424 lines
52 KiB
XML
424 lines
52 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="24D207FC5883088BF3F97FBDD3FD05E6">Cladistic analysis reveals polyphyly of Tomarus (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Dynastinae): new classification and taxonomic revision</mods:title>
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<heading id="71574F41FD60FFBEAFA61A23FD90BFEF" bold="true" box="[151,558,884,911]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" reason="4">
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<taxonomicName id="EDA083AEFD60FFBEAFA61A23FD90BFEF" authority="Erichson, 1847" authorityName="Erichson" authorityYear="1847" box="[151,558,884,911]" class="Insecta" family="Dynastidae" genus="Tomarus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="maimon">
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<emphasis id="18D4243FFD60FFBEAFA61A23FD90BFEF" bold="true" box="[151,558,884,911]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">
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<emphasis id="18D4243FFD60FFBEAFA61A23FED2BFEF" bold="true" box="[151,364,884,911]" italics="true" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">Tomarus maimon</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="4E3185DCFD60FFBEAE451A22FD90BFEF" author="Erichson, W. F." box="[372,558,884,910]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" pagination="67 - 185" refId="ref89876" refString="Erichson, W. F. (1847) Conspectus insectorum coleopterorum quae in Republica Peruana observata sunt. Archiv fur Naturgeschichte, 13, 67 - 185." type="journal article" year="1847">Erichson, 1847</bibRefCitation>
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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<paragraph id="2A1FF82DFD60FFBEAFA61ACEFDECBFD3" blockId="63.[151,594,884,947]" box="[151,594,920,947]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">
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(
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<figureCitation id="B29BE4A8FD60FFBEAFAE1ACEFF46BFD3" box="[159,248,920,946]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="81.[151,250,1535,1559]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,1511]" captionTargetId="figure-17@81.[151,1436,181,1511]" captionTargetPageId="81" captionText="FIGURE 1. Head. A) Euligyrus ebenus, B) Proculigyrus cicatricosus, C) Ligyrus (Ligyrodes) peruvianus, D) L. (Anagrylius) moroni, E) L. (Ligyrus) ruginasus, F) L. (Ligyrus) nasutus, G) L. (Ligyrus) bidentulus, H) Tomarus adoceteus, I) T. maimon, J) T. pullus, K) T. pumilus." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7345011" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7345011/files/figure.png" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">Figs. 1I</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="B29BE4A8FD60FFBEAE351ACEFEF9BFD2" box="[260,327,920,947]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="86.[151,250,1712,1736]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,1688]" captionTargetId="figure-24@86.[151,1436,181,1688]" captionTargetPageId="86" captionText="FIGURE 8. Stridulatory apparatus. A, D) Proculigyrus cicatricosus, B, E) Ligyrus (Ligyrus) burmeisteri, C, F) L. (Ligyrodes) relictus, G, K) Tomarus amazonicus, H, L) T. maimon, I, M) T. maternus, J, N) T. gyas." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7345035" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7345035/files/figure.png" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">8H, L</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="B29BE4A8FD60FFBEAE621ACEFEC5BFD3" box="[339,379,920,946]" captionStart="FIGURE 16" captionStartId="91.[151,250,1633,1657]" captionTargetBox="[151,1426,189,1602]" captionTargetId="figure-17@91.[151,1436,181,1610]" captionTargetPageId="91" captionText="FIGURE 16. Parameres in frontal view. A) Tomarus adoceteus, B) T. amazonicus, C) T. bituberculatus, D) T. colombianus, E) T. discrepans, F) T. gyas, G) T. laevicollis, H) T. laticaudus, I) T. maimon, J) T. maracaiboensis, K) T. maternus, L) T. pilcopataensis, M) T. pullus, N) T. pumilus, O) T. roigjunenti, P) T. rostratus, Q) T. selanderi, R) T. subtropicus." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7345065" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7345065/files/figure.png" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">16I</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="B29BE4A8FD60FFBEAEB61ACEFE10BFD3" box="[391,430,920,946]" captionStart="FIGURE 19" captionStartId="94.[151,250,1155,1179]" captionTargetBox="[157,1432,188,1128]" captionTargetId="figure-24@94.[152,1436,181,1131]" captionTargetPageId="94" captionText="FIGURE 19. Parameres in lateral view. A) Tomarus adoceteus, B) T. amazonicus, C) T. bituberculatus, D) T. colombianus, E) T. discrepans, F) T. gyas, G) T. laevicollis, H) T. laticaudus, I) T. maimon." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7345079" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7345079/files/figure.png" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">19I</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="B29BE4A8FD60FFBEAE8B1ACEFE53BFD3" box="[442,493,920,946]" captionStart="FIGURE 23" captionStartId="98.[151,250,1728,1752]" captionTargetBox="[161,1421,189,1693]" captionTargetId="figure-24@98.[151,1436,181,1704]" captionTargetPageId="98" captionText="FIGURE 23. Internal sac. A) Tomarus amazonicus, B) T. discrepans, C) T. laticaudus, D) T. maimon. Abbreviations: AL: Accessory lamellae, CL: Copulatory lamella, LSB: Lamellar spiny belt, Ra: Raspula, SD: Sclerotized diverticulum." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7345091" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7345091/files/figure.png" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">23D</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="B29BE4A8FD60FFBEAEC91ACEFD9FBFD3" box="[504,545,920,946]" captionStart="FIGURE 27" captionStartId="102.[151,250,1868,1892]" captionTargetBox="[158,1409,184,1839]" captionTargetId="figure-24@102.[151,1436,181,1844]" captionTargetPageId="102" captionText="FIGURE 27. Habitus of the species of Tomarus: A) Tomarus adoceteus, B) T. amazonicus, C) T. bituberculatus, D) T. colombianus, E) T. discrepans, F) T. gyas, G) T. laevicollis, H) T. laticaudus, I) T. maimon. Scale bar: 5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7345103" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7345103/files/figure.png" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">27I</figureCitation>
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;
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<figureCitation id="B29BE4A8FD60FFBEAD1D1ACEFDF7BFD3" box="[556,585,920,946]" captionStart="FIGURE 43" captionStartId="112.[151,250,1087,1111]" captionTargetBox="[198,1394,181,1055]" captionTargetId="figure-24@112.[194,1394,181,1062]" captionTargetPageId="112" captionText="FIGURE 43. Distributional records of Tomarus bituberculatus and T. maimon." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7345160" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7345160/files/figure.png" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">43</figureCitation>
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)
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="2A1FF82DFD60FFBEAFA61A88FCB5BF94" blockId="63.[151,1437,989,1423]" box="[151,779,989,1014]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">
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<treatmentCitation id="AB01DE3CFD60FFBEAFA61A88FDA5BF94" author="Erichson, W. F." box="[151,539,989,1014]" page="96" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" year="1847">
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<taxonomicName id="EDA083AEFD60FFBEAFA61A88FDA5BF94" authority="Erichson, 1847: 96" authorityName="Erichson" authorityPageNumber="96" authorityYear="1847" box="[151,539,989,1014]" class="Insecta" family="Dynastidae" genus="Tomarus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="maimon">
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<emphasis id="18D4243FFD60FFBEAFA61A88FEF4BF94" box="[151,330,990,1013]" italics="true" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">Tomarus maimon</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="4E3185DCFD60FFBEAE621A8BFDA5BF94" author="Erichson, W. F." box="[339,539,989,1014]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" pagination="67 - 185" refId="ref89876" refString="Erichson, W. F. (1847) Conspectus insectorum coleopterorum quae in Republica Peruana observata sunt. Archiv fur Naturgeschichte, 13, 67 - 185." type="journal article" year="1847">Erichson, 1847: 96</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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. Original combination.
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</treatmentCitationGroup>
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<subSubSection id="62BAABA6FD60FFBEAC221A8BFC0BB9EE" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="2A1FF82DFD60FFBEAC221A8BFE31B890" blockId="63.[151,1437,989,1423]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">
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Male
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<typeStatus id="F51B468FFD60FFBEAC611A8BFC13BF94" box="[848,941,989,1013]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" type="lectotype">lectotype</typeStatus>
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(ZMHB) “Hist-Coll (
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<taxonomicName id="EDA083AEFD60FFBEABA31A8BFABABF94" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[1170,1284,989,1013]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Coleoptera</taxonomicName>
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) / Nr. 27450 /
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<taxonomicName id="EDA083AEFD60FFBEAFF61AABFEA1B875" baseAuthorityName="sensu Moron & Grossi" baseAuthorityYear="2015" box="[199,287,1021,1044]" class="Insecta" family="Dynastidae" genus="Tomarus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Tomarus</taxonomicName>
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/
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<taxonomicName id="EDA083AEFD60FFBEAE081AABFE5EB874" authority="Erichs." authorityName="Erichson" authorityYear="1847" box="[313,480,1021,1045]" class="Insecta" family="Dynastidae" genus="Tomarus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="maimon">Maimon Erichs.</taxonomicName>
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/
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<collectingCountry id="52B7B8BDFD60FFBEAEC81AABFD94B875" box="[505,554,1021,1044]" name="Peru" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">Peru</collectingCountry>
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, v. Tschudi/Zool. Mus. Berlin //
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<typeStatus id="F51B468FFD60FFBEACB41AABFBB6B874" box="[901,1032,1021,1045]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" type="syntype">SYNTYPUS</typeStatus>
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/
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<taxonomicName id="EDA083AEFD60FFBEAB101AABFBC7B875" baseAuthorityName="sensu Moron & Grossi" baseAuthorityYear="2015" box="[1057,1145,1021,1044]" class="Insecta" family="Dynastidae" genus="Tomarus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Tomarus</taxonomicName>
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/
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<taxonomicName id="EDA083AEFD60FFBEABA21AABFA32B874" authority="Erichson, 1847" authorityName="Erichson" authorityYear="1847" box="[1171,1420,1021,1045]" class="Insecta" family="Dynastidae" genus="Tomarus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="maimon">
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maimon
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<bibRefCitation id="4E3185DCFD60FFBEABDE1AABFA32B874" author="Erichson, W. F." box="[1263,1420,1021,1045]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" pagination="67 - 185" refId="ref89876" refString="Erichson, W. F. (1847) Conspectus insectorum coleopterorum quae in Republica Peruana observata sunt. Archiv fur Naturgeschichte, 13, 67 - 185." type="journal article" year="1847">Erichson, 1847</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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/ labelled by MNHUB 2013 //
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<taxonomicName id="EDA083AEFD60FFBEAEC41D4BFDCEB854" baseAuthorityName="sensu Moron & Grossi" baseAuthorityYear="2015" box="[501,624,1053,1077]" class="Insecta" family="Dynastidae" genus="Tomarus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">TOMARUS</taxonomicName>
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/ MAIMON / ERICHSON /
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<typeStatus id="F51B468FFD60FFBEACAF1D4BFB90B854" box="[926,1070,1053,1077]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" type="lectotype">LECTOTYPE</typeStatus>
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||
/ B.C. Ratcliffe”,
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||
<emphasis id="18D4243FFD60FFBEABDD1D4BFA2BB855" bold="true" box="[1260,1429,1052,1077]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">here designated</emphasis>
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||
. Ratcliffe labeled the specimen but did not publish the
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<typeStatus id="F51B468FFD60FFBEADC81D6AFCE8B835" box="[761,854,1084,1108]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" type="lectotype">lectotype</typeStatus>
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designation. Female
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<typeStatus id="F51B468FFD60FFBEAB021D6AFB05B835" box="[1075,1211,1084,1108]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" type="paralectotype">paralectotype</typeStatus>
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(ZMHB) same labels as
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<typeStatus id="F51B468FFD60FFBEAFD21D0DFEFEB812" box="[227,320,1115,1139]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" type="lectotype">lectotype</typeStatus>
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except “
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<taxonomicName id="EDA083AEFD60FFBEAEA81D0DFDA9B812" baseAuthorityName="sensu Moron & Grossi" baseAuthorityYear="2015" box="[409,535,1115,1139]" class="Insecta" family="Dynastidae" genus="Tomarus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">TOMARUS</taxonomicName>
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/ MAIMON / ERICHSON / LECTOALLOTYPE / B. C. Ratcliffe”. Male
|
||
<typeStatus id="F51B468FFD60FFBEAA251D0DFA22B812" box="[1300,1436,1115,1139]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" type="paralectotype">paralectotype</typeStatus>
|
||
(ZMHB) same labels as
|
||
<typeStatus id="F51B468FFD60FFBEAEF31D2DFDA1B8F2" box="[450,543,1147,1171]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" type="lectotype">lectotype</typeStatus>
|
||
except “
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EDA083AEFD60FFBEAD491D2DFD48B8F2" baseAuthorityName="sensu Moron & Grossi" baseAuthorityYear="2015" box="[632,758,1147,1171]" class="Insecta" family="Dynastidae" genus="Tomarus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">TOMARUS</taxonomicName>
|
||
/ MAIMON / ERICHSON /
|
||
<typeStatus id="F51B468FFD60FFBEAB111D2DFB4CB8F2" box="[1056,1266,1147,1171]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" type="paralectotype">PARALECTOTYPE</typeStatus>
|
||
/ B. C.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4E3185DCFD60FFBEAA751D2DFF41B8D3" author="Ratcliffe, B. C." pageId="63" pageNumber="64" pagination="663 - 1680" refId="ref92690" refString="Ratcliffe, B. C. (2014) A new genus and species of Dynastinae (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) from the Galapagos Islands, Ecuador, other new species of Cyclocephalini, Pentodontini, and Phileurini from South America, and a revised key to the genera of New World Pentodontini. The Coleopterists Bulletin, 68, 663 - 1680. https: // doi. org / 10.1649 / 0010 - 065 X- 68.4.663" type="journal article" year="2014">Ratcliffe 2014</bibRefCitation>
|
||
”. Male
|
||
<typeStatus id="F51B468FFD60FFBEAE7C1DCCFE6BB8D3" box="[333,469,1178,1202]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" type="paralectotype">paralectotype</typeStatus>
|
||
(ZMHB) “Maimon / Er /
|
||
<collectingCountry id="52B7B8BDFD60FFBEADEF1DCDFCB2B8D3" box="[734,780,1179,1202]" name="Peru" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">Peru</collectingCountry>
|
||
v. Tschudi /
|
||
<collectingRegion id="E86436CFFD60FFBEACBF1DCCFC7DB8D3" box="[910,963,1178,1202]" country="Peru" name="Lima" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">Lima</collectingRegion>
|
||
//
|
||
<typeStatus id="F51B468FFD60FFBEACEE1DCCFBDCB8D3" box="[991,1122,1178,1202]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" type="syntype">SYNTYPUS</typeStatus>
|
||
/
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EDA083AEFD60FFBEAB471DCDFB70B8D3" baseAuthorityName="sensu Moron & Grossi" baseAuthorityYear="2015" box="[1142,1230,1179,1202]" class="Insecta" family="Dynastidae" genus="Tomarus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Tomarus</taxonomicName>
|
||
/
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EDA083AEFD60FFBEABD31DCCFF44B8B3" authority="Erichson, 1847" authorityName="Erichson" authorityYear="1847" class="Insecta" family="Dynastidae" genus="Tomarus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="maimon">
|
||
maimon
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4E3185DCFD60FFBEAA0D1DCCFF44B8B3" author="Erichson, W. F." pageId="63" pageNumber="64" pagination="67 - 185" refId="ref89876" refString="Erichson, W. F. (1847) Conspectus insectorum coleopterorum quae in Republica Peruana observata sunt. Archiv fur Naturgeschichte, 13, 67 - 185." type="journal article" year="1847">Erichson, 1847</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
/ labelled by MNHUB 2013 //
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EDA083AEFD60FFBEAD081DECFD0AB8B3" baseAuthorityName="sensu Moron & Grossi" baseAuthorityYear="2015" box="[569,692,1210,1234]" class="Insecta" family="Dynastidae" genus="Tomarus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">TOMARUS</taxonomicName>
|
||
/ MAIMON / ERICHSON /
|
||
<typeStatus id="F51B468FFD60FFBEACEC1DECFB11B8B3" box="[989,1199,1210,1234]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" type="paralectotype">PARALECTOTYPE</typeStatus>
|
||
/ B.C.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4E3185DCFD60FFBEABC81DECFA2EB8B3" author="Ratcliffe, B. C." box="[1273,1424,1210,1234]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" pagination="663 - 1680" refId="ref92690" refString="Ratcliffe, B. C. (2014) A new genus and species of Dynastinae (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) from the Galapagos Islands, Ecuador, other new species of Cyclocephalini, Pentodontini, and Phileurini from South America, and a revised key to the genera of New World Pentodontini. The Coleopterists Bulletin, 68, 663 - 1680. https: // doi. org / 10.1649 / 0010 - 065 X- 68.4.663" type="journal article" year="2014">Ratcliffe 2014</bibRefCitation>
|
||
”. Type locality:
|
||
<collectingCountry id="52B7B8BDFD60FFBEAE681D8CFE35B890" box="[345,395,1242,1265]" name="Peru" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">Peru</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="2A1FF82DFD60FFBEAFA61DAFFC0BB9EE" blockId="63.[151,1437,989,1423]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">
|
||
<treatmentCitationGroup id="0AB0DF03FD60FFBEAFA61DAFFC0BB9EE" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="AB01DE3CFD60FFBEAFA61DAFFDDBB970" author="Burmeister, H." box="[151,613,1273,1297]" page="101" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" year="1847">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EDA083AEFD60FFBEAFA61DAFFDDBB970" authority="Burmeister, 1847: 101" authorityName="Burmeister" authorityPageNumber="101" authorityYear="1847" box="[151,613,1273,1297]" class="Insecta" family="Dynastidae" genus="Heteronychus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fossator">
|
||
<emphasis id="18D4243FFD60FFBEAFA61DAFFEC5B970" box="[151,379,1273,1297]" italics="true" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">Heteronychus fossator</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4E3185DCFD60FFBEAEB11DAFFDDBB970" author="Burmeister, H." box="[384,613,1273,1297]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" refId="ref88626" refString="Burmeister, H. (1847) Handbuch der Entomologie. Coleoptera Lamellicornia, Xylophila et Pectinicornia. Band 5. Enslin, Berlin, viii + 584 pp." type="book" year="1847">Burmeister, 1847: 101</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
. Synonym. Female
|
||
<typeStatus id="F51B468FFD60FFBEAC1D1DAFFC37B970" box="[812,905,1273,1297]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" type="lectotype">lectotype</typeStatus>
|
||
designated by
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="AB01DE3CFD60FFBEAB111DAFFB64B970" author="Dupuis, F." box="[1056,1242,1273,1297]" page="31" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" year="2016">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4E3185DCFD60FFBEAB111DAFFB64B970" author="Dupuis, F." box="[1056,1242,1273,1297]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" pagination="30 - 37" refId="ref89642" refString="Dupuis, F. (2016) Tomarus maimon fossator Burmeister, 1847, nouvelle sous-spece du bouclier Guyanais (Coleoptera, Dynastidae). Coleopteres, 22 (4), 30 - 37." type="journal article" year="2016">Dupuis (2016: 31)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
(MLUH) “fossator / Dej. / Cayenne Buq // Pronotum + kopf fraglich //
|
||
<typeStatus id="F51B468FFD60FFBEADFF1C4FFC81B950" box="[718,831,1305,1329]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" type="lectotype">Lectotypus</typeStatus>
|
||
/
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EDA083AEFD60FFBEAC601C4EFC1EB951" authorityName="Casey" authorityYear="1915" box="[849,928,1304,1328]" class="Insecta" family="Dynastidae" genus="Ligyrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Ligyrus</taxonomicName>
|
||
/
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EDA083AEFD60FFBEAC821C4EFB53B951" authority="Burm." authorityName="Burmeister" authorityYear="1847" box="[947,1261,1304,1328]" class="Insecta" family="Dynastidae" genus="Heteronychus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fossator" subGenus="Heteronychus">(Heteronychus) fossator Burm.</taxonomicName>
|
||
/ Endrödy” Head and pronotum glued are a different species of another genus with rounded clypeus and bituberculate pronotum.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4E3185DCFD60FFBEAA621C6EFEB5B90E" author="Dupuis, F." pageId="63" pageNumber="64" pagination="30 - 37" refId="ref89642" refString="Dupuis, F. (2016) Tomarus maimon fossator Burmeister, 1847, nouvelle sous-spece du bouclier Guyanais (Coleoptera, Dynastidae). Coleopteres, 22 (4), 30 - 37." type="journal article" year="2016">Dupuis (2016)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
chose the abdomen as the
|
||
<typeStatus id="F51B468FFD60FFBEAD181C01FD37B90E" box="[553,649,1367,1391]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" type="lectotype">lectotype</typeStatus>
|
||
, which is valid based on Article 73.1.5 of the
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4E3185DCFD60FFBEAB411C01FDA6B9EE" author="International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" refId="ref90721" refString="International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature (1999) International Code of Zoological Nomenclature. 4 th Edition. International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature, London, 306 pp." type="book" year="1999">International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature (1999)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. Type locality: Cayenne,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="52B7B8BDFD60FFBEAC291C21FC0FB9EE" box="[792,945,1399,1423]" name="French Guiana" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">French Guiana</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="62BAABA6FD60FFC1AFA61CEBFE71BCB7" lastPageId="64" lastPageNumber="65" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="2A1FF82DFD60FFC1AFA61CEBFE71BCB7" blockId="63.[151,1437,1469,2011]" lastBlockId="64.[151,1437,150,1060]" lastPageId="64" lastPageNumber="65" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">
|
||
<emphasis id="18D4243FFD60FFBEAFA61CEBFE97B9B6" bold="true" box="[151,297,1469,1495]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">Description.</emphasis>
|
||
Habitus as in
|
||
<figureCitation id="B29BE4A8FD60FFBEAEF51CEBFDA0B9B9" box="[452,542,1469,1496]" captionStart="FIGURE 27" captionStartId="102.[151,250,1868,1892]" captionTargetBox="[158,1409,184,1839]" captionTargetId="figure-24@102.[151,1436,181,1844]" captionTargetPageId="102" captionText="FIGURE 27. Habitus of the species of Tomarus: A) Tomarus adoceteus, B) T. amazonicus, C) T. bituberculatus, D) T. colombianus, E) T. discrepans, F) T. gyas, G) T. laevicollis, H) T. laticaudus, I) T. maimon. Scale bar: 5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7345103" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7345103/files/figure.png" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">Fig. 27I</figureCitation>
|
||
. Length 21.9–28.0 mm; humeral width 11.0–
|
||
<quantity id="ED5855C8FD60FFBEAB231CEBFBC8B9B9" box="[1042,1142,1469,1496]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.35" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" unit="mm" value="13.5">13.5 mm</quantity>
|
||
. Color dark reddish brown to black.
|
||
<emphasis id="18D4243FFD60FFBEAFCF1CB4FEF9B99D" bold="true" box="[254,327,1506,1532]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">Head:</emphasis>
|
||
Frons and clypeus coarsely and densely rugose. Frontoclypeal region with 2 conical tubercles (
|
||
<figureCitation id="B29BE4A8FD60FFBEAA5E1CB4FF11BA40" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="81.[151,250,1535,1559]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,1511]" captionTargetId="figure-17@81.[151,1436,181,1511]" captionTargetPageId="81" captionText="FIGURE 1. Head. A) Euligyrus ebenus, B) Proculigyrus cicatricosus, C) Ligyrus (Ligyrodes) peruvianus, D) L. (Anagrylius) moroni, E) L. (Ligyrus) ruginasus, F) L. (Ligyrus) nasutus, G) L. (Ligyrus) bidentulus, H) Tomarus adoceteus, I) T. maimon, J) T. pullus, K) T. pumilus." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7345011" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7345011/files/figure.png" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">Fig. 1I</figureCitation>
|
||
), separated by about 4.5–5.0 tubercle diameters. Clypeus narrowed towards apex (
|
||
<figureCitation id="B29BE4A8FD60FFBEAB511F51FB13BA40" box="[1120,1197,1543,1569]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="81.[151,250,1535,1559]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,1511]" captionTargetId="figure-17@81.[151,1436,181,1511]" captionTargetPageId="81" captionText="FIGURE 1. Head. A) Euligyrus ebenus, B) Proculigyrus cicatricosus, C) Ligyrus (Ligyrodes) peruvianus, D) L. (Anagrylius) moroni, E) L. (Ligyrus) ruginasus, F) L. (Ligyrus) nasutus, G) L. (Ligyrus) bidentulus, H) Tomarus adoceteus, I) T. maimon, J) T. pullus, K) T. pumilus." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7345011" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7345011/files/figure.png" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">Fig. 1I</figureCitation>
|
||
), base 3 times wider than apex. Clypeal teeth triangular, separated by a tooth diameter. Mandible with 2 apical teeth and a lateral, narrowly rounded tooth. Mentum abruptly constricted at apical 3rd. Galea of maxilla with teeth 5 and 6 well developed. Interocular distance 3.5 times an eye width.
|
||
<emphasis id="18D4243FFD60FFBEAD4F1F20FCBEBAF1" bold="true" box="[638,768,1654,1680]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">Pronotum:</emphasis>
|
||
Surface with small punctures; denser and deeper on anterior and posterior angles. Apical tubercle prominent, rounded, slightly recurved. Subapical fovea deep, rounded, narrow (> 1/2 the interocular distance), equal in both sexes, surface transversely rugose.
|
||
<emphasis id="18D4243FFD60FFBEAB191FE9FB17BAB8" bold="true" box="[1064,1193,1727,1753]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">Scutellum:</emphasis>
|
||
Surface with minute, sparse punctures.
|
||
<emphasis id="18D4243FFD60FFBEAE6E1FB2FE0BBA9F" bold="true" box="[351,437,1764,1790]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">Elytra:</emphasis>
|
||
Punctures on first interval as large as those on other intervals. Inner surface of apex with rounded, large tubercles forming 30 diagonal parallel lines (
|
||
<figureCitation id="B29BE4A8FD60FFBEAC1D1E5FFC3CBB42" box="[812,898,1801,1827]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="86.[151,250,1712,1736]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,1688]" captionTargetId="figure-24@86.[151,1436,181,1688]" captionTargetPageId="86" captionText="FIGURE 8. Stridulatory apparatus. A, D) Proculigyrus cicatricosus, B, E) Ligyrus (Ligyrus) burmeisteri, C, F) L. (Ligyrodes) relictus, G, K) Tomarus amazonicus, H, L) T. maimon, I, M) T. maternus, J, N) T. gyas." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7345035" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7345035/files/figure.png" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">Fig. 8L</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<emphasis id="18D4243FFD60FFBEACA51E5EFBACBB43" bold="true" box="[916,1042,1800,1826]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">Abdomen:</emphasis>
|
||
Apex of tergite IV with a triangular wide area with large, rounded tubercles forming 14–15 parallel lines (
|
||
<figureCitation id="B29BE4A8FD60FFBEACA81E7BFC4CBB29" box="[921,1010,1837,1864]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="86.[151,250,1712,1736]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,1688]" captionTargetId="figure-24@86.[151,1436,181,1688]" captionTargetPageId="86" captionText="FIGURE 8. Stridulatory apparatus. A, D) Proculigyrus cicatricosus, B, E) Ligyrus (Ligyrus) burmeisteri, C, F) L. (Ligyrodes) relictus, G, K) Tomarus amazonicus, H, L) T. maimon, I, M) T. maternus, J, N) T. gyas." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7345035" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7345035/files/figure.png" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">Fig. 8H</figureCitation>
|
||
). Pygidium with dense rugosity on basal 3rd, apex rounded.
|
||
<emphasis id="18D4243FFD60FFBEAEA61E04FE4EBB0D" bold="true" box="[407,496,1874,1900]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">Venter:</emphasis>
|
||
Apex of prosternal process flat, longitudinally oval to subrectangular. Metasternum with short, sparse setae.
|
||
<emphasis id="18D4243FFD60FFBEAE9D1E21FE53BBF0" bold="true" box="[428,493,1911,1937]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">Legs:</emphasis>
|
||
Protibia tridentate, without basal denticle. Apex of metatibia crenulate, with 15–19 spinules.
|
||
<emphasis id="18D4243FFD60FFBEAE311ECAFE0DBBD7" bold="true" box="[256,435,1948,1974]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">Male genitalia:</emphasis>
|
||
Spiculum gastrale without basal plates. Phallobase 1.2 times longer than parameres. Parameres with 1 dorsal small tooth each side, rarely without teeth, apices widely dilated (
|
||
<figureCitation id="B29BE4A8FD60FFBEAB561E97FB71BBBA" box="[1127,1231,1985,2011]" captionStart="FIGURE 16" captionStartId="91.[151,250,1633,1657]" captionTargetBox="[151,1426,189,1602]" captionTargetId="figure-17@91.[151,1436,181,1610]" captionTargetPageId="91" captionText="FIGURE 16. Parameres in frontal view. A) Tomarus adoceteus, B) T. amazonicus, C) T. bituberculatus, D) T. colombianus, E) T. discrepans, F) T. gyas, G) T. laevicollis, H) T. laticaudus, I) T. maimon, J) T. maracaiboensis, K) T. maternus, L) T. pilcopataensis, M) T. pullus, N) T. pumilus, O) T. roigjunenti, P) T. rostratus, Q) T. selanderi, R) T. subtropicus." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7345065" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7345065/files/figure.png" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">Figs. 16I</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="B29BE4A8FD60FFBEABED1E97FABBBBBA" box="[1244,1285,1985,2011]" captionStart="FIGURE 19" captionStartId="94.[151,250,1155,1179]" captionTargetBox="[157,1432,188,1128]" captionTargetId="figure-24@94.[152,1436,181,1131]" captionTargetPageId="94" captionText="FIGURE 19. Parameres in lateral view. A) Tomarus adoceteus, B) T. amazonicus, C) T. bituberculatus, D) T. colombianus, E) T. discrepans, F) T. gyas, G) T. laevicollis, H) T. laticaudus, I) T. maimon." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7345079" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7345079/files/figure.png" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">19I</figureCitation>
|
||
). Internal sac with copulatory lamella and short lamellar spiny belt; with a complex of 5 spine-like accessory lamellae, with dense granules at base (
|
||
<figureCitation id="B29BE4A8FD1FFFC1AE6819EDFE7CBCB7" box="[345,450,187,214]" captionStart="FIGURE 23" captionStartId="98.[151,250,1728,1752]" captionTargetBox="[161,1421,189,1693]" captionTargetId="figure-24@98.[151,1436,181,1704]" captionTargetPageId="98" captionText="FIGURE 23. Internal sac. A) Tomarus amazonicus, B) T. discrepans, C) T. laticaudus, D) T. maimon. Abbreviations: AL: Accessory lamellae, CL: Copulatory lamella, LSB: Lamellar spiny belt, Ra: Raspula, SD: Sclerotized diverticulum." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7345091" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7345091/files/figure.png" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">Fig. 23D</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="62BAABA6FD1FFFC1AFF619B6FB94BD08" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" type="diagnosis">
|
||
<paragraph id="2A1FF82DFD1FFFC1AFF619B6FB94BD08" blockId="64.[151,1437,150,1060]" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">
|
||
<emphasis id="18D4243FFD1FFFC1AFF619B6FEFCBC9B" bold="true" box="[199,322,224,250]" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EDA083AEFD1FFFC1AE7919B7FDB7BC9B" authorityName="Erichson" authorityYear="1847" box="[328,521,225,250]" class="Insecta" family="Dynastidae" genus="Tomarus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="maimon">
|
||
<emphasis id="18D4243FFD1FFFC1AE7919B7FDB7BC9B" box="[328,521,225,250]" italics="true" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">Tomarus maimon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
can be differentiated by the following character combination: frontoclypeal tubercles conical (
|
||
<figureCitation id="B29BE4A8FD1FFFC1AE161853FECCBD7E" box="[295,370,261,287]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="81.[151,250,1535,1559]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,1511]" captionTargetId="figure-17@81.[151,1436,181,1511]" captionTargetPageId="81" captionText="FIGURE 1. Head. A) Euligyrus ebenus, B) Proculigyrus cicatricosus, C) Ligyrus (Ligyrodes) peruvianus, D) L. (Anagrylius) moroni, E) L. (Ligyrus) ruginasus, F) L. (Ligyrus) nasutus, G) L. (Ligyrus) bidentulus, H) Tomarus adoceteus, I) T. maimon, J) T. pullus, K) T. pumilus." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7345011" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7345011/files/figure.png" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">Fig. 1I</figureCitation>
|
||
); pronotal tubercle acute and prominent; pronotal fovea transversely oval (as wide as interocular distance); protibia tridentate, without basal denticle; apex of metatibia with 15–19 spinules; parameres with 1 dorsal small tooth each side, rarely without teeth; apices roundly dilated (
|
||
<figureCitation id="B29BE4A8FD1FFFC1ACB01819FC56BD08" box="[897,1000,335,361]" captionStart="FIGURE 16" captionStartId="91.[151,250,1633,1657]" captionTargetBox="[151,1426,189,1602]" captionTargetId="figure-17@91.[151,1436,181,1610]" captionTargetPageId="91" captionText="FIGURE 16. Parameres in frontal view. A) Tomarus adoceteus, B) T. amazonicus, C) T. bituberculatus, D) T. colombianus, E) T. discrepans, F) T. gyas, G) T. laevicollis, H) T. laticaudus, I) T. maimon, J) T. maracaiboensis, K) T. maternus, L) T. pilcopataensis, M) T. pullus, N) T. pumilus, O) T. roigjunenti, P) T. rostratus, Q) T. selanderi, R) T. subtropicus." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7345065" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7345065/files/figure.png" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">Figs. 16I</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="B29BE4A8FD1FFFC1ACC51819FBA3BD08" box="[1012,1053,335,361]" captionStart="FIGURE 19" captionStartId="94.[151,250,1155,1179]" captionTargetBox="[157,1432,188,1128]" captionTargetId="figure-24@94.[152,1436,181,1131]" captionTargetPageId="94" captionText="FIGURE 19. Parameres in lateral view. A) Tomarus adoceteus, B) T. amazonicus, C) T. bituberculatus, D) T. colombianus, E) T. discrepans, F) T. gyas, G) T. laevicollis, H) T. laticaudus, I) T. maimon." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7345079" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7345079/files/figure.png" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">19I</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="62BAABA6FD1FFFC1AFF61825FE03B845" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph id="2A1FF82DFD1FFFC1AFF61825FC4FBDEC" blockId="64.[151,1437,150,1060]" box="[199,1009,371,398]" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">
|
||
<emphasis id="18D4243FFD1FFFC1AFF61825FEDFBDEC" bold="true" box="[199,353,371,397]" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">Distribution.</emphasis>
|
||
<collectingCountry id="52B7B8BDFD1FFFC1AE561825FE10BDEC" box="[359,430,371,397]" name="Brazil" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||
, French Guiana,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="52B7B8BDFD1FFFC1AD5C1822FD79BDEF" box="[621,711,372,398]" name="Guyana" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">Guyana</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="52B7B8BDFD1FFFC1ADE21825FCACBDEC" box="[723,786,371,397]" name="Chile" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">Chile</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="52B7B8BDFD1FFFC1AC2C1822FCEDBDEF" box="[797,851,372,398]" name="Peru" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">Peru</collectingCountry>
|
||
, and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="52B7B8BDFD1FFFC1ACBF1825FC53BDEC" box="[910,1005,371,397]" name="Ecuador" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">Ecuador</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="2A1FF82DFD1FFFC1AFF618CEFD7CBFF0" blockId="64.[151,1437,150,1060]" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">
|
||
<emphasis id="18D4243FFD1FFFC1AFF618CEFDB8BDD3" bold="true" box="[199,518,408,434]" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">
|
||
Locality records (
|
||
<figureCitation id="B29BE4A8FD1FFFC1AE9118CEFE47BDD3" box="[416,505,408,434]" captionStart="FIGURE 43" captionStartId="112.[151,250,1087,1111]" captionTargetBox="[198,1394,181,1055]" captionTargetId="figure-24@112.[194,1394,181,1062]" captionTargetPageId="112" captionText="FIGURE 43. Distributional records of Tomarus bituberculatus and T. maimon." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7345160" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7345160/files/figure.png" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">Fig. 43</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
195 examined specimens from IEXA, FSCA, MERKB, MN/UFRJ, SENASA, UNSM, USAAC, USNM, and ZMHB. Some records from CMNC and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4E3185DCFD1FFFC1ACF118EBFBD3BDB6" author="Endrodi, S." box="[960,1133,445,471]" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" pagination="1 - 145" refId="ref89768" refString="Endrodi, S. (1969) Monographie der Dynastinae. 4. Tribus: Pentodontini (Coleoptera, Lamellicornia). Entomologische Abhandlungen, 37, 1 - 145." type="journal article" year="1969">Endrödi (1969)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4E3185DCFD1FFFC1AB9418EBFAF2BDB6" author="Dupuis, F." box="[1189,1356,445,471]" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" pagination="30 - 37" refId="ref89642" refString="Dupuis, F. (2016) Tomarus maimon fossator Burmeister, 1847, nouvelle sous-spece du bouclier Guyanais (Coleoptera, Dynastidae). Coleopteres, 22 (4), 30 - 37." type="journal article" year="2016">Dupuis (2016)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="18D4243FFD1FFFC1AA6918EBFE7BBD9A" bold="true" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">
|
||
BRAZIL (5).
|
||
<collectingRegion id="E86436CFFD1FFFC1AFCA18B4FE2ABD9D" box="[251,404,482,508]" name="Mato Grosso" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">Mato Grosso</collectingRegion>
|
||
(2):
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Parque Nacional Xingú; Rosario Oeste.
|
||
<emphasis id="18D4243FFD1FFFC1ACBA18B7FC4BBD9A" bold="true" box="[907,1013,481,508]" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="E86436CFFD1FFFC1ACBA18B7FC7BBD9D" box="[907,965,481,508]" name="Para" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">Pará</collectingRegion>
|
||
(3):
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Carindé, Río Guripi; Utinga.
|
||
<emphasis id="18D4243FFD1FFFC1AA7318B4FE6CBE41" bold="true" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="52B7B8BDFD1FFFC1AA7318B4FA22BD9D" box="[1346,1436,482,508]" name="Chile" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">CHILE</collectingCountry>
|
||
(6).
|
||
<collectingRegion id="E86436CFFD1FFFC1AFF21B50FE1DBE41" box="[195,419,518,545]" country="Chile" name="Arica y Parinacota" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">Arica y Parinacota</collectingRegion>
|
||
(6):
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Arica; Valle de Azapa.
|
||
<emphasis id="18D4243FFD1FFFC1ADE71B50FB9FBE41" bold="true" box="[726,1057,518,544]" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="52B7B8BDFD1FFFC1ADE71B50FCDABE41" box="[726,868,518,544]" name="Ecuador" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">ECUADOR</collectingCountry>
|
||
(5).
|
||
<collectingRegion id="E86436CFFD1FFFC1ACA71B50FC4EBE41" box="[918,1008,518,544]" country="Ecuador" name="Guayas" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">Guayas</collectingRegion>
|
||
(1):
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Guayaquil.
|
||
<emphasis id="18D4243FFD1FFFC1AB991B50FA8BBE41" bold="true" box="[1192,1333,518,545]" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="E86436CFFD1FFFC1AB991B50FABBBE40" box="[1192,1285,518,545]" country="Ecuador" name="Manabi" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">Manabí</collectingRegion>
|
||
(2):
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Bahía de Caraquez; Manta.
|
||
<emphasis id="18D4243FFD1FFFC1AE541B7AFE40BE24" bold="true" box="[357,510,554,582]" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="E86436CFFD1FFFC1AE541B7AFE73BE24" box="[357,461,554,582]" country="Ecuador" name="Los Rios" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">Los Ríos</collectingRegion>
|
||
(2):
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<collectingRegion id="E86436CFFD1FFFC1AD341B7AFDD3BE27" box="[517,621,556,582]" inferredBySuffix="true" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">Los Ríos</collectingRegion>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="18D4243FFD1FFFC1AD461B7DFB8ABE24" bold="true" box="[631,1076,555,581]" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="52B7B8BDFD1FFFC1AD461B7DFCDBBE24" box="[631,869,555,581]" name="French Guiana" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">FRENCH GUIANA</collectingCountry>
|
||
(1).
|
||
<collectingRegion id="E86436CFFD1FFFC1ACAB1B7DFBBCBE24" box="[922,1026,555,581]" country="French Guiana" name="Cayenne" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">Cayenne</collectingRegion>
|
||
(1):
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Cayenne.
|
||
<emphasis id="18D4243FFD1FFFC1AB9A1B7DFEA0BE0B" bold="true" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="52B7B8BDFD1FFFC1AB9A1B7DFA9CBE24" box="[1195,1314,555,581]" name="Guyana" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">GUYANA</collectingCountry>
|
||
(1).
|
||
<collectingRegion id="E86436CFFD1FFFC1AA661B7DFF53BE0B" country="Guyana" name="Georgetown" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">Georgetown</collectingRegion>
|
||
(1):
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Georgetown.
|
||
<emphasis id="18D4243FFD1FFFC1AE8A1B06FD5FBE0B" bold="true" box="[443,737,592,618]" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="52B7B8BDFD1FFFC1AE8A1B06FDB9BE0B" box="[443,519,592,618]" name="Peru" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">PERU</collectingCountry>
|
||
(212).
|
||
<collectingRegion id="E86436CFFD1FFFC1AD691B06FD0FBE0B" box="[600,689,592,618]" country="Peru" name="Ancash" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">Ancash</collectingRegion>
|
||
(1):
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Santa, Moro.
|
||
<emphasis id="18D4243FFD1FFFC1AC4C1B06FBA1BE0B" bold="true" box="[893,1055,592,618]" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="E86436CFFD1FFFC1AC4C1B06FC50BE0B" box="[893,1006,592,618]" country="Peru" name="Arequipa" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">Arequipa</collectingRegion>
|
||
(1):
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Camaná, Quilca.
|
||
<emphasis id="18D4243FFD1FFFC1ABD61B06FA23BE0B" bold="true" box="[1255,1437,592,618]" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="E86436CFFD1FFFC1ABD61B06FAD2BE0B" box="[1255,1388,592,618]" country="Peru" name="Cajamarca" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">Cajamarca</collectingRegion>
|
||
(1):
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Baños del Inca.
|
||
<emphasis id="18D4243FFD1FFFC1AE7E1B23FE0BBEEE" bold="true" box="[335,437,629,655]" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="E86436CFFD1FFFC1AE7E1B23FECABEEE" box="[335,372,629,655]" country="Peru" name="Ica" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">Ica</collectingRegion>
|
||
(36):
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Chavín, Cerro Lindo; Chincha; Ica; Paracas, Santa Cruz; Topará; Villacurí.
|
||
<emphasis id="18D4243FFD1FFFC1AA261B22FA22BEEE" bold="true" box="[1303,1436,628,655]" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="E86436CFFD1FFFC1AA261B22FAE5BEEE" box="[1303,1371,628,655]" country="Peru" name="Junin" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">Junín</collectingRegion>
|
||
(12):
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Chanchamayo; La Merced; Pichanaqui; Satipo, Mazamari.
|
||
<emphasis id="18D4243FFD1FFFC1AC041BCCFBB6BED2" bold="true" box="[821,1032,665,692]" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="E86436CFFD1FFFC1AC041BCCFC76BED5" box="[821,968,666,692]" country="Peru" name="La Libertad" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">La Libertad</collectingRegion>
|
||
(15):
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Ascope, Chócope; Libertad; Pacasmayo; Trujillo; Virú.
|
||
<emphasis id="18D4243FFD1FFFC1AEB51BE9FDEEBEB9" bold="true" box="[388,592,702,729]" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="E86436CFFD1FFFC1AEB51BE9FD9EBEB8" box="[388,544,703,729]" country="Peru" name="Lambayeque" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">Lambayeque</collectingRegion>
|
||
(2):
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Chiclayo, Lambayeque.
|
||
<emphasis id="18D4243FFD1FFFC1AC561BE8FBBABEB9" bold="true" box="[871,1028,702,729]" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="E86436CFFD1FFFC1AC561BE8FC6ABEB8" box="[871,980,702,729]" country="Peru" name="Huanuco" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">Huánuco</collectingRegion>
|
||
(7):
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Aucayacu, Tingo María.
|
||
<emphasis id="18D4243FFD1FFFC1AA2F1BE8FA22BEB9" bold="true" box="[1310,1436,702,728]" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="E86436CFFD1FFFC1AA2F1BE8FAE0BEB9" box="[1310,1374,702,728]" country="Peru" name="Lima" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">Lima</collectingRegion>
|
||
(87):
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Canta, Santa Rosa de Quives; Cañete; Huaura, Lachay; Huaura, Sayán/Andahuasi; Huaral, Huando; Huarochirí, Matucana; Huarochirí, San Pedro de Casta; Huarochirí, Santa Eulalia; Lima, La Molina; Lurín; Quebrada Verde.
|
||
<emphasis id="18D4243FFD1FFFC1AFA61A7BFE99BF26" bold="true" box="[151,295,813,839]" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="E86436CFFD1FFFC1AFA61A7BFF59BF26" box="[151,231,813,839]" country="Peru" name="Loreto" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">Loreto</collectingRegion>
|
||
(11):
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Alto Amazonas, Yurimaguas; Yanamono.
|
||
<emphasis id="18D4243FFD1FFFC1AC381A7BFC05BF26" bold="true" box="[777,955,813,839]" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="E86436CFFD1FFFC1AC381A7BFC37BF26" box="[777,905,813,839]" country="Peru" name="Moquegua" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">Moquegua</collectingRegion>
|
||
(1):
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Ilo, Río Osmore.
|
||
<emphasis id="18D4243FFD1FFFC1ABBA1A7BFAB2BF26" bold="true" box="[1163,1292,813,839]" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="E86436CFFD1FFFC1ABBA1A7BFB70BF26" box="[1163,1230,813,839]" country="Peru" name="Piura" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">Piura</collectingRegion>
|
||
(11):
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Chira; Morropón, Chulucanas; Paita; Piura. Tambogrande/Progreso Bajo.
|
||
<emphasis id="18D4243FFD1FFFC1AC581A04FC5BBF0A" bold="true" box="[873,997,849,876]" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="E86436CFFD1FFFC1AC581A04FC0FBF0D" box="[873,945,850,876]" country="Peru" name="Tacna" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">Tacna</collectingRegion>
|
||
(6):
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Jorge Basadre, Locumba; Tacna.
|
||
<emphasis id="18D4243FFD1FFFC1AA5E1A04FEA0BFF1" bold="true" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="E86436CFFD1FFFC1AA5E1A04FF53BFF0" country="Peru" name="San Martin" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">San Martín</collectingRegion>
|
||
(1):
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Tocache.
|
||
<emphasis id="18D4243FFD1FFFC1AEBE1A20FD3EBFF1" bold="true" box="[399,640,886,913]" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">Imprecise data (20):</emphasis>
|
||
Peru.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="2A1FF82DFD1FFFC1AFF61ACAFE03B845" blockId="64.[151,1437,150,1060]" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">
|
||
<emphasis id="18D4243FFD1FFFC1AFF61ACAFE3BBFD4" bold="true" box="[199,389,923,950]" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">Natural history.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EDA083AEFD1FFFC1AEBD1ACAFDF0BFD4" authorityName="Erichson" authorityYear="1847" box="[396,590,924,949]" class="Insecta" family="Dynastidae" genus="Tomarus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="maimon">
|
||
<emphasis id="18D4243FFD1FFFC1AEBD1ACAFDF0BFD4" box="[396,590,924,949]" italics="true" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">Tomarus maimon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is a relative common species in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="52B7B8BDFD1FFFC1AC8A1ACAFC50BFD7" box="[955,1006,924,950]" name="Peru" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">Peru</collectingCountry>
|
||
where it is known as “gusano blanco” and has been cited as occasional pest of sugar cane feeding on roots and stumps (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4E3185DCFD1FFFC1AB131A96FB77BFBB" author="Carrasco, F." box="[1058,1225,960,986]" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" pagination="62 - 66" refId="ref88778" refString="Carrasco, F. (1967) Algunas plagas registradas en Cusco. Revista Peruana de Entomologia, 10, 62 - 66." type="journal article" year="1967">Carrasco 1967</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4E3185DCFD1FFFC1ABE21A96FF6DBF9E" author="Ayquipa, G. E. & Cueva, M. A." pageId="64" pageNumber="65" pagination="95 - 97" refId="ref88284" refString="Ayquipa, G. E. & Cueva, M. A. (1979) Nombres cientificos y comunes de los insectos que atacan a la cana de azucar en el Peru. Revista Peruana de Entomologia, 22, 95 - 97." type="journal article" year="1979">Ayquipa & Cueva 1979</bibRefCitation>
|
||
); it can also attack the roots of the sweet potato that is known as camote (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4E3185DCFD1FFFC1AB2C1AB3FAAABF9E" author="Daza, M. & Rincon, H." box="[1053,1300,997,1023]" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" refId="ref89351" refString="Daza, M. & Rincon, H. (1993) Perfil Tecnologico del Camote (Batata) en la Costa Central del Peru. Centro Internacional de la Papa, Lima, 38 pp." type="book" year="1993">Daza & Rincón 1993</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Adults are attracted to lights at night.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |