253 lines
26 KiB
XML
253 lines
26 KiB
XML
<document id="90E1A3091AAA6097095C17E9EC4E3D3C" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.3717.4.3" ID-GBIF-Dataset="6cb4a055-276d-457d-98bf-0ad0ea9e7c41" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="218387" ID-ZooBank="D47FA59C-C1E8-4CF9-A378-7445BEC4E32C" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1460684734531" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Isler, Morton L., Bravo, Gustavo A. & Brumfield, Robb T." docDate="2013" docId="5A6887F0FF943D06818EE54D53DFFC67" docLanguage="en" docName="zt03717p497.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 3717 (4)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Hylophylax" docType="treatment" docVersion="8" lastPageNumber="485" masterDocId="A651FF88FF9B3D168119E34A524EFFAF" masterDocTitle="Taxonomic revision of Myrmeciza (Aves: Passeriformes: Thamnophilidae) into 12 genera based on phylogenetic, morphological, behavioral, and ecological data" masterLastPageNumber="497" masterPageNumber="469" pageNumber="484" updateTime="1698350971086" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:mods id="C7DC06D7CE1704343B240F90984D2DD8" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo id="93EAD4D1CE8BA8C30D92F73818EBB281">
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<mods:title id="1E923A2E7612377242DA65357BC8D1A9">Taxonomic revision of Myrmeciza (Aves: Passeriformes: Thamnophilidae) into 12 genera based on phylogenetic, morphological, behavioral, and ecological data</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="370382D5FEFAE68663506FA0008B53BA" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="DDC889DFC20EE1CA1E7FCDF8763862A8">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="3468ABBEA52F67E2F420756760B7846F">Isler, Morton L.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:roleTerm id="C79A88B4C39B3868CBB07A003112336A">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="22C36E881AAFA5F98BEB988D00D1042E">Bravo, Gustavo A.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name id="7D211C10B0EA6C0C3E4A3019583BBED6" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="99AF91DE7DB6C83CCFD6D3DDA58C2014">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart id="677598E49E977EF3C47AC73000FBB096">Brumfield, Robb T.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="D15B81CBCA3B3EC5DFFA27A77E612FBC">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="FBD8E25C446000CE43D1D32BFDA6C6A5">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="037A49E14FA740CA767B4EE3AEAE793F">
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<mods:date id="0B896D75A6DF387767D0ACC41F3C94AA">2013</mods:date>
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<mods:detail id="AB99F526A5DB53A00AADE09775D5B462" type="volume">
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<mods:number id="BF9197A91BCEE31CA92859CB2F40049B">3717</mods:number>
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<mods:detail id="859E3F76FDD090A0F6FD60AC10CB7E97" type="issue">
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<mods:number id="FCE9F04283E87FCAB688CF666D8E50E0">4</mods:number>
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<mods:start id="105DB7BB56CE80D1974F6EF7D3B72EE4">469</mods:start>
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<mods:classification id="D4C1E3E759997BFD5EC12C8F2E143C86">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="B19696A9ACCCB64C79886B47789164F5" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.3717.4.3</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="84CD764A676A8E66A926782A95065BCC" type="ISSN">1175-5326</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="D3FAADB392FF9DB70CACEA976AAB5DCB" type="Zenodo-Dep">218387</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="5A6887F0FF943D06818EE54D53DFFC67" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5611486" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119577850" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5611486" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:5A6887F0FF943D06818EE54D53DFFC67" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/5A6887F0FF943D06818EE54D53DFFC67" lastPageId="16" lastPageNumber="485" pageId="15" pageNumber="484">
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<subSubSection id="9ADB656DFF943D19818EE54D5015F958" pageId="15" pageNumber="484" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="D27E36E6FF943D19818EE54D5325F98D" blockId="15.[151,363,1543,1570]" box="[151,363,1543,1570]" pageId="15" pageNumber="484">
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<heading id="8936818AFF943D19818EE54D5325F98D" bold="true" box="[151,363,1543,1570]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="15" pageNumber="484" reason="1">
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<emphasis id="E0B5EAF4FF943D19818EE54D5325F98D" bold="true" box="[151,363,1543,1570]" pageId="15" pageNumber="484">
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<taxonomicName id="15C14D65FF943D19818EE54D536DF98E" ID-CoL="5252" box="[151,291,1543,1569]" class="Aves" family="Thamnophilidae" genus="Hylophylax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="15" pageNumber="484" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="E0B5EAF4FF943D19818EE54D536DF98E" bold="true" box="[151,291,1543,1569]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="484">Hylophylax</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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clade
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="D27E36E6FF943D19818EE5045015F958" blockId="15.[151,1436,1614,2035]" pageId="15" pageNumber="484">
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<emphasis id="E0B5EAF4FF943D19818EE5045387F9C8" box="[151,457,1614,1639]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="484">Phylogenetic relationships</emphasis>
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.—The
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<taxonomicName id="15C14D65FF943D19833EE50450E7F9C8" box="[551,681,1614,1639]" class="Aves" family="Thamnophilidae" genus="Hylophylax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="15" pageNumber="484" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="E0B5EAF4FF943D19833EE50450E7F9C8" box="[551,681,1614,1639]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="484">Hylophylax</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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clade (
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<figureCitation id="4AFA2A63FF943D198213E5045111F9C8" box="[778,863,1614,1639]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1910,1932]" captionTargetBox="[208,1349,212,1865]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[192,1377,195,1868]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 1. Maximum-likelihood tree of a subset of the Thamnophilinae, showing that Myrmeciza is polyphyletic (species names in these clades are emboldened). Members of Myrmeciza are placed in eight different well-supported clades in the Microrhopiini, Pithyini, and Pyriglenini. The color of the circles at nodes indicates bootstrap support values,> 70 % (black), 50 - 70 % (gray), <50 % (white)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/218388/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="484">Figs. 1</figureCitation>
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and
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<figureCitation id="4AFA2A63FF943D1982BCE50551FAF9C8" box="[933,948,1615,1639]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1884,1906]" captionTargetBox="[228,1413,229,1856]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[173,1413,193,1857]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 2. Bayesian consensus tree of a subset of the Thamnophilinae, showing that Myrmeciza is polyphyletic (species names in these clades are emboldened). Members of Myrmeciza are placed in eight different well-supported clades in the Microrhopiini, Pithyini, and Pyriglenini. The color of the circles at nodes indicates posterior probability support,> 0.95 (black), 0.95 – 0.75 (gray), <0.75 (white)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/218389/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="484">2</figureCitation>
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) consists of two well-supported genera,
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<taxonomicName id="15C14D65FF943D19818EE5385356F924" box="[151,280,1650,1675]" class="Aves" family="Thamnophilidae" genus="Hylophylax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="15" pageNumber="484" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="E0B5EAF4FF943D19818EE5385356F924" box="[151,280,1650,1675]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="484">Hylophylax</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="15C14D65FF943D198040E5385042F924" box="[345,524,1650,1675]" class="Aves" family="Thamnophilidae" genus="Hypocnemoides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="15" pageNumber="484" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="E0B5EAF4FF943D198040E5385042F924" box="[345,524,1650,1675]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="484">Hypocnemoides</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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. The following comparisons examine distinctions between them and identify synapomorphies for later use in comparisons to other clades in the Pyriglenini.
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<taxonomicName id="15C14D65FF943D19850DE5DC56DBF900" box="[1044,1173,1686,1711]" class="Aves" family="Thamnophilidae" genus="Hylophylax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="15" pageNumber="484" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="E0B5EAF4FF943D19850DE5DC56DBF900" box="[1044,1173,1686,1711]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="484">Hylophylax</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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includes
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<taxonomicName id="15C14D65FF943D198418E5DD5367F97C" authority="Lafresnaye" authorityName="Lafresnaye" class="Aves" family="Thamnophilidae" genus="Hylophylax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="15" pageNumber="484" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="naevioides">
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<emphasis id="E0B5EAF4FF943D198418E5DD57D2F900" box="[1281,1436,1686,1711]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="484">H. naevioides</emphasis>
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(Lafresnaye)
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="15C14D65FF943D198025E5F65078F97C" authority="Gmelin" authorityName="Gmelin" box="[316,566,1722,1747]" class="Aves" family="Thamnophilidae" genus="Hylophylax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="15" pageNumber="484" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="naevius">
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<emphasis id="E0B5EAF4FF943D198025E5F653F3F97C" box="[316,445,1724,1747]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="484">H. naevius</emphasis>
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(Gmelin)
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="15C14D65FF943D198352E5F651DBF97C" authority="Des Murs" authorityName="Des Murs" box="[587,917,1722,1747]" class="Aves" family="Thamnophilidae" genus="Hylophylax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="15" pageNumber="484" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="punctulatus">
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<emphasis id="E0B5EAF4FF943D198352E5F650B6F97C" box="[587,760,1722,1747]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="484">H. punctulatus</emphasis>
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(Des Murs)
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</taxonomicName>
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.
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<taxonomicName id="15C14D65FF943D1982B1E5F05615F97C" box="[936,1115,1722,1747]" class="Aves" family="Thamnophilidae" genus="Hypocnemoides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="15" pageNumber="484" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="E0B5EAF4FF943D1982B1E5F05615F97C" box="[936,1115,1722,1747]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="484">Hypocnemoides</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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includes
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<taxonomicName id="15C14D65FF943D1985C1E5F652B4F958" authority="Sclater" authorityName="Sclater" class="Aves" family="Thamnophilidae" genus="Hypocnemoides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="15" pageNumber="484" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="melanopogon">
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<emphasis id="E0B5EAF4FF943D1985C1E5F657D2F97C" box="[1240,1436,1722,1747]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="484">H. melanopogon</emphasis>
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(Sclater)
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</taxonomicName>
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, and
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<taxonomicName id="15C14D65FF943D19802DE5955019F958" authority="Pelzeln" authorityName="Pelzeln" box="[308,599,1758,1783]" class="Aves" family="Thamnophilidae" genus="Hypocnemoides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="15" pageNumber="484" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="maculicauda">
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<emphasis id="E0B5EAF4FF943D19802DE59553A6F958" box="[308,488,1758,1783]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="484">H. maculicauda</emphasis>
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(Pelzeln)
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</taxonomicName>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="9ADB656DFF943D0681DEE44852B4FCBA" lastPageId="16" lastPageNumber="485" pageId="15" pageNumber="484" type="description">
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<paragraph id="D27E36E6FF943D1981DEE4485017F890" blockId="15.[151,1436,1614,2035]" pageId="15" pageNumber="484">
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<emphasis id="E0B5EAF4FF943D1981DEE4485322F8B4" box="[199,364,1794,1819]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="484">Biogeography.</emphasis>
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—Representatives of
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<taxonomicName id="15C14D65FF943D19836AE44850BAF8B4" box="[627,756,1794,1819]" class="Aves" family="Thamnophilidae" genus="Hylophylax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="15" pageNumber="484" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="E0B5EAF4FF943D19836AE44850BAF8B4" box="[627,756,1794,1819]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="484">Hylophylax</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="15C14D65FF943D198259E44851BDF8B4" box="[832,1011,1794,1819]" class="Aves" family="Thamnophilidae" genus="Hypocnemoides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="15" pageNumber="484" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="E0B5EAF4FF943D198259E44851BDF8B4" box="[832,1011,1794,1819]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="484">Hypocnemoides</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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occur throughout Amazonia. One
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<taxonomicName id="15C14D65FF943D19818EE46C5356F890" box="[151,280,1830,1855]" class="Aves" family="Thamnophilidae" genus="Hylophylax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="15" pageNumber="484" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="E0B5EAF4FF943D19818EE46C5356F890" box="[151,280,1830,1855]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="484">Hylophylax</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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species is trans-Amazonian.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="D27E36E6FF943D1981DEE4005289F85C" blockId="15.[151,1436,1614,2035]" pageId="15" pageNumber="484">
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<emphasis id="E0B5EAF4FF943D1981DEE4005365F8CC" box="[199,299,1866,1891]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="484">Plumage</emphasis>
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.—The two genera are distinctive in plumage.
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<taxonomicName id="15C14D65FF943D198256E400564CF8CC" box="[847,1026,1866,1891]" class="Aves" family="Thamnophilidae" genus="Hypocnemoides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="15" pageNumber="484" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="E0B5EAF4FF943D198256E400564CF8CC" box="[847,1026,1866,1891]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="484">Hypocnemoides</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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species are gray above with white edges to blackish wing coverts; males have a black throat and gray underparts; females underparts are primarily white. Species of
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<taxonomicName id="15C14D65FF943D198047E4D85391F804" box="[350,479,1938,1963]" class="Aves" family="Thamnophilidae" genus="Hylophylax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="15" pageNumber="484" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="E0B5EAF4FF943D198047E4D85391F804" box="[350,479,1938,1963]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="484">Hylophylax</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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are yellowish brown but boldly patterned; most species have black throats or malars, white spots on posterior upperparts, black spots on anterior underparts, and black wing coverts with large spots on tips.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="D27E36E6FF8B3D0681DEE3DD5737FF1F" blockId="16.[151,1436,151,968]" box="[199,1401,151,176]" pageId="16" pageNumber="485">
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<emphasis id="E0B5EAF4FF8B3D0681DEE3DD533DFF1F" box="[199,371,151,176]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="485">Morphometrics</emphasis>
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.—The two genera are similar morphometrically except for bill proportions (
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<tableCitation id="9F43035DFF8B3D0685D5E3DD5762FF1F" box="[1228,1324,151,176]" captionStart="TABLE 2 a" captionStartId="11.[151,239,152,175]" captionTargetBox="[159,1410,238,1176]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="TABLE 2 a. Morphometrics (part 1 of 2). Body length = Total length—Tail length. All measurement in cm. except Weight in g." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/86BE666EFF903D1D818EE3D25354FF7D" pageId="16" pageNumber="485" tableUuid="86BE666EFF903D1D818EE3D25354FF7D">Tables 2</tableCitation>
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and
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<tableCitation id="9F43035DFF8B3D06847BE3D2573EFF1F" box="[1378,1392,152,176]" captionStart="TABLE 3 a" captionStartId="13.[151,239,152,175]" captionText="TABLE 3 a. Morphometric proportions (part 1 of 2)." pageId="16" pageNumber="485">3</tableCitation>
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)
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="D27E36E6FF8B3D0681DEE3F65644FEB2" blockId="16.[151,1436,151,968]" pageId="16" pageNumber="485">
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<emphasis id="E0B5EAF4FF8B3D0681DEE3F6530EFF7A" box="[199,320,188,213]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="485">Loudsongs</emphasis>
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.—Loudsongs of
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<taxonomicName id="15C14D65FF8B3D068313E3F650F3FF7A" box="[522,701,188,213]" class="Aves" family="Thamnophilidae" genus="Hypocnemoides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="16" pageNumber="485" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="E0B5EAF4FF8B3D068313E3F650F3FF7A" box="[522,701,188,213]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="485">Hypocnemoides</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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species consist of a long, rapidly delivered series of ascending and descending notes; those of
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<taxonomicName id="15C14D65FF8B3D06830FE39550D9FF57" box="[534,663,223,248]" class="Aves" family="Thamnophilidae" genus="Hylophylax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="16" pageNumber="485" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="E0B5EAF4FF8B3D06830FE39550D9FF57" box="[534,663,223,248]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="485">Hylophylax</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species consist of a series of doublets, varying in duration and frequency pattern by species, but readily identifiable as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="15C14D65FF8B3D068210E24E51C4FEB2" box="[777,906,260,285]" class="Aves" family="Thamnophilidae" genus="Hylophylax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="16" pageNumber="485" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="E0B5EAF4FF8B3D068210E24E51C4FEB2" box="[777,906,260,285]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="485">Hylophylax</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
loudsongs.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="D27E36E6FF8B3D0681DEE26D56A8FE27" blockId="16.[151,1436,151,968]" pageId="16" pageNumber="485">
|
||
<emphasis id="E0B5EAF4FF8B3D0681DEE26D5352FEEF" box="[199,284,295,320]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="485">Habitat</emphasis>
|
||
.—
|
||
<taxonomicName id="15C14D65FF8B3D068026E26D53BCFEEF" box="[319,498,295,320]" class="Aves" family="Thamnophilidae" genus="Hypocnemoides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="16" pageNumber="485" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="E0B5EAF4FF8B3D068026E26D53BCFEEF" box="[319,498,295,320]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="485">Hypocnemoides</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species are closely associated with streams and other water related habitats.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="15C14D65FF8B3D06818EE20653ECFECA" box="[151,418,332,357]" class="Aves" family="Thamnophilidae" genus="Hylophylax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="16" pageNumber="485" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="punctulatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="E0B5EAF4FF8B3D06818EE20653ECFECA" box="[151,418,332,357]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="485">Hylophylax punctulatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
primarily inhabits seasonally flooded evergreen forest. The remaining
|
||
<taxonomicName id="15C14D65FF8B3D0685DBE206570DFECA" box="[1218,1347,332,357]" class="Aves" family="Thamnophilidae" genus="Hylophylax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="16" pageNumber="485" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="E0B5EAF4FF8B3D0685DBE206570DFECA" box="[1218,1347,332,357]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="485">Hylophylax</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species inhabit the understory of evergreen forest, both
|
||
<emphasis id="E0B5EAF4FF8B3D0683B4E23B5169FE27" box="[685,807,368,392]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="485">terra firme</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis id="E0B5EAF4FF8B3D068247E23A51E7FE28" box="[862,937,368,391]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="485">várzea</emphasis>
|
||
, and mature second growth.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="D27E36E6FF8B3D0681DEE2DF5669FDB8" blockId="16.[151,1436,151,968]" pageId="16" pageNumber="485">
|
||
<emphasis id="E0B5EAF4FF8B3D0681DEE2DF53D2FE02" box="[199,412,404,429]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="485">Foraging behavior</emphasis>
|
||
.—Species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="15C14D65FF8B3D068326E2DE508EFE02" box="[575,704,404,429]" class="Aves" family="Thamnophilidae" genus="Hylophylax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="16" pageNumber="485" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="E0B5EAF4FF8B3D068326E2DE508EFE02" box="[575,704,404,429]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="485">Hylophylax</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
often fly among vertical perches <
|
||
<quantity id="15399B03FF8B3D06857BE2DE56C1FE03" box="[1122,1167,404,428]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="16" pageNumber="485" unit="m" value="2.0">2 m</quantity>
|
||
from the ground while sallying to substrates, and they accompany mixed flocks or follow army ants regularly.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="15C14D65FF8B3D068578E2FD575AFE7F" box="[1121,1300,439,464]" class="Aves" family="Thamnophilidae" genus="Hypocnemoides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="16" pageNumber="485" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="E0B5EAF4FF8B3D068578E2FD575AFE7F" box="[1121,1300,439,464]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="485">Hypocnemoides</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species hop through branches and vines mostly <
|
||
<quantity id="15399B03FF8B3D06835CE296503CFE5B" box="[581,626,476,500]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="16" pageNumber="485" unit="m" value="2.0">2 m</quantity>
|
||
from the surface, often (but not always) over water, sally to substrates including water surfaces, and occasionally join mixed flocks or follow army ants.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="D27E36E6FF8B3D0681DEE16E5648FD2A" blockId="16.[151,1436,151,968]" pageId="16" pageNumber="485">
|
||
<emphasis id="E0B5EAF4FF8B3D0681DEE16E53ACFD93" box="[199,482,548,573]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="485">Tail and wing movements</emphasis>
|
||
.—
|
||
<taxonomicName id="15C14D65FF8B3D06831CE16E50C8FD92" box="[517,646,548,573]" class="Aves" family="Thamnophilidae" genus="Hylophylax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="16" pageNumber="485" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="E0B5EAF4FF8B3D06831CE16E50C8FD92" box="[517,646,548,573]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="485">Hylophylax</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species hold their tails below the plane of the body, flick them upward to just above plane of body, and then lower them slowly.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="15C14D65FF8B3D06823BE10D519BFDCF" box="[802,981,583,608]" class="Aves" family="Thamnophilidae" genus="Hypocnemoides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="16" pageNumber="485" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="E0B5EAF4FF8B3D06823BE10D519BFDCF" box="[802,981,583,608]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="485">Hypocnemoides</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species hold their tails up over plane of body, frequently flicking them up even higher while flicking wings constantly.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="D27E36E6FF8B3D0681DEE1DB52B4FCBA" blockId="16.[151,1436,151,968]" pageId="16" pageNumber="485">
|
||
<emphasis id="E0B5EAF4FF8B3D0681DEE1DB53C2FD07" box="[199,396,655,680]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="485">Nest architecture</emphasis>
|
||
.—
|
||
<taxonomicName id="15C14D65FF8B3D0680B7E1C55061FD07" box="[430,559,655,680]" class="Aves" family="Thamnophilidae" genus="Hylophylax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="16" pageNumber="485" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="E0B5EAF4FF8B3D0680B7E1C55061FD07" box="[430,559,655,680]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="485">Hylophylax</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
nests are hanging cups slung from between two horizontal branches or a branch fork close to ground (known for 2 spp.; recent addition: Greeney 2007). The nest of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="15C14D65FF8B3D0685F0E1FE57D2FD62" box="[1257,1436,692,717]" class="Aves" family="Thamnophilidae" genus="Hypocnemoides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="16" pageNumber="485" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="E0B5EAF4FF8B3D0685F0E1FE57D2FD62" box="[1257,1436,692,717]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="485">Hypocnemoides</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(known for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="15C14D65FF8B3D068005E19D53FAFD5F" box="[284,436,727,752]" class="Aves" family="Thamnophilidae" genus="Hypocnemoides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="16" pageNumber="485" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="melanopogon">
|
||
<emphasis id="E0B5EAF4FF8B3D068005E19D53FAFD5F" box="[284,436,727,752]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="485">melanopogon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) is a pouch with its entrance near the top, placed over water and slung from a variety of surfaces.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="9ADB656DFF8B3D0681DEE06B53DFFC67" pageId="16" pageNumber="485" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="D27E36E6FF8B3D0681DEE06B5719FCF2" blockId="16.[151,1436,151,968]" pageId="16" pageNumber="485">
|
||
<emphasis id="E0B5EAF4FF8B3D0681DEE06B530CFC97" box="[199,322,801,824]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="485">Discussion</emphasis>
|
||
.—These well-marked genera have not been associated historically. Their common heritage appears to be reflected only in similarities of morphometrics (other than bill shape) and aspects of foraging behavior.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="D27E36E6FF8B3D0681DEE02353DFFC67" blockId="16.[151,1436,151,968]" pageId="16" pageNumber="485">
|
||
<emphasis id="E0B5EAF4FF8B3D0681DEE0235055FC2F" box="[199,539,871,896]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="485">Taxonomic Recommendations</emphasis>
|
||
.—
|
||
<taxonomicName id="15C14D65FF8B3D068327E02D50F1FC2F" box="[574,703,871,896]" class="Aves" family="Thamnophilidae" genus="Hylophylax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="16" pageNumber="485" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="E0B5EAF4FF8B3D068327E02D50F1FC2F" box="[574,703,871,896]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="485">Hylophylax</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="15C14D65FF8B3D06821AE02D51F8FC2F" box="[771,950,871,896]" class="Aves" family="Thamnophilidae" genus="Hypocnemoides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="16" pageNumber="485" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="E0B5EAF4FF8B3D06821AE02D51F8FC2F" box="[771,950,871,896]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="485">Hypocnemoides</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
should be maintained as distinct genera based on differences in plumage, bill proportions, loudsongs, nests, and tail and wing movements, and supported by habitat differences.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |