449 lines
50 KiB
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449 lines
50 KiB
XML
<document id="6288059D801E48FB60441DEE87EC665F" ID-CLB-Dataset="36166" ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.507.9536" ID-GBIF-Dataset="c3897e58-874d-416c-929d-b9548b3eb125" ID-PMC="PMC4490219" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-507-41" ID-PubMed="26155071" ID-ZooBank="5B98461CADA248A68FDDD4551C6C7903" ModsDocAuthor="" ModsDocDate="2015" ModsDocID="1313-2970-507-41" ModsDocOrigin="ZooKeys 507" ModsDocTitle="A new leafminer on grapevine and Rhoicissus (Vitaceae) in South Africa within an expanded generic concept of Holocacista (Insecta, Lepidoptera, Heliozelidae)" checkinTime="1451244266749" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="van Nieukerken, Erik J. & Geertsema, Henk" docDate="2015" docId="24E61015A4156F6F9958B0EC4FEF54D2" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 507: 41-97" docOrigin="ZooKeys 507" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.507.9536" docTitle="Holocacista Walsingham & Durrant" docType="treatment" docVersion="5" lastPageNumber="51" masterDocId="FFBDFFD87D3DFF967112FF98FFE3FF85" masterDocTitle="A new leafminer on grapevine and Rhoicissus (Vitaceae) in South Africa within an expanded generic concept of Holocacista (Insecta, Lepidoptera, Heliozelidae)" masterLastPageNumber="97" masterPageNumber="41" pageNumber="47" updateTime="1701373680836" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="40EFEDC83CEA361BAC971400ABA24E48">A new leafminer on grapevine and Rhoicissus (Vitaceae) in South Africa within an expanded generic concept of Holocacista (Insecta, Lepidoptera, Heliozelidae)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="704B2011D1A20D5DCBFF4A2D354C66D1">van Nieukerken, Erik J.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="D93CA1F27FAB43E170FE74D1621D4B13">Geertsema, Henk</mods:namePart>
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<mods:date id="70137DC277977708FC53E180FE12678A">2015</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="4AB29918D58344B3ED0DBB025DB5044A">507</mods:number>
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<mods:identifier id="AD8AB480582DAF708EF0A21B09F5686E" type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.507.9536</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="24E61015A4156F6F9958B0EC4FEF54D2" ID-GBIF-Taxon="152060320" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:24E61015A4156F6F9958B0EC4FEF54D2" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/24E61015A4156F6F9958B0EC4FEF54D2" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="51" pageId="6" pageNumber="47">
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<subSubSection id="DBCCDADDC94B030961C66ECBCA4035D5" pageId="6" pageNumber="47" type="multiple">
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<paragraph id="D5161F8C54A66BA0FB60C13277DDAA99" pageId="6" pageNumber="47">Taxon classification Animalia Lepidoptera Heliozelidae</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="11A834C8D7D4F24CAD26EBDE912D70AA" pageId="6" pageNumber="47" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="51F45083E9C3B6C1B755977637D9B69E" pageId="6" pageNumber="47">
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Genus
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<taxonomicName id="B32061F09C86C3E3C329ADDD1F7DA5F7" ID-CoL="93NR4" authority="Walsingham & Durrant" genus="Holocacista" lsidName="Holocacista" pageId="6" pageNumber="47" rank="genus">Holocacista Walsingham & Durrant</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="574562AA7138F987CC8F5DD2BCDE412F" pageId="6" pageNumber="47" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="27F0E3D080FA72CBCC48E703873B5288" pageId="6" pageNumber="47">
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<taxonomicName id="A6A76F203D40282F2C959DF91FF4ED0E" genus="Holocacista" lsidName="Holocacista" pageId="6" pageNumber="47" rank="genus">Holocacista</taxonomicName>
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Walsingham & Durrant, in
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<bibRefCitation id="19290052DF05B7C4BB20B372FB845846" author="Walsingham, L" journalOrPublisher="Transactions of the Entomological Society of London" pageId="30" pageNumber="71" title="Rediscovered Micro-Lepidopteron from the south of France." url="http://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/14686330" volume="1909" year="1909">Walsingham 1909</bibRefCitation>
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: xxix. Type species (by original designation and monotypy):
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<taxonomicName id="AA4CDAE1B78B2251C64E374BF1F63940" class="Insecta" family="Elachistidae" genus="Elachista" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Elachista rivillei" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rivillei">Elachista rivillei</taxonomicName>
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Stainton, 1855: 89.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="62C6FA090CC1A39C17A076782384402A" pageId="6" pageNumber="47">
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<taxonomicName id="AB8B247ED461EDAE63CCF24823CF297D" genus="Holocacista" lsidName="Holocacista" pageId="6" pageNumber="47" rank="genus">Holocacista</taxonomicName>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="E62431CADD50CCD5B08F6702D8DD90B9" author="Nielsen, ES" journalOrPublisher="University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen" pageId="29" pageNumber="70" title="The Incurvarioid Genera of the World." year="1980">Nielsen (1980)</bibRefCitation>
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: 105 [re-description in unpublished thesis].
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="AF5C42682650208BDA67E6F8FD0A44E9" pageId="6" pageNumber="47" type="differential diagnosis">
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<paragraph id="13E31303F6052E1CA3392E0B9961C4E0" pageId="6" pageNumber="47">Differential diagnosis.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="A5A581290EA27B838156BCE0BF17D5D6" pageId="6" pageNumber="47">
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Very small moths, wingspan between 3 and 5 mm, usually with a pattern of metallic-silvery spots, but in some species not metallic, typically comprising a dorsal and costal spot at 1/4 sometimes united into a fascia and a postmedial fascia, which also may be broken into two spots. In some species part of this pattern is absent. Males never with androconial scales or hair-pencils. Separated from externally somewhat similar
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<taxonomicName id="7724B07F7D0E73A9261FC04FADC266C5" class="Insecta" family="Heliozelidae" genus="Antispila" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Antispila" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Antispila</taxonomicName>
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species by the reduced venation (Figs 29-34); in
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<taxonomicName id="89314AE8E3DB0F3E166084A9004AE7DE" class="Insecta" family="Heliozelidae" genus="Antispila" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Antispila" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Antispila</taxonomicName>
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the discoidal cell is present and more veins are retained (Fig. 35); also most
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<taxonomicName id="768C599A65A8AC313F6D5F840752397A" class="Insecta" family="Heliozelidae" genus="Antispila" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Antispila" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Antispila</taxonomicName>
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species are larger and have more antennal segments. Separated from most
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<taxonomicName id="88399DF97B64DE67E39717750C6BA101" class="Insecta" family="Heliozelidae" genus="Heliozela" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Heliozela" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Heliozela</taxonomicName>
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species by more extensive colour pattern, the few
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<taxonomicName id="FA0BEBCF8CA1D64E51920ECF50883126" class="Insecta" family="Heliozelidae" genus="Heliozela" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Heliozela" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Heliozela</taxonomicName>
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that do have more spots can be separated also by the venation with discoidal cell (Fig. 36), also
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<taxonomicName id="BDE826A15D7999D70706D2468D296829" class="Insecta" family="Heliozelidae" genus="Heliozela" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Heliozela" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Heliozela</taxonomicName>
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species have more antennal segments. Species of
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<taxonomicName id="AC19F40DB97B426FE014FC7F5283730C" class="Insecta" family="Heliozelidae" genus="Antispilina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Antispilina" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Antispilina</taxonomicName>
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and some in the
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<taxonomicName id="A090A321DB91BFFAD3E3EEB3C2AC95CC" class="Insecta" family="Heliozelidae" genus="Antispila" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Antispila ampelopsifoliella" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ampelopsifoliella">" Antispila " ampelopsifoliella</taxonomicName>
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group have a very similar venation and are more difficult to separate; most
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<taxonomicName id="E82FCAEFDDD04CE99E3987D5C6906496" genus="Holocacista" lsidName="Holocacista" pageId="6" pageNumber="47" rank="genus">Holocacista</taxonomicName>
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differ in the male genitalia by the usually long appendix on the phallus, moreover they have a small epiphysis, which is absent in the other genera with reduced venation.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="5673A0B125D2A0AB0129A51452593B40" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="49" pageId="6" pageNumber="47" type="description">
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<paragraph id="C523C4F2EC3AB0B66FF8546C7B7026D5" pageId="6" pageNumber="47">Description.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="F546CD407E06C7AE352FF11C23905823" pageId="6" pageNumber="47">Adults. Very small moths, forewing length ca. 1.5-2.5 mm (wingspan ca. 3-5 mm).</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8C9C876DB42C627131908B053FF274BF" pageId="7" pageNumber="48">
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<pageBreakToken id="9D1E0D3526FB38D52BC56D2F2572D790" pageId="7" pageNumber="48" start="start">Head</pageBreakToken>
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(Figs 21-24). Almost oval in outline. Eyes in latero-ventral position, ventral margin not reaching lower margin of head. Eye phragma narrow, weakly melanised. No sutures present. Anterior tentorial arms very slender, prominently curved laterally before converging towards frons. Vestiture comprising lamellar scales, firmly appressed on head, in dry specimens scales on vertex sometimes raised, probably an artefact as a result of drying. Mouthparts: labrum narrow, pilifers absent. Mandibles small, as long as broad, relatively well sclerotised (Fig. 23). Maxilla with galea well developed and longer than head; maxillary palp reduced to a single segment. Labial palp well developed, 3-segmented, drooping, slightly shorter than head capsule; distal segment from slightly longer to 1.5
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<normalizedToken id="6A927AAE6517BB27F16D30F3CBD666A5" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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second segment; depression for Organ von Rath not seen. Antenna (Fig. 24) ca. half length of forewing with 14-20 segments [best counted in denuded specimens on slides], no sexual dimorphism. Scape and pedicel of equal length, slightly shorter than flagellomeres. Flagellomeres cylindrical, longer than wide, each with two annuli of scales, often differently coloured, resulting in visible dark and pale rings from above. Pecten present, but not easily visible;
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<bibRefCitation id="AC33C3D2D2492FBBCBD38D2DEA90E549" author="Nielsen, ES" journalOrPublisher="University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen" pageId="29" pageNumber="70" title="The Incurvarioid Genera of the World." year="1980">Nielsen (1980)</bibRefCitation>
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counted 4-6 hairs in
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<taxonomicName id="2F93AA67568933358EBDCFCD90E6B775" genus="Holocacista" lsidName="Holocacista rivillei" pageId="7" pageNumber="48" rank="species" species="rivillei">Holocacista rivillei</taxonomicName>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="7477DBAAD90A0901DB7F27DACD4EF593" pageId="7" pageNumber="48">
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Thorax. Vestiture of appressed lamellar scales, usually concolorous with ground colour of forewings. Foreleg with small but distinct epiphysis of about 36-48
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<normalizedToken id="6713F1BAE12DD62B7148256BC41B9E6A" originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
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in
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<taxonomicName id="E00FFA44429762E5AE34A885575991C5" genus="Holocacista" lsidName="Holocacista rivillei" pageId="7" pageNumber="48" rank="species" species="rivillei">Holocacista rivillei</taxonomicName>
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(Fig. 26) to 50-82
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<normalizedToken id="A69B03A19B6B9BA8967C25FA1C0D7460" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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in
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<taxonomicName id="0B0D594528A8C478FD705827223ACA81" genus="Holocacista" lsidName="Holocacista capensis" pageId="7" pageNumber="48" rank="species" species="capensis">Holocacista capensis</taxonomicName>
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(Fig. 25), distinctly smaller than in
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<taxonomicName id="A72FDC8B8468BA4EBF9410B0267A15A9" class="Insecta" family="Heliozelidae" genus="Heliozela" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Heliozela" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Heliozela</taxonomicName>
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(Fig. 27) (150-165
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<normalizedToken id="5D7D535608D7B2D7B1E2B17B8DC814DE" originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
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in two measured European specimens) and without the microtrichia along the inner side, which probably serve as antennal cleaning apparatus. In
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<taxonomicName id="2168C15E5F4570B5D85E39B8BE6DE88F" class="Insecta" family="Heliozelidae" genus="Antispila" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Antispila" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Antispila</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="AD4DC4F285DFA9DE69B40C40964B4D8A" class="Insecta" family="Heliozelidae" genus="Antispilina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Antispilina" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Antispilina</taxonomicName>
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(Fig. 28) and
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<taxonomicName id="B9EAB9CCFB1A47B849B23466EC1CAD92" class="Insecta" family="Heliozelidae" genus="Coptodisca" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Coptodisca" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Coptodisca</taxonomicName>
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epiphysis completely lacking.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="3383A25D12D8D7AF2429A177A48695C4" pageId="7" pageNumber="48">Wings. Male retinaculum a series of 7-12 hook-shaped bristles, arising from a thickened serrate portion of Sc. Frenulum in male a strong curved bristle (e.g., Fig. 30), in female two bristles present (Figs 29, 34); no pseudofrenular bristles in male. Humeral field with scattered microtrichia, otherwise restricted on wing membrane to area just posterior of retinaculum, arranged in longitudinal rows. Scale sockets regularly spaced, not in distinct rows.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="977201FA23F5E3B131DC05D6BBB06B80" pageId="7" pageNumber="48">
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<taxonomicName id="2A64FDD87B64932B70ADD40057808D20" genus="Venation" lsidName="Venation" pageId="7" pageNumber="48" rank="genus">Venation</taxonomicName>
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in forewing (Figs 29-34) with Sc to middle of costa. R unbranched, a separate vein, to costa. Rs with M and CuA, ending in 3-4 branches, interpreted as Rs1+2 to costa, Rs3+4 to termen, M and CuA to dorsum; in one species,
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<taxonomicName id="A6A78A1043DC2506359940EBF9F04F3F" genus="Holocacista" lsidName="Holocacista" pageId="7" pageNumber="48" rank="genus">Holocacista</taxonomicName>
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sp. _Terminalia_SA, tentatively placed here, Rs+M+Cu even more reduced, with only 2 branches. Hindwing with Sc+R to costa, Rs+ M with 2-3 branches, Rs to costa, 1 or 2 branches of M to termen and dorsum; CuA a separate vein to dorsum.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="2902FA515F99B409181E499AA460EC0C" pageId="7" pageNumber="48">Wing pattern (Figs 1-16). On forewing typically comprising a pair of opposite pale, often metallic spots at 1/3 and a similarly coloured fascia or opposite spots at 2/3 on a dark background, brown to black, or brassy and shining. Variation exists in relative size, whether spots are joined to a fascia, or fascia is broken, or spots may be absent (e.g., Figs 11, 14, 16). Many species show sexual dimorphy in pattern, with females having more or larger pale elements than male. Only a single species from Arabian Peninsula has a different pattern with much yellow, probably as an adaptation to the desert habitat (Fig. 13). A fringe line often available, with fringe scales pale. Hindwings uniform grey. Androconial scales absent in all species examined.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="E333D0B03101D730516724ED22FEBAC5" pageId="7" pageNumber="48">Pregenital abdomen. Abdominal sclerites weakly sclerotised. Anterior sternum II subtriangular, free.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="588B2339269EB264394948FFF6A14C84" pageId="8" pageNumber="49">
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<pageBreakToken id="1EF4523906DD6630A8448BE689A010CC" pageId="8" pageNumber="49" start="start">Male</pageBreakToken>
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genitalia. Vinculum (S IX) very long, anteriorly often reaching beyond anterior margin of segment VI, almost cylindrical; tegumen (TIX) narrow, usually with a medial posterior process, probably a composite structure with uncus. Gnathos absent. Valva rather narrow, with stalked pectinifer halfway to inner margin, pecten comprising 6-12 blunt sensilla; transtilla typically with medial anterior projection, sublateral processes long. Phallocrypt (manica) with some to many strongly-sclerotised conical spines, often arranged in an asymmetric fashion, or with many smaller spines. Phallus outer tube often with remarkable ventrally-curved appendix on phallus, or appendices of different sizes and shapes. Juxta present and often bilobed or reduced to narrow ventral process.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="5D891B9252FBF22A601135B998769C6B" pageId="8" pageNumber="49">Female genitalia. SVIII pointed, T VIII deeply indented. Oviscapt with few lateral cusps. Anterior and posterior apophyses subequal in length. Spermathecal papilla usually with circular sclerotisation. Ductus spermathecae with many coils.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8DE9DE2B2EC1D05DEC2256C9B2587A55" pageId="8" pageNumber="49">
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Larva. Larvae yellow or whitish, usually with darker head capsule. Larva of
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<taxonomicName id="6936D22EFB3E7EC8F05E592A57431907" genus="Holocacista" lsidName="Holocacista rivillei" pageId="8" pageNumber="49" rank="species" species="rivillei">Holocacista rivillei</taxonomicName>
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described in detail by
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<bibRefCitation id="5D497BD31E1E7815DB0F51144805CD61" author="Grandi, G" journalOrPublisher="Bollettino del Laboratorio di Entomologia del Reale Istituto Superiore Agrario di Bologna" pageId="28" pageNumber="69" pagination="223 - 336" title="Morfologia ed etologia comparata di insetti a regime specializzato. I. La morfologia comparata di alcuni stati larvali di 20 Microlepidotteri minatori." volume="4" year="1931">Grandi (1931)</bibRefCitation>
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and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F02723AEB18746ED531CE5331A56805B" author="Marchi, G" journalOrPublisher="Bollettino del Laboratorio di Entomologia del Reale Istituto Superiore Agrario di Bologna" pageId="28" pageNumber="69" pagination="247 - 276" title="Ricerche su un Lepidottero Eliozelide, l' " Holocacistarivillei " Staint., minatore delle foglie della Vite." volume="22" year="1956">Marchi (1956)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. Head prognathous, legs and prolegs absent, but paired ambulatory calli on T2 and 3 (ventral and dorsal) and fused ventro-medial - calli on A3-6. Larvae with four feeding instars and a fifth non-feeding instar that constructs the case in which it pupates.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="B4783997FD72A2E76176547833599D44" pageId="8" pageNumber="49" type="biology">
|
||
<paragraph id="36D27F015EC62366E3711454166C07B6" pageId="8" pageNumber="49">Biology.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="E9FBE398E1557465E79EEFF466D4E8DD" pageId="8" pageNumber="49">
|
||
Hostplants. Several species feed on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="65927824A62FA48EE2270872A56B557D" family="Vitaceae" lsidName="" pageId="8" pageNumber="49" rank="family">Vitaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F650FCD0AFEAA1C44474425184BFEA69" family="Rubiaceae" lsidName="" pageId="8" pageNumber="49" rank="family">Rubiaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, a few species on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4BA6EEE0A0176D9F37C099122A687A0E" family="Anacardiaceae" lsidName="" pageId="8" pageNumber="49" rank="family">Anacardiaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and single species each on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="73ADED2B7C331269B3A784562DAF7C9C" family="Balsaminaceae" lsidName="" pageId="8" pageNumber="49" rank="family">Balsaminaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="17C6915F0D8B5396D9097B4E4CC52593" family="Dilleniaceae" lsidName="" pageId="8" pageNumber="49" rank="family">Dilleniaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1963A2DA409BF4409E13E8DE8F763F80" family="Geraniaceae" lsidName="" pageId="8" pageNumber="49" rank="family">Geraniaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5BCFBE858182C2A2474534B206CD6CB6" family="Plumbaginaceae" lsidName="" pageId="8" pageNumber="49" rank="family">Plumbaginaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
. A species feeding on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3AFFF3AD9567E8902D806157A9C24D0A" family="Combretaceae" lsidName="" pageId="8" pageNumber="49" rank="family">Combretaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
is tentatively added, but this requires confirmation.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="2F53D5DF70E100F25112BF5BCEDF088A" pageId="8" pageNumber="49">
|
||
Life history. Eggs are inserted in leaf tissue, often near a vein or leaf margin. All species construct leafmines (Figs 70-75, 79, 83-93), usually starting as a narrow linear mine, later usually widening into a blotch, or sometimes remaining an irregularly wide gallery, and cut out an oval shield, comprising the epidermal layers, during the penultimate instar. Frass is deposited in a central line in the mine or filling the mine, later often scattered in the blotch or pushed by the larva to one side. The shields (Figs 76-78), later forming the cocoons, are more or less flat, without the raised ridge that is characteristic for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0395D7BA24C6096D4F77567F4718BF7B" class="Insecta" family="Heliozelidae" genus="Antispila" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Antispila" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Antispila</taxonomicName>
|
||
. They attach this cocoon to any surface (trunks, leaves, leaf litter, etc.) where the non-feeding final instar larva pupates. Adults are usually day flying (Figs 80-82), and rarely come to light.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="7A514EF21375A24F7279CEABF11B5284" pageId="8" pageNumber="49" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph id="D8DC22E62FB58DF2A3B09D39FCAE5DC2" pageId="8" pageNumber="49">Distribution.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="11FAD90996542FAED83CD51DC06B601D" pageId="8" pageNumber="49">Mainly Old World tropics and subtropics: Afrotropical, Oriental and Australian regions, north to Taiwan and southern Europe (type species). Some DNA barcodes suggest that the genus also occurs in South and Central America, but no adults have yet been studied from this area.</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="451C50B64937F50D79BFB6066D5B5745" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="50" pageId="8" pageNumber="49" type="composition">
|
||
<paragraph id="C0FE7D298C3F4C89A79E7BF669EB52C9" pageId="8" pageNumber="49">Composition.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="B72B083A2E77C18A9C3E2B4C6E7EC3FB" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="50" pageId="8" pageNumber="49">
|
||
The species listed in the checklist below, both named ones and unnamed ones, share the external and venation characters described above, and those dissected also the male genitalia characters. Those species that we have been able to sequence form a well-supported clade in a phylogenetic analysis (both Bayesian and Maximum Likelihood) of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="102B66F4CB4453771572B524246ED76B" family="Heliozelidae" lsidName="" pageId="8" pageNumber="49" rank="family">Heliozelidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
based on four genes (unpublished study in progress), as part of a larger clade of genera with reduced venation (including also
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E5F02BD516895FA18F0D2905B1E2437E" class="Insecta" family="Heliozelidae" genus="Antispilina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Antispilina" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<pageBreakToken id="BEB1C562513952BEF1CF61FC457FA051" pageId="9" pageNumber="50" start="start">Antispilina</pageBreakToken>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Hering, 1941,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="03CF5B0B933194E5B51A24231A65EDE3" class="Insecta" family="Heliozelidae" genus="Coptodisca" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Coptodisca" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Coptodisca</taxonomicName>
|
||
Walsingham, 1895 and the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3DB75D986B4432170A81C6E5D7984BD1" class="Insecta" family="Heliozelidae" genus="Antispila" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Antispila ampelopsifoliella" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ampelopsifoliella">" Antispila " ampelopsifoliella</taxonomicName>
|
||
group). While checking several Indian species described by Meyrick, we could also change the following generic assignment:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="89D8818F36D612ADC1B63135D5EC3982" class="Insecta" family="Heliozelidae" genus="Heliozela" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Heliozela anna" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="anna">Heliozela anna</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Fletcher, 1920), comb. n. (from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="CA586A0273921AF118394C83B9FFBFCD" class="Insecta" family="Heliozelidae" genus="Antispila" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Antispila" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Antispila</taxonomicName>
|
||
, feeding on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FCD1E5B6BAF55F2811C2B302C75AAA4C" family="Myrtaceae" lsidName="" pageId="9" pageNumber="50" rank="family">Myrtaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
) (Figs 20, 36), whereas the following remain in their original genus:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="850E1546D5DE5D7E91E5BA261F2C81FF" class="Insecta" family="Heliozelidae" genus="Antispila" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Antispila argostoma" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="argostoma">Antispila argostoma</taxonomicName>
|
||
Meyrick, 1916 (Figs 18, 35) and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4F065D03FA2F266DFB64C3253B9D4CBC" class="Insecta" family="Heliozelidae" genus="Antispila" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Antispila aristarcha" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aristarcha">Antispila aristarcha</taxonomicName>
|
||
Meyrick, 1916 (Fig. 19), both feeding on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="01CBF2E5C7EAAD1F75DC9191B422E800" family="Vitaceae" lsidName="" pageId="9" pageNumber="50" rank="family">Vitaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
. While we assign an unnamed species feeding on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="410A8E2AAA0C9EE0F681F165C2E819BD" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Balsaminaceae" genus="Impatiens" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Impatiens" order="Ericales" pageId="9" pageNumber="50" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Impatiens</taxonomicName>
|
||
from Vietnam to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="774E5FE8E52A37EB0317C9408863FFE0" genus="Holocacista" lsidName="Holocacista" pageId="9" pageNumber="50" rank="genus">Holocacista</taxonomicName>
|
||
here (Figs 16, 34), the Indonesian
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1329661C000D622FB434BAC3E9600ED8" genus="Microplitica" lsidName="Microplitica metadesmia" pageId="9" pageNumber="50" rank="species" species="metadesmia">Microplitica metadesmia</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Meyrick, 1934) that likewise feeds on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="19679AA45BFDF0077FC9537CD64CC911" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Balsaminaceae" genus="Impatiens" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Impatiens" order="Ericales" pageId="9" pageNumber="50" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Impatiens</taxonomicName>
|
||
, has a completely different venation, more similar to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="842B88D074942B5B476B5FD313F014BF" class="Insecta" family="Heliozelidae" genus="Heliozela" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Heliozela" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Heliozela</taxonomicName>
|
||
<normalizedToken id="F6D3229A63D8917EB6B831DD8756476D" originalValue="Herrich-Schäffer">Herrich-Schaeffer</normalizedToken>
|
||
, 1853. Pending further study of this species and the type species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1FAC8CD88F11A4BD2FE4D98372436B41" genus="Microplitica" lsidName="Microplitica" pageId="9" pageNumber="50" rank="genus">Microplitica</taxonomicName>
|
||
Meyrick, 1935 (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="167E83BB81B76CA86DC8995F3E3F8998" class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Microplitis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Microplitis desmophanes" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="desmophanes">Microplitis desmophanes</taxonomicName>
|
||
Meyrick, 1922), we leave it in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="36C0C060EC69B5DBB7E6E8EB39D3835F" genus="Microplitica" lsidName="Microplitica" pageId="9" pageNumber="50" rank="genus">Microplitica</taxonomicName>
|
||
for now.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8D853DEFE106B7B7643EC000D7CCF783" pageId="9" pageNumber="50">In the checklist below we provide the original genus in brackets, type locality, and the hostplant of the types. The species are listed geographically, first the named ones, then the unnamed ones.</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="597D5ADE25BEAC31BF2F0EAE9644F190" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="51" pageId="9" pageNumber="50" type="checklist">
|
||
<paragraph id="46937B513EB30622321064FE4481624A" pageId="9" pageNumber="50">Checklist</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="25889717AFB992416F8B91953E9F6AC1" pageId="9" pageNumber="50">Palearctic species</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="E4D9DEA722B275AB4F18475BAA6C211E" pageId="9" pageNumber="50">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEB25F6F1E7750B3472F099C84316DE3" genus="Holocacista" lsidName="Holocacista rivillei" pageId="9" pageNumber="50" rank="species" species="rivillei">Holocacista rivillei</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Stainton, 1855): p. 89 (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6D28343C5156504E078E0DCE95ACC8D4" class="Insecta" family="Elachistidae" genus="Elachista" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Elachista" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Elachista</taxonomicName>
|
||
)
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="D7CF43D6A76DF1EB705BECE335CFABF1" pageId="9" pageNumber="50">
|
||
Malta,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9A4591285EC6763F2AA354F7B7671BC6" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Vitaceae" genus="Vitis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Vitis vinifera" order="Vitales" pageId="9" pageNumber="50" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="vinifera">Vitis vinifera</taxonomicName>
|
||
L. [type species]
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="7D95D47DB85A254335F437E878E48B45" pageId="9" pageNumber="50">African species</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="F4FB18E5997D6C355524B610D51484A0" pageId="9" pageNumber="50">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="47CD2E6C9F1088E60E3B0893F1A317C5" genus="Holocacista" lsidName="Holocacista capensis" pageId="9" pageNumber="50" rank="species" species="capensis">Holocacista capensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
van Nieukerken & Geertsema, sp. n.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="4BABF02107BC157FABC1BC052FA44364" pageId="9" pageNumber="50">
|
||
South Africa, Western Cape, Paarl,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8655A64750140DD6A2B9BDFCAABC17F8" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Vitaceae" genus="Vitis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Vitis vinifera" order="Vitales" pageId="9" pageNumber="50" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="vinifera">Vitis vinifera</taxonomicName>
|
||
L.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="41454B527BB3FE3AFC44C15ABD715C6C" pageId="9" pageNumber="50">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E0BF0FFECC717BEE73DF9B2C97B116B7" genus="Holocacista" lsidName="Holocacista salutans" pageId="9" pageNumber="50" rank="species" species="salutans">Holocacista salutans</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Meyrick, 1921): p. 108, comb. n. (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4F2157C7552DD7B0188A63526297F9AC" class="Insecta" family="Heliozelidae" genus="Antispila" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Antispila" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Antispila</taxonomicName>
|
||
)
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="751B975457B6B2731545FCEF56E484CB" pageId="9" pageNumber="50">
|
||
South Africa, [Kwazulu Natal], Durban, [
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AD3F1901299B93A02BBC30C45AD0F086" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Vitaceae" genus="Rhoicissus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Rhoicissus" order="Vitales" pageId="9" pageNumber="50" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Rhoicissus</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp.]
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="52C22305B66BFFAA8606D5883106DA61" pageId="9" pageNumber="50">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="314677CDD6F0F5079FDE8204FEEE1CF1" genus="Holocacista" lsidName="Holocacista varii" pageId="9" pageNumber="50" rank="species" species="varii">Holocacista varii</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Mey, 2011): p. 156, comb. n. (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="CC472CDF8D521436C047E056CE5F236F" class="Insecta" family="Heliozelidae" genus="Antispilina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Antispilina" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Antispilina</taxonomicName>
|
||
)
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="33A781F8E2F61376F5C69C1E5633574F" pageId="9" pageNumber="50">
|
||
South Africa, Western Cape, Cape Town,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EA047ACBC2F5233C3D9FC751B3F98A29" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Geraniaceae" genus="Pelargonium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Pelargonium cucullatum" order="Geraniales" pageId="9" pageNumber="50" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="cucullatum">Pelargonium cucullatum</taxonomicName>
|
||
(L.)
|
||
<normalizedToken id="47EA8B578CC2DE90128A51EA0FC4DED3" originalValue="L’Hérit">L'Herit</normalizedToken>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="D4590306A0155B8E3C572E95FFDF293B" pageId="9" pageNumber="50">Asian species</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="CA2CFC1A704BE9C9B871295DDAAA1922" pageId="9" pageNumber="50">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8DCB3B4CAE53C292B051A946A92ED708" genus="Holocacista" lsidName="Holocacista micrarcha" pageId="9" pageNumber="50" rank="species" species="micrarcha">Holocacista micrarcha</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Meyrick, 1926): p. 261, comb. n. (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="251C9FB29DF51AE980F39575A376FF8C" class="Insecta" family="Heliozelidae" genus="Antispila" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Antispila" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Antispila</taxonomicName>
|
||
)
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="21B4C2C28EA0905FF9AFA8642B883D75" pageId="9" pageNumber="50">
|
||
India, [Karnataka], Karwar,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="435EFB62B0CEE686175DD883F75430BF" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Anacardiaceae" genus="Lannea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Lannea coromandelica" order="Sapindales" pageId="9" pageNumber="50" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="coromandelica">Lannea coromandelica</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Houtt.) Merr. (=
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5495F2CC3EE5DB1CBBCDA9FC6FF50BA5" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Odina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Odina wodier" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="wodier">Odina wodier</taxonomicName>
|
||
Roxb.,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3287F43E19F55735E45BC6BFEAADDBB0" family="Anacardiaceae" lsidName="" pageId="9" pageNumber="50" rank="family">Anacardiaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
)
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="1DD10F4E410F77B26E5E19049111F54E" pageId="9" pageNumber="50">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="87BFFBE3D6BFB29A1A8C4D42FDB68542" genus="Holocacista" lsidName="Holocacista pariodelta" pageId="9" pageNumber="50" rank="species" species="pariodelta">Holocacista pariodelta</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Meyrick, 1929): p. 541, comb. n. (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5A255B72A33299A8E6F5DFF9724669AA" class="Insecta" family="Heliozelidae" genus="Antispila" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Antispila" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Antispila</taxonomicName>
|
||
)
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="616BED64A5DCE1018F205D1AAD1FE7DF" pageId="9" pageNumber="50">
|
||
India, Bihar, Pusa,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A42944980066229E89F5AD01C8FCCF85" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Anacardiaceae" genus="Lannea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Lannea coromandelica" order="Sapindales" pageId="9" pageNumber="50" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="coromandelica">Lannea coromandelica</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Houtt.) Merr. (=
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2387150DF76A8BDF888839F33F949EA4" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Odina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Odina wodier" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="wodier">Odina wodier</taxonomicName>
|
||
Roxb.,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C496A3629FE7D221542312F00F027E5A" family="Anacardiaceae" lsidName="" pageId="9" pageNumber="50" rank="family">Anacardiaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
)
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="36B828A1F528784740EA28722D144947" pageId="9" pageNumber="50">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="51330B870F9A8D9D94AABBE1D8CFA546" genus="Holocacista" lsidName="Holocacista selastis" pageId="9" pageNumber="50" rank="species" species="selastis">Holocacista selastis</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Meyrick, 1926): p. 261, comb. n. (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4A3AB9FA0999C525DB8082EB7AD5E98A" class="Insecta" family="Heliozelidae" genus="Antispila" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Antispila" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Antispila</taxonomicName>
|
||
)
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="EB7E5B1F3AA97C12068BF478811F32BE" pageId="9" pageNumber="50">
|
||
India, [Karnataka], Karwar,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1299B4B50478A639C69F1316C04DE07A" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rubiaceae" genus="Psychotria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Psychotria dalzellii" order="Gentianales" pageId="9" pageNumber="50" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="dalzellii">Psychotria dalzellii</taxonomicName>
|
||
Hook.f. (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D2F460C85E375107DACDE627A7301CC2" family="Rubiaceae" lsidName="" pageId="9" pageNumber="50" rank="family">Rubiaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
)
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="469CB1E11D79B10E5B2ED3612BC584A1" pageId="9" pageNumber="50">Unnamed species:</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="BCDB43AED50C27689BDEF4B230E9D9F7" pageId="9" pageNumber="50">Palearctic species</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="813CC72616F46941FFD2981027D46021" pageId="9" pageNumber="50">sp. Dyerophytum_UAE</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="E34B3489D4347FF1BFD71C9B6711DC95" pageId="9" pageNumber="50">
|
||
United Arab Emirates, Fujairah,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="94957F509BFF4DCAAA15435CF560A4A7" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Plumbaginaceae" genus="Dyerophytum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Dyerophytum indicum" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="9" pageNumber="50" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="indicum">Dyerophytum indicum</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Gibbs ex Wight) Kuntze (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A88507C1A2554D10EB8A2C51EF57CDD1" family="Plumbaginaceae" lsidName="" pageId="9" pageNumber="50" rank="family">Plumbaginaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
)
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="CC1DB4A11801454AB30962C856DA506F" pageId="9" pageNumber="50">African species [see also Appendix A]</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9D16D1A6E4D5046708B383F4391BB8E0" pageId="9" pageNumber="50">sp. Rhoicissus_tridentata</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="6F6B6339C96DC65118494434A5F8D6E4" pageId="9" pageNumber="50">
|
||
South Africa,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B7B1700E65D1722FB9CFD9C58BF046D1" authority="Wild & R. B. Drumm." basionym-authority="(L. f.)" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Vitaceae" genus="Rhoicissus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" infraspecific-rank="subsp." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Rhoicissus tridentata" order="Vitales" pageId="9" pageNumber="50" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="subspecies" species="tridentata" subspecies="cuneifolia">Rhoicissus tridentata (L. f.) Wild & R. B. Drumm. subsp. cuneifolia</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Eckl. & Zeyh.) Urton,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="ECCD6E0AF967B21207172F849509A111" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Vitaceae" genus="Rhoicissus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Rhoicissus tomentosa" order="Vitales" pageId="9" pageNumber="50" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="tomentosa">Rhoicissus tomentosa</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Lam.) Wild & R.B.Drumm. (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B7E34450E909B8ACD4D33C8806664353" family="Vitaceae" lsidName="" pageId="9" pageNumber="50" rank="family">Vitaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
)
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="33DA0EB62232D0409A1FBFCB990CCF1C" pageId="9" pageNumber="50">sp. Rhoicissus_tomentosa</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="D94D0842ED7870595B14BCD53959F26B" pageId="9" pageNumber="50">
|
||
South Africa,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="106A5ABB620B79A57D08D5FA4C52E07D" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Vitaceae" genus="Rhoicissus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Rhoicissus tomentosa" order="Vitales" pageId="9" pageNumber="50" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="tomentosa">Rhoicissus tomentosa</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Lam.) Wild & R.B.Drumm. (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="377B36DA6FD39DE6295F64EE0B68C356" family="Vitaceae" lsidName="" pageId="9" pageNumber="50" rank="family">Vitaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
)
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="ED71C0745D04FB8DCBB6DC01DB518429" pageId="10" pageNumber="51">
|
||
<pageBreakToken id="07A5860923BA82E3C5F2130815948971" pageId="10" pageNumber="51" start="start">sp</pageBreakToken>
|
||
. Rhoicissus_PundaMilia
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="EC08F86F83C79F07459853462574A194" pageId="10" pageNumber="51">
|
||
South Africa,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5AAFD594B5FB6B5502BB08FC8B3BF6B7" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Vitaceae" genus="Rhoicissus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Rhoicissus digitata" order="Vitales" pageId="10" pageNumber="51" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="digitata">Rhoicissus digitata</taxonomicName>
|
||
(L.f.) Gilg. & M.Brandt (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A00329EA900A168BBFE8AC3F147BB280" family="Vitaceae" lsidName="" pageId="10" pageNumber="51" rank="family">Vitaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
)
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="88DB07C948A5AB73D4DA258D07F6A47E" pageId="10" pageNumber="51">sp. Cissus_integrifolia</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="6BF1E128539EAA973557B6BA7BFCB2BB" pageId="10" pageNumber="51">
|
||
South Africa,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="05D1E57CFADBE7DE4D753970132C5A7E" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Vitaceae" genus="Cissus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Cissus integrifolia" order="Vitales" pageId="10" pageNumber="51" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="integrifolia">Cissus integrifolia</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Baker) Planch. (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E5673CFC7EE5F4EF5FC5666F134D145B" family="Vitaceae" lsidName="" pageId="10" pageNumber="51" rank="family">Vitaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
)
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="96FACE7D2070C4AF924EE10B2A0C495C" pageId="10" pageNumber="51">sp. Lannea_SA</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="2726AA0440476EE46F2E830A3F515957" pageId="10" pageNumber="51">
|
||
South Africa,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="69E748052B43ACC458D5C7BDFF75FEE3" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Anacardiaceae" genus="Lannea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Lannea discolor" order="Sapindales" pageId="10" pageNumber="51" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="discolor">Lannea discolor</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Sond.) Engl. (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="70837A5D0D012B361CD03C792972732A" family="Anacardiaceae" lsidName="" pageId="10" pageNumber="51" rank="family">Anacardiaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
)
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="A87F1E351082D259F2431C4513D5F23E" pageId="10" pageNumber="51">sp. Terminalia_SA [placement tentative]</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="5D47EFB2FC2686F2C89B100C726573B5" pageId="10" pageNumber="51">
|
||
South Africa, Terminalia prunioides M.A. Lawson (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2AB17D07845BD6D2459DFBF93FD2D9D9" family="Combretaceae" lsidName="" pageId="10" pageNumber="51" rank="family">Combretaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
)
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="CC1F1B8CAAA51F25BFF903C025C8EC7C" pageId="10" pageNumber="51">Asian species</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="D02C4215BA8DD19A6F8250D817511F10" pageId="10" pageNumber="51">sp. Leea_Borneo</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="E896E73530803A9F92B128B637BF6F18" pageId="10" pageNumber="51">
|
||
Indonesia, Kalimantan Timur,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="73C8DF5ABF6E98DA64DF5F9BEA74A9EA" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Vitaceae" genus="Leea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Leea indica" order="Vitales" pageId="10" pageNumber="51" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="indica">Leea indica</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Burm.f.) Merr. (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="114F21453405D4039906A0EB491C637B" family="Vitaceae" lsidName="" pageId="10" pageNumber="51" rank="family">Vitaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
)
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="391216B0ACCB7DB803E52B0153D9CBD6" pageId="10" pageNumber="51">sp. Impatiens_Vietnam</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="002BF3C313E048686A899C1C7B1FB8D2" pageId="10" pageNumber="51">
|
||
Vietnam, Cuc Phuong NP,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="097131FBC72BB41FEAB74D26139CBDC1" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Balsaminaceae" genus="Impatiens" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Impatiens clavigera" order="Ericales" pageId="10" pageNumber="51" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="clavigera">Impatiens clavigera</taxonomicName>
|
||
Hook. f. (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="735DEB224797FD4662214EAA85493AD7" family="Balsaminaceae" lsidName="" pageId="10" pageNumber="51" rank="family">Balsaminaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
)
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="18358C08BE1770A8AD62EE797D4785A6" pageId="10" pageNumber="51">sp. Lasianthus_Borneo</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="7DED42F17291A6B867B1F82FE5E1917B" pageId="10" pageNumber="51">
|
||
Indonesia, Kalimantan Timur,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C8ADEE3E6C76D8CDCD6F0467E0A91097" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rubiaceae" genus="Lasianthus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Lasianthus" order="Gentianales" pageId="10" pageNumber="51" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Lasianthus</taxonomicName>
|
||
Jack sp. (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1AD7823377549015A033C51B5E961DAB" family="Rubiaceae" lsidName="" pageId="10" pageNumber="51" rank="family">Rubiaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
)
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="22EA4CFF1CA82E0A70164603290B8B97" pageId="10" pageNumber="51">sp. Lasianthus_Sabah</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="F859C42B9C31A06D98064E82EA9D17A2" pageId="10" pageNumber="51">
|
||
Malaysia, Sabah,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="998980BDB4A70B63D98706EF69091EFE" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rubiaceae" genus="Lasianthus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Lasianthus" order="Gentianales" pageId="10" pageNumber="51" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Lasianthus</taxonomicName>
|
||
Jack sp. (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EF0B49E86FB14AF73D8650AD0FBDF0AF" family="Rubiaceae" lsidName="" pageId="10" pageNumber="51" rank="family">Rubiaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
)
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="CBCA51AF5139E7BA412FE89E84A980DB" pageId="10" pageNumber="51">sp. Paedaeria_Taiwan</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="93462D40428A3AB4DD7CD2D9A6304178" pageId="10" pageNumber="51">
|
||
Taiwan,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7D6B7555E7B047B9DA419956B0D2EF50" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rubiaceae" genus="Paederia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Paederia foetida" order="Gentianales" pageId="10" pageNumber="51" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="foetida">Paederia foetida</taxonomicName>
|
||
L. (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="442EBD69D3992C6378EDA462FB6AB7D0" family="Rubiaceae" lsidName="" pageId="10" pageNumber="51" rank="family">Rubiaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
)
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="BA10B7FEC5AF7B72096C00ED36FAB95D" pageId="10" pageNumber="51">Australian species</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="2A680F81602ED867EC6BF85447C3B16F" pageId="10" pageNumber="51">sp. Psychotria_Australia</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="78D5B3F787AEE700CA0F75F8AEAEC7D0" pageId="10" pageNumber="51">
|
||
Australia, Queensland,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EAE301E7B39ECFBE5063A2B267BA1751" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rubiaceae" genus="Psychotria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Psychotria simmondsiana" order="Gentianales" pageId="10" pageNumber="51" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="simmondsiana">Psychotria simmondsiana</taxonomicName>
|
||
F.M.Bailey (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="31A3625EFDE947D07F405F2261B9A164" family="Rubiaceae" lsidName="" pageId="10" pageNumber="51" rank="family">Rubiaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
)
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="74A9157E5E08CEBE3590DCD2618785D4" pageId="10" pageNumber="51">sp. Morinda_Australia</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="59CEFBDAA4A8E1E7B89D2F9D7267A7F3" pageId="10" pageNumber="51">
|
||
Australia, Queensland,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="031CC01A4BAFA1760E9ADD58F2BCC03C" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rubiaceae" genus="Morinda" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Morinda jasminoides" order="Gentianales" pageId="10" pageNumber="51" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="jasminoides">Morinda jasminoides</taxonomicName>
|
||
A.Cunn. (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="DB34E28BB7CF5D965BDB987F98B83814" family="Rubiaceae" lsidName="" pageId="10" pageNumber="51" rank="family">Rubiaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
)
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="BF7B779FA0806C421479FBF13F5739EC" pageId="10" pageNumber="51">sp. Hibbertia_Australia</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="7C9B3352FD9123FDF761A9A20BE3FE1B" pageId="10" pageNumber="51">
|
||
Australia, West Australia,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B98BAA7F2ED1FCD793727BEAA14C9C47" class="Trilobita" family="Harpetidae" genus="Hibbertia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hibbertia" order="Harpetida" pageId="10" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Hibbertia</taxonomicName>
|
||
Andrews (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9F1282ADBA63DEA0644F1C28DC6A37FF" family="Dilleniaceae" lsidName="" pageId="10" pageNumber="51" rank="family">Dilleniaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
)
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |