399 lines
47 KiB
XML
399 lines
47 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="350D221FE2AF5B888B5D6CBDEAE4CCAF">Cladistic analysis reveals polyphyly of Tomarus (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Dynastinae): new classification and taxonomic revision</mods:title>
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<taxonomicName id="EDA083AEFD1EFFC0AFA618A9FDA5BE79" authority="(Prell, 1937)" baseAuthorityName="Prell" baseAuthorityYear="1937" box="[151,539,510,537]" class="Insecta" family="Dynastidae" genus="Tomarus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="65" pageNumber="66" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="maternus">
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<emphasis id="18D4243FFD1EFFC0AFA618A9FEC5BE78" bold="true" box="[151,379,511,537]" italics="true" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">Tomarus maternus</emphasis>
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="4E3185DCFD1EFFC0AEBA18A8FDADBE79" author="Prell, H." box="[395,531,510,536]" pageId="65" pageNumber="66" pagination="89 - 90" refId="ref92338" refString="Prell, H. (1937) Beitrage zur Kenntnis der Dynastiden. XV. Neue Arten und Rassen. Entomologische Zeitschrift, 51, 89 - 90." type="journal article" year="1937">Prell, 1937</bibRefCitation>
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)
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(
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<figureCitation id="B29BE4A8FD1EFFC0AFAE1B75FEBABE5C" box="[159,260,547,573]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="83.[151,250,1872,1896]" captionTargetBox="[151,1437,1118,1848]" captionTargetId="figure-81@83.[151,1437,1118,1848]" captionTargetPageId="83" captionText="FIGURE 4. Maxilla. A) Euligyrus similis, B) Proculigyrus cicatricosus, C) Ligyrus (Ligyrodes) relictus, D) L. (Ligyrus) burmeisteri, E) L. (Ligyrus) villosus, F) Tomarus gyas, G) Tomarus maternus, H) T. selanderi, I) T. subtropicus." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7345023" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7345023/files/figure.png" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">Figs. 4G</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="B29BE4A8FD1EFFC0AE3E1B74FE8ABE5C" box="[271,308,546,573]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="84.[151,250,931,955]" captionTargetBox="[188,1400,181,907]" captionTargetId="figure-24@84.[188,1400,181,907]" captionTargetPageId="84" captionText="FIGURE 5. Mandible. A) Euligyrus similis, B) Proculigyrus cicatricosus, C) Ligyrus (Ligyrodes) relictus, D) L. (Ligyrus) burmeisteri, E) L. (Ligyrus) villosus, F) Tomarus rostratus, G) T. gyas, H) T. maternus." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7345025" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7345025/files/figure.png" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">5H</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="B29BE4A8FD1EFFC0AE0E1B75FEDEBE5C" box="[319,352,547,573]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="84.[151,250,1963,1987]" captionTargetBox="[185,1409,1024,1940]" captionTargetId="figure-74@84.[178,1409,1015,1940]" captionTargetPageId="84" captionText="FIGURE 6. Labrum. A) Ligyrus (Ligyrus) burmeisteri, B) L. (Ligyrus) villosus, C) Ligyrus (Ligyrodes) relictus, D) Tomarus gyas, E) T. maternus, F) T. selanderi, G) T. subtropicus." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7345029" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7345029/files/figure.png" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">6E</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="B29BE4A8FD1EFFC0AE5D1B75FE2EBE5C" box="[364,400,547,573]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="85.[151,250,1391,1415]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,184,1368]" captionTargetId="figure-17@85.[151,1436,181,1368]" captionTargetPageId="85" captionText="FIGURE 7. Left hindwing in ventral view. A, C) Euligyrus similis, B, D) Ligyrus (Anagrylius) cuniculus, E) L. (Ligyrus) burmeisteri, F) Tomarus gyas, G) T. maternus, H) T. rostratus." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7345031" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7345031/files/figure.png" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">7G</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="B29BE4A8FD1EFFC0AEAC1B75FE63BE5C" box="[413,477,547,573]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="86.[151,250,1712,1736]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,1688]" captionTargetId="figure-24@86.[151,1436,181,1688]" captionTargetPageId="86" captionText="FIGURE 8. Stridulatory apparatus. A, D) Proculigyrus cicatricosus, B, E) Ligyrus (Ligyrus) burmeisteri, C, F) L. (Ligyrodes) relictus, G, K) Tomarus amazonicus, H, L) T. maimon, I, M) T. maternus, J, N) T. gyas." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7345035" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7345035/files/figure.png" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">8I, M</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="B29BE4A8FD1EFFC0AED81B75FDAEBE5C" box="[489,528,547,573]" captionStart="FIGURE 13" captionStartId="89.[151,250,1041,1065]" captionTargetBox="[154,1432,183,1016]" captionTargetId="figure-17@89.[151,1436,181,1017]" captionTargetPageId="89" captionText="FIGURE 13. Female genital plates. A) Euligyrus ebenus, B) Proculigyrus cicatricosus, C) Ligyrus (Anagrylius) moroni, D) L. (Ligyrodes) sallaei, E) L. (Ligyrus) allonasutus, F) L. (Ligyrus) bidentulus, G) L. (Ligyrus) neglectus, H) Tomarus laticaudus, I) T. maternus, J) T. rostratus, K) T. subtropicus. Abbreviations: SCx: Subcoxite, Cx: Coxite." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7345057" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7345057/files/figure.png" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">13I</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="B29BE4A8FD1EFFC0AD2D1B75FDF1BE5C" box="[540,591,547,573]" captionStart="FIGURE 16" captionStartId="91.[151,250,1633,1657]" captionTargetBox="[151,1426,189,1602]" captionTargetId="figure-17@91.[151,1436,181,1610]" captionTargetPageId="91" captionText="FIGURE 16. Parameres in frontal view. A) Tomarus adoceteus, B) T. amazonicus, C) T. bituberculatus, D) T. colombianus, E) T. discrepans, F) T. gyas, G) T. laevicollis, H) T. laticaudus, I) T. maimon, J) T. maracaiboensis, K) T. maternus, L) T. pilcopataensis, M) T. pullus, N) T. pumilus, O) T. roigjunenti, P) T. rostratus, Q) T. selanderi, R) T. subtropicus." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7345065" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7345065/files/figure.png" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">16K</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="B29BE4A8FD1EFFC0AD6B1B75FD32BE5C" box="[602,652,547,573]" captionStart="FIGURE 20" captionStartId="95.[151,250,1225,1249]" captionTargetBox="[159,1435,191,1201]" captionTargetId="figure-17@95.[151,1436,181,1202]" captionTargetPageId="95" captionText="FIGURE 20. Parameres in lateral view. A) Tomarus maracaiboensis, B) T. maternus, C) T. pilcopataensis, D) T. pullus, E) T. pumilus, F) T. roigjunenti, G) T. rostratus, H) T. selanderi, I) T. subtropicus." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7345083" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7345083/files/figure.png" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">20B</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="B29BE4A8FD1EFFC0ADA61B75FD76BE5C" box="[663,712,547,573]" captionStart="FIGURE 22" captionStartId="97.[151,250,1544,1568]" captionTargetBox="[159,1424,185,1501]" captionTargetId="figure-17@97.[151,1436,181,1520]" captionTargetPageId="97" captionText="FIGURE 22. Internal sac. A) Tomarus pullus, B) T. rostratus, C) T. maternus. Abbreviations: AL: Accessory lamellae, CL: Copulatory lamella, LSB: Lamellar spiny belt, Ra: Raspula, SD: Sclerotized diverticulum." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7345087" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7345087/files/figure.png" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">22C</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="B29BE4A8FD1EFFC0ADE51B75FCBBBE5C" box="[724,773,547,573]" captionStart="FIGURE 28" captionStartId="103.[151,250,1868,1892]" captionTargetBox="[159,1426,182,1839]" captionTargetId="figure-17@103.[151,1436,181,1844]" captionTargetPageId="103" captionText="FIGURE 28. Habitus of the species of Tomarus: A) Tomarus maracaiboensis, B) T. maternus, C) T. pilcopataensis, D) T. pullus, E) T. pumilus, F) T. roigjunenti, G) T. rostratus, H) T. selanderi, I) T. subtropicus. Scale bar: 5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7345107" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7345107/files/figure.png" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">28B</figureCitation>
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;
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<figureCitation id="B29BE4A8FD1EFFC0AC201B75FC90BE5C" box="[785,814,547,573]" captionStart="FIGURE 46" captionStartId="113.[151,250,2009,2033]" captionTargetBox="[214,1383,1125,1980]" captionTargetId="figure-31@113.[205,1383,1125,1985]" captionTargetPageId="113" captionText="FIGURE 46. Distributional records of Tomarus maternus." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7345172" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7345172/files/figure.png" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">46</figureCitation>
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)
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<taxonomicName id="EDA083AEFD1EFFC0AFA61B3EFE5FBE1E" authority="Prell 1937: 89" authorityName="Prell" authorityPageNumber="89" authorityYear="1937" box="[151,481,615,639]" class="Insecta" family="Dynastidae" genus="Ligyrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="65" pageNumber="66" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="maternus">
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<emphasis id="18D4243FFD1EFFC0AFA61B3EFEF7BE1E" box="[151,329,616,639]" italics="true" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">Ligyrus maternus</emphasis>
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. Original combination.
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Male
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designated by
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<treatmentCitation id="AB01DE3CFD1EFFC0AB311B31FB7FBE1E" author="Endrodi, S." box="[1024,1217,615,639]" page="70" pageId="65" pageNumber="66" year="1969">
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<bibRefCitation id="4E3185DCFD1EFFC0AB311B31FB7FBE1E" author="Endrodi, S." box="[1024,1217,615,639]" pageId="65" pageNumber="66" pagination="1 - 145" refId="ref89768" refString="Endrodi, S. (1969) Monographie der Dynastinae. 4. Tribus: Pentodontini (Coleoptera, Lamellicornia). Entomologische Abhandlungen, 37, 1 - 145." type="journal article" year="1969">Endrödi (1969: 70)</bibRefCitation>
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(ZMHB) “Gf.
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/ III.
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.
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|
||
//
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EDA083AEFD1EFFC0AEED1BD0FD8ABEFC" baseAuthorityName="sensu Moron & Grossi" baseAuthorityYear="2015" box="[476,564,646,669]" class="Insecta" family="Dynastidae" genus="Tomarus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="65" pageNumber="66" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Tomarus</taxonomicName>
|
||
/
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EDA083AEFD1EFFC0AD771BD0FD67BEFF" authority="Prell" authorityName="Prell" authorityYear="1937" box="[582,729,646,670]" class="Insecta" family="Dynastidae" genus="Ligyrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="65" pageNumber="66" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="maternus">maternus Prell</taxonomicName>
|
||
/
|
||
<specimenCount id="3CA633A4FD1EFFC0ADDB1BD0FD45BEFF" box="[746,763,646,670]" pageId="65" pageNumber="66" type="male">♂</specimenCount>
|
||
-Type //
|
||
<typeStatus id="F51B468FFD1EFFC0AC601BD0FC7CBEFF" box="[849,962,646,670]" pageId="65" pageNumber="66" type="lectotype">Lectotypus</typeStatus>
|
||
/
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EDA083AEFD1EFFC0ACE21BD0FB9CBEFF" authorityName="Casey" authorityYear="1915" box="[979,1058,646,670]" class="Insecta" family="Dynastidae" genus="Ligyrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="65" pageNumber="66" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Ligyrus</taxonomicName>
|
||
/ maternus / Prell / Endrody”. Female
|
||
<typeStatus id="F51B468FFD1EFFC0AFF61BF2FEF1BEDD" box="[199,335,676,700]" pageId="65" pageNumber="66" type="paralectotype">paralectotype</typeStatus>
|
||
(ZMHB) “Gf.
|
||
<collectingRegion id="E86436CFFD1EFFC0AED81BF2FDC1BEDD" box="[489,639,676,700]" country="Peru" name="Madre de Dios" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">Madre de Dios</collectingRegion>
|
||
/ III.
|
||
<collectingCountry id="52B7B8BDFD1EFFC0AD881BF3FD59BEDD" box="[697,743,677,700]" name="Peru" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">Peru</collectingCountry>
|
||
<specimenCount id="3CA633A4FD1EFFC0ADDC1BF2FC8ABEDD" box="[749,820,676,700]" pageId="65" pageNumber="66" type="generic">
|
||
<quantity id="ED5855C8FD1EFFC0ADDC1BF2FC8FBEDD" box="[749,817,676,700]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="65" pageNumber="66" unit="m" value="500.0">500 m</quantity>
|
||
.
|
||
</specimenCount>
|
||
//
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EDA083AEFD1EFFC0AC7F1BF3FC18BEDD" baseAuthorityName="sensu Moron & Grossi" baseAuthorityYear="2015" box="[846,934,677,700]" class="Insecta" family="Dynastidae" genus="Tomarus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="65" pageNumber="66" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Tomarus</taxonomicName>
|
||
/
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EDA083AEFD1EFFC0AC8B1BF3FBF3BEDD" authority="Prell" authorityName="Prell" authorityYear="1937" box="[954,1101,676,700]" class="Insecta" family="Dynastidae" genus="Ligyrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="65" pageNumber="66" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="maternus">maternus Prell</taxonomicName>
|
||
/
|
||
<specimenCount id="3CA633A4FD1EFFC0AB511BF3FBD3BEDC" box="[1120,1133,677,701]" pageId="65" pageNumber="66" type="female">♀</specimenCount>
|
||
-Type //
|
||
<typeStatus id="F51B468FFD1EFFC0ABF81BF3FA93BEDC" box="[1225,1325,677,701]" pageId="65" pageNumber="66" type="paratype">Paratypus</typeStatus>
|
||
/
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EDA083AEFD1EFFC0AA711BF2FA31BEDD" authorityName="Casey" authorityYear="1915" box="[1344,1423,676,700]" class="Insecta" family="Dynastidae" genus="Ligyrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="65" pageNumber="66" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Ligyrus</taxonomicName>
|
||
/ maternus / Prell” Type locality:
|
||
<collectingRegion id="E86436CFFD1EFFC0AD3A1B95FD1DBEBA" box="[523,675,707,731]" country="Peru" name="Madre de Dios" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">Madre de Dios</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="52B7B8BDFD1EFFC0AD9F1B92FD5EBEBA" box="[686,736,708,731]" name="Peru" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">Peru</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="2A1FF82DFD1EFFC0AFA61BB4FBF6BF79" blockId="65.[151,1437,615,793]" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">
|
||
<materialsCitation id="9AC8F270FD1EFFC0AFA61BB4FBFABF79" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3986696858" determinerName="Det. Lopez-Garcia M. M." location="Umbria" pageId="65" pageNumber="66" specimenCount="2" stateProvince="Umbria" typeStatus="paralectotype">
|
||
Male
|
||
<typeStatus id="F51B468FFD1EFFC0AFE31BB4FEE4BE9B" box="[210,346,738,762]" pageId="65" pageNumber="66" type="paralectotype">paralectotype</typeStatus>
|
||
“
|
||
<collectingRegion id="E86436CFFD1EFFC0AE581BB4FE07BE9B" box="[361,441,738,762]" country="Italy" name="Umbria" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">Umbria</collectingRegion>
|
||
/ Guines Fluss / Columbien //
|
||
<typeStatus id="F51B468FFD1EFFC0ADC11BB4FCEABE9B" box="[752,852,738,762]" pageId="65" pageNumber="66" type="paratype">Paratypus</typeStatus>
|
||
/ maternus / Prell //
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EDA083AEFD1EFFC0AB121BB4FB0EBE9B" box="[1059,1200,738,762]" class="Insecta" family="Dynastidae" genus="Tomarus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="65" pageNumber="66" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gyas">Tomarus gyas</taxonomicName>
|
||
/
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4E3185DCFD1EFFC0ABF51BB4FAE0BE9B" author="Erichson, W. F." box="[1220,1374,738,762]" pageId="65" pageNumber="66" pagination="1840 - 1844" refId="ref89905" refString="Erichson, W. F. (1848) Die Insekten. In: Schomburg, R. (Ed.), Reisen in British-Guiana in den Jahren 1840 - 1844. Vol. 3. J. J. Weber, Leipzig, pp. 553 - 617." type="book chapter" year="1848">Erichson, 1848</bibRefCitation>
|
||
/
|
||
<determinerName id="DFC314E9FD1EFFC0AA401BB4FE2DBF79" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">Det. López-García M.M.</determinerName>
|
||
2016” corresponds to a male of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EDA083AEFD1EFFC0ADED1A57FCD6BF79" box="[732,872,769,792]" class="Insecta" family="Dynastidae" genus="Tomarus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="65" pageNumber="66" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gyas">
|
||
<emphasis id="18D4243FFD1EFFC0ADED1A57FCD6BF79" box="[732,872,769,792]" italics="true" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">Tomarus gyas</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(aedeagus dissected)
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="62BAABA6FD1EFFC0AFA61A13FE73B9D7" pageId="65" pageNumber="66" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="2A1FF82DFD1EFFC0AFA61A13FE73B9D7" blockId="65.[151,1437,837,2031]" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">
|
||
<emphasis id="18D4243FFD1EFFC0AFA61A13FE97BF3E" bold="true" box="[151,297,837,863]" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">Description.</emphasis>
|
||
Habitus as in
|
||
<figureCitation id="B29BE4A8FD1EFFC0AEE71A13FD80BF3E" box="[470,574,837,863]" captionStart="FIGURE 28" captionStartId="103.[151,250,1868,1892]" captionTargetBox="[159,1426,182,1839]" captionTargetId="figure-17@103.[151,1436,181,1844]" captionTargetPageId="103" captionText="FIGURE 28. Habitus of the species of Tomarus: A) Tomarus maracaiboensis, B) T. maternus, C) T. pilcopataensis, D) T. pullus, E) T. pumilus, F) T. roigjunenti, G) T. rostratus, H) T. selanderi, I) T. subtropicus. Scale bar: 5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7345107" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7345107/files/figure.png" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">Fig. 28B</figureCitation>
|
||
. Length 24.0–25.0 mm; humeral width 12.0–
|
||
<quantity id="ED5855C8FD1EFFC0AB7C1A13FB08BF01" box="[1101,1206,837,864]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.25" pageId="65" pageNumber="66" unit="mm" value="12.5">12.5 mm</quantity>
|
||
. Color dark reddish brown to black.
|
||
<emphasis id="18D4243FFD1EFFC0AE7F1A3EFE29BFE3" bold="true" box="[334,407,872,898]" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">Head:</emphasis>
|
||
Frons coarsely rugose. Frontoclypeal region with 2 transverse tubercles separated by about 3.0–3.5 tubercle diameters. Clypeus narrowed towards apex, base 3 times wider than apex. Clypeal teeth triangular, separated by 1.0–1.5 tooth diameters. Mandible with 2 apical teeth and a lateral, slightly rounded tooth (
|
||
<figureCitation id="B29BE4A8FD1EFFC0AA051AF9FA2EBFA8" box="[1332,1424,942,969]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="84.[151,250,931,955]" captionTargetBox="[188,1400,181,907]" captionTargetId="figure-24@84.[188,1400,181,907]" captionTargetPageId="84" captionText="FIGURE 5. Mandible. A) Euligyrus similis, B) Proculigyrus cicatricosus, C) Ligyrus (Ligyrodes) relictus, D) L. (Ligyrus) burmeisteri, E) L. (Ligyrus) villosus, F) Tomarus rostratus, G) T. gyas, H) T. maternus." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7345025" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7345025/files/figure.png" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">Fig. 5H</figureCitation>
|
||
). Mentum abruptly constricted at apical 3rd. Galea of maxilla with teeth 5 and 6 well developed. Interocular distance 3.8 times an eye width.
|
||
<emphasis id="18D4243FFD1EFFC0AEAF1AA3FD9EB86E" bold="true" box="[414,544,1013,1039]" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">Pronotum:</emphasis>
|
||
Surface smooth on disc, with minute punctures on lateral margins. Apical tubercle small, rounded, not visible in lateral view. Fovea shallow, striate and about 1/2 as wide as interocular distance.
|
||
<emphasis id="18D4243FFD1EFFC0AFA61D6DFEA6B834" bold="true" box="[151,280,1083,1109]" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">Scutellum:</emphasis>
|
||
Surface with deep, small punctures forming 2 lines parallel to margins.
|
||
<emphasis id="18D4243FFD1EFFC0AB731D6AFB26B837" bold="true" box="[1090,1176,1084,1110]" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">Elytra:</emphasis>
|
||
First interval punctate, punctures smaller than on other intervals, sutural stria complete. Inner surface of apex with rounded, small tubercles not forming parallel lines (
|
||
<figureCitation id="B29BE4A8FD1EFFC0AE8E1DD4FDA3B8FD" box="[447,541,1154,1180]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="86.[151,250,1712,1736]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,1688]" captionTargetId="figure-24@86.[151,1436,181,1688]" captionTargetPageId="86" captionText="FIGURE 8. Stridulatory apparatus. A, D) Proculigyrus cicatricosus, B, E) Ligyrus (Ligyrus) burmeisteri, C, F) L. (Ligyrodes) relictus, G, K) Tomarus amazonicus, H, L) T. maimon, I, M) T. maternus, J, N) T. gyas." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7345035" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7345035/files/figure.png" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">Fig. 8M</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<emphasis id="18D4243FFD1EFFC0AD001DD4FD11B8FD" bold="true" box="[561,687,1154,1180]" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">Abdomen:</emphasis>
|
||
Apex of tergite IV with a triangular wide area with small and large, irregular tubercles not forming defined lines (
|
||
<figureCitation id="B29BE4A8FD1EFFC0AD901DF3FD4EB8DE" box="[673,752,1189,1215]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="86.[151,250,1712,1736]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,1688]" captionTargetId="figure-24@86.[151,1436,181,1688]" captionTargetPageId="86" captionText="FIGURE 8. Stridulatory apparatus. A, D) Proculigyrus cicatricosus, B, E) Ligyrus (Ligyrus) burmeisteri, C, F) L. (Ligyrodes) relictus, G, K) Tomarus amazonicus, H, L) T. maimon, I, M) T. maternus, J, N) T. gyas." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7345035" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7345035/files/figure.png" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">Fig. 8I</figureCitation>
|
||
). Pygidial surface rugose on basal 3rd and on lateral angles in male, nearly smooth in female; disc with minute punctures; apex regularly rounded.
|
||
<emphasis id="18D4243FFD1EFFC0AB5A1D9EFB7AB883" bold="true" box="[1131,1220,1224,1250]" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">Venter:</emphasis>
|
||
Apex of prosternal process flat, oval to rounded. Metasternum with minute setae.
|
||
<emphasis id="18D4243FFD1EFFC0AC511DBAFC1FB967" bold="true" box="[864,929,1260,1286]" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">Legs:</emphasis>
|
||
Protibia tridentate, rarely with an additional small, basal denticle. Metatibia with sides nearly parallel. Apex of metatibia crenulate, with 14–17 spinules.
|
||
<emphasis id="18D4243FFD1EFFC0AA511C59FEB9B92D" bold="true" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">Male genitalia:</emphasis>
|
||
Spiculum gastrale without basal plates. Phallobase 1.2 times longer than parameres. Parameres with 2 pairs of dorso-lateral teeth; the main teeth short, wide, acute; the secondary teeth rounded (
|
||
<figureCitation id="B29BE4A8FD1EFFC0ABB51C03FB48B90E" box="[1156,1270,1365,1391]" captionStart="FIGURE 16" captionStartId="91.[151,250,1633,1657]" captionTargetBox="[151,1426,189,1602]" captionTargetId="figure-17@91.[151,1436,181,1610]" captionTargetPageId="91" captionText="FIGURE 16. Parameres in frontal view. A) Tomarus adoceteus, B) T. amazonicus, C) T. bituberculatus, D) T. colombianus, E) T. discrepans, F) T. gyas, G) T. laevicollis, H) T. laticaudus, I) T. maimon, J) T. maracaiboensis, K) T. maternus, L) T. pilcopataensis, M) T. pullus, N) T. pumilus, O) T. roigjunenti, P) T. rostratus, Q) T. selanderi, R) T. subtropicus." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7345065" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7345065/files/figure.png" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">Figs. 16K</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="B29BE4A8FD1EFFC0AA311C03FA8DB90E" box="[1280,1331,1365,1391]" captionStart="FIGURE 20" captionStartId="95.[151,250,1225,1249]" captionTargetBox="[159,1435,191,1201]" captionTargetId="figure-17@95.[151,1436,181,1202]" captionTargetPageId="95" captionText="FIGURE 20. Parameres in lateral view. A) Tomarus maracaiboensis, B) T. maternus, C) T. pilcopataensis, D) T. pullus, E) T. pumilus, F) T. roigjunenti, G) T. rostratus, H) T. selanderi, I) T. subtropicus." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7345083" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7345083/files/figure.png" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">20B</figureCitation>
|
||
). Internal sac with copulatory lamella and short lamellar spiny belt; with a complex of 8 spine-like accessory lamellae, without granules at base (
|
||
<figureCitation id="B29BE4A8FD1EFFC0AE681CCDFE7FB9D7" box="[345,449,1435,1462]" captionStart="FIGURE 22" captionStartId="97.[151,250,1544,1568]" captionTargetBox="[159,1424,185,1501]" captionTargetId="figure-17@97.[151,1436,181,1520]" captionTargetPageId="97" captionText="FIGURE 22. Internal sac. A) Tomarus pullus, B) T. rostratus, C) T. maternus. Abbreviations: AL: Accessory lamellae, CL: Copulatory lamella, LSB: Lamellar spiny belt, Ra: Raspula, SD: Sclerotized diverticulum." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7345087" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7345087/files/figure.png" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">Fig. 22C</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="62BAABA6FD1EFFC0AFF61CE8FAF0BA07" pageId="65" pageNumber="66" type="diagnosis">
|
||
<paragraph id="2A1FF82DFD1EFFC0AFF61CE8FAF0BA07" blockId="65.[151,1437,837,2031]" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">
|
||
<emphasis id="18D4243FFD1EFFC0AFF61CE8FEFCB9B9" bold="true" box="[199,322,1470,1496]" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EDA083AEFD1EFFC0AE7B1CE9FDA5B9B9" baseAuthorityName="Prell" baseAuthorityYear="1937" box="[330,539,1471,1496]" class="Insecta" family="Dynastidae" genus="Tomarus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="65" pageNumber="66" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="maternus">
|
||
<emphasis id="18D4243FFD1EFFC0AE7B1CE9FDA5B9B9" box="[330,539,1471,1496]" italics="true" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">Tomarus maternus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
can be recognized by the nearly impunctate pronotum; small pronotal tubercle not visible in lateral view; pronotal fovea shallow and narrow (1/3 as wide as interocular distance); scutellum with deep, small punctures forming 2 lines parallel to margins; protibia tridentate; and apex of metatibia with 14–17 spinules; parameres with 2 pairs of dorsal lateral teeth, the main teeth short, wide, acute, and the secondary teeth rounded (
|
||
<figureCitation id="B29BE4A8FD1EFFC0AE331F1DFECBBA04" box="[258,373,1611,1637]" captionStart="FIGURE 16" captionStartId="91.[151,250,1633,1657]" captionTargetBox="[151,1426,189,1602]" captionTargetId="figure-17@91.[151,1436,181,1610]" captionTargetPageId="91" captionText="FIGURE 16. Parameres in frontal view. A) Tomarus adoceteus, B) T. amazonicus, C) T. bituberculatus, D) T. colombianus, E) T. discrepans, F) T. gyas, G) T. laevicollis, H) T. laticaudus, I) T. maimon, J) T. maracaiboensis, K) T. maternus, L) T. pilcopataensis, M) T. pullus, N) T. pumilus, O) T. roigjunenti, P) T. rostratus, Q) T. selanderi, R) T. subtropicus." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7345065" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7345065/files/figure.png" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">Figs. 16K</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="B29BE4A8FD1EFFC0AEB11F1AFE0CBA07" box="[384,434,1612,1638]" captionStart="FIGURE 20" captionStartId="95.[151,250,1225,1249]" captionTargetBox="[159,1435,191,1201]" captionTargetId="figure-17@95.[151,1436,181,1202]" captionTargetPageId="95" captionText="FIGURE 20. Parameres in lateral view. A) Tomarus maracaiboensis, B) T. maternus, C) T. pilcopataensis, D) T. pullus, E) T. pumilus, F) T. roigjunenti, G) T. rostratus, H) T. selanderi, I) T. subtropicus." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7345083" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7345083/files/figure.png" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">20B</figureCitation>
|
||
); spine-like accessory lamellae of internal sac without granules at base (
|
||
<figureCitation id="B29BE4A8FD1EFFC0ABEB1F1DFAFFBA07" box="[1242,1345,1611,1638]" captionStart="FIGURE 22" captionStartId="97.[151,250,1544,1568]" captionTargetBox="[159,1424,185,1501]" captionTargetId="figure-17@97.[151,1436,181,1520]" captionTargetPageId="97" captionText="FIGURE 22. Internal sac. A) Tomarus pullus, B) T. rostratus, C) T. maternus. Abbreviations: AL: Accessory lamellae, CL: Copulatory lamella, LSB: Lamellar spiny belt, Ra: Raspula, SD: Sclerotized diverticulum." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7345087" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7345087/files/figure.png" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">Fig. 22C</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="62BAABA6FD1EFFC3AFF61F38FE6ABCB5" lastPageId="66" lastPageNumber="67" pageId="65" pageNumber="66" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph id="2A1FF82DFD1EFFC0AFF61F38FB36BAE8" blockId="65.[151,1437,837,2031]" box="[199,1160,1646,1673]" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">
|
||
<emphasis id="18D4243FFD1EFFC0AFF61F38FEDFBAE9" bold="true" box="[199,353,1646,1672]" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">Distribution.</emphasis>
|
||
<collectingCountry id="52B7B8BDFD1EFFC0AE561F39FE02BAE8" box="[359,444,1647,1673]" name="Bolivia" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">Bolivia</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="52B7B8BDFD1EFFC0AEF91F39FE40BAE8" box="[456,510,1647,1673]" name="Peru" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">Peru</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="52B7B8BDFD1EFFC0AD381F39FDD6BAE8" box="[521,616,1647,1673]" name="Ecuador" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">Ecuador</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="52B7B8BDFD1EFFC0AD421F39FD5ABAE8" box="[627,740,1647,1673]" name="Colombia" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">Colombia</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="52B7B8BDFD1EFFC0ADDE1F39FCDBBAE8" box="[751,869,1647,1673]" name="Venezuela" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">Venezuela</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="52B7B8BDFD1EFFC0AC411F39FC72BAE8" box="[880,972,1647,1673]" name="Panama" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">Panama</collectingCountry>
|
||
, and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="52B7B8BDFD1EFFC0AB371F39FB3ABAE8" box="[1030,1156,1647,1673]" name="Costa Rica" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">Costa Rica</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="2A1FF82DFD1EFFC0AFF61FC4FBBABB8E" blockId="65.[151,1437,837,2031]" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">
|
||
<emphasis id="18D4243FFD1EFFC0AFF61FC4FDB8BACA" bold="true" box="[199,518,1681,1708]" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">
|
||
Locality records (
|
||
<figureCitation id="B29BE4A8FD1EFFC0AE911FC7FE47BACA" box="[416,505,1681,1707]" captionStart="FIGURE 46" captionStartId="113.[151,250,2009,2033]" captionTargetBox="[214,1383,1125,1980]" captionTargetId="figure-31@113.[205,1383,1125,1985]" captionTargetPageId="113" captionText="FIGURE 46. Distributional records of Tomarus maternus." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7345172" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7345172/files/figure.png" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">Fig. 46</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
82 examined specimens from FSCA, MERKB, UNSM, USAAC, USNM, and ZMHB. Some records from CMNC and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4E3185DCFD1EFFC0AD6E1FE3FCB3BAAE" author="Endrodi, S." box="[607,781,1717,1743]" pageId="65" pageNumber="66" pagination="1 - 145" refId="ref89768" refString="Endrodi, S. (1969) Monographie der Dynastinae. 4. Tribus: Pentodontini (Coleoptera, Lamellicornia). Entomologische Abhandlungen, 37, 1 - 145." type="journal article" year="1969">Endrödi (1969)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4E3185DCFD1EFFC0AC2B1FE3FC6EBAAE" author="Ratcliffe, B. C." box="[794,976,1717,1743]" pageId="65" pageNumber="66" pagination="1 - 506" refId="ref92614" refString="Ratcliffe, B. C. (2003) The dynastine scarab beetles of Costa Rica and Panama. Bulletin of the University of Nebraska State Museum, 16, 1 - 506." type="journal article" year="2003">Ratcliffe (2003)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4E3185DCFD1EFFC0AB3D1FE3FAA7BAAE" author="Escalona, H. E. & Joly, L. J." box="[1036,1305,1717,1743]" pageId="65" pageNumber="66" pagination="111 - 137" refId="ref89956" refString="Escalona, H. E. & Joly, L. J. (2006) El genero Ligyrus Burmeister, 1847 en Venezuela (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Dynastinae: Pentodontini). Boletin Sociedad Entomologica Aragonesa, 39, 111 - 137." type="journal article" year="2006">Escalona & Joly (2006)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="18D4243FFD1EFFC0AA151FE3FE80BA92" bold="true" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="52B7B8BDFD1EFFC0AA151FE3FA22BAAE" box="[1316,1436,1717,1743]" name="Bolivia" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">BOLIVIA</collectingCountry>
|
||
(10).
|
||
<collectingRegion id="E86436CFFD1EFFC0AFE41F8FFEB5BA92" box="[213,267,1753,1779]" country="Bolivia" name="Beni" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">Beni</collectingRegion>
|
||
(2):
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Rurrenabaque.
|
||
<emphasis id="18D4243FFD1EFFC0AEC51F8FFD7BBA92" bold="true" box="[500,709,1753,1779]" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="E86436CFFD1EFFC0AEC51F8FFD2DBA92" box="[500,659,1753,1779]" country="Bolivia" name="Cochabamba" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">Cochabamba</collectingRegion>
|
||
(4):
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Chaparé.
|
||
<emphasis id="18D4243FFD1EFFC0AC0B1F8FFC7FBA92" bold="true" box="[826,961,1753,1779]" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="E86436CFFD1EFFC0AC0B1F8FFC2EBA92" box="[826,912,1753,1779]" country="Bolivia" name="La Paz" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">La Paz</collectingRegion>
|
||
(2):
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Coroico, Guanay; Río Bopi.
|
||
<emphasis id="18D4243FFD1EFFC0AA221F8FFF7FBB76" bold="true" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="E86436CFFD1EFFC0AA221F8FFA23BA92" box="[1299,1437,1753,1779]" country="Bolivia" name="Santa Cruz" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">Santa Cruz</collectingRegion>
|
||
(2):
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Buena Vista.
|
||
<emphasis id="18D4243FFD1EFFC0AE571FABFD73BB76" bold="true" box="[358,717,1788,1815]" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="52B7B8BDFD1EFFC0AE571FABFDBDBB76" box="[358,515,1789,1815]" name="Colombia" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">COLOMBIA</collectingCountry>
|
||
(14).
|
||
<collectingRegion id="E86436CFFD1EFFC0AD7D1FAAFD26BB76" box="[588,664,1788,1815]" country="Colombia" name="Choco" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">Chocó</collectingRegion>
|
||
(1):
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Riosucio.
|
||
<emphasis id="18D4243FFD1EFFC0AC7A1FABFB8CBB76" bold="true" box="[843,1074,1789,1815]" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="E86436CFFD1EFFC0AC7A1FABFC41BB76" box="[843,1023,1789,1815]" country="Colombia" name="Cundinamarca" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">Cundinamarca</collectingRegion>
|
||
(2):
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
La Esperanza; Quetame.
|
||
<emphasis id="18D4243FFD1EFFC0AA6F1FABFF7FBB5A" bold="true" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="E86436CFFD1EFFC0AA6F1FABFA22BB76" box="[1374,1436,1789,1815]" country="Colombia" name="Meta" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">Meta</collectingRegion>
|
||
(8):
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Villavicencio.
|
||
<emphasis id="18D4243FFD1EFFC0AE5A1E77FDEBBB5A" bold="true" box="[363,597,1825,1851]" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="E86436CFFD1EFFC0AE5A1E77FD9ABB5A" box="[363,548,1825,1851]" country="Colombia" name="Valle del Cauca" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">Valle del Cauca</collectingRegion>
|
||
(3):
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Buenaventura; Calima; Dagua.
|
||
<emphasis id="18D4243FFD1EFFC0AC8C1E77FA86BB5A" bold="true" box="[957,1336,1824,1851]" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="52B7B8BDFD1EFFC0AC8C1E77FBD8BB5A" box="[957,1126,1825,1851]" name="Costa Rica" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">COSTA RICA</collectingCountry>
|
||
(12).
|
||
<collectingRegion id="E86436CFFD1EFFC0AB9B1E76FB47BB5A" box="[1194,1273,1824,1851]" country="Costa Rica" name="Limon" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">Limón</collectingRegion>
|
||
(12):
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Amubri; Hamburg Farm; Hitoy Cerere.
|
||
<emphasis id="18D4243FFD1EFFC0AECA1E13FCE1BB3E" bold="true" box="[507,863,1861,1887]" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="52B7B8BDFD1EFFC0AECA1E13FD37BB3E" box="[507,649,1861,1887]" name="Ecuador" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">ECUADOR</collectingCountry>
|
||
(27).
|
||
<collectingRegion id="E86436CFFD1EFFC0ADE01E13FC95BB3E" box="[721,811,1861,1887]" country="Ecuador" name="Guayas" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">Guayas</collectingRegion>
|
||
(1):
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Guayaquil.
|
||
<emphasis id="18D4243FFD1EFFC0ACDF1E13FBD1BB3E" bold="true" box="[1006,1135,1861,1887]" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="E86436CFFD1EFFC0ACDF1E13FB90BB3E" box="[1006,1070,1861,1887]" country="Ecuador" name="Napo" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">Napo</collectingRegion>
|
||
(12):
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Lago Agrio; Jatun Sacha; Misahualli; Puerto Agrio; Puerto Napo; Río Arajuno.
|
||
<emphasis id="18D4243FFD1EFFC0ADC91E3FFBB1BBE2" bold="true" box="[760,1039,1897,1923]" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="E86436CFFD1EFFC0ADC91E3FFC63BBE2" box="[760,989,1897,1923]" country="Ecuador" name="Zamora-Chinchipe" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">Zamora-Chinchipe</collectingRegion>
|
||
(3):
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Yantzaza.
|
||
<emphasis id="18D4243FFD1EFFC0ABBA1E3FFAD3BBE2" bold="true" box="[1163,1389,1897,1923]" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">Imprecise data (3).</emphasis>
|
||
Ecuador.
|
||
<emphasis id="18D4243FFD1EFFC0AFD41EDBFDA0BBC6" bold="true" box="[229,542,1933,1959]" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="52B7B8BDFD1EFFC0AFD41EDBFEE0BBC6" box="[229,350,1933,1959]" name="Panama" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">PANAMA</collectingCountry>
|
||
(1).
|
||
<collectingRegion id="E86436CFFD1EFFC0AEA91EDBFE54BBC6" box="[408,490,1933,1959]" country="Panama" name="Darien" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">Darien</collectingRegion>
|
||
(1):
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Cana.
|
||
<emphasis id="18D4243FFD1EFFC0AD411EDBFC14BBC6" bold="true" box="[624,938,1933,1959]" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="52B7B8BDFD1EFFC0AD411EDBFD02BBC6" box="[624,700,1933,1959]" name="Peru" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">PERU</collectingCountry>
|
||
(27).
|
||
<collectingRegion id="E86436CFFD1EFFC0AC321EDBFCC9BBC6" box="[771,887,1933,1959]" country="Peru" name="Ayacucho" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">Ayacucho</collectingRegion>
|
||
(2):
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
La Mar, Santa Rosa.
|
||
<emphasis id="18D4243FFD1EFFC0AB971EDBFA9ABBC6" bold="true" box="[1190,1316,1933,1959]" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="E86436CFFD1EFFC0AB971EDBFB4FBBC6" box="[1190,1265,1933,1959]" country="Peru" name="Cusco" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">Cuzco</collectingRegion>
|
||
(6):
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Pilcopata.
|
||
<emphasis id="18D4243FFD1EFFC0AFA61EE6FEFABBAA" bold="true" box="[151,324,1968,1995]" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="E86436CFFD1EFFC0AFA61EE6FEBABBAA" box="[151,260,1968,1995]" country="Peru" name="Huanuco" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">Huánuco</collectingRegion>
|
||
(13):
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Tingo María.
|
||
<emphasis id="18D4243FFD1EFFC0AED41EE7FD79BBAA" bold="true" box="[485,711,1969,1995]" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="E86436CFFD1EFFC0AED41EE7FD28BBAA" box="[485,662,1969,1995]" country="Peru" name="Madre de Dios" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">Madre de Dios</collectingRegion>
|
||
(4):
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Shintuya.
|
||
<emphasis id="18D4243FFD1EFFC0AC711EE7FC42BBAA" bold="true" box="[832,1020,1968,1995]" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="E86436CFFD1EFFC0AC711EE7FC75BBAA" box="[832,971,1968,1995]" country="Peru" name="San Martin" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">San Martín</collectingRegion>
|
||
(1):
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Huagalla.
|
||
<emphasis id="18D4243FFD1EFFC0AB461EE7FAE5BBAA" bold="true" box="[1143,1371,1969,1995]" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">Imprecise data (1):</emphasis>
|
||
Peru.
|
||
<emphasis id="18D4243FFD1EFFC0AFA61E83FD8CBB8E" bold="true" box="[151,562,2005,2031]" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="52B7B8BDFD1EFFC0AFA61E83FEFABB8E" box="[151,324,2005,2031]" name="Venezuela" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">VENEZUELA</collectingCountry>
|
||
(2).
|
||
<collectingRegion id="E86436CFFD1EFFC0AE4B1E83FDBFBB8E" box="[378,513,2005,2031]" country="Venezuela" name="Portuguesa" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">Portuguesa</collectingRegion>
|
||
(1):
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
San Nicolás.
|
||
<emphasis id="18D4243FFD1EFFC0ADFC1E82FCE0BB8E" bold="true" box="[717,862,2004,2031]" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="E86436CFFD1EFFC0ADFC1E82FC92BB8E" box="[717,812,2004,2031]" country="Venezuela" name="Tachira" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">Táchira</collectingRegion>
|
||
(1):
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
San Cristobal.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="2A1FF82DFD1DFFC3AFF619C0FE6ABCB5" blockId="66.[151,1436,150,213]" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">
|
||
<emphasis id="18D4243FFD1DFFC3AFF619C0FE38BCD1" bold="true" box="[199,390,150,176]" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">Natural history.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EDA083AEFD1DFFC3AEBC19C1FDE3BCD1" baseAuthorityName="Prell" baseAuthorityYear="1937" box="[397,605,151,176]" class="Insecta" family="Dynastidae" genus="Tomarus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="maternus">
|
||
<emphasis id="18D4243FFD1DFFC3AEBC19C1FDE3BCD1" box="[397,605,151,176]" italics="true" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">Tomarus maternus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is mainly found below
|
||
<quantity id="ED5855C8FD1DFFC3AC5819C0FC0EBCD0" box="[873,944,150,177]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.5" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" unit="m" value="450.0">450 m</quantity>
|
||
in tropical forests and near mangroves, and adults are attracted to lights.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |