution.</emphasis>
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Lower Amazonian
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<collectingCountry id="C18479922A16F332FD80F2916396F294" box="[627,704,3358,3383]" name="Brazil" pageId="5" pageNumber="528">Brazil</collectingCountry>
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S of the Rio Amazonas, from the right bank of the rios Tapajos and Juruena to the rios Xingu and Iriri; its distribution extends E of the Rio Xingu near its mouth to Gurupa I, and S at least as far as the left bank of the Rio
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<collectingCountry id="C18479922A16F332FA2AFE9567C2FE98" box="[1497,1684,282,315]" name="Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha" pageId="5" pageNumber="528">Santa Helena</collectingCountry>
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(left bank tributary of the Rio Teles Pires in Mato Grosso State), and the Serra do Cachimbo in Para State.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="F1896A892A16F332FA53FEE264BFFDED" pageId="5" pageNumber="528" type="description">
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<paragraph id="B92C39022A16F332FA53FEE264BFFDED" blockId="5.[1439,2647,282,2524]" pageId="5" pageNumber="528">
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<emphasis id="8BE7E5102A16F332FA53FEE267CEFE29" box="[1440,1688,365,394]" pageId="5" pageNumber="528">Descriptive notes.</emphasis>
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Head—body 57-91-5 cm (males) and 46-5-57 cm (females), tail 65— 67-5 cm (males) and 60-5-65 cm (females); weight 6-5-8 kg (males) and 4-8-6-2 kg (females). General color of Spix’s Howler varies from dark brown to black, but a dorsal band, hands, feet, and tip of the tail are rufous-chestnut or mahogany red. The dorsal band is absent or week in young individuals. Spix’s Howlers have distinctly long lateral hairs.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="F1896A892A16F332FA53FDDB6956FD3E" pageId="5" pageNumber="528" type="biology_ecology">
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<paragraph id="B92C39022A16F332FA53FDDB6956FD3E" blockId="5.[1439,2647,282,2524]" pageId="5" pageNumber="528">
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<emphasis id="8BE7E5102A16F332FA53FDDB6759FDD6" box="[1440,1551,596,629]" pageId="5" pageNumber="528">Habitat.</emphasis>
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Tall terra firma forest, igapo (seasonally flooded forest along clear or black rivers), palm swamps, and secondary forest.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="F1896A892A16F332FA53FD2869CDFA2B" pageId="5" pageNumber="528" type="food_feeding">
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<paragraph id="B92C39022A16F332FA53FD2869CDFA2B" blockId="5.[1439,2647,282,2524]" pageId="5" pageNumber="528">
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<emphasis id="8BE7E5102A16F332FA53FD2867F3FD67" box="[1440,1701,679,708]" pageId="5" pageNumber="528">Food and Feeding.</emphasis>
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The diet of Spix’s Howler was studied by L. Pinto at Paranaita, Rio
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<collectingCountry id="C18479922A16F332FA52FD406734FD4F" box="[1441,1634,719,748]" name="Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha" pageId="5" pageNumber="528">Santa Helena</collectingCountry>
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, Mato Grosso, for one year (1999-2000). The group of 7-9 individuals used 197 individual plants and ate soil from seven arboreal termitaria. Plant food sources comprised 67 species in 24 families; 17 species of
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<taxonomicName id="7E9342812A16F332F74CFC956869FC98" box="[2239,2367,794,827]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="5" pageNumber="528" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Fabaceae</taxonomicName>
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accounted for 37% of the feeding records. An additional 17 species were
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<taxonomicName id="7E9342812A16F332F767FCCF6848FCC2" box="[2196,2334,832,865]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Moraceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="5" pageNumber="528" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Moraceae</taxonomicName>
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, including
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<taxonomicName id="7E9342812A16F332F64DFCCF6B56FCC2" box="[2494,2560,832,865]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Moraceae" genus="Ficus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="5" pageNumber="528" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Ficus</taxonomicName>
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(four species),
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<taxonomicName id="7E9342812A16F332F9D6FCFF664CFC2A" authority=", Castilla" authorityName="Castilla" box="[1573,1818,880,905]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Moraceae" genus="Brosimum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="5" pageNumber="528" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Brosimum, Castilla</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="7E9342812A16F332F8DFFCFF66E1FC2A" authorityName="Trecul" authorityYear="1847" box="[1836,1975,880,905]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Moraceae" genus="Helicostylis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="5" pageNumber="528" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Helicostylis</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="7E9342812A16F332F839FCFF696DFC2A" authorityName="Aublet" authorityYear="1775" box="[1994,2107,880,905]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Moraceae" genus="Maquira" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="5" pageNumber="528" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Maquira</taxonomicName>
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, and
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<taxonomicName id="7E9342812A16F332F77DFCFF686CFC2A" box="[2190,2362,880,905]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Moraceae" genus="Pseudolmedia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="5" pageNumber="528" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Pseudolmedia</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and accounted for 29% of the plant feeding records and 38% of the fruit feeding records. Spix’s Howlers ate flowers, particularly from three species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7E9342812A16F332F7ABFC386843FC7B" authorityName="de Jussieu" authorityYear="1789" box="[2136,2325,951,984]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Bignoniaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="5" pageNumber="528" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Bignoniaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
(62% of the records). Ripe fruits were predominant in the diet in all months but one, and their contribution to the diet was similar between wet and dry seasons. Most fruits were available for one or two months. Fruits of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7E9342812A16F332F90DFBBE663EFBED" box="[1790,1896,1073,1102]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Dialium" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="5" pageNumber="528" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Dialium</taxonomicName>
|
||
guianense (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7E9342812A16F332F7F7FBBE69D1FBED" box="[2052,2183,1073,1102]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="5" pageNumber="528" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Fabaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
) were eaten for six months, and they provided 26% of the fruit part of the diet and 15-5% of the overall diet. Fruits of this species were abundant in the dry season and made up most of the diet at that time. Young and mature leaves of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7E9342812A16F332F88CFB286682FB67" box="[1919,2004,1191,1220]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Acacia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="5" pageNumber="528" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Acacia</taxonomicName>
|
||
ct. polyphylla were eaten in every month, contributing 0-4-21-2% to the monthly diet. The annual diet was 55% ripe fruit and some unripe fruit (0-6%), 19-8% young leaves, 5-7% flowers, 5% mature leaves, 4-4% bark, 3-2% decaying wood, 2:3% live wood, 0-5% soil from termitaria, and small amounts of twigs, petioles, and orchid pseudobulbs. Compared with the diets of other howlers, Spix’s Howler has one of the highest rates of frugivory.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="F1896A892A16F332FA52FA1C666DF985" pageId="5" pageNumber="528" type="breeding">
|
||
<paragraph id="B92C39022A16F332FA52FA1C666DF985" blockId="5.[1439,2647,282,2524]" pageId="5" pageNumber="528">
|
||
<emphasis id="8BE7E5102A16F332FA52FA1C6771FA13" box="[1441,1575,1427,1456]" pageId="5" pageNumber="528">Breeding.</emphasis>
|
||
L. Pinto observed copulations of Spix’s Howlers with an average duration of 40 seconds, preceded by the male offering to groom the female. She reported three births in April, August, and September 2000. One of births occurred in a tall tree with its canopy covered with vines.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="F1896A892A16F332FA6CF9BF687BF949" pageId="5" pageNumber="528" type="activity">
|
||
<paragraph id="B92C39022A16F332FA6CF9BF687BF949" blockId="5.[1439,2647,282,2524]" pageId="5" pageNumber="528">
|
||
<emphasis id="8BE7E5102A16F332FA6CF9BF67DDF9EE" box="[1439,1675,1584,1613]" pageId="5" pageNumber="528">Activity patterns.</emphasis>
|
||
In the study at Paranaita, the daily activity budget over the year was 587% resting, 20% feeding, 14-2% traveling, 4% moving around in trees, and 3-1% engaged in social interactions and other activities. Spix’s Howlers tend to retire to their sleeping trees earlier in the wet season. Most sleeping trees had a canopy covered with tangles of vines, where the individuals could be well hidden.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="F1896A892A16F332FA52F97B6922F7D0" pageId="5" pageNumber="528" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="B92C39022A16F332FA52F97B6922F7D0" blockId="5.[1439,2647,282,2524]" pageId="5" pageNumber="528">
|
||
<emphasis id="8BE7E5102A16F332FA52F97B6932F8B2" box="[1441,2148,1780,1809]" pageId="5" pageNumber="528">Movements, Home range and Social organization.</emphasis>
|
||
Groups of Spix’s Howlers are unimale-multifemale or multimale-multifemale, with 2-9 individuals. The group of 7-9 individuals studied in Paranaita initially had an adult male, two adult females, one subadult male, one subadult female, and two female infants. In the course of 13 months, in addition to changes in ages of some members, three infants were born and the subadult male emigrated. The home range of this group was 69 ha, mostly in terra firma forest but also including areas of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7E9342812A16F332F832F86E6976F85D" box="[1985,2080,2017,2046]" class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" genus="Euterpe" kingdom="Plantae" order="Arecales" pageId="5" pageNumber="528" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Euterpe</taxonomicName>
|
||
palm swamp and igapo. Seasonal migration was observed during peak fruiting in igapo during the flood season (January—April). Daily movements of this group were 176-1425 m, with an average of 761 m/day throughout the year and with no seasonal variation.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="F1896A892A16F332FA51F7F1690EF625" pageId="5" pageNumber="528" type="conservation">
|
||
<paragraph id="B92C39022A16F332FA51F7F1690EF625" blockId="5.[1439,2647,282,2524]" pageId="5" pageNumber="528">
|
||
<emphasis id="8BE7E5102A16F332FA51F7F16652F738" box="[1442,1796,2174,2203]" pageId="5" pageNumber="528">Status and Conservation.</emphasis>
|
||
CITES Appendix II. Classified as Vulnerable on The IUCN Red List. There is only one study of the Spix’s Howler in the wild. Hunting and deforestation are occurring throughoutits distribution, and it is particularly threatened by the advancing agricultural frontier along the Santarém-Cuiaba Highway, where the land is logged, deforested, and turned into cattle ranches and industrial plantations (e.g. soy bean). Tapajos, Itaituba I, Itaituba II, and Altamira national forests are within its distribution, but they are notstrictly protected.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="F1896A892A16F332FA50F61969C2F675" pageId="5" pageNumber="528" type="bibRefCitation_list">
|
||
<paragraph id="B92C39022A16F332FA50F61969C2F675" blockId="5.[1439,2647,282,2524]" pageId="5" pageNumber="528">
|
||
<emphasis id="8BE7E5102A16F332FA50F619676AF60C" box="[1443,1596,2454,2479]" pageId="5" pageNumber="528">Bibliography.</emphasis>
|
||
Auricchio (1995), Bonvicino et al. (1989), Gregorin (2006), Gregorin et al. (2008), Groves (2001), Langguth et al. (1987), Pinto (2002), Pinto & Setz (2000, 2003, 2004).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |