251 lines
28 KiB
XML
251 lines
28 KiB
XML
<document id="79BD35287C17ABB056AA63D2842944EF" ID-CLB-Dataset="3306" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.5727205" ID-GBIF-Dataset="60d0954b-1201-4408-8492-1a762f592c33" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5727205" IM.metadata_requiresApprovalFor="plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_requiresApprovalFor="plazi" checkinTime="1636037979838" checkinUser="conny" docAuthor="Russell A. Mittermeier, Anthony B. Rylands & Don E. Wilson" docDate="2013" docId="313A88142A01F324FA8CFDDC69FBFCCA" docLanguage="en" docName="hbmw_3_Atelidae_0484.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 3 Primates, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions" docTitle="Ateles hybridus Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire 1829" docType="treatment" docVersion="13" lastPageNumber="542" masterDocId="CD03F06C2A13F337FFF3FF8F6156FFA3" masterDocTitle="Atelidae" masterLastPageNumber="549" masterPageNumber="484" pageNumber="541" updateTime="1699467777550" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods id="F4175D79F7489E804D2EF87A0A91DDC4" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo id="C04FBC9709D7512EAF77FC129F24F859">
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<mods:title id="8D8950B0A64C3243407161D74ADCA6BF">Atelidae</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name id="3BA4DB4DC3F6F979C3A2D93ABB3CD710" type="personal">
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<mods:role id="60201F1DC9EE934CB9ABE204BE47693F">
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<mods:roleTerm id="77310344D2EDBEC349F365F6376BCB3E">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart id="3995B7644B4B196798300ED691D06BE5">Russell A. Mittermeier</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name id="5DE1452782AC288236A2B53310C51C90" type="personal">
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<mods:role id="625134F6AB45EA26E022D14F0332E851">
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<mods:roleTerm id="DA540D1E68AC9B90276FCCE4CB47FF1F">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart id="21607BA5809FADDE535471D4DFDA1282">Anthony B. Rylands</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name id="42C2EC6F78485540318E76E06926E883" type="personal">
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<mods:role id="5C802693E8D2BA0F448F58F8DEDAF8ED">
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<mods:roleTerm id="C17C4CF21E5E9669528444D519AAA028">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart id="A561476C24B1F650063DD1D39EDDD240">Don E. Wilson</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="2B202B58BD28E36304DDB44F887E3FCE">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem id="44FAB2FDD9C600A395725AF551288DE5" type="host">
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<mods:originInfo id="F35C354C21687DF5B9CF9FCDF69A993D">
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<mods:dateIssued id="160BD816B17D563D625F52E65A94BC2D">2013</mods:dateIssued>
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<mods:dateOther id="3167E863C9CA7E4138B969F58598B635" type="pubDate">2013-03-31</mods:dateOther>
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<mods:publisher id="3FC35DCB4F0D85CA572A0D4573962335">Lynx Edicions</mods:publisher>
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<mods:place id="E5168EDE19972F96258E8FD25EA46785">
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<mods:placeTerm id="218705FED527B01E7E219D6B10449583">Barcelona</mods:placeTerm>
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</mods:place>
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</mods:originInfo>
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<mods:titleInfo id="ED943744CFA096432F1E8F2B9DDE1864">
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<mods:title id="00DD91437466DC5EE85DE3B31962DF4C">Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 3 Primates</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part id="62C303CF5A754354A6464DEC2B4C5AF4">
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<mods:extent id="4A7CA117BB89E499B5C0AA463F71DF76" unit="page">
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<mods:start id="423B6EAFE2DFDB4B7F026FA6EA4BE2FA">484</mods:start>
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<mods:end id="7784D56CA26DFFD85F5ADE8A70C12151">549</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:classification id="A0F0601C259AF4C7FC64461CE882E3D3">book chapter</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="E7D0A28688CB2EA3A533341A3B8B8BFA" type="CLB-Dataset">3306</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="D281333E75573421887049EE755F0690" type="DOI">10.5281/zenodo.5727205</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="42759C2EA1B70EF6C077BE54250DFC77" type="GBIF-Dataset">60d0954b-1201-4408-8492-1a762f592c33</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="372106EE7DFEC8FF78DD48524B126D50" type="Zenodo-Dep">5727205</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="313A88142A01F324FA8CFDDC69FBFCCA" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5727294" ID-GBIF-Taxon="190703642" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5727294" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:313A88142A01F324FA8CFDDC69FBFCCA" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/313A88142A01F324FA8CFDDC69FBFCCA" lastPageId="19" lastPageNumber="542" pageId="18" pageNumber="541">
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<subSubSection id="F1896A892A01F325FA8CFDDC64E3FD22" box="[1407,1461,595,641]" pageId="18" pageNumber="541" type="multiple">
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<paragraph id="B92C39022A01F325FA8CFDDC64E3FD22" blockId="18.[1402,2359,595,723]" box="[1407,1461,595,641]" pageId="18" pageNumber="541">
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<heading id="E2648E6E2A01F325FA8CFDDC64E3FD22" box="[1407,1461,595,641]" pageId="18" pageNumber="541">
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||
<figureCitation id="21A825872A01F325FA8CFDDC64F9FD22" box="[1407,1455,595,641]" captionStart="On" captionStartId="14.[102,134,3402,3423]" captionTargetBox="[11,2744,18,3635]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="On following pages 14 Brown-headed Spıder Monkey (Ateles fuscıceps) 15 Black Spider Monkey (Areias chamekl. 16 Red-faced Black Spıder Monkey (Areias paniscus) 17 Whne-wmskered Spodev Monkey (Areias margmatus) 18 Whıtebellıed Spıdeı Monkey (Areias belzeburh), 19 Vanegated Spıder Monkey (Areias hybndus)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6588389" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6588389/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="541">19</figureCitation>
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.
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||
</heading>
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||
</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="F1896A892A01F325FA37FDDC66A6FD22" box="[1476,2032,595,641]" pageId="18" pageNumber="541" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph id="B92C39022A01F325FA37FDDC66A6FD22" blockId="18.[1402,2359,595,723]" box="[1476,2032,595,641]" pageId="18" pageNumber="541">
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<heading id="E2648E6E2A01F325FA37FDDC66A6FD22" box="[1476,2032,595,641]" pageId="18" pageNumber="541">Variegated Spider Monkey</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="F1896A892A01F325F7C3FDDC6860FD22" box="[2096,2358,595,641]" pageId="18" pageNumber="541" type="nomenclature">
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||
<paragraph id="B92C39022A01F325F7C3FDDC6860FD22" blockId="18.[1402,2359,595,723]" box="[2096,2358,595,641]" pageId="18" pageNumber="541">
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<heading id="E2648E6E2A01F325F7C3FDDC6860FD22" box="[2096,2358,595,641]" pageId="18" pageNumber="541">
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<taxonomicName id="7E9342812A01F325F7C3FDDC6860FD22" ID-CoL="J8P7" authority="Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1829" authorityName="Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire" authorityYear="1829" box="[2096,2358,595,641]" class="Mammalia" family="Atelidae" genus="Ateles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="18" pageNumber="541" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hybridus">
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<emphasis id="8BE7E5102A01F325F7C3FDDC6860FD22" box="[2096,2358,595,641]" pageId="18" pageNumber="541">Ateles hybridus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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||
</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="F1896A892A01F325FA8FFD1C669BFD6C" pageId="18" pageNumber="541" type="vernacular_names">
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||
<paragraph id="B92C39022A01F325FA8FFD1C669BFD6C" blockId="18.[1402,2359,595,723]" pageId="18" pageNumber="541">
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||
<heading id="E2648E6E2A01F325FA8FFD1C669BFD6C" pageId="18" pageNumber="541">
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<emphasis id="8BE7E5102A01F325FA8FFD1C649FFD0B" box="[1404,1481,659,680]" pageId="18" pageNumber="541">French:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="3790492C2A01F325FA22FD1C676DFD0B" box="[1489,1595,659,680]" pageId="18" pageNumber="541">Atele varié</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="8BE7E5102A01F325F9A3FD1C67FDFD0B" box="[1616,1707,659,680]" pageId="18" pageNumber="541">German:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="3790492C2A01F325F946FD1C66DCFD0B" box="[1717,1930,659,680]" pageId="18" pageNumber="541">Brauner Klammeraffe</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="8BE7E5102A01F325F86CFD1C66ADFD0B" box="[1951,2043,659,680]" pageId="18" pageNumber="541">Spanish:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="3790492C2A01F325F7F7FD1C698CFD0B" box="[2052,2266,659,680]" pageId="18" pageNumber="541">Mono arana jaspeado</vernacularName>
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<emphasis id="8BE7E5102A01F325FA88FD356724FD6C" box="[1403,1650,698,719]" pageId="18" pageNumber="541">Other common names:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="3790492C2A01F325F98FFD35669BFD6C" box="[1660,1997,698,719]" pageId="18" pageNumber="541">Brown Spider Monkey (brunneus)</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="F1896A892A01F325F810FC8D69A9FCE6" pageId="18" pageNumber="541" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="B92C39022A01F325F810FC8D69A9FCE6" blockId="18.[2018,2605,770,1192]" pageId="18" pageNumber="541">
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<emphasis id="8BE7E5102A01F325F810FC8D6928FCBC" box="[2019,2174,770,799]" pageId="18" pageNumber="541">Taxonomy.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="7E9342812A01F325F768FC8D69ACFCE6" ID-CoL="J8P7" authority="Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1829" authorityName="Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire" authorityYear="1829" class="Mammalia" family="Atelidae" genus="Ateles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="18" pageNumber="541" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hybridus">Ateles hybridus 1. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1829</taxonomicName>
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,
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="F1896A892A01F325F6EAFCAB6B53FC1E" pageId="18" pageNumber="541" type="materials_examined">
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||
<paragraph id="B92C39022A01F325F6EAFCAB6B53FC1E" blockId="18.[2018,2605,770,1192]" pageId="18" pageNumber="541">
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<materialsCitation id="09FB335F2A01F325F6EAFCAB6B53FC1E" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3785727312" pageId="18" pageNumber="541">
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valley of the Rio
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<collectingRegion id="7B57F7E02A01F325F817FCC269D6FCCD" box="[2020,2176,845,878]" country="Colombia" name="Magdalena" pageId="18" pageNumber="541">Magdalena</collectingRegion>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="C18479922A01F325F769FCC26873FCCD" box="[2202,2341,845,878]" name="Colombia" pageId="18" pageNumber="541">Colombia</collectingCountry>
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. Restricted by R. Kellogg and E. Goldman in 1944 to La Gloria, Rio
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<collectingRegion id="7B57F7E02A01F325F775FC2B6874FC1E" box="[2182,2338,932,957]" country="Colombia" name="Magdalena" pageId="18" pageNumber="541">Magdalena</collectingRegion>
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, elevation 45 m.
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</materialsCitation>
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="F1896A892A01F325F811FC4E68C0FC41" box="[2018,2454,961,994]" pageId="18" pageNumber="541" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="B92C39022A01F325F811FC4E68C0FC41" blockId="18.[2018,2605,770,1192]" box="[2018,2454,961,994]" pageId="18" pageNumber="541">Two subspecies are recognized.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="F1896A892A01F325F811FC65693CF9F4" pageId="18" pageNumber="541" type="distribution">
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<caption id="EDEC698A2A01F325F811FC65693CF9F4" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5727261" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5727261" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5727261/files/figure.png" inLine="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="541" targetBox="[1405,1986,778,1184]" targetPageId="18">
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<paragraph id="B92C39022A01F325F811FC65693CF9F4" blockId="18.[2018,2605,770,1192]" lastBlockId="18.[1392,2602,1198,3471]" pageId="18" pageNumber="541">
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<emphasis id="8BE7E5102A01F325F811FC656824FBA8" box="[2018,2418,1002,1035]" pageId="18" pageNumber="541">Subspecies and Distribution.</emphasis>
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A. h.
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<taxonomicName id="7E9342812A01F325F7B2FB9569FDFB90" box="[2113,2219,1050,1075]" class="Mammalia" family="Atelidae" genus="Ateles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="18" pageNumber="541" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hybridus">hybridus</taxonomicName>
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1. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1829 — N
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<collectingCountry id="C18479922A01F325F79EFBB269A0FBF9" box="[2157,2294,1085,1114]" name="Colombia" pageId="18" pageNumber="541">Colombia</collectingCountry>
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(from the right bank of the Rio
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<collectingRegion id="7B57F7E02A01F325F771FBEF6848FB22" box="[2178,2334,1120,1153]" country="Colombia" name="Magdalena" pageId="18" pageNumber="541">Magdalena</collectingRegion>
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, N to the S slopes of the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta and the N of the Serrania de Perija, and in the middle Rio
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<collectingRegion id="7B57F7E02A01F325F76FFB216860FB6C" box="[2204,2358,1198,1231]" country="Colombia" name="Magdalena" pageId="18" pageNumber="541">Magdalena</collectingRegion>
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Valley at least to the departments of
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<collectingRegion id="7B57F7E02A01F325F966FB5A67A6FB55" box="[1685,1776,1237,1270]" country="Colombia" name="Caldas" pageId="18" pageNumber="541">Caldas</collectingRegion>
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and
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<collectingRegion id="7B57F7E02A01F325F8CFFB5A6958FB55" box="[1852,2062,1237,1270]" country="Colombia" name="Cundinamarca" pageId="18" pageNumber="541">Cundinamarca</collectingRegion>
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; two populations on the slopes of the Cordillera Oriental on the Venezuelan border (one in the Rio Catatumbo watershed in the
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<collectingRegion id="7B57F7E02A01F325FA2AFAAB66FDFAE6" box="[1497,1963,1316,1349]" country="Colombia" name="Norte de Santander" pageId="18" pageNumber="541">Norte de Santander Department</collectingRegion>
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and the other in the NE piedmont forest in
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<collectingRegion id="7B57F7E02A01F325FA8BFAC067C7FACF" box="[1400,1681,1359,1388]" country="Colombia" name="Arauca" pageId="18" pageNumber="541">Arauca Department</collectingRegion>
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) and N & NW
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<collectingCountry id="C18479922A01F325F89AFAC066AFFACF" box="[1897,2041,1359,1388]" name="Venezuela" pageId="18" pageNumber="541">Venezuela</collectingCountry>
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(along the SE part of the Cordillera de la Costa in the states of
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<collectingRegion id="7B57F7E02A01F325F93DFAFD6612FA30" box="[1742,1860,1394,1427]" country="Venezuela" name="Miranda" pageId="18" pageNumber="541">Miranda</collectingRegion>
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and probably
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<collectingRegion id="7B57F7E02A01F325F7E6FAFD6925FA30" box="[2069,2163,1394,1427]" country="Venezuela" name="Vargas" pageId="18" pageNumber="541">Vargas</collectingRegion>
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, and on both sides of the Venezuelan Andesin the states of
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<collectingRegion id="7B57F7E02A01F325F8EEFA156633FA18" box="[1821,1893,1434,1467]" country="Venezuela" name="Zulia" pageId="18" pageNumber="541">Zulia</collectingRegion>
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,
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<collectingRegion id="7B57F7E02A01F325F887FA1566B7FA18" box="[1908,2017,1434,1467]" country="Venezuela" name="Tachira" pageId="18" pageNumber="541">Tachira</collectingRegion>
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,
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<collectingRegion id="7B57F7E02A01F325F801FA156901FA18" box="[2034,2135,1434,1467]" country="Venezuela" name="Merida" pageId="18" pageNumber="541">Mérida</collectingRegion>
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,
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<collectingRegion id="7B57F7E02A01F325F795FA156999FA18" box="[2150,2255,1434,1467]" country="Venezuela" name="Trujillo" pageId="18" pageNumber="541">Trujillo</collectingRegion>
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,
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<collectingRegion id="7B57F7E02A01F325F72CFA15682BFA18" box="[2271,2429,1434,1467]" country="Venezuela" name="Portuguesa" pageId="18" pageNumber="541">Portuguesa</collectingRegion>
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,
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<collectingRegion id="7B57F7E02A01F325F678FA1568B3FA18" box="[2443,2533,1434,1467]" country="Venezuela" name="Apure" pageId="18" pageNumber="541">Apure</collectingRegion>
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, and
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<collectingRegion id="7B57F7E02A01F325FA8AFA4664B4FA41" box="[1401,1506,1481,1506]" country="Venezuela" name="Barinas" pageId="18" pageNumber="541">Barinas</collectingRegion>
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, in the E in the piedmont and lowland forests of San Camilo and Ticoporo, and in the Win the piedmont forest around S Lake Maracaibo to the Sierra de Perija). A. h. brunneus Gray, 1871 — N
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<collectingCountry id="C18479922A01F325F8EBF99766F7F992" box="[1816,1953,1560,1585]" name="Colombia" pageId="18" pageNumber="541">Colombia</collectingCountry>
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in the departments of
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<collectingRegion id="7B57F7E02A01F325F716F9976825F992" box="[2277,2419,1560,1585]" country="Colombia" name="Antioquia" pageId="18" pageNumber="541">Antioquia</collectingRegion>
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, Bolivar, and
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<collectingRegion id="7B57F7E02A01F325FA8BF9B96483F9F4" box="[1400,1493,1590,1623]" country="Colombia" name="Caldas" pageId="18" pageNumber="541">Caldas</collectingRegion>
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||
, between the lower rios
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<collectingRegion id="7B57F7E02A01F325F8DFF9B966D4F9F4" box="[1836,1922,1590,1623]" country="Colombia" name="Cauca" pageId="18" pageNumber="541">Cauca</collectingRegion>
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and
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<collectingRegion id="7B57F7E02A01F325F83AF9B96933F9F4" box="[1993,2149,1590,1623]" country="Colombia" name="Magdalena" pageId="18" pageNumber="541">Magdalena</collectingRegion>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="F1896A892A01F325FA84F9ED686EF7AB" pageId="18" pageNumber="541" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="B92C39022A01F325FA84F9ED686EF7AB" blockId="18.[1392,2602,1198,3471]" pageId="18" pageNumber="541">
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<emphasis id="8BE7E5102A01F325FA84F9ED6723F9DC" box="[1399,1653,1634,1663]" pageId="18" pageNumber="541">Descriptive notes.</emphasis>
|
||
Head-body 47-50 cm (males) and 45-48 cm (females), tail 76— 81 cm (males) and 74-76 cm (females); weight 7-9-8-6 kg, (males, n = 2) and 7-5- 10-5 kg (females, n = 7). The Variegated Spider Monkey is pale wood-brown above, with a darker brown head, and whitish or buffy below, including inner sides of limbs and ventral surface of the tail. It has a distinct white triangular patch on the forehead. Some individuals have grayish-blue eyes. In the nominate subspecies, hindlimbs are usually lighter and similar in color to the back, but knees tend to be darker. The belly varies from white with brownish shades to a light yellow. Ventral hair ofthe tail ranges from yellowish to buffy light brown. In the “Brown Spider Monkey” (A. h. brunneus), exterior color of limbs, back, and feet is dark brown. The belly varies from whitish to yellowish, contrasting sharply with the brownish sides,tail, and head.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="F1896A892A01F325FA85F780692DF7F5" pageId="18" pageNumber="541" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="B92C39022A01F325FA85F780692DF7F5" blockId="18.[1392,2602,1198,3471]" pageId="18" pageNumber="541">
|
||
<emphasis id="8BE7E5102A01F325FA85F78064B3F793" box="[1398,1509,2063,2096]" pageId="18" pageNumber="541">Habitat.</emphasis>
|
||
Evergreen, semi-deciduous, riparian, and montane tropical forests at elevations of 20-700 m (nominate subspecies in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="C18479922A01F325F825F7BA693BF7F5" box="[2006,2157,2101,2134]" name="Venezuela" pageId="18" pageNumber="541">Venezuela</collectingCountry>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="F1896A892A01F325FA86F7D26B4FF5A4" pageId="18" pageNumber="541" type="food_feeding">
|
||
<paragraph id="B92C39022A01F325FA86F7D26B4FF5A4" blockId="18.[1392,2602,1198,3471]" pageId="18" pageNumber="541">
|
||
<emphasis id="8BE7E5102A01F325FA86F7D2672BF7DD" box="[1397,1661,2141,2174]" pageId="18" pageNumber="541">Food and Feeding.</emphasis>
|
||
The diet of the Variegated Spider Monkey in riparian forest fragment at the Hacienda San Juan de Carare on the east bank of the Rio
|
||
<collectingRegion id="7B57F7E02A01F325F6BDF70A68BEF705" box="[2382,2536,2181,2214]" country="Colombia" name="Magdalena" pageId="18" pageNumber="541">Magdalena</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="C18479922A01F325F60AF70A6481F76E" name="Colombia" pageId="18" pageNumber="541">Colombia</collectingCountry>
|
||
, was unusual in its relative lack offruit. Averaging observations of males and females, time spent feeding on different items was 48% ripe fruits, 41-42% leaves, 45% flowers, 2% decayed wood, and 4-5% termite soil, seeds and other items. This diet is probably nottypical but a result of a 5-year isolation in a forest fragment. Geophagy during frequent visits to a mineral lick has been reported for a group of Variegated Spider Monkeys in El Paujil Nature Reserve in the Serrania de las Quinchas. Camera trapping recorded visits of 1-29 individuals at the lick on 81 of 379 days. A list of potential feeding trees for the Variegated Spider Monkey in the region ofVenezuela's El Avila National Park was compiled, but no formalstudy ofits feeding ecology was carried out there.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="F1896A892A01F325FA87F5826898F5F6" pageId="18" pageNumber="541" type="breeding">
|
||
<paragraph id="B92C39022A01F325FA87F5826898F5F6" blockId="18.[1392,2602,1198,3471]" pageId="18" pageNumber="541">
|
||
<emphasis id="8BE7E5102A01F325FA87F58264ACF58D" box="[1396,1530,2573,2606]" pageId="18" pageNumber="541">Breeding.</emphasis>
|
||
Newborn Variegated Spider Monkeys were observed in August in the
|
||
<collectingRegion id="7B57F7E02A01F325FA86F5BB6759F5F6" box="[1397,1551,2612,2645]" country="Colombia" name="Magdalena" pageId="18" pageNumber="541">Magdalena</collectingRegion>
|
||
Valley, but no formal study of reproductive behavior has been done.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="F1896A892A01F325FA81F5D36B52F568" pageId="18" pageNumber="541" type="activity">
|
||
<paragraph id="B92C39022A01F325FA81F5D36B52F568" blockId="18.[1392,2602,1198,3471]" pageId="18" pageNumber="541">
|
||
<emphasis id="8BE7E5102A01F325FA81F5D36708F5DE" box="[1394,1630,2652,2685]" pageId="18" pageNumber="541">Activity patterns.</emphasis>
|
||
Average activity budgets of 9-11 Variegated Spider Monkeys (males and females combined) at the Hacienda
|
||
<collectingRegion id="7B57F7E02A01F325F85AF50B6974F506" box="[1961,2082,2692,2725]" country="Trinidad and Tobago" name="San Juan/Laventille" pageId="18" pageNumber="541">San Juan</collectingRegion>
|
||
de Carare were c.41% resting, ¢.29% feeding, c.25% of the day traveling, and ¢.5% engaged in social and other activities.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="F1896A892A01F325FA80F55D6808F22C" pageId="18" pageNumber="541" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="B92C39022A01F325FA80F55D6808F22C" blockId="18.[1392,2602,1198,3471]" pageId="18" pageNumber="541">
|
||
<emphasis id="8BE7E5102A01F325FA80F55D6970F550" box="[1395,2086,2770,2803]" pageId="18" pageNumber="541">Movements, Home range and Social organization.</emphasis>
|
||
Subgroupsizes ofVariegated Spider Monkeys averaged 4-5 individuals in Serrania de San Lucas in southern Bolivar. Median subgroup size at Hacienda San Juan de Carare during one year was three adults, and subgroups of less than four individuals accounted for 73% of the observations. Males were more aggressive to females than to males. Males approached females more often but were more aggressive to them. This aggression was offset to some extent by females grooming the males. Aggression between females was uncommon, perhaps due to the relative lack of fruit and the amount ofleaves in the diet reducing competition. Interspecific infanticide and aggression toward infants were reported atthis site, with male Variegated Spider Monkeys attacking infant Colombian Red Howlers (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7E9342812A01F325FA8DF3D0673BF3DF" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1766" box="[1406,1645,3167,3196]" class="Mammalia" family="Atelidae" genus="Alouatta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="18" pageNumber="541" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="seniculus">Alouatta seniculus</taxonomicName>
|
||
) and infant Humboldt’s White-fronted Capuchins (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7E9342812A01F325F6B8F3D06B43F3DF" baseAuthorityName="Humboldt" baseAuthorityYear="1812" box="[2379,2581,3167,3196]" class="Mammalia" family="Cebidae" genus="Cebus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="18" pageNumber="541" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="albifrons">Cebus albifrons</taxonomicName>
|
||
). Two infanticides and all but one of seven attacks on infants were perpetrated by a subadult male. The single attack on an infant Humboldt’s White-fronted Capuchin was carried out by two adult male Variegated Spider Monkeys. These
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7E9342812A01F325F6AFF35E6883F351" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[2396,2517,3281,3314]" class="Mammalia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="18" pageNumber="529" phylum="Chordata" rank="order">primates</taxonomicName>
|
||
were restricted to a 70-ha forest fragment, and although the reasons for this behavior were unclear, it might have been related to food competition, a pathology, or redirected aggression. Densities of Variegated Spider Monkeys were 9-14 ind/km? in Serrania de San Lucas and 8-2-9-6 ind/km? at Cerro Bran, near
|
||
<collectingCountry id="C18479922A01F325F7A2F2F969BEF22C" box="[2129,2280,3446,3471]" name="Puerto Rico" pageId="18" pageNumber="541">Porto Rico</collectingCountry>
|
||
, Bolivar.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="F1896A892A00F324FF6CFEAA68D3FD07" pageId="19" pageNumber="542" type="conservation">
|
||
<paragraph id="B92C39022A00F324FF6CFEAA68D3FD07" blockId="19.[157,1362,293,886]" lastBlockId="19.[1430,2635,293,877]" pageId="19" pageNumber="542">
|
||
<emphasis id="8BE7E5102A00F324FF6CFEAA60A9FEE5" box="[159,511,293,326]" pageId="19" pageNumber="542">Status and Conservation.</emphasis>
|
||
CITES Appendix II. Classified as Critically Endangered on The IUCN Red List, including both subspecies. Principal threats to the nominate subspecies of the Variegated Spider Monkey in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="C18479922A00F324FCE7FEFB62CBFE36" box="[788,925,372,405]" name="Colombia" pageId="19" pageNumber="542">Colombia</collectingCountry>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="C18479922A00F324FC14FEFB6521FE36" box="[999,1143,372,405]" name="Venezuela" pageId="19" pageNumber="542">Venezuela</collectingCountry>
|
||
are habitat destruction and hunting for food. Cattle ranching has significantly reduced the extent of lowland forest in
|
||
<collectingRegion id="7B57F7E02A00F324FE4EFE486355FE47" box="[445,515,455,484]" country="Venezuela" name="Zulia" pageId="19" pageNumber="542">Zulia</collectingRegion>
|
||
and in piedmont forests of the Serra da Perija where heavy hunting also occurs. In central
|
||
<collectingCountry id="C18479922A00F324FD94FE6163AFFDA8" box="[615,761,494,523]" name="Venezuela" pageId="19" pageNumber="542">Venezuela</collectingCountry>
|
||
, large expanses once covered by primary forest are now covered by secondary vegetation, resulting in the apparent extirpation of the Variegated Spider Monkey in this region by 2001. Unfortunately, buffer zones surrounding protected areas with known populations of the nominate subspecies (e.g. Guatopo National Park) continue to be cleared for slash-and-burn agriculture and human settlements. Logging also threatens lowland forests of the eastern Andes, San Camilo, and Ticoporo. The Brown Spider Monkey has a small geographic range in a region where forest loss, degradation, and fragmentation are widespread. Remaining populations in areas of
|
||
<collectingRegion id="7B57F7E02A00F324FE14FCA76325FCE6" box="[487,627,808,837]" country="Colombia" name="Antioquia" pageId="19" pageNumber="542">Antioquia</collectingRegion>
|
||
(e.g. Segovia, Remedios, Maceo, Yondo, Puerto Berrio, and Zaragoza) are surrounded by human settlements, with less than 10% of the original habitat remaining. As a result, the viability of these populations of Brown Spider Monkeysis questionable, and local extirpations are highly probable in the absence of protection. Potential sites for protected areas remain in the Serrania de San Lucas and parts of Nechi in the south of
|
||
<collectingRegion id="7B57F7E02A00F324F87CFE1866A7FE1B" box="[1935,2033,407,440]" country="Venezuela" name="Bolivar" pageId="19" pageNumber="542">Bolivar</collectingRegion>
|
||
and the north of
|
||
<collectingRegion id="7B57F7E02A00F324F704FE1868D2FE1B" box="[2295,2436,407,440]" country="Colombia" name="Antioquia" pageId="19" pageNumber="542">Antioquia</collectingRegion>
|
||
departments. The nominate subspecies occurs in Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, Sierra Nevada del Cocuy, Catatumbo-Bari, and Tama national natural parks in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="C18479922A00F324F700FE61682DFDA4" box="[2291,2427,494,519]" name="Colombia" pageId="19" pageNumber="542">Colombia</collectingCountry>
|
||
and Guatopo, El Avila, and Sierra de Perija national parks and Caparo Forest Reserve in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="C18479922A00F324F667FD9E6B71FD8D" box="[2452,2599,529,558]" name="Venezuela" pageId="19" pageNumber="542">Venezuela</collectingCountry>
|
||
. It may also occur in Colombia’s Chingaza National Natural Park. Brown Spider Monkeys are found in the proposed Serrania de San Lucas National Natural Park, and in Ciénagas de Barbacoas which is a priority for the creation of a protected area.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="F1896A892A00F324FA6AFD3D69FBFCCA" pageId="19" pageNumber="542" type="bibRefCitation_list">
|
||
<paragraph id="B92C39022A00F324FA6AFD3D69FBFCCA" blockId="19.[1430,2635,293,877]" pageId="19" pageNumber="542">
|
||
<emphasis id="8BE7E5102A00F324FA6AFD3D6765FD68" box="[1433,1587,690,715]" pageId="19" pageNumber="542">Bibliography.</emphasis>
|
||
Abondano & Link (2012), Bernstein et al. (1976), Bodini & Pérez-Hernandez (1987), Cordero-Rodriguez & Biord (2001), Defler (2003b, 2004), Defler et al. (2003), Di Fiore, Link & Campbell (2011), Di Fiore, Link & Dew (2008), Duque (2007), Green (1978), Hernandez-Camacho & Cooper (1976), Hernandez-Camacho & Defler (1989), Link et al. (2011), Lizarralde (2002), Mondolfi & Eisenberg (1979), Palacios et al. (2009), Portillo-Quintero & Velasquez (2006), Rimbach et al. (2012), Urbani et al. (2008).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |