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<mods:title id="FC0BC47EEC56B6EE150C411AB1BB6CAF">New species of the Scarabaeus subgenus Scarabaeolus Balthasar, with a review of the subgenus (Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae: Scarabaeini)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="3413A891D52AABFC6449EFBB4ABCA027">Zidek, Jiri</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="FE91823A7156CDD989B4A89E1029A810">Pokorný, Svatopluk</mods:namePart>
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Review of the Subgenus 
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<emphasis id="A4ABB343FFE6312B506FFAEDEF27FA83" bold="true" box="[597,820,1338,1367]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">Scarabaeolus</emphasis>
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The list below shows the species deemed by us to belong in the subgenus 
<taxonomicName id="51DF14D2FFE6312B564FFAB8E90BFA53" box="[1141,1304,1391,1415]" class="Trilobita" family="Styginidae" genus="Scutellum" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Corynexochida" pageId="12" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Scarabaeolus">
<emphasis id="A4ABB343FFE6312B564FFAB8E90BFA53" box="[1141,1304,1391,1415]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">Scarabaeolus</emphasis>
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, their 
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repositories, who first included them, and figures at the end of this paper. Bth = Balthasar, DD = Davis and Deschodt/Deschodt and Davis (in 
<bibRefCitation id="F24E12A0FFE6312B50A8FA67EF9EFA1C" author="Deschodt" box="[658,909,1456,1480]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Deschodt" pageId="12" pageNumber="11" pagination="505 - 527" refId="ref16590" refString="Deschodt, C. M., A. L. V. Davis, and C. H. Scholtz. 2015. Status changes, new synonymies, key and descriptions of seven new species in the subgenus Scarabaeus (Scarabaeolus) Balthasar 1965 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae). Zootaxa 3931 (4): 505 - 527." type="journal article" year="2015">Deschodt et al. 2015</bibRefCitation>
); [1] and [2] = numbers of mesotibial spurs; * = on permanent loan to TMSA. Full names of all authors appear in the following Species Accounts.
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<taxonomicName id="51DF14D2FFE6312B52FAF9D3ED68F9C8" ID-CoL="79VSN" authority="Wth." authorityName="Waterhouse" authorityYear="1890" box="[192,379,1540,1564]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Scarabaeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="anderseni">
<emphasis id="A4ABB343FFE6312B52FAF9D3ED2BF9C8" box="[192,312,1540,1564]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">anderseni</emphasis>
Wth.
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[2] BMNH 
<bibRefCitation id="F24E12A0FFE6312B5170F9D3E851F9C8" author="Deschodt" box="[842,1090,1540,1564]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Deschodt" pageId="12" pageNumber="11" pagination="505 - 527" refId="ref16590" refString="Deschodt, C. M., A. L. V. Davis, and C. H. Scholtz. 2015. Status changes, new synonymies, key and descriptions of seven new species in the subgenus Scarabaeus (Scarabaeolus) Balthasar 1965 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae). Zootaxa 3931 (4): 505 - 527." type="journal article" year="2015">Deschodt et al. 2015</bibRefCitation>
<figureCitation id="0EE473D4FFE6312B56A2F9D3E8E1F9C8" box="[1176,1266,1540,1564]" captionStart="Figures 72–80" captionStartId="34.[192,287,1821,1843]" captionTargetBox="[209,1440,219,1762]" captionTargetId="figure@34.[606,996,770,1212]" captionTargetPageId="34" captionText="Figures 72–80. Scarabaeus (Scarabaeolus) species with two mesotibial spurs. 72) S. anderseni Waterhouse, HTf, length 10.5 mm. 73) S. canaliculatus Fairmaire, m, 18 mm. 74) S. fritschi Harold, m, 19 mm. 75) S. damarensis Janssens, m, 13 mm. 76) S. gilleti Janssens, HTm, 14.5 mm. 77) S. kwiluensis Janssens, m, 15 mm. 78) S. gracai Ferreira, f, 11 mm. 79) S. kochi Ferreira, PTm, 12.5 mm. 80) S. pabulator Péringuey, m, 12 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3727007" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3727007/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">
<emphasis id="A4ABB343FFE6312B56A2F9D3E8E1F9C8" bold="true" box="[1176,1266,1540,1564]" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">Fig. 72</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="51DF14D2FFE6312B52FAF9F2ED38F9E9" ID-CoL="79W4N" authorityName="Zur Strassen" authorityYear="1963" box="[192,299,1573,1597]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Scarabaeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="andreaei">
<emphasis id="A4ABB343FFE6312B52FAF9F2ED38F9E9" box="[192,299,1573,1597]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">andreaei</emphasis>
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zur Str. [1] SAMC 
<bibRefCitation id="F24E12A0FFE6312B5170F9F1E851F9E9" author="Deschodt" box="[842,1090,1573,1598]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Deschodt" pageId="12" pageNumber="11" pagination="505 - 527" refId="ref16590" refString="Deschodt, C. M., A. L. V. Davis, and C. H. Scholtz. 2015. Status changes, new synonymies, key and descriptions of seven new species in the subgenus Scarabaeus (Scarabaeolus) Balthasar 1965 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae). Zootaxa 3931 (4): 505 - 527." type="journal article" year="2015">Deschodt et al. 2015</bibRefCitation>
</paragraph>
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<taxonomicName id="51DF14D2FFE6312B52FAF991ED64F98A" authority="Har." authorityName="Harold" authorityYear="1868" box="[192,375,1606,1630]" class="Trilobita" family="Styginidae" genus="Scutellum" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Corynexochida" pageId="12" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bohemani">
<emphasis id="A4ABB343FFE6312B52FAF991ED2BF98A" box="[192,312,1606,1630]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">bohemani</emphasis>
Har.
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[1] MNHN 
<bibRefCitation id="F24E12A0FFE6312B5170F990E851F98B" author="Deschodt" box="[842,1090,1607,1631]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Deschodt" pageId="12" pageNumber="11" pagination="505 - 527" refId="ref16590" refString="Deschodt, C. M., A. L. V. Davis, and C. H. Scholtz. 2015. Status changes, new synonymies, key and descriptions of seven new species in the subgenus Scarabaeus (Scarabaeolus) Balthasar 1965 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae). Zootaxa 3931 (4): 505 - 527." type="journal article" year="2015">Deschodt et al. 2015</bibRefCitation>
<figureCitation id="0EE473D4FFE6312B56A2F991E90DF98A" box="[1176,1310,1606,1630]" captionStart="Figures 39–46" captionStartId="30.[192,287,1819,1841]" captionTargetBox="[246,1451,274,1760]" captionTargetPageId="30" captionText="Figures 39–46. Scarabaeus (Scarabaeolus) spp. 39–42) Scarabaeus (Scarabaeolus) werneri sp. n., HTm, 9 mm. 39) Dorsal habitus. 40) Ventral habitus. 41) Aedeagus, dorsal. 42) Aedeagus, left lateral. 43–46) Scarabaeus (Scarabaeolus) bohemani Harold, 16 mm. 43) Dorsal habitus. 44) Ventral habitus. 45) Aedeagus, dorsal. 46) Aedeagus, left lateral." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3726999" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3726999/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">
<emphasis id="A4ABB343FFE6312B56A2F991E90DF98A" bold="true" box="[1176,1310,1606,1630]" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">Fig. 43–46</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
<paragraph id="96606F51FFE6312B52FAF9B0E958F9AB" blockId="12.[192,1357,1540,1929]" box="[192,1355,1639,1664]" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">
<taxonomicName id="51DF14D2FFE6312B52FAF9B0ED8DF9AB" ID-CoL="6Y84W" authority="Fm." authorityName="Fm." box="[192,414,1639,1663]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Scarabaeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="canaliculatus">
<emphasis id="A4ABB343FFE6312B52FAF9B0ED76F9AB" box="[192,357,1639,1663]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">canaliculatus</emphasis>
Fm.
</taxonomicName>
[2] MNHN 
<bibRefCitation id="F24E12A0FFE6312B5170F9BFEFE0F954" author="Ferreira" box="[842,1011,1640,1664]" firstAuthor="Ferreira" pageId="12" pageNumber="11" pagination="5 - 1088" refId="ref17184" refString="Ferreira, M. C. 1972. Os escarabideos de Africa (Sul do Saara), 1. Revista de Entomologia de Mocam- bique 11 (1968 - 1969): 5 - 1088." type="journal article" year="1972">Ferreira 1972</bibRefCitation>
<emphasis id="A4ABB343FFE6312B56A2F9B0E958F9AB" bold="true" box="[1176,1355,1639,1663]" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">
<figureCitation id="0EE473D4FFE6312B56A2F9B0E8E7F9AB" box="[1176,1268,1639,1663]" captionStart="Figures 72–80" captionStartId="34.[192,287,1821,1843]" captionTargetBox="[209,1440,219,1762]" captionTargetId="figure@34.[606,996,770,1212]" captionTargetPageId="34" captionText="Figures 72–80. Scarabaeus (Scarabaeolus) species with two mesotibial spurs. 72) S. anderseni Waterhouse, HTf, length 10.5 mm. 73) S. canaliculatus Fairmaire, m, 18 mm. 74) S. fritschi Harold, m, 19 mm. 75) S. damarensis Janssens, m, 13 mm. 76) S. gilleti Janssens, HTm, 14.5 mm. 77) S. kwiluensis Janssens, m, 15 mm. 78) S. gracai Ferreira, f, 11 mm. 79) S. kochi Ferreira, PTm, 12.5 mm. 80) S. pabulator Péringuey, m, 12 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3727007" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3727007/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">Fig. 73</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="0EE473D4FFE6312B573BF9B0E958F9AB" box="[1281,1355,1639,1663]" captionStart="Figures 88–104" captionStartId="36.[192,287,1762,1784]" captionTargetBox="[263,1414,235,1714]" captionTargetPageId="36" captionText="Figures 88–104. Scarabaeus (Scarabaeolus) aedeagi in dorsal and left lateral views. 88) S. palemo Olivier (Benin, from specimen in Fig. 69). 89) S. parvulus (Boheman). 90) S. karrooensis zur Strassen. 91) S. laevifrons Fairmaire. 92) S. reichei = S. canaliculatus (det. Ferreira). 93) S. canaliculatus Fairmaire. 94) S. fritschi Harold. 95) S. damarensis Janssens. 96) S. gilleti Janssens. 97) S. kwiluensis Janssens. 98) S. kochi Ferreira. 99) S. pabulator Péringuey. 100) S. intricatus (Fabricius). 101) S. lucidulus (Boheman). 102) S. funebris (Boheman). 103) S. clanceyi Ferreira. 104) S. inoportunus Ferreira." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3727011" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3727011/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">92–93</figureCitation>
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="96606F51FFE6312B52FAF95FE851F975" blockId="12.[192,1357,1540,1929]" box="[192,1090,1672,1697]" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">
<taxonomicName id="51DF14D2FFE6312B52FAF95FED5EF974" ID-CoL="6Y7TX" box="[192,333,1672,1696]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Scarabaeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="carniphilus">
<emphasis id="A4ABB343FFE6312B52FAF95FED5EF974" box="[192,333,1672,1696]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">carniphilus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
DD [2] TMSA 
<bibRefCitation id="F24E12A0FFE6312B5170F95EE851F975" author="Deschodt" box="[842,1090,1673,1697]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Deschodt" pageId="12" pageNumber="11" pagination="505 - 527" refId="ref16590" refString="Deschodt, C. M., A. L. V. Davis, and C. H. Scholtz. 2015. Status changes, new synonymies, key and descriptions of seven new species in the subgenus Scarabaeus (Scarabaeolus) Balthasar 1965 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae). Zootaxa 3931 (4): 505 - 527." type="journal article" year="2015">Deschodt et al. 2015</bibRefCitation>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="96606F51FFE6312B52FAF97DE93CF916" blockId="12.[192,1357,1540,1929]" box="[192,1327,1706,1730]" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">
<taxonomicName id="51DF14D2FFE6312B52FAF97DED48F915" ID-CoL="6XW7F" authority="Fer." authorityName="Fer." box="[192,347,1706,1730]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Scarabaeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="clanceyi">
<emphasis id="A4ABB343FFE6312B52FAF97DED31F916" box="[192,290,1706,1730]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">clanceyi</emphasis>
Fer.
</taxonomicName>
[1] DMSA 
<bibRefCitation id="F24E12A0FFE6312B5170F97DEFE0F916" author="Ferreira" box="[842,1011,1706,1730]" firstAuthor="Ferreira" pageId="12" pageNumber="11" pagination="5 - 1088" refId="ref17184" refString="Ferreira, M. C. 1972. Os escarabideos de Africa (Sul do Saara), 1. Revista de Entomologia de Mocam- bique 11 (1968 - 1969): 5 - 1088." type="journal article" year="1972">Ferreira 1972</bibRefCitation>
<emphasis id="A4ABB343FFE6312B56A2F97DE93CF916" bold="true" box="[1176,1327,1706,1730]" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">
<figureCitation id="0EE473D4FFE6312B56A2F97DE8E7F916" box="[1176,1268,1706,1730]" captionStart="Figures 63–71" captionStartId="33.[192,287,1790,1812]" captionTargetBox="[188,1440,210,1767]" captionTargetId="figure@33.[640,1002,724,1193]" captionTargetPageId="33" captionText="Figures 63–71. Scarabaeus (Scarabaeolus) species with one mesotibial spur. 63) S. funebris (Boheman), m, 17.5 mm. 64) S. parvulus (Boheman), m, 14 mm. 65) S. clanceyi Ferreira, m, 12.7 mm. 66) S. karrooensis zur Strassen, m, 13 mm. 67) S. obsoletepunctatus Balthasar, HTf, 14.5 mm. 68) Same, ventral view. 69) S. palemo Olivier, m, 14.5 mm (Benin, brownish because teneral). 70) S. morbillosus Fabricius, ST, 13.7 mm (= S. palemo Olivier). 71) Same, frontal view showing orangish profemoral pads." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3727005" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3727005/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">Fig. 65</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="0EE473D4FFE6312B573BF97DE93CF916" box="[1281,1327,1706,1730]" captionStart="Figures 88–104" captionStartId="36.[192,287,1762,1784]" captionTargetBox="[263,1414,235,1714]" captionTargetPageId="36" captionText="Figures 88–104. Scarabaeus (Scarabaeolus) aedeagi in dorsal and left lateral views. 88) S. palemo Olivier (Benin, from specimen in Fig. 69). 89) S. parvulus (Boheman). 90) S. karrooensis zur Strassen. 91) S. laevifrons Fairmaire. 92) S. reichei = S. canaliculatus (det. Ferreira). 93) S. canaliculatus Fairmaire. 94) S. fritschi Harold. 95) S. damarensis Janssens. 96) S. gilleti Janssens. 97) S. kwiluensis Janssens. 98) S. kochi Ferreira. 99) S. pabulator Péringuey. 100) S. intricatus (Fabricius). 101) S. lucidulus (Boheman). 102) S. funebris (Boheman). 103) S. clanceyi Ferreira. 104) S. inoportunus Ferreira." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3727011" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3727011/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">103</figureCitation>
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="96606F51FFE6312B52FAF91CE90DF937" blockId="12.[192,1357,1540,1929]" box="[192,1310,1739,1763]" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">
<taxonomicName id="51DF14D2FFE6312B52FAF91CED07F936" ID-CoL="6XVTX" authority="Zidek &amp; Pokorný, 2018" authorityName="Zidek &amp; Pokorný" authorityYear="2018" box="[192,276,1739,1762]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Scarabaeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cunene" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="A4ABB343FFE6312B52FAF91CED07F936" box="[192,276,1739,1762]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">cunene</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="A4ABB343FFE6312B5321F91CED71F937" bold="true" box="[283,354,1739,1763]" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="BF980E38FFE6312B5321F91CED71F937" box="[283,354,1739,1763]" pageId="12" pageNumber="11" rank="species">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
[2] TMSA this paper 
<figureCitation id="0EE473D4FFE6312B56A2F91CE90DF937" box="[1176,1310,1739,1763]" captionStart="Figures 33–38" captionStartId="29.[193,288,1877,1899]" captionTargetBox="[227,1431,261,1819]" captionTargetId="figure@29.[220,1434,259,1805]" captionTargetPageId="29" captionText="Figures 33–38. Scarabaeus (Scarabaeolus) cunene sp. n., HTm, 10 mm. 33) Dorsal habitus. 34) Ventral habitus. 35) Head leveled horizontal. 36) Locality label. 37) Aedeagus, dorsal. 38) Aedeagus, left lateral." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3726997" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3726997/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">
<emphasis id="A4ABB343FFE6312B56A2F91CE90DF937" bold="true" box="[1176,1310,1739,1763]" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">Fig. 33–38</emphasis>
</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="96606F51FFE6312B52FAF93BE90CF8D0" blockId="12.[192,1357,1540,1929]" box="[192,1311,1772,1796]" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">
<taxonomicName id="51DF14D2FFE6312B52FAF93BED6BF8D0" ID-CoL="6Y882" authority="Js." authorityName="Js." box="[192,376,1772,1796]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Scarabaeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="damarensis">
<emphasis id="A4ABB343FFE6312B52FAF93BED5DF8D0" box="[192,334,1772,1796]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">damarensis</emphasis>
Js.
</taxonomicName>
[2] MNHN 
<bibRefCitation id="F24E12A0FFE6312B5170F93BEFE0F8D0" author="Ferreira" box="[842,1011,1772,1796]" firstAuthor="Ferreira" pageId="12" pageNumber="11" pagination="5 - 1088" refId="ref17184" refString="Ferreira, M. C. 1972. Os escarabideos de Africa (Sul do Saara), 1. Revista de Entomologia de Mocam- bique 11 (1968 - 1969): 5 - 1088." type="journal article" year="1972">Ferreira 1972</bibRefCitation>
<emphasis id="A4ABB343FFE6312B56A2F93BE90CF8D0" bold="true" box="[1176,1311,1772,1796]" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">
<figureCitation id="0EE473D4FFE6312B56A2F93BE8E7F8D0" box="[1176,1268,1772,1796]" captionStart="Figures 72–80" captionStartId="34.[192,287,1821,1843]" captionTargetBox="[209,1440,219,1762]" captionTargetId="figure@34.[606,996,770,1212]" captionTargetPageId="34" captionText="Figures 72–80. Scarabaeus (Scarabaeolus) species with two mesotibial spurs. 72) S. anderseni Waterhouse, HTf, length 10.5 mm. 73) S. canaliculatus Fairmaire, m, 18 mm. 74) S. fritschi Harold, m, 19 mm. 75) S. damarensis Janssens, m, 13 mm. 76) S. gilleti Janssens, HTm, 14.5 mm. 77) S. kwiluensis Janssens, m, 15 mm. 78) S. gracai Ferreira, f, 11 mm. 79) S. kochi Ferreira, PTm, 12.5 mm. 80) S. pabulator Péringuey, m, 12 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3727007" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3727007/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">Fig. 75</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="0EE473D4FFE6312B573BF93BE90CF8D0" box="[1281,1311,1772,1796]" captionStart="Figures 88–104" captionStartId="36.[192,287,1762,1784]" captionTargetBox="[263,1414,235,1714]" captionTargetPageId="36" captionText="Figures 88–104. Scarabaeus (Scarabaeolus) aedeagi in dorsal and left lateral views. 88) S. palemo Olivier (Benin, from specimen in Fig. 69). 89) S. parvulus (Boheman). 90) S. karrooensis zur Strassen. 91) S. laevifrons Fairmaire. 92) S. reichei = S. canaliculatus (det. Ferreira). 93) S. canaliculatus Fairmaire. 94) S. fritschi Harold. 95) S. damarensis Janssens. 96) S. gilleti Janssens. 97) S. kwiluensis Janssens. 98) S. kochi Ferreira. 99) S. pabulator Péringuey. 100) S. intricatus (Fabricius). 101) S. lucidulus (Boheman). 102) S. funebris (Boheman). 103) S. clanceyi Ferreira. 104) S. inoportunus Ferreira." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3727011" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3727011/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">95</figureCitation>
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="96606F51FFE6312B52FAF8D9E851F8F1" blockId="12.[192,1357,1540,1929]" box="[192,1090,1805,1829]" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">
<taxonomicName id="51DF14D2FFE6312B52FAF8D9ED3CF8F1" ID-CoL="6XW5X" box="[192,303,1806,1829]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Scarabaeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ermienae">
<emphasis id="A4ABB343FFE6312B52FAF8D9ED3CF8F1" box="[192,303,1806,1829]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">ermienae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
DD [1] TMSA 
<bibRefCitation id="F24E12A0FFE6312B5170F8DAE851F8F1" author="Deschodt" box="[842,1090,1805,1829]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Deschodt" pageId="12" pageNumber="11" pagination="505 - 527" refId="ref16590" refString="Deschodt, C. M., A. L. V. Davis, and C. H. Scholtz. 2015. Status changes, new synonymies, key and descriptions of seven new species in the subgenus Scarabaeus (Scarabaeolus) Balthasar 1965 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae). Zootaxa 3931 (4): 505 - 527." type="journal article" year="2015">Deschodt et al. 2015</bibRefCitation>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="96606F51FFE6312B52FAF8F9E913F892" blockId="12.[192,1357,1540,1929]" box="[192,1280,1838,1862]" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">
<taxonomicName id="51DF14D2FFE6312B52FAF8F9ED82F892" authority="(Boh.)" baseAuthorityName="Boheman" baseAuthorityYear="1860" box="[192,401,1838,1862]" class="Trilobita" family="Styginidae" genus="Scutellum" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Corynexochida" pageId="12" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="flavicornis">
<emphasis id="A4ABB343FFE6312B52FAF8F9ED53F892" box="[192,320,1838,1862]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">flavicornis</emphasis>
(Boh.)
</taxonomicName>
[2] NHRS 
<bibRefCitation id="F24E12A0FFE6312B5170F8F9EFE0F892" author="Ferreira" box="[842,1011,1838,1862]" firstAuthor="Ferreira" pageId="12" pageNumber="11" pagination="5 - 1088" refId="ref17184" refString="Ferreira, M. C. 1972. Os escarabideos de Africa (Sul do Saara), 1. Revista de Entomologia de Mocam- bique 11 (1968 - 1969): 5 - 1088." type="journal article" year="1972">Ferreira 1972</bibRefCitation>
<figureCitation id="0EE473D4FFE6312B56A2F8F9E913F892" box="[1176,1280,1838,1862]" captionStart="Figures 1–8" captionStartId="25.[193,289,1848,1870]" captionTargetBox="[249,1383,287,1767]" captionTargetPageId="25" captionText="Figures 1–8. Scarabaeus (Scarabaeolus) spp. 1–4) Scarabaeus (Scarabaeolus) krugeri sp. n., HTm, 14 mm. 1) Dorsal habitus. 2) Ventral habitus. 3) Aedeagus, dorsal. 4) Aedeagus, left lateral. 5–8) Scarabaeus (Scarabaeolus) flavicornis (Boheman), 15 mm. 5) Dorsal habitus. 6) Ventral habitus. 7) Aedeagus, dorsal. 8) Aedeagus, left lateral." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3726989" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3726989/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">
<emphasis id="A4ABB343FFE6312B56A2F8F9E913F892" bold="true" box="[1176,1280,1838,1862]" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">Fig. 5–8</emphasis>
</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="96606F51FFE6312B52FAF898E90DF8B3" blockId="12.[192,1357,1540,1929]" box="[192,1310,1871,1895]" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">
<taxonomicName id="51DF14D2FFE6312B52FAF898ED0BF8B3" ID-CoL="6XW69" authority="Zidek &amp; Pokorný, 2018" authorityName="Zidek &amp; Pokorný" authorityYear="2018" box="[192,280,1871,1895]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Scarabaeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fragilis" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="A4ABB343FFE6312B52FAF898ED0BF8B3" box="[192,280,1871,1895]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">fragilis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="A4ABB343FFE6312B531AF898ED74F8B3" bold="true" box="[288,359,1871,1895]" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="BF980E38FFE6312B531AF898ED74F8B3" box="[288,359,1871,1895]" pageId="12" pageNumber="11" rank="species">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
[1] TMSA this paper 
<figureCitation id="0EE473D4FFE6312B56A2F898E90DF8B3" box="[1176,1310,1871,1895]" captionStart="Figures 25–32" captionStartId="28.[192,288,1819,1841]" captionTargetBox="[203,1440,296,1716]" captionTargetId="figure@28.[788,896,957,1008]" captionTargetPageId="28" captionText="Figures 25–32. Scarabaeus (Scarabaeolus) spp. 25–28) Scarabaeus (Scarabaeolus) fragilis sp. n., HTf, 12.5 mm. 25) Dorsal habitus. 26) Ventral habitus. 27) Head leveled horizontal. 28) Locality label. 29–32) Scarabaeus (Scarabaeolus) rugosipennis sp. n., HT, 12.5 mm. 29) Dorsal habitus. 30) Ventral habitus. 31) Head leveled horizontal. 32) Locality label." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3726995" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3726995/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">
<emphasis id="A4ABB343FFE6312B56A2F898E90DF8B3" bold="true" box="[1176,1310,1871,1895]" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">Fig. 25–28</emphasis>
</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="96606F51FFE6312A52FAF8A7E93CFF25" blockId="12.[192,1357,1540,1929]" lastBlockId="13.[192,1355,217,1168]" lastPageId="13" lastPageNumber="12" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">
<taxonomicName id="51DF14D2FFE6312B52FAF8A7ED44F85C" authority="Har." authorityName="Har." box="[192,343,1904,1928]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Scarabaeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fritschi">
<emphasis id="A4ABB343FFE6312B52FAF8A7ED04F85C" box="[192,279,1904,1928]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">fritschi</emphasis>
Har.
</taxonomicName>
[2] MNHN? 
<bibRefCitation id="F24E12A0FFE6312B5170F8A7E851F85C" author="Deschodt" box="[842,1090,1904,1928]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Deschodt" pageId="12" pageNumber="11" pagination="505 - 527" refId="ref16590" refString="Deschodt, C. M., A. L. V. Davis, and C. H. Scholtz. 2015. Status changes, new synonymies, key and descriptions of seven new species in the subgenus Scarabaeus (Scarabaeolus) Balthasar 1965 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae). Zootaxa 3931 (4): 505 - 527." type="journal article" year="2015">Deschodt et al. 2015</bibRefCitation>
<emphasis id="A4ABB343FFE6312B56A2F8A7E95EF85C" bold="true" box="[1176,1357,1904,1928]" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">
<figureCitation id="0EE473D4FFE6312B56A2F8A7E8E7F85C" box="[1176,1268,1904,1928]" captionStart="Figures 72–80" captionStartId="34.[192,287,1821,1843]" captionTargetBox="[209,1440,219,1762]" captionTargetId="figure@34.[606,996,770,1212]" captionTargetPageId="34" captionText="Figures 72–80. Scarabaeus (Scarabaeolus) species with two mesotibial spurs. 72) S. anderseni Waterhouse, HTf, length 10.5 mm. 73) S. canaliculatus Fairmaire, m, 18 mm. 74) S. fritschi Harold, m, 19 mm. 75) S. damarensis Janssens, m, 13 mm. 76) S. gilleti Janssens, HTm, 14.5 mm. 77) S. kwiluensis Janssens, m, 15 mm. 78) S. gracai Ferreira, f, 11 mm. 79) S. kochi Ferreira, PTm, 12.5 mm. 80) S. pabulator Péringuey, m, 12 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3727007" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3727007/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">Fig. 74</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="0EE473D4FFE6312B573BF8A7E932F85C" box="[1281,1313,1904,1928]" captionStart="Figures 81–87" captionStartId="35.[192,287,1819,1841]" captionTargetBox="[222,1414,278,1747]" captionTargetPageId="35" captionText="Figures 81–87. Scarabaeus (Scarabaeolus) species with two mesotibial spurs. 81) S. intricatus (Fabricius), m, 16.5 mm. 82) S. inoportunus Ferreira, m, 13.5 mm. 83) S. lucidulus (Boheman), m, 13.5 mm. 84) S. laevifrons Fairmaire, m, 11.5 mm. 85) S. reichei Waterhouse, HT, 18.5 mm. 86) S. reichei HT, detail of left elytron. 87) S. fritschi Harold, detail of left elytron (from specimen in Fig. 74)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3727009" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3727009/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">87</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="0EE473D4FFE6312B5715F8A7E95EF85C" box="[1327,1357,1904,1928]" captionStart="Figures 88–104" captionStartId="36.[192,287,1762,1784]" captionTargetBox="[263,1414,235,1714]" captionTargetPageId="36" captionText="Figures 88–104. Scarabaeus (Scarabaeolus) aedeagi in dorsal and left lateral views. 88) S. palemo Olivier (Benin, from specimen in Fig. 69). 89) S. parvulus (Boheman). 90) S. karrooensis zur Strassen. 91) S. laevifrons Fairmaire. 92) S. reichei = S. canaliculatus (det. Ferreira). 93) S. canaliculatus Fairmaire. 94) S. fritschi Harold. 95) S. damarensis Janssens. 96) S. gilleti Janssens. 97) S. kwiluensis Janssens. 98) S. kochi Ferreira. 99) S. pabulator Péringuey. 100) S. intricatus (Fabricius). 101) S. lucidulus (Boheman). 102) S. funebris (Boheman). 103) S. clanceyi Ferreira. 104) S. inoportunus Ferreira." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3727011" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3727011/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">94</figureCitation>
</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="51DF14D2FFE7312A52FAFF0EED65FF25" ID-CoL="5F2VY" authority="(Boh.)" baseAuthorityName="Boh." box="[192,374,217,241]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Scarabaeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="funebris">
<emphasis id="A4ABB343FFE7312A52FAFF0EED37FF25" box="[192,292,217,241]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">funebris</emphasis>
(Boh.)
</taxonomicName>
[1] NHRS this paper 
<emphasis id="A4ABB343FFE7312A56A2FF0EE93CFF25" bold="true" box="[1176,1327,217,241]" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">
<figureCitation id="0EE473D4FFE7312A56A2FF0EE8E7FF25" box="[1176,1268,217,241]" captionStart="Figures 63–71" captionStartId="33.[192,287,1790,1812]" captionTargetBox="[188,1440,210,1767]" captionTargetId="figure@33.[640,1002,724,1193]" captionTargetPageId="33" captionText="Figures 63–71. Scarabaeus (Scarabaeolus) species with one mesotibial spur. 63) S. funebris (Boheman), m, 17.5 mm. 64) S. parvulus (Boheman), m, 14 mm. 65) S. clanceyi Ferreira, m, 12.7 mm. 66) S. karrooensis zur Strassen, m, 13 mm. 67) S. obsoletepunctatus Balthasar, HTf, 14.5 mm. 68) Same, ventral view. 69) S. palemo Olivier, m, 14.5 mm (Benin, brownish because teneral). 70) S. morbillosus Fabricius, ST, 13.7 mm (= S. palemo Olivier). 71) Same, frontal view showing orangish profemoral pads." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3727005" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3727005/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">Fig. 63</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="0EE473D4FFE7312A573BFF0EE93CFF25" box="[1281,1327,217,241]" captionStart="Figures 88–104" captionStartId="36.[192,287,1762,1784]" captionTargetBox="[263,1414,235,1714]" captionTargetPageId="36" captionText="Figures 88–104. Scarabaeus (Scarabaeolus) aedeagi in dorsal and left lateral views. 88) S. palemo Olivier (Benin, from specimen in Fig. 69). 89) S. parvulus (Boheman). 90) S. karrooensis zur Strassen. 91) S. laevifrons Fairmaire. 92) S. reichei = S. canaliculatus (det. Ferreira). 93) S. canaliculatus Fairmaire. 94) S. fritschi Harold. 95) S. damarensis Janssens. 96) S. gilleti Janssens. 97) S. kwiluensis Janssens. 98) S. kochi Ferreira. 99) S. pabulator Péringuey. 100) S. intricatus (Fabricius). 101) S. lucidulus (Boheman). 102) S. funebris (Boheman). 103) S. clanceyi Ferreira. 104) S. inoportunus Ferreira." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3727011" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3727011/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">102</figureCitation>
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="96606F51FFE7312A52FAFF2DE90CFEC6" blockId="13.[192,1355,217,1168]" box="[192,1311,250,275]" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">
<taxonomicName id="51DF14D2FFE7312A52FAFF2DED22FEC6" ID-CoL="4V24K" authority="Js." authorityName="Js." box="[192,305,250,274]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Scarabaeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gilleti">
<emphasis id="A4ABB343FFE7312A52FAFF2DED14FEC6" box="[192,263,250,274]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">gilleti</emphasis>
Js.
</taxonomicName>
[2] ISNB 
<bibRefCitation id="F24E12A0FFE7312A5170FF2CEFE0FEC7" author="Ferreira" box="[842,1011,251,275]" firstAuthor="Ferreira" pageId="13" pageNumber="12" pagination="5 - 1088" refId="ref17184" refString="Ferreira, M. C. 1972. Os escarabideos de Africa (Sul do Saara), 1. Revista de Entomologia de Mocam- bique 11 (1968 - 1969): 5 - 1088." type="journal article" year="1972">Ferreira 1972</bibRefCitation>
<emphasis id="A4ABB343FFE7312A56A2FF2DE90CFEC6" bold="true" box="[1176,1311,250,274]" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">
<figureCitation id="0EE473D4FFE7312A56A2FF2DE8E7FEC6" box="[1176,1268,250,274]" captionStart="Figures 72–80" captionStartId="34.[192,287,1821,1843]" captionTargetBox="[209,1440,219,1762]" captionTargetId="figure@34.[606,996,770,1212]" captionTargetPageId="34" captionText="Figures 72–80. Scarabaeus (Scarabaeolus) species with two mesotibial spurs. 72) S. anderseni Waterhouse, HTf, length 10.5 mm. 73) S. canaliculatus Fairmaire, m, 18 mm. 74) S. fritschi Harold, m, 19 mm. 75) S. damarensis Janssens, m, 13 mm. 76) S. gilleti Janssens, HTm, 14.5 mm. 77) S. kwiluensis Janssens, m, 15 mm. 78) S. gracai Ferreira, f, 11 mm. 79) S. kochi Ferreira, PTm, 12.5 mm. 80) S. pabulator Péringuey, m, 12 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3727007" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3727007/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">Fig. 76</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="0EE473D4FFE7312A573BFF2DE90CFEC6" box="[1281,1311,250,274]" captionStart="Figures 88–104" captionStartId="36.[192,287,1762,1784]" captionTargetBox="[263,1414,235,1714]" captionTargetPageId="36" captionText="Figures 88–104. Scarabaeus (Scarabaeolus) aedeagi in dorsal and left lateral views. 88) S. palemo Olivier (Benin, from specimen in Fig. 69). 89) S. parvulus (Boheman). 90) S. karrooensis zur Strassen. 91) S. laevifrons Fairmaire. 92) S. reichei = S. canaliculatus (det. Ferreira). 93) S. canaliculatus Fairmaire. 94) S. fritschi Harold. 95) S. damarensis Janssens. 96) S. gilleti Janssens. 97) S. kwiluensis Janssens. 98) S. kochi Ferreira. 99) S. pabulator Péringuey. 100) S. intricatus (Fabricius). 101) S. lucidulus (Boheman). 102) S. funebris (Boheman). 103) S. clanceyi Ferreira. 104) S. inoportunus Ferreira." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3727011" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3727011/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">96</figureCitation>
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="96606F51FFE7312A52FAFECBE8E1FEE7" blockId="13.[192,1355,217,1168]" box="[192,1266,283,308]" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">
<taxonomicName id="51DF14D2FFE7312A52FAFECBED54FEE7" ID-CoL="4V24W" authority="Fer." authorityName="Ferreira" authorityYear="1952" box="[192,327,284,307]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Scarabaeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gracai">
<emphasis id="A4ABB343FFE7312A52FAFECBED1EFEE7" box="[192,269,284,307]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">gracai</emphasis>
Fer.
</taxonomicName>
[2] MHNM* 
<bibRefCitation id="F24E12A0FFE7312A5170FECBEFE0FEE0" author="Ferreira" box="[842,1011,284,308]" firstAuthor="Ferreira" pageId="13" pageNumber="12" pagination="5 - 1088" refId="ref17184" refString="Ferreira, M. C. 1972. Os escarabideos de Africa (Sul do Saara), 1. Revista de Entomologia de Mocam- bique 11 (1968 - 1969): 5 - 1088." type="journal article" year="1972">Ferreira 1972</bibRefCitation>
<figureCitation id="0EE473D4FFE7312A56A2FECCE8E1FEE7" box="[1176,1266,283,307]" captionStart="Figures 72–80" captionStartId="34.[192,287,1821,1843]" captionTargetBox="[209,1440,219,1762]" captionTargetId="figure@34.[606,996,770,1212]" captionTargetPageId="34" captionText="Figures 72–80. Scarabaeus (Scarabaeolus) species with two mesotibial spurs. 72) S. anderseni Waterhouse, HTf, length 10.5 mm. 73) S. canaliculatus Fairmaire, m, 18 mm. 74) S. fritschi Harold, m, 19 mm. 75) S. damarensis Janssens, m, 13 mm. 76) S. gilleti Janssens, HTm, 14.5 mm. 77) S. kwiluensis Janssens, m, 15 mm. 78) S. gracai Ferreira, f, 11 mm. 79) S. kochi Ferreira, PTm, 12.5 mm. 80) S. pabulator Péringuey, m, 12 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3727007" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3727007/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">
<emphasis id="A4ABB343FFE7312A56A2FECCE8E1FEE7" bold="true" box="[1176,1266,283,307]" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">Fig. 78</emphasis>
</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="96606F51FFE7312A52FAFEEAE93CFE80" blockId="13.[192,1355,217,1168]" box="[192,1327,316,341]" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">
<taxonomicName id="51DF14D2FFE7312A52FAFEEAED9DFE80" ID-CoL="4V26S" authority="Fer." authorityName="Fer." box="[192,398,317,340]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Scarabaeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="inoportunus">
<emphasis id="A4ABB343FFE7312A52FAFEEAED47FE80" box="[192,340,317,340]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">inoportunus</emphasis>
Fer.
</taxonomicName>
[2] TMSA 
<bibRefCitation id="F24E12A0FFE7312A5170FEEAEFE0FE81" author="Ferreira" box="[842,1011,317,341]" firstAuthor="Ferreira" pageId="13" pageNumber="12" pagination="5 - 1088" refId="ref17184" refString="Ferreira, M. C. 1972. Os escarabideos de Africa (Sul do Saara), 1. Revista de Entomologia de Mocam- bique 11 (1968 - 1969): 5 - 1088." type="journal article" year="1972">Ferreira 1972</bibRefCitation>
<emphasis id="A4ABB343FFE7312A56A2FEEBE93CFE80" bold="true" box="[1176,1327,316,340]" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">
<figureCitation id="0EE473D4FFE7312A56A2FEEBE8E7FE80" box="[1176,1268,316,340]" captionStart="Figures 81–87" captionStartId="35.[192,287,1819,1841]" captionTargetBox="[222,1414,278,1747]" captionTargetPageId="35" captionText="Figures 81–87. Scarabaeus (Scarabaeolus) species with two mesotibial spurs. 81) S. intricatus (Fabricius), m, 16.5 mm. 82) S. inoportunus Ferreira, m, 13.5 mm. 83) S. lucidulus (Boheman), m, 13.5 mm. 84) S. laevifrons Fairmaire, m, 11.5 mm. 85) S. reichei Waterhouse, HT, 18.5 mm. 86) S. reichei HT, detail of left elytron. 87) S. fritschi Harold, detail of left elytron (from specimen in Fig. 74)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3727009" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3727009/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">Fig. 82</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="0EE473D4FFE7312A573BFEEBE93CFE80" box="[1281,1327,316,340]" captionStart="Figures 88–104" captionStartId="36.[192,287,1762,1784]" captionTargetBox="[263,1414,235,1714]" captionTargetPageId="36" captionText="Figures 88–104. Scarabaeus (Scarabaeolus) aedeagi in dorsal and left lateral views. 88) S. palemo Olivier (Benin, from specimen in Fig. 69). 89) S. parvulus (Boheman). 90) S. karrooensis zur Strassen. 91) S. laevifrons Fairmaire. 92) S. reichei = S. canaliculatus (det. Ferreira). 93) S. canaliculatus Fairmaire. 94) S. fritschi Harold. 95) S. damarensis Janssens. 96) S. gilleti Janssens. 97) S. kwiluensis Janssens. 98) S. kochi Ferreira. 99) S. pabulator Péringuey. 100) S. intricatus (Fabricius). 101) S. lucidulus (Boheman). 102) S. funebris (Boheman). 103) S. clanceyi Ferreira. 104) S. inoportunus Ferreira." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3727011" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3727011/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">104</figureCitation>
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="96606F51FFE7312A52FAFE89EFE0FEA2" blockId="13.[192,1355,217,1168]" box="[192,1011,350,374]" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">
<taxonomicName id="51DF14D2FFE7312A52FAFE89ED67FEA2" ID-CoL="4V26V" authority="Per." authorityName="Peringuey" authorityYear="1908" box="[192,372,350,374]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Scarabaeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="inquisitus">
<emphasis id="A4ABB343FFE7312A52FAFE89ED28FEA1" box="[192,315,350,373]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">inquisitus</emphasis>
Pér.
</taxonomicName>
[2] SAMC 
<bibRefCitation id="F24E12A0FFE7312A5170FE89EFE0FEA2" author="Ferreira" box="[842,1011,350,374]" firstAuthor="Ferreira" pageId="13" pageNumber="12" pagination="5 - 1088" refId="ref17184" refString="Ferreira, M. C. 1972. Os escarabideos de Africa (Sul do Saara), 1. Revista de Entomologia de Mocam- bique 11 (1968 - 1969): 5 - 1088." type="journal article" year="1972">Ferreira 1972</bibRefCitation>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="96606F51FFE7312A52FAFEA8E93CFE43" blockId="13.[192,1355,217,1168]" box="[192,1327,383,407]" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">
<taxonomicName id="51DF14D2FFE7312A52FAFEA8ED94FE43" ID-CoL="J9HL" authority="(Fab.)" baseAuthorityName="Fab." box="[192,391,383,407]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Ateuchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="intricatus">
<emphasis id="A4ABB343FFE7312A52FAFEA8ED24FE42" box="[192,311,383,406]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">intricatus</emphasis>
(Fab.)
</taxonomicName>
[2] ZMUC 
<bibRefCitation id="F24E12A0FFE7312A5170FEA8EFE0FE43" author="Ferreira" box="[842,1011,383,407]" firstAuthor="Ferreira" pageId="13" pageNumber="12" pagination="5 - 1088" refId="ref17184" refString="Ferreira, M. C. 1972. Os escarabideos de Africa (Sul do Saara), 1. Revista de Entomologia de Mocam- bique 11 (1968 - 1969): 5 - 1088." type="journal article" year="1972">Ferreira 1972</bibRefCitation>
<emphasis id="A4ABB343FFE7312A56A2FEA8E93CFE43" bold="true" box="[1176,1327,383,407]" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">
<figureCitation id="0EE473D4FFE7312A56A2FEA8E8E0FE43" box="[1176,1267,383,407]" captionStart="Figures 81–87" captionStartId="35.[192,287,1819,1841]" captionTargetBox="[222,1414,278,1747]" captionTargetPageId="35" captionText="Figures 81–87. Scarabaeus (Scarabaeolus) species with two mesotibial spurs. 81) S. intricatus (Fabricius), m, 16.5 mm. 82) S. inoportunus Ferreira, m, 13.5 mm. 83) S. lucidulus (Boheman), m, 13.5 mm. 84) S. laevifrons Fairmaire, m, 11.5 mm. 85) S. reichei Waterhouse, HT, 18.5 mm. 86) S. reichei HT, detail of left elytron. 87) S. fritschi Harold, detail of left elytron (from specimen in Fig. 74)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3727009" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3727009/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">Fig. 81</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="0EE473D4FFE7312A573BFEA8E93CFE43" box="[1281,1327,383,407]" captionStart="Figures 88–104" captionStartId="36.[192,287,1762,1784]" captionTargetBox="[263,1414,235,1714]" captionTargetPageId="36" captionText="Figures 88–104. Scarabaeus (Scarabaeolus) aedeagi in dorsal and left lateral views. 88) S. palemo Olivier (Benin, from specimen in Fig. 69). 89) S. parvulus (Boheman). 90) S. karrooensis zur Strassen. 91) S. laevifrons Fairmaire. 92) S. reichei = S. canaliculatus (det. Ferreira). 93) S. canaliculatus Fairmaire. 94) S. fritschi Harold. 95) S. damarensis Janssens. 96) S. gilleti Janssens. 97) S. kwiluensis Janssens. 98) S. kochi Ferreira. 99) S. pabulator Péringuey. 100) S. intricatus (Fabricius). 101) S. lucidulus (Boheman). 102) S. funebris (Boheman). 103) S. clanceyi Ferreira. 104) S. inoportunus Ferreira." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3727011" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3727011/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">100</figureCitation>
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="96606F51FFE7312A52FAFE77E90CFE6C" blockId="13.[192,1355,217,1168]" box="[192,1311,416,440]" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">
<taxonomicName id="51DF14D2FFE7312A52FAFE77ED5FFE6C" ID-CoL="4V27S" authorityName="Zur Strassen" authorityYear="1961" box="[192,332,416,440]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Scarabaeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="karrooensis">
<emphasis id="A4ABB343FFE7312A52FAFE77ED5FFE6C" box="[192,332,416,440]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">karrooensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
zur Str. [1] NHMB 
<bibRefCitation id="F24E12A0FFE7312A5170FE77E851FE6C" author="Deschodt" box="[842,1090,416,440]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Deschodt" pageId="13" pageNumber="12" pagination="505 - 527" refId="ref16590" refString="Deschodt, C. M., A. L. V. Davis, and C. H. Scholtz. 2015. Status changes, new synonymies, key and descriptions of seven new species in the subgenus Scarabaeus (Scarabaeolus) Balthasar 1965 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae). Zootaxa 3931 (4): 505 - 527." type="journal article" year="2015">Deschodt et al. 2015</bibRefCitation>
<emphasis id="A4ABB343FFE7312A56A2FE77E90CFE6C" bold="true" box="[1176,1311,416,440]" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">
<figureCitation id="0EE473D4FFE7312A56A2FE77E8E7FE6C" box="[1176,1268,416,440]" captionStart="Figures 63–71" captionStartId="33.[192,287,1790,1812]" captionTargetBox="[188,1440,210,1767]" captionTargetId="figure@33.[640,1002,724,1193]" captionTargetPageId="33" captionText="Figures 63–71. Scarabaeus (Scarabaeolus) species with one mesotibial spur. 63) S. funebris (Boheman), m, 17.5 mm. 64) S. parvulus (Boheman), m, 14 mm. 65) S. clanceyi Ferreira, m, 12.7 mm. 66) S. karrooensis zur Strassen, m, 13 mm. 67) S. obsoletepunctatus Balthasar, HTf, 14.5 mm. 68) Same, ventral view. 69) S. palemo Olivier, m, 14.5 mm (Benin, brownish because teneral). 70) S. morbillosus Fabricius, ST, 13.7 mm (= S. palemo Olivier). 71) Same, frontal view showing orangish profemoral pads." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3727005" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3727005/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">Fig. 66</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="0EE473D4FFE7312A573BFE77E90CFE6C" box="[1281,1311,416,440]" captionStart="Figures 88–104" captionStartId="36.[192,287,1762,1784]" captionTargetBox="[263,1414,235,1714]" captionTargetPageId="36" captionText="Figures 88–104. Scarabaeus (Scarabaeolus) aedeagi in dorsal and left lateral views. 88) S. palemo Olivier (Benin, from specimen in Fig. 69). 89) S. parvulus (Boheman). 90) S. karrooensis zur Strassen. 91) S. laevifrons Fairmaire. 92) S. reichei = S. canaliculatus (det. Ferreira). 93) S. canaliculatus Fairmaire. 94) S. fritschi Harold. 95) S. damarensis Janssens. 96) S. gilleti Janssens. 97) S. kwiluensis Janssens. 98) S. kochi Ferreira. 99) S. pabulator Péringuey. 100) S. intricatus (Fabricius). 101) S. lucidulus (Boheman). 102) S. funebris (Boheman). 103) S. clanceyi Ferreira. 104) S. inoportunus Ferreira." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3727011" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3727011/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">90</figureCitation>
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="96606F51FFE7312A52FAFE16E90DFE0D" blockId="13.[192,1355,217,1168]" box="[192,1310,449,473]" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">
<taxonomicName id="51DF14D2FFE7312A52FAFE16ED41FE0D" authority="Fer." authorityName="Ferreira" authorityYear="1958" box="[192,338,449,473]" class="Trilobita" family="Styginidae" genus="Scutellum" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Corynexochida" pageId="13" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="knobeli">
<emphasis id="A4ABB343FFE7312A52FAFE16ED0BFE0D" box="[192,280,449,473]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">knobeli</emphasis>
Fer.
</taxonomicName>
[1] TMSA 
<bibRefCitation id="F24E12A0FFE7312A5170FE16EFE0FE0D" author="Ferreira" box="[842,1011,449,473]" firstAuthor="Ferreira" pageId="13" pageNumber="12" pagination="5 - 1088" refId="ref17184" refString="Ferreira, M. C. 1972. Os escarabideos de Africa (Sul do Saara), 1. Revista de Entomologia de Mocam- bique 11 (1968 - 1969): 5 - 1088." type="journal article" year="1972">Ferreira 1972</bibRefCitation>
<figureCitation id="0EE473D4FFE7312A56A2FE16E90DFE0D" box="[1176,1310,449,473]" captionStart="Figures 17–24" captionStartId="27.[192,287,1819,1841]" captionTargetBox="[209,1426,270,1756]" captionTargetId="figure@27.[810,1426,270,1582]" captionTargetPageId="27" captionText="Figures 17–24. Scarabaeus (Scarabaeolus) spp. 17–20) Scarabaeus (Scarabaeolus) namibensis sp. n., HTm, 13.5 mm. 17) Dorsal habitus. 18) Ventral habitus. 19) Aedeagus, dorsal. 20) Aedeagus, left lateral. 21–24) Scarabaeus (Scarabaeolus) knobeli Ferreira, 12 mm. 21) Dorsal habitus. 22) Ventral habitus. 23) Aedeagus, dorsal. 24) Aedeagus, left lateral." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3726993" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3726993/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">
<emphasis id="A4ABB343FFE7312A56A2FE16E90DFE0D" bold="true" box="[1176,1310,449,473]" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">Fig. 21–24</emphasis>
</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="96606F51FFE7312A52FAFE35E90CFE2E" blockId="13.[192,1355,217,1168]" box="[192,1311,482,506]" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">
<taxonomicName id="51DF14D2FFE7312A52FAFE35ED29FE2E" authority="Fer." authorityName="Fer." box="[192,314,482,506]" class="Trilobita" family="Styginidae" genus="Scutellum" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Corynexochida" pageId="13" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kochi">
<emphasis id="A4ABB343FFE7312A52FAFE35ED12FE2E" box="[192,257,482,506]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">kochi</emphasis>
Fer.
</taxonomicName>
[2] TMSA 
<bibRefCitation id="F24E12A0FFE7312A5170FE35EFE0FE2E" author="Ferreira" box="[842,1011,482,506]" firstAuthor="Ferreira" pageId="13" pageNumber="12" pagination="5 - 1088" refId="ref17184" refString="Ferreira, M. C. 1972. Os escarabideos de Africa (Sul do Saara), 1. Revista de Entomologia de Mocam- bique 11 (1968 - 1969): 5 - 1088." type="journal article" year="1972">Ferreira 1972</bibRefCitation>
<emphasis id="A4ABB343FFE7312A56A2FE35E90CFE2E" bold="true" box="[1176,1311,482,506]" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">
<figureCitation id="0EE473D4FFE7312A56A2FE35E8E7FE2E" box="[1176,1268,482,506]" captionStart="Figures 72–80" captionStartId="34.[192,287,1821,1843]" captionTargetBox="[209,1440,219,1762]" captionTargetId="figure@34.[606,996,770,1212]" captionTargetPageId="34" captionText="Figures 72–80. Scarabaeus (Scarabaeolus) species with two mesotibial spurs. 72) S. anderseni Waterhouse, HTf, length 10.5 mm. 73) S. canaliculatus Fairmaire, m, 18 mm. 74) S. fritschi Harold, m, 19 mm. 75) S. damarensis Janssens, m, 13 mm. 76) S. gilleti Janssens, HTm, 14.5 mm. 77) S. kwiluensis Janssens, m, 15 mm. 78) S. gracai Ferreira, f, 11 mm. 79) S. kochi Ferreira, PTm, 12.5 mm. 80) S. pabulator Péringuey, m, 12 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3727007" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3727007/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">Fig. 79</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="0EE473D4FFE7312A573BFE35E90CFE2E" box="[1281,1311,482,506]" captionStart="Figures 88–104" captionStartId="36.[192,287,1762,1784]" captionTargetBox="[263,1414,235,1714]" captionTargetPageId="36" captionText="Figures 88–104. Scarabaeus (Scarabaeolus) aedeagi in dorsal and left lateral views. 88) S. palemo Olivier (Benin, from specimen in Fig. 69). 89) S. parvulus (Boheman). 90) S. karrooensis zur Strassen. 91) S. laevifrons Fairmaire. 92) S. reichei = S. canaliculatus (det. Ferreira). 93) S. canaliculatus Fairmaire. 94) S. fritschi Harold. 95) S. damarensis Janssens. 96) S. gilleti Janssens. 97) S. kwiluensis Janssens. 98) S. kochi Ferreira. 99) S. pabulator Péringuey. 100) S. intricatus (Fabricius). 101) S. lucidulus (Boheman). 102) S. funebris (Boheman). 103) S. clanceyi Ferreira. 104) S. inoportunus Ferreira." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3727011" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3727011/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">98</figureCitation>
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="96606F51FFE7312A52FAFDD4E913FDCF" blockId="13.[192,1355,217,1168]" box="[192,1280,515,539]" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">
<taxonomicName id="51DF14D2FFE7312A52FAFDD4ED0AFDCF" ID-CoL="6Y85X" authority="Zidek &amp; Pokorný, 2018" authorityName="Zidek &amp; Pokorný" authorityYear="2018" box="[192,281,515,539]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Scarabaeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="krugeri" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="A4ABB343FFE7312A52FAFDD4ED0AFDCF" box="[192,281,515,539]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">krugeri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="A4ABB343FFE7312A531BFDD4ED7BFDCF" bold="true" box="[289,360,515,539]" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="BF980E38FFE7312A531BFDD4ED7BFDCF" box="[289,360,515,539]" pageId="13" pageNumber="12" rank="species">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
[2] TMSA this paper 
<figureCitation id="0EE473D4FFE7312A56A2FDD4E913FDCF" box="[1176,1280,515,539]" captionStart="Figures 1–8" captionStartId="25.[193,289,1848,1870]" captionTargetBox="[249,1383,287,1767]" captionTargetPageId="25" captionText="Figures 1–8. Scarabaeus (Scarabaeolus) spp. 1–4) Scarabaeus (Scarabaeolus) krugeri sp. n., HTm, 14 mm. 1) Dorsal habitus. 2) Ventral habitus. 3) Aedeagus, dorsal. 4) Aedeagus, left lateral. 5–8) Scarabaeus (Scarabaeolus) flavicornis (Boheman), 15 mm. 5) Dorsal habitus. 6) Ventral habitus. 7) Aedeagus, dorsal. 8) Aedeagus, left lateral." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3726989" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3726989/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">
<emphasis id="A4ABB343FFE7312A56A2FDD4E913FDCF" bold="true" box="[1176,1280,515,539]" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">Fig. 1–4</emphasis>
</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="96606F51FFE7312A52FAFDF3E90CFDE8" blockId="13.[192,1355,217,1168]" box="[192,1311,548,572]" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">
<taxonomicName id="51DF14D2FFE7312A52FAFDF3ED7FFDE8" ID-CoL="4V27X" authority="Js." authorityName="Js." box="[192,364,548,572]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Scarabaeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kwiluensis">
<emphasis id="A4ABB343FFE7312A52FAFDF3ED51FDE8" box="[192,322,548,572]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">kwiluensis</emphasis>
Js.
</taxonomicName>
[2] MRAC 
<bibRefCitation id="F24E12A0FFE7312A5170FDF3E827FDE8" author="Barbero" box="[842,1076,548,572]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Barbero" pageId="13" pageNumber="12" pagination="87 - 96" refId="ref16403" refString="Barbero, E., C. Palestrini, and A. Roggero. 1998. Phylogenetic relationships in the genus Scarabaeus Linnaeus. Atti 1. Colloquio Nazionale di Sistematica Cladistica, Memorie del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Verona (2), Sezione Scienze della Vita No. 13: 87 - 96." type="book chapter" year="1998">Barbero et al. 1998</bibRefCitation>
<emphasis id="A4ABB343FFE7312A56A2FDF3E90CFDE8" bold="true" box="[1176,1311,548,572]" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">
<figureCitation id="0EE473D4FFE7312A56A2FDF3E8E7FDE8" box="[1176,1268,548,572]" captionStart="Figures 72–80" captionStartId="34.[192,287,1821,1843]" captionTargetBox="[209,1440,219,1762]" captionTargetId="figure@34.[606,996,770,1212]" captionTargetPageId="34" captionText="Figures 72–80. Scarabaeus (Scarabaeolus) species with two mesotibial spurs. 72) S. anderseni Waterhouse, HTf, length 10.5 mm. 73) S. canaliculatus Fairmaire, m, 18 mm. 74) S. fritschi Harold, m, 19 mm. 75) S. damarensis Janssens, m, 13 mm. 76) S. gilleti Janssens, HTm, 14.5 mm. 77) S. kwiluensis Janssens, m, 15 mm. 78) S. gracai Ferreira, f, 11 mm. 79) S. kochi Ferreira, PTm, 12.5 mm. 80) S. pabulator Péringuey, m, 12 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3727007" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3727007/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">Fig. 77</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="0EE473D4FFE7312A573BFDF3E90CFDE8" box="[1281,1311,548,572]" captionStart="Figures 88–104" captionStartId="36.[192,287,1762,1784]" captionTargetBox="[263,1414,235,1714]" captionTargetPageId="36" captionText="Figures 88–104. Scarabaeus (Scarabaeolus) aedeagi in dorsal and left lateral views. 88) S. palemo Olivier (Benin, from specimen in Fig. 69). 89) S. parvulus (Boheman). 90) S. karrooensis zur Strassen. 91) S. laevifrons Fairmaire. 92) S. reichei = S. canaliculatus (det. Ferreira). 93) S. canaliculatus Fairmaire. 94) S. fritschi Harold. 95) S. damarensis Janssens. 96) S. gilleti Janssens. 97) S. kwiluensis Janssens. 98) S. kochi Ferreira. 99) S. pabulator Péringuey. 100) S. intricatus (Fabricius). 101) S. lucidulus (Boheman). 102) S. funebris (Boheman). 103) S. clanceyi Ferreira. 104) S. inoportunus Ferreira." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3727011" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3727011/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">97</figureCitation>
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="96606F51FFE7312A52FAFD92E90CFD89" blockId="13.[192,1355,217,1168]" box="[192,1311,581,606]" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">
<taxonomicName id="51DF14D2FFE7312A52FAFD92ED63FD89" ID-CoL="4V27Z" authority="Fm." authorityName="Fm." box="[192,368,581,605]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Scarabaeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="laevifrons">
<emphasis id="A4ABB343FFE7312A52FAFD92ED2BFD89" box="[192,312,581,605]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">laevifrons</emphasis>
Fm.
</taxonomicName>
[2] MNHN 
<bibRefCitation id="F24E12A0FFE7312A5170FD92EFE0FD8A" author="Ferreira" box="[842,1011,581,606]" firstAuthor="Ferreira" pageId="13" pageNumber="12" pagination="5 - 1088" refId="ref17184" refString="Ferreira, M. C. 1972. Os escarabideos de Africa (Sul do Saara), 1. Revista de Entomologia de Mocam- bique 11 (1968 - 1969): 5 - 1088." type="journal article" year="1972">Ferreira 1972</bibRefCitation>
<emphasis id="A4ABB343FFE7312A56A2FD92E90CFD89" bold="true" box="[1176,1311,581,605]" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">
<figureCitation id="0EE473D4FFE7312A56A2FD92E8E7FD89" box="[1176,1268,581,605]" captionStart="Figures 81–87" captionStartId="35.[192,287,1819,1841]" captionTargetBox="[222,1414,278,1747]" captionTargetPageId="35" captionText="Figures 81–87. Scarabaeus (Scarabaeolus) species with two mesotibial spurs. 81) S. intricatus (Fabricius), m, 16.5 mm. 82) S. inoportunus Ferreira, m, 13.5 mm. 83) S. lucidulus (Boheman), m, 13.5 mm. 84) S. laevifrons Fairmaire, m, 11.5 mm. 85) S. reichei Waterhouse, HT, 18.5 mm. 86) S. reichei HT, detail of left elytron. 87) S. fritschi Harold, detail of left elytron (from specimen in Fig. 74)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3727009" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3727009/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">Fig. 84</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="0EE473D4FFE7312A573BFD92E90CFD89" box="[1281,1311,581,605]" captionStart="Figures 88–104" captionStartId="36.[192,287,1762,1784]" captionTargetBox="[263,1414,235,1714]" captionTargetPageId="36" captionText="Figures 88–104. Scarabaeus (Scarabaeolus) aedeagi in dorsal and left lateral views. 88) S. palemo Olivier (Benin, from specimen in Fig. 69). 89) S. parvulus (Boheman). 90) S. karrooensis zur Strassen. 91) S. laevifrons Fairmaire. 92) S. reichei = S. canaliculatus (det. Ferreira). 93) S. canaliculatus Fairmaire. 94) S. fritschi Harold. 95) S. damarensis Janssens. 96) S. gilleti Janssens. 97) S. kwiluensis Janssens. 98) S. kochi Ferreira. 99) S. pabulator Péringuey. 100) S. intricatus (Fabricius). 101) S. lucidulus (Boheman). 102) S. funebris (Boheman). 103) S. clanceyi Ferreira. 104) S. inoportunus Ferreira." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3727011" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3727011/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">91</figureCitation>
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="96606F51FFE7312A52FAFDB1E91CFDAA" blockId="13.[192,1355,217,1168]" box="[192,1295,614,639]" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">
<taxonomicName id="51DF14D2FFE7312A52FAFDB1ED14FDAA" ID-CoL="6Y869" authority="Zidek &amp; Pokorný, 2018" authorityName="Zidek &amp; Pokorný" authorityYear="2018" box="[192,263,614,638]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Scarabaeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lizleri" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="A4ABB343FFE7312A52FAFDB1ED14FDAA" box="[192,263,614,638]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">lizleri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="A4ABB343FFE7312A5334FDB1ED46FDAA" bold="true" box="[270,341,614,638]" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="BF980E38FFE7312A5334FDB1ED46FDAA" box="[270,341,614,638]" pageId="13" pageNumber="12" rank="species">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
[2] TMSA this paper 
<figureCitation id="0EE473D4FFE7312A56A2FDB1E91CFDAA" box="[1176,1295,614,638]" captionStart="Figures 9–16" captionStartId="26.[192,285,1819,1841]" captionTargetBox="[229,1402,308,1746]" captionTargetId="figure@26.[806,1402,1046,1747]" captionTargetPageId="26" captionText="Figures 9–16. Scarabaeus (Scarabaeolus) spp. 9–12) Scarabaeus (Scarabaeolus) lizleri sp. n., HTm, 15 mm. 9) Dorsal habitus. 10) Ventral habitus. 11) Aedeagus, dorsal. 12) Aedeagus, left lateral. 13–16) Scarabaeus (Scarabaeolus) rubripennis (Boheman), 14 mm. 13) Dorsal habitus. 14) Ventral habitus. 15) Aedeagus, dorsal. 16) Aedeagus, left lateral." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3726991" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3726991/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">
<emphasis id="A4ABB343FFE7312A56A2FDB1E91CFDAA" bold="true" box="[1176,1295,614,638]" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">Fig. 9–12</emphasis>
</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="96606F51FFE7312A52FAFD50E93CFD4B" blockId="13.[192,1355,217,1168]" box="[192,1327,647,672]" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">
<taxonomicName id="51DF14D2FFE7312A52FAFD50ED97FD74" ID-CoL="J9J5" authority="(Boh.)" baseAuthorityName="Boh." box="[192,388,647,672]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Ateuchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lucidulus">
<emphasis id="A4ABB343FFE7312A52FAFD50ED20FD4B" box="[192,307,647,671]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">lucidulus</emphasis>
(Boh.)
</taxonomicName>
[2] NHRS 
<bibRefCitation id="F24E12A0FFE7312A5170FD5FEFE0FD74" author="Ferreira" box="[842,1011,648,672]" firstAuthor="Ferreira" pageId="13" pageNumber="12" pagination="5 - 1088" refId="ref17184" refString="Ferreira, M. C. 1972. Os escarabideos de Africa (Sul do Saara), 1. Revista de Entomologia de Mocam- bique 11 (1968 - 1969): 5 - 1088." type="journal article" year="1972">Ferreira 1972</bibRefCitation>
<emphasis id="A4ABB343FFE7312A56A2FD50E93CFD4B" bold="true" box="[1176,1327,647,671]" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">
<figureCitation id="0EE473D4FFE7312A56A2FD50E8E7FD4B" box="[1176,1268,647,671]" captionStart="Figures 81–87" captionStartId="35.[192,287,1819,1841]" captionTargetBox="[222,1414,278,1747]" captionTargetPageId="35" captionText="Figures 81–87. Scarabaeus (Scarabaeolus) species with two mesotibial spurs. 81) S. intricatus (Fabricius), m, 16.5 mm. 82) S. inoportunus Ferreira, m, 13.5 mm. 83) S. lucidulus (Boheman), m, 13.5 mm. 84) S. laevifrons Fairmaire, m, 11.5 mm. 85) S. reichei Waterhouse, HT, 18.5 mm. 86) S. reichei HT, detail of left elytron. 87) S. fritschi Harold, detail of left elytron (from specimen in Fig. 74)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3727009" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3727009/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">Fig. 83</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="0EE473D4FFE7312A573BFD50E93CFD4B" box="[1281,1327,647,671]" captionStart="Figures 88–104" captionStartId="36.[192,287,1762,1784]" captionTargetBox="[263,1414,235,1714]" captionTargetPageId="36" captionText="Figures 88–104. Scarabaeus (Scarabaeolus) aedeagi in dorsal and left lateral views. 88) S. palemo Olivier (Benin, from specimen in Fig. 69). 89) S. parvulus (Boheman). 90) S. karrooensis zur Strassen. 91) S. laevifrons Fairmaire. 92) S. reichei = S. canaliculatus (det. Ferreira). 93) S. canaliculatus Fairmaire. 94) S. fritschi Harold. 95) S. damarensis Janssens. 96) S. gilleti Janssens. 97) S. kwiluensis Janssens. 98) S. kochi Ferreira. 99) S. pabulator Péringuey. 100) S. intricatus (Fabricius). 101) S. lucidulus (Boheman). 102) S. funebris (Boheman). 103) S. clanceyi Ferreira. 104) S. inoportunus Ferreira." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3727011" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3727011/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">101</figureCitation>
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="96606F51FFE7312A52FAFD7FE90DFD14" blockId="13.[192,1355,217,1168]" box="[192,1310,680,705]" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">
<taxonomicName id="51DF14D2FFE7312A52FAFD7FED7DFD14" ID-CoL="79VTX" box="[192,366,680,704]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Scarabaeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="megaparvulus">
<emphasis id="A4ABB343FFE7312A52FAFD7FED7DFD14" box="[192,366,680,704]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">megaparvulus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
DD [2] TMSA 
<bibRefCitation id="F24E12A0FFE7312A5170FD7EE851FD15" author="Deschodt" box="[842,1090,681,705]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Deschodt" pageId="13" pageNumber="12" pagination="505 - 527" refId="ref16590" refString="Deschodt, C. M., A. L. V. Davis, and C. H. Scholtz. 2015. Status changes, new synonymies, key and descriptions of seven new species in the subgenus Scarabaeus (Scarabaeolus) Balthasar 1965 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae). Zootaxa 3931 (4): 505 - 527." type="journal article" year="2015">Deschodt et al. 2015</bibRefCitation>
<figureCitation id="0EE473D4FFE7312A56A2FD7FE90DFD14" box="[1176,1310,680,704]" captionStart="Figures 55–62" captionStartId="32.[192,287,1819,1841]" captionTargetBox="[212,1424,293,1748]" captionTargetPageId="32" captionText="Figures 55–62. Scarabaeus (Scarabaeolus) spp. 55–58) Scarabaeus (Scarabaeolus) similis sp. n., HTm, 14 mm. 55) Dorsal habitus. 56) Ventral habitus. 57) Aedeagus, dorsal. 58) Aedeagus, left lateral. 59–62) Scarabaeus (Scarabaeolus) megaparvulus Davis and Deschodt, 12 mm. 59) Dorsal habitus. 60) Ventral habitus. 61) Aedeagus, dorsal. 62) Aedeagus, left lateral." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3727003" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3727003/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">
<emphasis id="A4ABB343FFE7312A56A2FD7FE90DFD14" bold="true" box="[1176,1310,680,704]" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">Fig. 59–62</emphasis>
</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="96606F51FFE7312A52FAFD1EE90DFD35" blockId="13.[192,1355,217,1168]" box="[192,1310,713,738]" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">
<taxonomicName id="51DF14D2FFE7312A52FAFD1EED58FD35" ID-CoL="79W5X" authority="Zidek &amp; Pokorný, 2018" authorityName="Zidek &amp; Pokorný" authorityYear="2018" box="[192,331,713,737]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Scarabaeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="namibensis" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="A4ABB343FFE7312A52FAFD1EED58FD35" box="[192,331,713,737]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">namibensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="A4ABB343FFE7312A5368FD1DED8AFD36" bold="true" box="[338,409,714,738]" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="BF980E38FFE7312A5368FD1DED8AFD36" box="[338,409,714,738]" pageId="13" pageNumber="12" rank="species">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
[2] TMSA this paper 
<figureCitation id="0EE473D4FFE7312A56A2FD1EE90DFD35" box="[1176,1310,713,737]" captionStart="Figures 17–24" captionStartId="27.[192,287,1819,1841]" captionTargetBox="[209,1426,270,1756]" captionTargetId="figure@27.[810,1426,270,1582]" captionTargetPageId="27" captionText="Figures 17–24. Scarabaeus (Scarabaeolus) spp. 17–20) Scarabaeus (Scarabaeolus) namibensis sp. n., HTm, 13.5 mm. 17) Dorsal habitus. 18) Ventral habitus. 19) Aedeagus, dorsal. 20) Aedeagus, left lateral. 21–24) Scarabaeus (Scarabaeolus) knobeli Ferreira, 12 mm. 21) Dorsal habitus. 22) Ventral habitus. 23) Aedeagus, dorsal. 24) Aedeagus, left lateral." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3726993" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3726993/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">
<emphasis id="A4ABB343FFE7312A56A2FD1EE90DFD35" bold="true" box="[1176,1310,713,737]" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">Fig. 17–20</emphasis>
</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="96606F51FFE7312A52FAFD3DE851FCD7" blockId="13.[192,1355,217,1168]" box="[192,1090,746,771]" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">
<taxonomicName id="51DF14D2FFE7312A52FAFD3DED26FCD6" ID-CoL="79W69" box="[192,309,746,770]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Scarabaeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="niemandi">
<emphasis id="A4ABB343FFE7312A52FAFD3DED26FCD6" box="[192,309,746,770]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">niemandi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
DD [2] TMSA 
<bibRefCitation id="F24E12A0FFE7312A5170FD3CE851FCD7" author="Deschodt" box="[842,1090,747,771]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Deschodt" pageId="13" pageNumber="12" pagination="505 - 527" refId="ref16590" refString="Deschodt, C. M., A. L. V. Davis, and C. H. Scholtz. 2015. Status changes, new synonymies, key and descriptions of seven new species in the subgenus Scarabaeus (Scarabaeolus) Balthasar 1965 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae). Zootaxa 3931 (4): 505 - 527." type="journal article" year="2015">Deschodt et al. 2015</bibRefCitation>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="96606F51FFE7312A52FAFCDBE851FCF0" blockId="13.[192,1355,217,1168]" box="[192,1090,780,804]" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">
<taxonomicName id="51DF14D2FFE7312A52FAFCDBED04FCF0" ID-CoL="6XVTY" box="[192,279,780,804]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Scarabaeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nitidus">
<emphasis id="A4ABB343FFE7312A52FAFCDBED04FCF0" box="[192,279,780,804]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">nitidus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
DD [1] TMSA 
<bibRefCitation id="F24E12A0FFE7312A5170FCDBE851FCF0" author="Deschodt" box="[842,1090,780,804]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Deschodt" pageId="13" pageNumber="12" pagination="505 - 527" refId="ref16590" refString="Deschodt, C. M., A. L. V. Davis, and C. H. Scholtz. 2015. Status changes, new synonymies, key and descriptions of seven new species in the subgenus Scarabaeus (Scarabaeolus) Balthasar 1965 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae). Zootaxa 3931 (4): 505 - 527." type="journal article" year="2015">Deschodt et al. 2015</bibRefCitation>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="96606F51FFE7312A52FAFCFAE90DFC91" blockId="13.[192,1355,217,1168]" box="[192,1310,813,837]" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">
<taxonomicName id="51DF14D2FFE7312A52FAFCFAEDDEFC91" authority="Bth" authorityName="Bth" box="[192,461,813,837]" class="Trilobita" family="Styginidae" genus="Scutellum" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Corynexochida" pageId="13" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="obsoletepunctatus">
<emphasis id="A4ABB343FFE7312A52FAFCFAED8BFC91" box="[192,408,813,837]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">obsoletepunctatus</emphasis>
Bth
</taxonomicName>
[1] NMPC 
<bibRefCitation id="F24E12A0FFE7312A5170FCFAE851FC91" author="Deschodt" box="[842,1090,813,837]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Deschodt" pageId="13" pageNumber="12" pagination="505 - 527" refId="ref16590" refString="Deschodt, C. M., A. L. V. Davis, and C. H. Scholtz. 2015. Status changes, new synonymies, key and descriptions of seven new species in the subgenus Scarabaeus (Scarabaeolus) Balthasar 1965 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae). Zootaxa 3931 (4): 505 - 527." type="journal article" year="2015">Deschodt et al. 2015</bibRefCitation>
<figureCitation id="0EE473D4FFE7312A56A2FCFAE90DFC91" box="[1176,1310,813,837]" captionStart="Figures 63–71" captionStartId="33.[192,287,1790,1812]" captionTargetBox="[188,1440,210,1767]" captionTargetId="figure@33.[640,1002,724,1193]" captionTargetPageId="33" captionText="Figures 63–71. Scarabaeus (Scarabaeolus) species with one mesotibial spur. 63) S. funebris (Boheman), m, 17.5 mm. 64) S. parvulus (Boheman), m, 14 mm. 65) S. clanceyi Ferreira, m, 12.7 mm. 66) S. karrooensis zur Strassen, m, 13 mm. 67) S. obsoletepunctatus Balthasar, HTf, 14.5 mm. 68) Same, ventral view. 69) S. palemo Olivier, m, 14.5 mm (Benin, brownish because teneral). 70) S. morbillosus Fabricius, ST, 13.7 mm (= S. palemo Olivier). 71) Same, frontal view showing orangish profemoral pads." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3727005" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3727005/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">
<emphasis id="A4ABB343FFE7312A56A2FCFAE90DFC91" bold="true" box="[1176,1310,813,837]" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">Fig. 67–68</emphasis>
</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="96606F51FFE7312A52FAFC99E90DFCB2" blockId="13.[192,1355,217,1168]" box="[192,1310,846,870]" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">
<taxonomicName id="51DF14D2FFE7312A52FAFC99ED27FCB2" ID-CoL="6XW5Y" authority="Zidek &amp; Pokorný, 2018" authorityName="Zidek &amp; Pokorný" authorityYear="2018" box="[192,308,846,870]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Scarabaeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="orientalis" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="A4ABB343FFE7312A52FAFC99ED27FCB2" box="[192,308,846,870]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">orientalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="A4ABB343FFE7312A5301FC99ED91FCB2" bold="true" box="[315,386,846,870]" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="BF980E38FFE7312A5301FC99ED91FCB2" box="[315,386,846,870]" pageId="13" pageNumber="12" rank="species">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
[1] TMSA this paper 
<figureCitation id="0EE473D4FFE7312A56A2FC99E90DFCB2" box="[1176,1310,846,870]" captionStart="Figures 47–54" captionStartId="31.[192,287,1819,1841]" captionTargetBox="[202,1431,289,1748]" captionTargetPageId="31" captionText="Figures 47–54. Scarabaeus (Scarabaeolus) spp. 47–50) Scarabaeus (Scarabaeolus) orientalis sp. n., HTm, 15 mm. 47) Dorsal habitus. 48) Ventral habitus. 49) Aedeagus, dorsal. 50) Aedeagus, left lateral. 51–54) Scarabaeus (Scarabaeolus) cf. bohemani / palemo, RSA, Limpopo Province, 14 mm. 51) Dorsal habitus. 52) Ventral habitus. 53) Aedeagus, dorsal. 54) Aedeagus, left lateral." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3727001" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3727001/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">
<emphasis id="A4ABB343FFE7312A56A2FC99E90DFCB2" bold="true" box="[1176,1310,846,870]" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">Fig. 47–50</emphasis>
</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="96606F51FFE7312A52FAFCB8E90CFC53" blockId="13.[192,1355,217,1168]" box="[192,1311,879,903]" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">
<taxonomicName id="51DF14D2FFE7312A52FAFCB8ED62FC53" ID-CoL="4V2CB" authority="Per." authorityName="Per." box="[192,369,879,903]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Scarabaeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pabulator">
<emphasis id="A4ABB343FFE7312A52FAFCB8ED2BFC53" box="[192,312,879,903]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">pabulator</emphasis>
Pér.
</taxonomicName>
[2] SAMC 
<bibRefCitation id="F24E12A0FFE7312A5170FCB8EFE0FC53" author="Ferreira" box="[842,1011,879,903]" firstAuthor="Ferreira" pageId="13" pageNumber="12" pagination="5 - 1088" refId="ref17184" refString="Ferreira, M. C. 1972. Os escarabideos de Africa (Sul do Saara), 1. Revista de Entomologia de Mocam- bique 11 (1968 - 1969): 5 - 1088." type="journal article" year="1972">Ferreira 1972</bibRefCitation>
<emphasis id="A4ABB343FFE7312A56A2FCB8E90CFC53" bold="true" box="[1176,1311,879,903]" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">
<figureCitation id="0EE473D4FFE7312A56A2FCB8E8E7FC53" box="[1176,1268,879,903]" captionStart="Figures 72–80" captionStartId="34.[192,287,1821,1843]" captionTargetBox="[209,1440,219,1762]" captionTargetId="figure@34.[606,996,770,1212]" captionTargetPageId="34" captionText="Figures 72–80. Scarabaeus (Scarabaeolus) species with two mesotibial spurs. 72) S. anderseni Waterhouse, HTf, length 10.5 mm. 73) S. canaliculatus Fairmaire, m, 18 mm. 74) S. fritschi Harold, m, 19 mm. 75) S. damarensis Janssens, m, 13 mm. 76) S. gilleti Janssens, HTm, 14.5 mm. 77) S. kwiluensis Janssens, m, 15 mm. 78) S. gracai Ferreira, f, 11 mm. 79) S. kochi Ferreira, PTm, 12.5 mm. 80) S. pabulator Péringuey, m, 12 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3727007" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3727007/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">Fig. 80</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="0EE473D4FFE7312A573BFCB8E90CFC53" box="[1281,1311,879,903]" captionStart="Figures 88–104" captionStartId="36.[192,287,1762,1784]" captionTargetBox="[263,1414,235,1714]" captionTargetPageId="36" captionText="Figures 88–104. Scarabaeus (Scarabaeolus) aedeagi in dorsal and left lateral views. 88) S. palemo Olivier (Benin, from specimen in Fig. 69). 89) S. parvulus (Boheman). 90) S. karrooensis zur Strassen. 91) S. laevifrons Fairmaire. 92) S. reichei = S. canaliculatus (det. Ferreira). 93) S. canaliculatus Fairmaire. 94) S. fritschi Harold. 95) S. damarensis Janssens. 96) S. gilleti Janssens. 97) S. kwiluensis Janssens. 98) S. kochi Ferreira. 99) S. pabulator Péringuey. 100) S. intricatus (Fabricius). 101) S. lucidulus (Boheman). 102) S. funebris (Boheman). 103) S. clanceyi Ferreira. 104) S. inoportunus Ferreira." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3727011" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3727011/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">99</figureCitation>
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="96606F51FFE7312A52FAFC47E958FC7C" blockId="13.[192,1355,217,1168]" box="[192,1355,912,936]" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">
<taxonomicName id="51DF14D2FFE7312A52FAFC47ED49FC7C" ID-CoL="4V2CF" authority="Oliv." authorityName="Olivier" authorityYear="1789" box="[192,346,912,936]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Scarabaeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="palemo">
<emphasis id="A4ABB343FFE7312A52FAFC47ED0BFC7C" box="[192,280,912,936]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">palemo</emphasis>
Oliv.
</taxonomicName>
[1] MNHN 
<bibRefCitation id="F24E12A0FFE7312A5170FC47E827FC7C" author="Barbero" box="[842,1076,912,936]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Barbero" pageId="13" pageNumber="12" pagination="87 - 96" refId="ref16403" refString="Barbero, E., C. Palestrini, and A. Roggero. 1998. Phylogenetic relationships in the genus Scarabaeus Linnaeus. Atti 1. Colloquio Nazionale di Sistematica Cladistica, Memorie del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Verona (2), Sezione Scienze della Vita No. 13: 87 - 96." type="book chapter" year="1998">Barbero et al. 1998</bibRefCitation>
<emphasis id="A4ABB343FFE7312A56A2FC47E958FC7C" bold="true" box="[1176,1355,912,936]" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">
<figureCitation id="0EE473D4FFE7312A56A2FC47E933FC7C" box="[1176,1312,912,936]" captionStart="Figures 63–71" captionStartId="33.[192,287,1790,1812]" captionTargetBox="[188,1440,210,1767]" captionTargetId="figure@33.[640,1002,724,1193]" captionTargetPageId="33" captionText="Figures 63–71. Scarabaeus (Scarabaeolus) species with one mesotibial spur. 63) S. funebris (Boheman), m, 17.5 mm. 64) S. parvulus (Boheman), m, 14 mm. 65) S. clanceyi Ferreira, m, 12.7 mm. 66) S. karrooensis zur Strassen, m, 13 mm. 67) S. obsoletepunctatus Balthasar, HTf, 14.5 mm. 68) Same, ventral view. 69) S. palemo Olivier, m, 14.5 mm (Benin, brownish because teneral). 70) S. morbillosus Fabricius, ST, 13.7 mm (= S. palemo Olivier). 71) Same, frontal view showing orangish profemoral pads." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3727005" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3727005/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">Fig. 69–70</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="0EE473D4FFE7312A5717FC47E958FC7C" box="[1325,1355,912,936]" captionStart="Figures 88–104" captionStartId="36.[192,287,1762,1784]" captionTargetBox="[263,1414,235,1714]" captionTargetPageId="36" captionText="Figures 88–104. Scarabaeus (Scarabaeolus) aedeagi in dorsal and left lateral views. 88) S. palemo Olivier (Benin, from specimen in Fig. 69). 89) S. parvulus (Boheman). 90) S. karrooensis zur Strassen. 91) S. laevifrons Fairmaire. 92) S. reichei = S. canaliculatus (det. Ferreira). 93) S. canaliculatus Fairmaire. 94) S. fritschi Harold. 95) S. damarensis Janssens. 96) S. gilleti Janssens. 97) S. kwiluensis Janssens. 98) S. kochi Ferreira. 99) S. pabulator Péringuey. 100) S. intricatus (Fabricius). 101) S. lucidulus (Boheman). 102) S. funebris (Boheman). 103) S. clanceyi Ferreira. 104) S. inoportunus Ferreira." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3727011" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3727011/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">88</figureCitation>
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="96606F51FFE7312A52FAFC66E90CFC1D" blockId="13.[192,1355,217,1168]" box="[192,1311,945,969]" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">
<taxonomicName id="51DF14D2FFE7312A52FAFC66ED6DFC1D" ID-CoL="J9JM" authority="(Boh.)" baseAuthorityName="Boh." box="[192,382,945,969]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Ateuchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="parvulus">
<emphasis id="A4ABB343FFE7312A52FAFC66ED3EFC1D" box="[192,301,945,969]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">parvulus</emphasis>
(Boh.)
</taxonomicName>
[1] NHRS 
<bibRefCitation id="F24E12A0FFE7312A5170FC66EFE0FC1D" author="Ferreira" box="[842,1011,945,969]" firstAuthor="Ferreira" pageId="13" pageNumber="12" pagination="5 - 1088" refId="ref17184" refString="Ferreira, M. C. 1972. Os escarabideos de Africa (Sul do Saara), 1. Revista de Entomologia de Mocam- bique 11 (1968 - 1969): 5 - 1088." type="journal article" year="1972">Ferreira 1972</bibRefCitation>
<emphasis id="A4ABB343FFE7312A56A2FC66E90CFC1D" bold="true" box="[1176,1311,945,969]" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">
<figureCitation id="0EE473D4FFE7312A56A2FC66E8E7FC1D" box="[1176,1268,945,969]" captionStart="Figures 63–71" captionStartId="33.[192,287,1790,1812]" captionTargetBox="[188,1440,210,1767]" captionTargetId="figure@33.[640,1002,724,1193]" captionTargetPageId="33" captionText="Figures 63–71. Scarabaeus (Scarabaeolus) species with one mesotibial spur. 63) S. funebris (Boheman), m, 17.5 mm. 64) S. parvulus (Boheman), m, 14 mm. 65) S. clanceyi Ferreira, m, 12.7 mm. 66) S. karrooensis zur Strassen, m, 13 mm. 67) S. obsoletepunctatus Balthasar, HTf, 14.5 mm. 68) Same, ventral view. 69) S. palemo Olivier, m, 14.5 mm (Benin, brownish because teneral). 70) S. morbillosus Fabricius, ST, 13.7 mm (= S. palemo Olivier). 71) Same, frontal view showing orangish profemoral pads." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3727005" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3727005/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">Fig. 64</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="0EE473D4FFE7312A573BFC66E90CFC1D" box="[1281,1311,945,969]" captionStart="Figures 88–104" captionStartId="36.[192,287,1762,1784]" captionTargetBox="[263,1414,235,1714]" captionTargetPageId="36" captionText="Figures 88–104. Scarabaeus (Scarabaeolus) aedeagi in dorsal and left lateral views. 88) S. palemo Olivier (Benin, from specimen in Fig. 69). 89) S. parvulus (Boheman). 90) S. karrooensis zur Strassen. 91) S. laevifrons Fairmaire. 92) S. reichei = S. canaliculatus (det. Ferreira). 93) S. canaliculatus Fairmaire. 94) S. fritschi Harold. 95) S. damarensis Janssens. 96) S. gilleti Janssens. 97) S. kwiluensis Janssens. 98) S. kochi Ferreira. 99) S. pabulator Péringuey. 100) S. intricatus (Fabricius). 101) S. lucidulus (Boheman). 102) S. funebris (Boheman). 103) S. clanceyi Ferreira. 104) S. inoportunus Ferreira." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3727011" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3727011/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">89</figureCitation>
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="96606F51FFE7312A52FAFC05E851FC3E" blockId="13.[192,1355,217,1168]" box="[192,1090,978,1003]" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">
<taxonomicName id="51DF14D2FFE7312A52FAFC05ED43FC3E" ID-CoL="4V2DF" box="[192,336,978,1002]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Scarabaeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="planipennis">
<emphasis id="A4ABB343FFE7312A52FAFC05ED43FC3E" box="[192,336,978,1002]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">planipennis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
DD [1] TMSA 
<bibRefCitation id="F24E12A0FFE7312A5170FC05E851FC3E" author="Deschodt" box="[842,1090,978,1002]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Deschodt" pageId="13" pageNumber="12" pagination="505 - 527" refId="ref16590" refString="Deschodt, C. M., A. L. V. Davis, and C. H. Scholtz. 2015. Status changes, new synonymies, key and descriptions of seven new species in the subgenus Scarabaeus (Scarabaeolus) Balthasar 1965 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae). Zootaxa 3931 (4): 505 - 527." type="journal article" year="2015">Deschodt et al. 2015</bibRefCitation>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="96606F51FFE7312A52FAFC24E90CFBF8" blockId="13.[192,1355,217,1168]" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">
<taxonomicName id="51DF14D2FFE7312A52FAFC24EDB2FBDF" authority="(Boh.)" baseAuthorityName="Boh." box="[192,417,1011,1035]" class="Trilobita" family="Styginidae" genus="Scutellum" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Corynexochida" pageId="13" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rubripennis">
<emphasis id="A4ABB343FFE7312A52FAFC24ED5CFBDF" box="[192,335,1011,1035]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">rubripennis</emphasis>
(Boh.)
</taxonomicName>
[2] NHRS 
<bibRefCitation id="F24E12A0FFE7312A5170FC24EFE0FBD8" author="Ferreira" box="[842,1011,1011,1036]" firstAuthor="Ferreira" pageId="13" pageNumber="12" pagination="5 - 1088" refId="ref17184" refString="Ferreira, M. C. 1972. Os escarabideos de Africa (Sul do Saara), 1. Revista de Entomologia de Mocam- bique 11 (1968 - 1969): 5 - 1088." type="journal article" year="1972">Ferreira 1972</bibRefCitation>
<figureCitation id="0EE473D4FFE7312A56A2FC24E90DFBDF" box="[1176,1310,1011,1035]" captionStart="Figures 9–16" captionStartId="26.[192,285,1819,1841]" captionTargetBox="[229,1402,308,1746]" captionTargetId="figure@26.[806,1402,1046,1747]" captionTargetPageId="26" captionText="Figures 9–16. Scarabaeus (Scarabaeolus) spp. 9–12) Scarabaeus (Scarabaeolus) lizleri sp. n., HTm, 15 mm. 9) Dorsal habitus. 10) Ventral habitus. 11) Aedeagus, dorsal. 12) Aedeagus, left lateral. 13–16) Scarabaeus (Scarabaeolus) rubripennis (Boheman), 14 mm. 13) Dorsal habitus. 14) Ventral habitus. 15) Aedeagus, dorsal. 16) Aedeagus, left lateral." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3726991" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3726991/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">
<emphasis id="A4ABB343FFE7312A56A2FC24E90DFBDF" bold="true" box="[1176,1310,1011,1035]" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">Fig. 13–16</emphasis>
</figureCitation>
<taxonomicName id="51DF14D2FFE7312A52FAFBC2ED4FFBF8" ID-CoL="6Y7TY" authority="Zidek &amp; Pokorný, 2018" authorityName="Zidek &amp; Pokorný" authorityYear="2018" box="[192,348,1045,1068]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Scarabaeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rugosipennis" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="A4ABB343FFE7312A52FAFBC2ED4FFBF8" box="[192,348,1045,1068]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">rugosipennis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="A4ABB343FFE7312A535EFBC2EDB8FBF9" bold="true" box="[356,427,1045,1069]" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="BF980E38FFE7312A535EFBC2EDB8FBF9" box="[356,427,1045,1069]" pageId="13" pageNumber="12" rank="species">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
[2] TMSA this paper 
<figureCitation id="0EE473D4FFE7312A56A2FBC3E90CFBF8" box="[1176,1311,1044,1068]" captionStart="Figures 25–32" captionStartId="28.[192,288,1819,1841]" captionTargetBox="[203,1440,296,1716]" captionTargetId="figure@28.[788,896,957,1008]" captionTargetPageId="28" captionText="Figures 25–32. Scarabaeus (Scarabaeolus) spp. 25–28) Scarabaeus (Scarabaeolus) fragilis sp. n., HTf, 12.5 mm. 25) Dorsal habitus. 26) Ventral habitus. 27) Head leveled horizontal. 28) Locality label. 29–32) Scarabaeus (Scarabaeolus) rugosipennis sp. n., HT, 12.5 mm. 29) Dorsal habitus. 30) Ventral habitus. 31) Head leveled horizontal. 32) Locality label." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3726995" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3726995/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">
<emphasis id="A4ABB343FFE7312A56A2FBC3E90CFBF8" bold="true" box="[1176,1311,1044,1068]" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">Fig. 29–32</emphasis>
</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="96606F51FFE7312A52FAFBE2E851FBBB" blockId="13.[192,1355,217,1168]" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">
<taxonomicName id="51DF14D2FFE7312A52FAFBE2ED01FB99" ID-CoL="79VTY" authority="Zidek &amp; Pokorný, 2018" authorityName="Zidek &amp; Pokorný" authorityYear="2018" box="[192,274,1077,1101]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Scarabaeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="similis" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="A4ABB343FFE7312A52FAFBE2ED01FB99" box="[192,274,1077,1101]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">similis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="A4ABB343FFE7312A5320FBE1ED72FB9A" bold="true" box="[282,353,1078,1102]" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="BF980E38FFE7312A5320FBE1ED72FB9A" box="[282,353,1078,1102]" pageId="13" pageNumber="12" rank="species">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
[1] TMSA this paper 
<figureCitation id="0EE473D4FFE7312A56A2FBE2E90DFB99" box="[1176,1310,1077,1101]" captionStart="Figures 55–62" captionStartId="32.[192,287,1819,1841]" captionTargetBox="[212,1424,293,1748]" captionTargetPageId="32" captionText="Figures 55–62. Scarabaeus (Scarabaeolus) spp. 55–58) Scarabaeus (Scarabaeolus) similis sp. n., HTm, 14 mm. 55) Dorsal habitus. 56) Ventral habitus. 57) Aedeagus, dorsal. 58) Aedeagus, left lateral. 59–62) Scarabaeus (Scarabaeolus) megaparvulus Davis and Deschodt, 12 mm. 59) Dorsal habitus. 60) Ventral habitus. 61) Aedeagus, dorsal. 62) Aedeagus, left lateral." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3727003" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3727003/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">
<emphasis id="A4ABB343FFE7312A56A2FBE2E90DFB99" bold="true" box="[1176,1310,1077,1101]" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">Fig. 55–58</emphasis>
</figureCitation>
<taxonomicName id="51DF14D2FFE7312A52FAFB81ED8DFBBA" ID-CoL="79W5Y" box="[192,414,1110,1134]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Scarabaeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="soutpansbergensis">
<emphasis id="A4ABB343FFE7312A52FAFB81ED8DFBBA" box="[192,414,1110,1134]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">soutpansbergensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
DD [1] TMSA 
<bibRefCitation id="F24E12A0FFE7312A5170FB80E851FBBB" author="Deschodt" box="[842,1090,1111,1135]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Deschodt" pageId="13" pageNumber="12" pagination="505 - 527" refId="ref16590" refString="Deschodt, C. M., A. L. V. Davis, and C. H. Scholtz. 2015. Status changes, new synonymies, key and descriptions of seven new species in the subgenus Scarabaeus (Scarabaeolus) Balthasar 1965 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae). Zootaxa 3931 (4): 505 - 527." type="journal article" year="2015">Deschodt et al. 2015</bibRefCitation>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="96606F51FFE7312A52FAFBAFE90DFB44" blockId="13.[192,1355,217,1168]" box="[192,1310,1143,1168]" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">
<taxonomicName id="51DF14D2FFE7312A52FAFBAFED0EFB5B" ID-CoL="6XVSB" authority="Zidek &amp; Pokorný, 2018" authorityName="Zidek &amp; Pokorný" authorityYear="2018" box="[192,285,1144,1167]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Scarabaeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="werneri" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="A4ABB343FFE7312A52FAFBAFED0EFB5B" box="[192,285,1144,1167]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">werneri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="A4ABB343FFE7312A531EFBAFED78FB44" bold="true" box="[292,363,1144,1168]" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="BF980E38FFE7312A531EFBAFED78FB44" box="[292,363,1144,1168]" pageId="13" pageNumber="12" rank="species">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
[1] BMNH this paper 
<figureCitation id="0EE473D4FFE7312A56A2FBA0E90DFB44" box="[1176,1310,1143,1168]" captionStart="Figures 39–46" captionStartId="30.[192,287,1819,1841]" captionTargetBox="[246,1451,274,1760]" captionTargetPageId="30" captionText="Figures 39–46. Scarabaeus (Scarabaeolus) spp. 39–42) Scarabaeus (Scarabaeolus) werneri sp. n., HTm, 9 mm. 39) Dorsal habitus. 40) Ventral habitus. 41) Aedeagus, dorsal. 42) Aedeagus, left lateral. 43–46) Scarabaeus (Scarabaeolus) bohemani Harold, 16 mm. 43) Dorsal habitus. 44) Ventral habitus. 45) Aedeagus, dorsal. 46) Aedeagus, left lateral." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3726999" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3726999/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">
<emphasis id="A4ABB343FFE7312A56A2FBA0E90DFB44" bold="true" box="[1176,1310,1143,1168]" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">Fig. 39–42</emphasis>
</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="DEC53CDAFFE7312A52D2FB60EDFBF95E" pageId="13" pageNumber="12" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="96606F51FFE7312A52D2FB60EF74F992" blockId="13.[192,1440,1207,1674]" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">
Other species have been included in 
<taxonomicName id="51DF14D2FFE7312A50AEFB60EF26FB1B" box="[660,821,1207,1231]" class="Trilobita" family="Styginidae" genus="Scutellum" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Corynexochida" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Scarabaeolus">
<emphasis id="A4ABB343FFE7312A50AEFB60EF26FB1B" box="[660,821,1207,1231]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">Scarabaeolus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by 
<bibRefCitation id="F24E12A0FFE7312A5166FB60E809FB1B" author="Ferreira" box="[860,1050,1207,1231]" firstAuthor="Ferreira" pageId="13" pageNumber="12" pagination="5 - 778" refId="ref17142" refString="Ferreira, M. C. 1968 b. Os escarabideos de Mocambique, 1 (Subfamilias Scarabaeinae e Coprinae). Revista de Entomologia de Mocambique 10 (1, 2) (for 1967): 5 - 778." type="journal article" year="1968" yearSuffix="b">Ferreira (1968b</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="F24E12A0FFE7312A561EFB60E84CFB1B" author="Ferreira" box="[1060,1119,1207,1231]" firstAuthor="Ferreira" pageId="13" pageNumber="12" pagination="5 - 1088" refId="ref17184" refString="Ferreira, M. C. 1972. Os escarabideos de Africa (Sul do Saara), 1. Revista de Entomologia de Mocam- bique 11 (1968 - 1969): 5 - 1088." type="journal article" year="1972">1972</bibRefCitation>
) [
<taxonomicName id="51DF14D2FFE7312A564EFB60E96DFB1B" authority="(Klug, 1855)" baseAuthorityName="Klug" baseAuthorityYear="1855" box="[1140,1406,1207,1231]" class="Trilobita" family="Styginidae" genus="Scutellum" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Corynexochida" pageId="13" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ebenus">
<emphasis id="A4ABB343FFE7312A564EFB60E8F0FB1B" box="[1140,1251,1207,1231]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">S. ebenus</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="F24E12A0FFE7312A56CBFB60E966FB1B" author="Klug" box="[1265,1397,1207,1231]" firstAuthor="Klug" pageId="13" pageNumber="12" pagination="643 - 660" refId="ref17660" refString="Klug, J. C. F. 1855. Forsetzung der Diagnosen der neuer (und bereits seit mehreren Monaten vollstandig gedruckten) Coleopteren, welche die Insectensendungen des Hrn. Dr. Peters von Mossambique enhalten hatten, von der Familie der Staphylinii an bis den Lamellicornia, diese mit eingeschlossen. Berichten der Akademie der Wissenschaften (Berlin) 20: 643 - 660." type="journal article" year="1855">Klug, 1855</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="51DF14D2FFE7312A57BDFB60EDC8FB25" authority="(Hausmann, 1807)" baseAuthorityName="Hausmann" baseAuthorityYear="1807" class="Trilobita" family="Styginidae" genus="Scutellum" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Corynexochida" pageId="13" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="suri">
<emphasis id="A4ABB343FFE7312A57BDFB60ECE3FB25" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">S. suri</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="F24E12A0FFE7312A52C4FB0EEDC1FB25" author="Hausmann" box="[254,466,1241,1265]" firstAuthor="Hausmann" pageId="13" pageNumber="12" pagination="229 - 267" refId="ref17539" refString="Hausmann, J. F. L. 1807. Beitrage Zur Insectenfauna des Vorgebirgen der guten Hoffnung. Magazin fur Insectenkunde, herausgegeben von Karl Illiger (Braunschweig) 6: 229 - 267." type="journal article" year="1807">Hausmann, 1807</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
], 
<bibRefCitation id="F24E12A0FFE7312A53D7FB0EEEF2FB25" author="Barbero" box="[493,737,1241,1265]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Barbero" pageId="13" pageNumber="12" pagination="87 - 96" refId="ref16403" refString="Barbero, E., C. Palestrini, and A. Roggero. 1998. Phylogenetic relationships in the genus Scarabaeus Linnaeus. Atti 1. Colloquio Nazionale di Sistematica Cladistica, Memorie del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Verona (2), Sezione Scienze della Vita No. 13: 87 - 96." type="book chapter" year="1998">Barbero et al. (1998)</bibRefCitation>
[
<taxonomicName id="51DF14D2FFE7312A50CAFB0EE868FB25" authority="(Boheman, 1857)" baseAuthorityName="Boheman" baseAuthorityYear="1857" box="[752,1147,1241,1265]" class="Trilobita" family="Styginidae" genus="Scutellum" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Corynexochida" pageId="13" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="interstitialis">
<emphasis id="A4ABB343FFE7312A50CAFB0EEFB6FB25" box="[752,933,1241,1265]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">S. interstitialis</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="F24E12A0FFE7312A5189FB0EE861FB25" author="Boheman" box="[947,1138,1241,1265]" firstAuthor="Boheman" pageId="13" pageNumber="12" refId="ref16461" refString="Boheman, C. H. 1857. Insecta Caffrariae annis 1837 - 1845 a J. A. Wahlberg collecta amici auxilio suffultus descripsit. Pars 2, Coleoptera (Scarabaeidae), t. 1. Norstedt; Stockholm. 395 p." type="book" year="1857">Boheman, 1857</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="51DF14D2FFE7312A56BFFB0EED15FAC7" authority="(Hausmann, 1807)" baseAuthorityName="Hausmann" baseAuthorityYear="1807" class="Trilobita" family="Styginidae" genus="Scutellum" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Corynexochida" pageId="13" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rugosus">
<emphasis id="A4ABB343FFE7312A56BFFB0EE911FB25" box="[1157,1282,1241,1265]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">S. rugosus</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="F24E12A0FFE7312A572AFB0EECEEFAC7" author="Hausmann" firstAuthor="Hausmann" pageId="13" pageNumber="12" pagination="229 - 267" refId="ref17539" refString="Hausmann, J. F. L. 1807. Beitrage Zur Insectenfauna des Vorgebirgen der guten Hoffnung. Magazin fur Insectenkunde, herausgegeben von Karl Illiger (Braunschweig) 6: 229 - 267." type="journal article" year="1807">Hausmann, 1807</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="51DF14D2FFE7312A532AFB2CEE72FAC7" authority="(Boheman, 1857)" baseAuthorityName="Boheman" baseAuthorityYear="1857" box="[272,609,1275,1299]" class="Trilobita" family="Styginidae" genus="Scutellum" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Corynexochida" pageId="13" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rusticus">
<emphasis id="A4ABB343FFE7312A532AFB2CED9CFAC7" box="[272,399,1275,1299]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">S. rusticus</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="F24E12A0FFE7312A53A6FB2CEE4BFAC7" author="Boheman" box="[412,600,1275,1299]" firstAuthor="Boheman" pageId="13" pageNumber="12" refId="ref16461" refString="Boheman, C. H. 1857. Insecta Caffrariae annis 1837 - 1845 a J. A. Wahlberg collecta amici auxilio suffultus descripsit. Pars 2, Coleoptera (Scarabaeidae), t. 1. Norstedt; Stockholm. 395 p." type="book" year="1857">Boheman, 1857</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
] and 
<bibRefCitation id="F24E12A0FFE7312A509BFB2BEFDFFAC7" author="Mostert and Holm" box="[673,972,1275,1299]" firstAuthor="Mostert" pageId="13" pageNumber="12" pagination="273 - 284" refId="ref18061" refString="Mostert, L. E., and E. Holm. 1982. Notes on the flightless Scarabaeina (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) with a description of a new species. Cimbebasia (A) 5: 273 - 284." type="journal article" year="1982">Mostert and Holm (1982)</bibRefCitation>
[
<taxonomicName id="51DF14D2FFE7312A51E0FB2CE96EFAC7" authority="Mostert and Holm, 1982" authorityName="Mostert and Holm" authorityYear="1982" box="[986,1405,1275,1299]" class="Trilobita" family="Styginidae" genus="Scutellum" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Corynexochida" pageId="13" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="scholtzi">
<emphasis id="A4ABB343FFE7312A51E0FB2CE840FAC7" box="[986,1107,1275,1299]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">S. scholtzi</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="F24E12A0FFE7312A5663FB2BE96EFAC7" author="Mostert and Holm" box="[1113,1405,1275,1299]" firstAuthor="Mostert" pageId="13" pageNumber="12" pagination="273 - 284" refId="ref18061" refString="Mostert, L. E., and E. Holm. 1982. Notes on the flightless Scarabaeina (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) with a description of a new species. Cimbebasia (A) 5: 273 - 284." type="journal article" year="1982">Mostert and Holm, 1982</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="51DF14D2FFE7312A57BDFB2CEDA5FAE2" authority="(Gray, 1832)" baseAuthorityName="Gray" baseAuthorityYear="1832" class="Trilobita" family="Styginidae" genus="Scutellum" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Corynexochida" pageId="13" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="silenus">
<emphasis id="A4ABB343FFE7312A57BDFB2CED06FAE1" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">S. silenus</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="F24E12A0FFE7312A5319FAC9EDBEFAE2" author="Gray" box="[291,429,1310,1334]" firstAuthor="Gray" pageId="13" pageNumber="12" refId="ref17325" refString="Gray, G. R. 1832. Notices of new genera and species. In: E. Griffith and E. Pidgeon (eds.), The class Insecta arranged by the Baron Cuvier, with supplementary additions to each order. Vol. 1. Whittaker, Teacher &amp; Co.; London. 570 p., 140 pl." type="book" year="1832">Gray, 1832</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
], however none of them conforms to the subgeneric definition noted in the Introduc- tion. 
<bibRefCitation id="F24E12A0FFE7312A52C4FAE8EE17FA83" author="Deschodt" box="[254,516,1343,1367]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Deschodt" pageId="13" pageNumber="12" pagination="505 - 527" refId="ref16590" refString="Deschodt, C. M., A. L. V. Davis, and C. H. Scholtz. 2015. Status changes, new synonymies, key and descriptions of seven new species in the subgenus Scarabaeus (Scarabaeolus) Balthasar 1965 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae). Zootaxa 3931 (4): 505 - 527." type="journal article" year="2015">Deschodt et al. (2015)</bibRefCitation>
included 
<taxonomicName id="51DF14D2FFE7312A5043FA97EEE6FA83" authorityName="Mostert and Holm" authorityYear="1982" box="[633,757,1343,1367]" class="Trilobita" family="Styginidae" genus="Scutellum" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Corynexochida" pageId="13" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="scholtzi">
<emphasis id="A4ABB343FFE7312A5043FA97EE98FA83" box="[633,651,1344,1367]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">S</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="A4ABB343FFE7312A50A3FAE8EEE6FA83" box="[665,757,1343,1367]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">scholtzi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
on the presence of the second mesotibial spur, but noted that according to 
<bibRefCitation id="F24E12A0FFE7312A53AAFAB5EE63FAAD" author="Forgie" box="[400,624,1377,1402]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Forgie" pageId="13" pageNumber="12" pagination="60 - 96" refId="ref17221" refString="Forgie, S. A., T. K. Philips, and C. H. Scholtz. 2005. Evolution of the Scarabaeini (Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae). Systematic Entomology 30: 60 - 96." type="journal article" year="2005">Forgie et al. (2005)</bibRefCitation>
this species consistently falls outside of their “ 
<taxonomicName id="51DF14D2FFE7312A56A1FAB6E92DFAAD" box="[1179,1342,1377,1401]" class="Trilobita" family="Styginidae" genus="Scutellum" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Corynexochida" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Scarabaeolus">
<emphasis id="A4ABB343FFE7312A56A1FAB6E92DFAAD" box="[1179,1342,1377,1401]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">Scarabaeolus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
clades”. 
<taxonomicName id="51DF14D2FFE7312A52FAFA54EDA2FA4F" authorityName="Mostert &amp; Holm" authorityYear="1982" box="[192,433,1411,1435]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Scarabaeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="scholtzi">
<emphasis id="A4ABB343FFE7312A52FAFA54EDA2FA4F" box="[192,433,1411,1435]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">Scarabaeus scholtzi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is a relatively large (about 
<quantity id="5127C2B4FFE7312A5139FA53EF4BFA48" box="[771,856,1412,1436]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="13" pageNumber="12" unit="mm" value="20.0">20 mm</quantity>
) 
<emphasis id="A4ABB343FFE7312A5152FA54EFE1FA4F" box="[872,1010,1411,1435]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">Pachysoma</emphasis>
-like apterous scarab whose second mesotibial spur is slender and nearly half as long as the principal spur (as in 
<taxonomicName id="51DF14D2FFE7312A56B8FA72E8E1FA69" authorityName="Westwood" authorityYear="1837" box="[1154,1266,1445,1469]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Sceliages" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="A4ABB343FFE7312A56B8FA72E8E1FA69" box="[1154,1266,1445,1469]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">Sceliages</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), quite unlike the minuscule and rather stubby structure in 
<taxonomicName id="51DF14D2FFE7312A50C1FA10EF8DFA0B" box="[763,926,1479,1503]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Sceliages" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Scarabaeolus">
<emphasis id="A4ABB343FFE7312A50C1FA10EF8DFA0B" box="[763,926,1479,1503]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">Scarabaeolus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Besides that, it is a structure present in other scarabaeine tribes as well (e.g. the 
<taxonomicName id="51DF14D2FFE7312A5094FA3DEF78F9D6" authorityName="Lacordaire" authorityYear="1856" box="[686,875,1514,1538]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Gymnopleurini">Gymnopleurini</taxonomicName>
), and thus an adaptation that arose more than once. As such it can be useful for utilitarian sorting of species, but not for determining relationships. We therefore do not include 
<taxonomicName id="51DF14D2FFE7312A5023F9F9EE85F992" authorityName="Mostert &amp; Holm" authorityYear="1982" box="[537,662,1582,1606]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Scarabaeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="scholtzi">
<emphasis id="A4ABB343FFE7312A5023F9F9EE85F992" box="[537,662,1582,1606]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">S. scholtzi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in the subgenus.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="96606F51FFE7312A52D2F987EDFBF95E" blockId="13.[192,1440,1207,1674]" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">The following synonymies have been proposed in the subgenus; their authorships are detailed below in the Species Accounts:</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="DEC53CDAFFE7312A52FAF973EF62F85D" pageId="13" pageNumber="12" type="synonymic_list">
<paragraph id="96606F51FFE7312A52FAF973EF91F968" blockId="13.[192,1076,1700,1929]" box="[192,898,1700,1724]" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">
<taxonomicName id="51DF14D2FFE7312A52FAF973EDF8F968" authority="Ferreira, 1968" authorityName="Ferreira" authorityYear="1968" box="[192,491,1700,1724]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Sceliages" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="xavieri">
<emphasis id="A4ABB343FFE7312A52FAF973ED20F96F" box="[192,307,1700,1723]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">S. xavieri</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="F24E12A0FFE7312A5301F973EDF8F968" author="Ferreira, M. C." box="[315,491,1700,1724]" pageId="13" pageNumber="12" pagination="3 - 9" refId="ref17094" refString="Ferreira, M. C. 1968 a. Contribuicao para o estudo dos escarabideos de Mocambique. Descricao de uma especie nova do subgenero Scarabaeolus Balthasar (genero Scarabaeus L., subfamilia Scarabaeinae). Novos Taxa Entomologicos no. 58: 3 - 9." type="journal article" year="1968">Ferreira, 1968</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
= 
<taxonomicName id="51DF14D2FFE7312A5030F973EE86F968" authorityName="Zur Strassen" authorityYear="1963" box="[522,661,1700,1724]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Scarabaeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="andreaei">
<emphasis id="A4ABB343FFE7312A5030F973EE86F968" box="[522,661,1700,1724]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">S. andreaei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<bibRefCitation id="F24E12A0FFE7312A50A7F972EF91F968" author="zur Strassen, R." box="[669,898,1700,1724]" journalOrPublisher="Senckenbergiana Biologica" pageId="13" pageNumber="12" pagination="107 - 110" part="44" refId="ref18500" refString="zur Strassen, R. 1963. Scarabaeus andreaei, ein neuer Pillendreher aus Mozambique (Ins., Col., Scarabaeidae). Senckenbergiana Biologica 44 (2): 107 - 110." title="Scarabaeus andreaei, ein neuer Pillendreher aus Mozambique (Ins., Col., Scarabaeidae)" type="journal article" year="1963">zur Strassen, 1963</bibRefCitation>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="96606F51FFE7312A52FAF911E827F90A" blockId="13.[192,1076,1700,1929]" box="[192,1076,1734,1758]" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">
<taxonomicName id="51DF14D2FFE7312A52FAF911EE5AF90A" authority="(Boheman, 1857)" baseAuthorityName="Boheman" baseAuthorityYear="1857" box="[192,585,1734,1758]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Sceliages" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cicatricosus">
<emphasis id="A4ABB343FFE7312A52FAF911ED7DF909" box="[192,366,1734,1757]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">S. cicatricosus</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="F24E12A0FFE7312A5344F911EE53F90A" author="Boheman" box="[382,576,1734,1758]" firstAuthor="Boheman" pageId="13" pageNumber="12" refId="ref16461" refString="Boheman, C. H. 1857. Insecta Caffrariae annis 1837 - 1845 a J. A. Wahlberg collecta amici auxilio suffultus descripsit. Pars 2, Coleoptera (Scarabaeidae), t. 1. Norstedt; Stockholm. 395 p." type="book" year="1857">Boheman, 1857</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
, n. praeocc. = 
<taxonomicName id="51DF14D2FFE7312A50CFF911E827F90A" authority="Harold, 1868" authorityName="Harold" authorityYear="1868" box="[757,1076,1734,1758]" class="Trilobita" family="Styginidae" genus="Scutellum" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Corynexochida" pageId="13" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bohemani">
<emphasis id="A4ABB343FFE7312A50CFF911EF9EF90A" box="[757,909,1734,1758]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">S. bohemani</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="F24E12A0FFE7312A51AEF911E827F90A" author="Harold, E." box="[916,1076,1734,1758]" pageId="13" pageNumber="12" pagination="79 - 86" refId="ref17390" refString="Harold, E. 1868 a. V. Diagnosen neuer Coprophagen. Coleopterologische Hefte 3: 79 - 86." type="journal article" year="1868">Harold, 1868</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="96606F51FFE7312A52FAF93FEFD4F8D4" blockId="13.[192,1076,1700,1929]" box="[192,967,1768,1792]" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">
<taxonomicName id="51DF14D2FFE7312A52FAF93FEE05F8D4" authority="Waterhouse, 1890" authorityName="Waterhouse" authorityYear="1890" box="[192,534,1768,1792]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Sceliages" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="reichei">
<emphasis id="A4ABB343FFE7312A52FAF93FED22F8D4" box="[192,305,1768,1792]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">S. reichei</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="F24E12A0FFE7312A5303F93FEE05F8D4" author="Waterhouse" box="[313,534,1768,1792]" firstAuthor="Waterhouse" pageId="13" pageNumber="12" pagination="365 - 373" refId="ref18324" refString="Waterhouse, C. 1890. New Scarabaeidae in the British Museum. Annals and Magazine of Natural History (6) 5 (29): 365 - 373." type="journal article" year="1890">Waterhouse, 1890</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
= 
<taxonomicName id="51DF14D2FFE7312A500EF93FEFD4F8D4" authority="Fairmaire, 1888" authorityName="Fairmaire" authorityYear="1888" box="[564,967,1768,1792]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Sceliages" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="canaliculatus">
<emphasis id="A4ABB343FFE7312A500EF93FEEE9F8D4" box="[564,762,1768,1792]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">S. canaliculatus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="F24E12A0FFE7312A513BF93FEFD4F8D4" author="Fairmaire" box="[769,967,1768,1792]" firstAuthor="Fairmaire" pageId="13" pageNumber="12" pagination="177 - 178" refId="ref16806" refString="Fairmaire, L. 1888. Enumeration des coleopteres recueillis par M. le Dr. Hanz Schinz dans le sud de l'Afrique. Annales de la Societe Entomologique de France 8 (6): 177 - 178." type="journal article" year="1888">Fairmaire, 1888</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="96606F51FFE7312A52FAF8DDEF96F8F6" blockId="13.[192,1076,1700,1929]" box="[192,901,1802,1826]" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">
<taxonomicName id="51DF14D2FFE7312A52FAF8DDEDE4F8F6" authority="Ferreira, 1952" authorityName="Ferreira" authorityYear="1952" box="[192,503,1802,1826]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Sceliages" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="azureus">
<emphasis id="A4ABB343FFE7312A52FAF8DDED2CF8F6" box="[192,319,1802,1826]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">S. azureus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="F24E12A0FFE7312A537DF8DDEDE4F8F6" author="Ferreira, M. C." box="[327,503,1802,1826]" pageId="13" pageNumber="12" pagination="73 - 77" refId="ref16846" refString="Ferreira, M. C. 1952 a. A new species of Scarabaeus. Annals of the Transvaal Museum 22 (1): 73 - 77." type="journal article" year="1952">Ferreira, 1952</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
= 
<taxonomicName id="51DF14D2FFE7312A502CF8DDEF96F8F6" authority="Janssens, 1940" authorityName="Janssens" authorityYear="1940" box="[534,901,1802,1826]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Sceliages" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="damarensis">
<emphasis id="A4ABB343FFE7312A502CF8DDEED7F8F6" box="[534,708,1802,1826]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">S. damarensis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="F24E12A0FFE7312A50F6F8DCEF96F8F6" author="Janssens" box="[716,901,1802,1826]" firstAuthor="Janssens" pageId="13" pageNumber="12" pagination="1 - 81" refId="ref17629" refString="Janssens, A. 1940. Monographie des Scarabaeus et genres voisins. Memoires du Musee Royal d'Histoire Naturelle de Belgique (2), 16: 1 - 81." type="journal article" year="1940">Janssens, 1940</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="96606F51FFE7312A52FAF8FBEF93F890" blockId="13.[192,1076,1700,1929]" box="[192,896,1836,1860]" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">
<taxonomicName id="51DF14D2FFE7312A52FAF8FBEDE4F890" authority="Ferreira, 1958" authorityName="Ferreira" authorityYear="1958" box="[192,503,1836,1860]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Sceliages" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vansoni">
<emphasis id="A4ABB343FFE7312A52FAF8FBED2CF890" box="[192,319,1836,1860]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">S. vansoni</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="F24E12A0FFE7312A537DF8FBEDE4F890" author="Ferreira, M. C." box="[327,503,1836,1860]" pageId="13" pageNumber="12" pagination="3 - 6" refId="ref17036" refString="Ferreira, M. C. 1958 a. A new species of Scarabaeus from Angola. Novos Taxa Entomologicos no. 1: 3 - 6." type="journal article" year="1958">Ferreira, 1958</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
= 
<taxonomicName id="51DF14D2FFE7312A502CF8FBEF93F890" authority="(Boheman, 1860)" baseAuthorityName="Boheman" baseAuthorityYear="1860" box="[534,896,1836,1860]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Sceliages" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lucidulus">
<emphasis id="A4ABB343FFE7312A502CF8FBEEBAF890" box="[534,681,1836,1860]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">S. lucidulus</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="F24E12A0FFE7312A5083F8FBEF6BF890" author="Boheman" box="[697,888,1836,1860]" firstAuthor="Boheman" pageId="13" pageNumber="12" pagination="107 - 120" refId="ref16506" refString="Boheman, C. H. 1860. Coleoptera sammlade af J. A. Wahlberg i sydvestra Africa. Ofvers. Kungliga Svenska Vetenskaps Akademien Handlingar 17 (1): 3 - 22, 17 (3): 107 - 120." type="journal article" year="1860">Boheman, 1860</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="96606F51FFE7312A52FAF899EF2FF8B2" blockId="13.[192,1076,1700,1929]" box="[192,828,1870,1894]" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">
<taxonomicName id="51DF14D2FFE7312A52FAF899EDECF8B2" authority="Harold, 1868" authorityName="Harold" authorityYear="1868" box="[192,511,1870,1894]" class="Trilobita" family="Styginidae" genus="Scutellum" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Corynexochida" pageId="13" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bohemani">
<emphasis id="A4ABB343FFE7312A52FAF899ED4BF8B2" box="[192,344,1870,1894]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">S. bohemani</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="F24E12A0FFE7312A535AF899EDECF8B2" author="Harold, E." box="[352,511,1870,1894]" pageId="13" pageNumber="12" pagination="79 - 86" refId="ref17390" refString="Harold, E. 1868 a. V. Diagnosen neuer Coprophagen. Coleopterologische Hefte 3: 79 - 86." type="journal article" year="1868">Harold, 1868</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
= 
<taxonomicName id="51DF14D2FFE7312A5027F899EF2FF8B2" authority="Olivier, 1789" authorityName="Olivier" authorityYear="1789" box="[541,828,1870,1894]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Scarabaeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="palemo">
<emphasis id="A4ABB343FFE7312A5027F899EE85F8B2" box="[541,662,1870,1894]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">S. palemo</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="F24E12A0FFE7312A50A7F899EF2FF8B2" author="Olivier" box="[669,828,1870,1894]" firstAuthor="Olivier" pageId="13" pageNumber="12" refId="ref18146" refString="Olivier, G. - A. 1789. Entomologie, ou histoire naturelle des insectes, avec leurs characteres generiques et specifiques, leur description, leur synonymie, et leur figure enluminee. Coleopteres, vol. 1. Baudoin; Paris. (Genera separately paged.)" type="book" year="1789">Olivier, 1789</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="96606F51FFE7312A52FAF8A7EF62F85D" blockId="13.[192,1076,1700,1929]" box="[192,881,1904,1929]" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">
<taxonomicName id="51DF14D2FFE7312A52FAF8A7EE27F85D" authority="Fabricius, 1792" authorityName="Fabricius. We" authorityYear="1792" box="[192,564,1904,1929]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Sceliages" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="morbillosus">
<emphasis id="A4ABB343FFE7312A52FAF8A7ED7CF85C" box="[192,367,1904,1928]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">S. morbillosus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="F24E12A0FFE7312A534CF8A7EE27F85D" author="Fabricius" box="[374,564,1904,1929]" firstAuthor="Fabricius" pageId="13" pageNumber="12" refId="ref16702" refString="Fabricius, J. C. 1792. Entomologia systematica emendata et aucta adiectis, synonymis, locis, observationibus, descriptionibus. Tomus 1, Pars 1. Proft; Copenhagen. 330 p." type="book" year="1792">Fabricius, 1792</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
= 
<taxonomicName id="51DF14D2FFE7312A5069F8A7EF62F85D" authority="Olivier, 1789" authorityName="Olivier" authorityYear="1789" box="[595,881,1904,1929]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Scarabaeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="palemo">
<emphasis id="A4ABB343FFE7312A5069F8A7EED8F85C" box="[595,715,1904,1928]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">S. palemo</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="F24E12A0FFE7312A50E8F8A7EF62F85D" author="Olivier" box="[722,881,1904,1929]" firstAuthor="Olivier" pageId="13" pageNumber="12" refId="ref18146" refString="Olivier, G. - A. 1789. Entomologie, ou histoire naturelle des insectes, avec leurs characteres generiques et specifiques, leur description, leur synonymie, et leur figure enluminee. Coleopteres, vol. 1. Baudoin; Paris. (Genera separately paged.)" type="book" year="1789">Olivier, 1789</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="DEC53CDAFFE4312852D2FF0EE8C1FCA7" lastPageId="15" lastPageNumber="14" pageId="14" pageNumber="13" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="96606F51FFE4312952D2FF0EEF55FCD7" blockId="14.[192,1440,217,1929]" pageId="14" pageNumber="13">
<bibRefCitation id="F24E12A0FFE4312952D2FF0EEDEBFF25" author="Deschodt" box="[232,504,217,241]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Deschodt" pageId="14" pageNumber="13" pagination="505 - 527" refId="ref16590" refString="Deschodt, C. M., A. L. V. Davis, and C. H. Scholtz. 2015. Status changes, new synonymies, key and descriptions of seven new species in the subgenus Scarabaeus (Scarabaeolus) Balthasar 1965 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae). Zootaxa 3931 (4): 505 - 527." type="journal article" year="2015">Deschodt et al. (2015)</bibRefCitation>
re-validated 
<taxonomicName id="51DF14D2FFE4312950A5FF0DEF01FF25" authorityName="Waterhouse" authorityYear="1890" box="[671,786,217,241]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Sceliages" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="reichei">
<emphasis id="A4ABB343FFE4312950A5FF0DEF01FF25" box="[671,786,217,241]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="13">S. reichei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, which is not accepted here because it is based on a photo of a 
<taxonomicName id="51DF14D2FFE431295305FF2CEE17FEC6" authorityName="Fairmaire" authorityYear="1888" box="[319,516,250,274]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Sceliages" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="canaliculatus">
<emphasis id="A4ABB343FFE431295305FF2CEE17FEC6" box="[319,516,250,274]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="13">S. canaliculatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<typeStatus id="4964D1F3FFE431295031FF2CEE78FEC7" box="[523,619,251,275]" pageId="14" pageNumber="13" type="syntype">syntype</typeStatus>
that either due to encrustation or low resolution shows no detail of elytral sculpture and judged by elevation and evenness of the ribbing could as well be identified as 
<taxonomicName id="51DF14D2FFE4312957BDFECBED04FE80" authorityName="Harold" authorityYear="1868" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Sceliages" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fritschi">
<emphasis id="A4ABB343FFE4312957BDFECBED04FE80" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="13">S. fritschi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The 
<taxonomicName id="51DF14D2FFE431295367FEEAEDDDFE80" authorityName="Waterhouse" authorityYear="1890" box="[349,462,316,340]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Sceliages" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="reichei">
<emphasis id="A4ABB343FFE431295367FEEAEDDDFE80" box="[349,462,316,340]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="13">S. reichei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<typeStatus id="4964D1F3FFE4312953ECFEEAEE2DFE81" box="[470,574,317,341]" pageId="14" pageNumber="13" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
(
<figureCitation id="0EE473D4FFE431295074FEEAEEB0FE81" box="[590,675,317,341]" captionStart="Figures 81–87" captionStartId="35.[192,287,1819,1841]" captionTargetBox="[222,1414,278,1747]" captionTargetPageId="35" captionText="Figures 81–87. Scarabaeus (Scarabaeolus) species with two mesotibial spurs. 81) S. intricatus (Fabricius), m, 16.5 mm. 82) S. inoportunus Ferreira, m, 13.5 mm. 83) S. lucidulus (Boheman), m, 13.5 mm. 84) S. laevifrons Fairmaire, m, 11.5 mm. 85) S. reichei Waterhouse, HT, 18.5 mm. 86) S. reichei HT, detail of left elytron. 87) S. fritschi Harold, detail of left elytron (from specimen in Fig. 74)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3727009" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3727009/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="13">Fig. 85</figureCitation>
) is an empty shell with a gaping hole in place of the metasternal process, leg joints freely moveable and the left antennal club missing, but otherwise the structure is well preserved. 
<bibRefCitation id="F24E12A0FFE43129539AFEA8EE87FE43" author="zur Strassen, R." box="[416,660,383,407]" journalOrPublisher="Entomologische Blatter" pageId="14" pageNumber="13" pagination="129 - 173" part="63" refId="ref18536" refString="zur Strassen, R. 1967. Arten-Ubersicht der Gattung Scarabaeus Linnaeus (Scarabaeidae) mit besonderer Berucksichtigung der athiopischen Formen. Entomologische Blatter 63 (3): 129 - 173." title="Arten-Ubersicht der Gattung Scarabaeus Linnaeus (Scarabaeidae) mit besonderer Berucksichtigung der athiopischen Formen" type="journal article" year="1967">Zur Strassen (1967)</bibRefCitation>
examined the types of 
<taxonomicName id="51DF14D2FFE43129518EFEA8E835FE42" authorityName="Waterhouse" authorityYear="1890" box="[948,1062,382,406]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Sceliages" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="reichei">
<emphasis id="A4ABB343FFE43129518EFEA8E835FE42" box="[948,1062,382,406]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="13">S. reichei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="51DF14D2FFE43129565FFEA8E938FE42" authorityName="Fairmaire" authorityYear="1888" box="[1125,1323,382,406]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Sceliages" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="canaliculatus">
<emphasis id="A4ABB343FFE43129565FFEA8E938FE42" box="[1125,1323,382,406]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="13">S. canaliculatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, followed 
<bibRefCitation id="F24E12A0FFE4312952FAFE77ED4FFE6C" author="Gillet" box="[192,348,416,440]" firstAuthor="Gillet" pageId="14" pageNumber="13" pagination="308 - 312" refId="ref17261" refString="Gillet, J. 1911. Coprophaga africana. Descriptions d'especes nouvelles et remarques diverses. Annales de la Societe Entomologique de Belgique 55 (11): 308 - 312." type="journal article" year="1911">Gillet (1911)</bibRefCitation>
and subsequent authors in synonymizing 
<taxonomicName id="51DF14D2FFE431295154FE77EFF2FE6C" authorityName="Waterhouse" authorityYear="1890" box="[878,993,416,440]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Sceliages" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="reichei">
<emphasis id="A4ABB343FFE431295154FE77EFF2FE6C" box="[878,993,416,440]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="13">S. reichei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and characterized 
<taxonomicName id="51DF14D2FFE4312956E2FE77E9B3FE6C" authorityName="Fairmaire" authorityYear="1888" box="[1240,1440,416,440]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Sceliages" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="canaliculatus">
<emphasis id="A4ABB343FFE4312956E2FE77E9B3FE6C" box="[1240,1440,416,440]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="13">S. canaliculatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as having the elytra striated and intervals elevated but not distinctly ribbed. This (but not the smooth pronotal sagittal line, whose extent and elevation are quite variable) distinguishes 
<taxonomicName id="51DF14D2FFE4312956A5FE35E970FE2E" authorityName="Fairmaire" authorityYear="1888" box="[1183,1379,482,506]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Sceliages" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="canaliculatus">
<emphasis id="A4ABB343FFE4312956A5FE35E970FE2E" box="[1183,1379,482,506]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="13">S. canaliculatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="0EE473D4FFE43129574AFE35ECCDFDCF" captionStart="Figures 72–80" captionStartId="34.[192,287,1821,1843]" captionTargetBox="[209,1440,219,1762]" captionTargetId="figure@34.[606,996,770,1212]" captionTargetPageId="34" captionText="Figures 72–80. Scarabaeus (Scarabaeolus) species with two mesotibial spurs. 72) S. anderseni Waterhouse, HTf, length 10.5 mm. 73) S. canaliculatus Fairmaire, m, 18 mm. 74) S. fritschi Harold, m, 19 mm. 75) S. damarensis Janssens, m, 13 mm. 76) S. gilleti Janssens, HTm, 14.5 mm. 77) S. kwiluensis Janssens, m, 15 mm. 78) S. gracai Ferreira, f, 11 mm. 79) S. kochi Ferreira, PTm, 12.5 mm. 80) S. pabulator Péringuey, m, 12 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3727007" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3727007/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="13">Fig. 73</figureCitation>
) from 
<taxonomicName id="51DF14D2FFE431295314FDD4EDB6FDCF" authorityName="Harold" authorityYear="1868" box="[302,421,515,539]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Sceliages" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fritschi">
<emphasis id="A4ABB343FFE431295314FDD4EDB6FDCF" box="[302,421,515,539]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="13">S. fritschi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="0EE473D4FFE43129538FFDD4EE18FDCF" box="[437,523,515,539]" captionStart="Figures 72–80" captionStartId="34.[192,287,1821,1843]" captionTargetBox="[209,1440,219,1762]" captionTargetId="figure@34.[606,996,770,1212]" captionTargetPageId="34" captionText="Figures 72–80. Scarabaeus (Scarabaeolus) species with two mesotibial spurs. 72) S. anderseni Waterhouse, HTf, length 10.5 mm. 73) S. canaliculatus Fairmaire, m, 18 mm. 74) S. fritschi Harold, m, 19 mm. 75) S. damarensis Janssens, m, 13 mm. 76) S. gilleti Janssens, HTm, 14.5 mm. 77) S. kwiluensis Janssens, m, 15 mm. 78) S. gracai Ferreira, f, 11 mm. 79) S. kochi Ferreira, PTm, 12.5 mm. 80) S. pabulator Péringuey, m, 12 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3727007" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3727007/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="13">Fig. 74</figureCitation>
), and in this regard the 
<typeStatus id="4964D1F3FFE43129510BFDD4EF8AFDCF" box="[817,921,515,539]" pageId="14" pageNumber="13" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
of 
<taxonomicName id="51DF14D2FFE431295187FDD4E83DFDCF" authorityName="Waterhouse" authorityYear="1890" box="[957,1070,515,539]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Sceliages" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="reichei">
<emphasis id="A4ABB343FFE431295187FDD4E83DFDCF" box="[957,1070,515,539]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="13">S. reichei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="0EE473D4FFE431295604FDD4E881FDCF" box="[1086,1170,515,539]" captionStart="Figures 81–87" captionStartId="35.[192,287,1819,1841]" captionTargetBox="[222,1414,278,1747]" captionTargetPageId="35" captionText="Figures 81–87. Scarabaeus (Scarabaeolus) species with two mesotibial spurs. 81) S. intricatus (Fabricius), m, 16.5 mm. 82) S. inoportunus Ferreira, m, 13.5 mm. 83) S. lucidulus (Boheman), m, 13.5 mm. 84) S. laevifrons Fairmaire, m, 11.5 mm. 85) S. reichei Waterhouse, HT, 18.5 mm. 86) S. reichei HT, detail of left elytron. 87) S. fritschi Harold, detail of left elytron (from specimen in Fig. 74)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3727009" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3727009/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="13">Fig. 86</figureCitation>
) matches perfectly all specimens of 
<taxonomicName id="51DF14D2FFE43129535FFDF3EE3FFDE8" authorityName="Fairmaire" authorityYear="1888" box="[357,556,548,572]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Sceliages" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="canaliculatus">
<emphasis id="A4ABB343FFE43129535FFDF3EE3FFDE8" box="[357,556,548,572]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="13">S. canaliculatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
that we have seen. In 
<taxonomicName id="51DF14D2FFE431295173FDF3EFD1FDE8" authorityName="Harold" authorityYear="1868" box="[841,962,548,572]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Sceliages" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fritschi">
<emphasis id="A4ABB343FFE431295173FDF3EFD1FDE8" box="[841,962,548,572]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="13">S. fritschi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="0EE473D4FFE4312951E9FDF3E83FFDE8" box="[979,1068,548,572]" captionStart="Figures 81–87" captionStartId="35.[192,287,1819,1841]" captionTargetBox="[222,1414,278,1747]" captionTargetPageId="35" captionText="Figures 81–87. Scarabaeus (Scarabaeolus) species with two mesotibial spurs. 81) S. intricatus (Fabricius), m, 16.5 mm. 82) S. inoportunus Ferreira, m, 13.5 mm. 83) S. lucidulus (Boheman), m, 13.5 mm. 84) S. laevifrons Fairmaire, m, 11.5 mm. 85) S. reichei Waterhouse, HT, 18.5 mm. 86) S. reichei HT, detail of left elytron. 87) S. fritschi Harold, detail of left elytron (from specimen in Fig. 74)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3727009" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3727009/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="13">Fig. 87</figureCitation>
), on the other hand, elevation of intervals does not diminish laterally but remains more-or-less equal, the coarse punctures in their keels bear short yellowish setae, and the sharply demarcated, finely punctate striae are much wider. The parameres of these two species are identical (
<figureCitation id="0EE473D4FFE431295120FD50EF8AFD74" box="[794,921,647,672]" captionStart="Figures 88–104" captionStartId="36.[192,287,1762,1784]" captionTargetBox="[263,1414,235,1714]" captionTargetPageId="36" captionText="Figures 88–104. Scarabaeus (Scarabaeolus) aedeagi in dorsal and left lateral views. 88) S. palemo Olivier (Benin, from specimen in Fig. 69). 89) S. parvulus (Boheman). 90) S. karrooensis zur Strassen. 91) S. laevifrons Fairmaire. 92) S. reichei = S. canaliculatus (det. Ferreira). 93) S. canaliculatus Fairmaire. 94) S. fritschi Harold. 95) S. damarensis Janssens. 96) S. gilleti Janssens. 97) S. kwiluensis Janssens. 98) S. kochi Ferreira. 99) S. pabulator Péringuey. 100) S. intricatus (Fabricius). 101) S. lucidulus (Boheman). 102) S. funebris (Boheman). 103) S. clanceyi Ferreira. 104) S. inoportunus Ferreira." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3727011" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3727011/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="13">Fig. 93, 94</figureCitation>
) and the elytral sculpture differs in degree of development rather than in form, so in terms of population biology it could even be claimed that 
<taxonomicName id="51DF14D2FFE4312957BDFD7EED76FD35" authorityName="Fairmaire" authorityYear="1888" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Sceliages" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="canaliculatus">
<emphasis id="A4ABB343FFE4312957BDFD7EED76FD35" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="13">S. canaliculatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is only a variety of 
<taxonomicName id="51DF14D2FFE431295064FD1DEEC4FD35" authorityName="Harold" authorityYear="1868" box="[606,727,713,737]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Sceliages" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fritschi">
<emphasis id="A4ABB343FFE431295064FD1DEEC4FD35" box="[606,727,713,737]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="13">S. fritschi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. However, in absence of a thorough analysis we keep the taxa separate and only point out the close similarity.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="96606F51FFE4312952D2FCDBEE4DFBBB" blockId="14.[192,1440,217,1929]" pageId="14" pageNumber="13">
The 
<taxonomicName id="51DF14D2FFE431295324FCDBEDA5FCF7" authorityName="Harold" authorityYear="1868" box="[286,438,779,803]" class="Trilobita" family="Styginidae" genus="Scutellum" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Corynexochida" pageId="14" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bohemani">
<emphasis id="A4ABB343FFE431295324FCDBEDA5FCF7" box="[286,438,779,803]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="13">S. bohemani</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
= 
<taxonomicName id="51DF14D2FFE4312953EFFCDBEE5EFCF7" authorityName="Olivier" authorityYear="1789" box="[469,589,779,803]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Scarabaeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="palemo">
<emphasis id="A4ABB343FFE4312953EFFCDBEE5EFCF7" box="[469,589,779,803]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="13">S. palemo</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
synonymy was proposed by 
<bibRefCitation id="F24E12A0FFE43129519DFCDBE87EFCF0" author="Janssens" box="[935,1133,780,804]" firstAuthor="Janssens" pageId="14" pageNumber="13" pagination="1 - 81" refId="ref17629" refString="Janssens, A. 1940. Monographie des Scarabaeus et genres voisins. Memoires du Musee Royal d'Histoire Naturelle de Belgique (2), 16: 1 - 81." type="journal article" year="1940">Janssens (1940)</bibRefCitation>
, rejected by 
<bibRefCitation id="F24E12A0FFE43129573FFCDBED1CFC91" author="zur Strassen, R." journalOrPublisher="Entomologische Blatter" pageId="14" pageNumber="13" pagination="129 - 173" part="63" refId="ref18536" refString="zur Strassen, R. 1967. Arten-Ubersicht der Gattung Scarabaeus Linnaeus (Scarabaeidae) mit besonderer Berucksichtigung der athiopischen Formen. Entomologische Blatter 63 (3): 129 - 173." title="Arten-Ubersicht der Gattung Scarabaeus Linnaeus (Scarabaeidae) mit besonderer Berucksichtigung der athiopischen Formen" type="journal article" year="1967">zur Strassen (1967)</bibRefCitation>
, and proposed again by 
<bibRefCitation id="F24E12A0FFE431295012FCFAEF3FFC91" author="Deschodt" box="[552,812,813,837]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Deschodt" pageId="14" pageNumber="13" pagination="505 - 527" refId="ref16590" refString="Deschodt, C. M., A. L. V. Davis, and C. H. Scholtz. 2015. Status changes, new synonymies, key and descriptions of seven new species in the subgenus Scarabaeus (Scarabaeolus) Balthasar 1965 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae). Zootaxa 3931 (4): 505 - 527." type="journal article" year="2015">Deschodt et al. (2015)</bibRefCitation>
. We maintain both species as valid the great similarity in habitus notwithstanding, because in our opinion they can usually be separated by their aedeagi (
<figureCitation id="0EE473D4FFE4312952F3FCB8ED59FC53" box="[201,330,879,903]" captionStart="Figures 39–46" captionStartId="30.[192,287,1819,1841]" captionTargetBox="[246,1451,274,1760]" captionTargetPageId="30" captionText="Figures 39–46. Scarabaeus (Scarabaeolus) spp. 39–42) Scarabaeus (Scarabaeolus) werneri sp. n., HTm, 9 mm. 39) Dorsal habitus. 40) Ventral habitus. 41) Aedeagus, dorsal. 42) Aedeagus, left lateral. 43–46) Scarabaeus (Scarabaeolus) bohemani Harold, 16 mm. 43) Dorsal habitus. 44) Ventral habitus. 45) Aedeagus, dorsal. 46) Aedeagus, left lateral." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3726999" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3726999/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="13">Fig. 45–46</figureCitation>
vs. 88 and 
<bibRefCitation id="F24E12A0FFE4312953ECFCA7EEAAFC53" author="zur Strassen, R." box="[470,697,879,903]" journalOrPublisher="Entomologische Blatter" pageId="14" pageNumber="13" pagination="129 - 173" part="63" refId="ref18536" refString="zur Strassen, R. 1967. Arten-Ubersicht der Gattung Scarabaeus Linnaeus (Scarabaeidae) mit besonderer Berucksichtigung der athiopischen Formen. Entomologische Blatter 63 (3): 129 - 173." title="Arten-Ubersicht der Gattung Scarabaeus Linnaeus (Scarabaeidae) mit besonderer Berucksichtigung der athiopischen Formen" type="journal article" year="1967">zur Strassen 1967</bibRefCitation>
: fig. 8 vs. 9). An exception is a series of 11 TMSA specimens, seven from 
<collectingRegion id="541BA1B3FFE431295371FC47EDA5FC7C" box="[331,438,912,936]" country="South Africa" name="Limpopo" pageId="14" pageNumber="13">Limpopo</collectingRegion>
(
<figureCitation id="0EE473D4FFE4312953FFFC47EE57FC7C" box="[453,580,912,936]" captionStart="Figures 47–54" captionStartId="31.[192,287,1819,1841]" captionTargetBox="[202,1431,289,1748]" captionTargetPageId="31" captionText="Figures 47–54. Scarabaeus (Scarabaeolus) spp. 47–50) Scarabaeus (Scarabaeolus) orientalis sp. n., HTm, 15 mm. 47) Dorsal habitus. 48) Ventral habitus. 49) Aedeagus, dorsal. 50) Aedeagus, left lateral. 51–54) Scarabaeus (Scarabaeolus) cf. bohemani / palemo, RSA, Limpopo Province, 14 mm. 51) Dorsal habitus. 52) Ventral habitus. 53) Aedeagus, dorsal. 54) Aedeagus, left lateral." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3727001" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3727001/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="13">Fig. 51–54</figureCitation>
) and four from 
<collectingRegion id="541BA1B3FFE43129513AFC47EFA5FC7C" box="[768,950,912,936]" country="South Africa" name="Northern Cape" pageId="14" pageNumber="13">Northern Cape</collectingRegion>
provinces, which remind of 
<taxonomicName id="51DF14D2FFE431295733FC47E9B3FC7C" authorityName="Harold" authorityYear="1868" box="[1289,1440,912,936]" class="Trilobita" family="Styginidae" genus="Scutellum" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Corynexochida" pageId="14" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bohemani">
<emphasis id="A4ABB343FFE431295733FC47E9B3FC7C" box="[1289,1440,912,936]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="13">S. bohemani</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in having grayish antennal clubs (see also 
<bibRefCitation id="F24E12A0FFE4312950F3FC66EFD5FC1D" author="Deschodt" box="[713,966,945,969]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Deschodt" pageId="14" pageNumber="13" pagination="505 - 527" refId="ref16590" refString="Deschodt, C. M., A. L. V. Davis, and C. H. Scholtz. 2015. Status changes, new synonymies, key and descriptions of seven new species in the subgenus Scarabaeus (Scarabaeolus) Balthasar 1965 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae). Zootaxa 3931 (4): 505 - 527." type="journal article" year="2015">Deschodt et al. 2015</bibRefCitation>
: fig. 5) but aedeagi more resembling 
<taxonomicName id="51DF14D2FFE4312957BDFC66ED0BFC3E" authorityName="Olivier" authorityYear="1789" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Scarabaeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="palemo">
<emphasis id="A4ABB343FFE4312957BDFC66ED0BFC3E" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="13">S. palemo</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, with the paramere tips dorsally rounded and ventrally produced into short beaks, as in the typical western 
<taxonomicName id="51DF14D2FFE431295344FC24EDE7FBDF" authorityName="Olivier" authorityYear="1789" box="[382,500,1011,1035]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Scarabaeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="palemo">
<emphasis id="A4ABB343FFE431295344FC24EDE7FBDF" box="[382,500,1011,1035]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="13">S. palemo</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="0EE473D4FFE431295038FC24EE44FBDF" box="[514,599,1011,1035]" captionStart="Figures 88–104" captionStartId="36.[192,287,1762,1784]" captionTargetBox="[263,1414,235,1714]" captionTargetPageId="36" captionText="Figures 88–104. Scarabaeus (Scarabaeolus) aedeagi in dorsal and left lateral views. 88) S. palemo Olivier (Benin, from specimen in Fig. 69). 89) S. parvulus (Boheman). 90) S. karrooensis zur Strassen. 91) S. laevifrons Fairmaire. 92) S. reichei = S. canaliculatus (det. Ferreira). 93) S. canaliculatus Fairmaire. 94) S. fritschi Harold. 95) S. damarensis Janssens. 96) S. gilleti Janssens. 97) S. kwiluensis Janssens. 98) S. kochi Ferreira. 99) S. pabulator Péringuey. 100) S. intricatus (Fabricius). 101) S. lucidulus (Boheman). 102) S. funebris (Boheman). 103) S. clanceyi Ferreira. 104) S. inoportunus Ferreira." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3727011" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3727011/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="13">Fig. 88</figureCitation>
). We find naming this series premature, call it 
<taxonomicName id="51DF14D2FFE4312956B9FC24E929FBDF" authorityName="Harold" authorityYear="1868" box="[1155,1338,1011,1035]" class="Trilobita" family="Styginidae" genus="Scutellum" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Corynexochida" pageId="14" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bohemani">
<emphasis id="A4ABB343FFE4312956B9FC24E886FBDE" box="[1155,1173,1011,1034]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="13">S</emphasis>
. cf. 
<emphasis id="A4ABB343FFE4312956F9FC24E929FBDF" box="[1219,1338,1011,1035]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="13">bohemani</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
/ 
<taxonomicName id="51DF14D2FFE43129577BFC24E98BFBDF" authorityName="Olivier" authorityYear="1789" box="[1345,1432,1011,1035]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Scarabaeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="palemo">
<emphasis id="A4ABB343FFE43129577BFC24E98BFBDF" box="[1345,1432,1011,1035]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="13">palemo</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and theorize that it could be a transitional population in an area where the two species meet. As pointed out by 
<bibRefCitation id="F24E12A0FFE43129532CFBE2EE71FB99" author="Deschodt" box="[278,610,1077,1101]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Deschodt" pageId="14" pageNumber="13" pagination="505 - 527" refId="ref16590" refString="Deschodt, C. M., A. L. V. Davis, and C. H. Scholtz. 2015. Status changes, new synonymies, key and descriptions of seven new species in the subgenus Scarabaeus (Scarabaeolus) Balthasar 1965 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae). Zootaxa 3931 (4): 505 - 527." type="journal article" year="2015">Deschodt et al. (2015: 524)</bibRefCitation>
, the question of validity/synonymy of these two taxa would best be resolved by molecular techniques.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="96606F51FFE4312952D2FBAFEFD4F8F1" blockId="14.[192,1440,217,1929]" pageId="14" pageNumber="13">
The 
<taxonomicName id="51DF14D2FFE431295324FBAFEDDEFB5B" authorityName="Fabricius. We" authorityYear="1792" box="[286,461,1143,1167]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Sceliages" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="morbillosus">
<emphasis id="A4ABB343FFE431295324FBAFEDDEFB5B" box="[286,461,1143,1167]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="13">S. morbillosus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
= 
<taxonomicName id="51DF14D2FFE4312953D1FBAFEE71FB5B" authorityName="Olivier" authorityYear="1789" box="[491,610,1143,1167]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Scarabaeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="palemo">
<emphasis id="A4ABB343FFE4312953D1FBAFEE71FB5B" box="[491,610,1143,1167]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="13">S. palemo</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
synonymy can be accepted only partially and conditionally, for west African specimens that have been dissected. We examined the ZMUC types (5 ST) of 
<taxonomicName id="51DF14D2FFE43129568FFB4EE971FB64" authorityName="Fabricius. We" authorityYear="1792" box="[1205,1378,1176,1200]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Sceliages" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="morbillosus">
<emphasis id="A4ABB343FFE43129568FFB4EE971FB64" box="[1205,1378,1176,1200]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="13">S. morbillosus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="0EE473D4FFE43129574AFB4EED19FB06" captionStart="Figures 63–71" captionStartId="33.[192,287,1790,1812]" captionTargetBox="[188,1440,210,1767]" captionTargetId="figure@33.[640,1002,724,1193]" captionTargetPageId="33" captionText="Figures 63–71. Scarabaeus (Scarabaeolus) species with one mesotibial spur. 63) S. funebris (Boheman), m, 17.5 mm. 64) S. parvulus (Boheman), m, 14 mm. 65) S. clanceyi Ferreira, m, 12.7 mm. 66) S. karrooensis zur Strassen, m, 13 mm. 67) S. obsoletepunctatus Balthasar, HTf, 14.5 mm. 68) Same, ventral view. 69) S. palemo Olivier, m, 14.5 mm (Benin, brownish because teneral). 70) S. morbillosus Fabricius, ST, 13.7 mm (= S. palemo Olivier). 71) Same, frontal view showing orangish profemoral pads." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3727005" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3727005/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="13">Fig. 70–71</figureCitation>
) but could not dissect them, and we have no knowledge of the MNHN types of 
<taxonomicName id="51DF14D2FFE4312956F3FB6DE952FB05" authorityName="Olivier" authorityYear="1789" box="[1225,1345,1209,1233]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Scarabaeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="palemo">
<emphasis id="A4ABB343FFE4312956F3FB6DE952FB05" box="[1225,1345,1209,1233]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="13">S. palemo</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. In this regard, we had to rely on 
<bibRefCitation id="F24E12A0FFE43129503AFB0CEF10FB27" author="zur Strassen, R." box="[512,771,1243,1267]" journalOrPublisher="Entomologische Blatter" pageId="14" pageNumber="13" pagination="129 - 173" part="63" refId="ref18536" refString="zur Strassen, R. 1967. Arten-Ubersicht der Gattung Scarabaeus Linnaeus (Scarabaeidae) mit besonderer Berucksichtigung der athiopischen Formen. Entomologische Blatter 63 (3): 129 - 173." title="Arten-Ubersicht der Gattung Scarabaeus Linnaeus (Scarabaeidae) mit besonderer Berucksichtigung der athiopischen Formen" type="journal article" year="1967">zur Strassen’s (1967)</bibRefCitation>
work and his subsequent identifications of 
<taxonomicName id="51DF14D2FFE431295725FB0CE98AFB26" authorityName="Olivier" authorityYear="1789" box="[1311,1433,1242,1266]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Scarabaeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="palemo">
<emphasis id="A4ABB343FFE431295725FB0CE98AFB26" box="[1311,1433,1242,1266]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="13">S. palemo</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, but they unfortunately did not answer the question of identity of this species because his drawings of 
<taxonomicName id="51DF14D2FFE4312952FAFACAED2BFAE1" authorityName="Olivier" authorityYear="1789" box="[192,312,1309,1333]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Scarabaeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="palemo">
<emphasis id="A4ABB343FFE4312952FAFACAED2BFAE1" box="[192,312,1309,1333]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="13">S. palemo</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
aedeagus (
<bibRefCitation id="F24E12A0FFE4312953FAFACAEEB2FAE1" author="zur Strassen, R." box="[448,673,1309,1333]" journalOrPublisher="Entomologische Blatter" pageId="14" pageNumber="13" pagination="129 - 173" part="63" refId="ref18536" refString="zur Strassen, R. 1967. Arten-Ubersicht der Gattung Scarabaeus Linnaeus (Scarabaeidae) mit besonderer Berucksichtigung der athiopischen Formen. Entomologische Blatter 63 (3): 129 - 173." title="Arten-Ubersicht der Gattung Scarabaeus Linnaeus (Scarabaeidae) mit besonderer Berucksichtigung der athiopischen Formen" type="journal article" year="1967">zur Strassen 1967</bibRefCitation>
: fig. 8) do not match aedeagi that we extracted from two TMSA specimens identified by him (in 1993) as 
<taxonomicName id="51DF14D2FFE4312950F8FAE9EF2FFA82" authorityName="Olivier" authorityYear="1789" box="[706,828,1342,1366]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Scarabaeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="palemo">
<emphasis id="A4ABB343FFE4312950F8FAE9EF2FFA82" box="[706,828,1342,1366]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="13">S. palemo</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and described in this paper as 
<taxonomicName id="51DF14D2FFE4312956F2FAE9ED27FAA3" authority="Zidek &amp; Pokorný, 2018" authorityName="Zidek &amp; Pokorný" authorityYear="2018" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Scarabaeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="orientalis" status="sp. nov." subGenus="Scarabaeolus">
<emphasis id="A4ABB343FFE4312956F2FAE9E8F1FA81" box="[1224,1250,1342,1365]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="13">S.</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="A4ABB343FFE4312956CEFAE9E984FA82" box="[1268,1431,1342,1366]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="13">Scarabaeolus</emphasis>
) 
<emphasis id="A4ABB343FFE4312952FAFA88ED27FAA3" box="[192,308,1375,1399]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="13">orientalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="BF980E38FFE431295301FAB7ED68FAA3" box="[315,379,1376,1399]" pageId="14" pageNumber="13" rank="species">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
(
<figureCitation id="0EE473D4FFE4312953B1FA88EE03FAA3" box="[395,528,1375,1399]" captionStart="Figures 47–54" captionStartId="31.[192,287,1819,1841]" captionTargetBox="[202,1431,289,1748]" captionTargetPageId="31" captionText="Figures 47–54. Scarabaeus (Scarabaeolus) spp. 47–50) Scarabaeus (Scarabaeolus) orientalis sp. n., HTm, 15 mm. 47) Dorsal habitus. 48) Ventral habitus. 49) Aedeagus, dorsal. 50) Aedeagus, left lateral. 51–54) Scarabaeus (Scarabaeolus) cf. bohemani / palemo, RSA, Limpopo Province, 14 mm. 51) Dorsal habitus. 52) Ventral habitus. 53) Aedeagus, dorsal. 54) Aedeagus, left lateral." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3727001" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3727001/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="13">Fig. 47–50</figureCitation>
). The aedeagus figured by zur Strassen in 1967 came from a 
<collectingCountry id="EEC82FC1FFE4312956C9FA88E947FAA3" box="[1267,1364,1375,1399]" name="Senegal" pageId="14" pageNumber="13">Senegal</collectingCountry>
speci- men that, although not identified as such in his paper, probably is one of the 
<typeStatus id="4964D1F3FFE431295661FA56E8D4FA4D" box="[1115,1223,1409,1433]" pageId="14" pageNumber="13" type="syntype">syntypes</typeStatus>
(see 
<bibRefCitation id="F24E12A0FFE431295739FA57ED39FA6D" author="Olivier" firstAuthor="Olivier" pageId="14" pageNumber="13" refId="ref18146" refString="Olivier, G. - A. 1789. Entomologie, ou histoire naturelle des insectes, avec leurs characteres generiques et specifiques, leur description, leur synonymie, et leur figure enluminee. Coleopteres, vol. 1. Baudoin; Paris. (Genera separately paged.)" type="book" year="1789">Olivier 1789: 187–188</bibRefCitation>
); it has a paramere with a large, triangular ventral tooth, whereas the aedeagi extracted by us from Transvaal specimens (Frm: Rhenosterpoort, leg. L. Schulze) have only a minute, easily overlooked ventral denticle (
<figureCitation id="0EE473D4FFE4312953A8FA34EDF8FA2F" box="[402,491,1507,1531]" captionStart="Figures 47–54" captionStartId="31.[192,287,1819,1841]" captionTargetBox="[202,1431,289,1748]" captionTargetPageId="31" captionText="Figures 47–54. Scarabaeus (Scarabaeolus) spp. 47–50) Scarabaeus (Scarabaeolus) orientalis sp. n., HTm, 15 mm. 47) Dorsal habitus. 48) Ventral habitus. 49) Aedeagus, dorsal. 50) Aedeagus, left lateral. 51–54) Scarabaeus (Scarabaeolus) cf. bohemani / palemo, RSA, Limpopo Province, 14 mm. 51) Dorsal habitus. 52) Ventral habitus. 53) Aedeagus, dorsal. 54) Aedeagus, left lateral." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3727001" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3727001/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="13">Fig. 50</figureCitation>
). The difference is too great to be considered intraspecific, and since 
<bibRefCitation id="F24E12A0FFE431295703FA34ED1FF9C9" author="Olivier's" firstAuthor="Olivier's" pageId="14" pageNumber="13" refId="ref18146" refString="Olivier, G. - A. 1789. Entomologie, ou histoire naturelle des insectes, avec leurs characteres generiques et specifiques, leur description, leur synonymie, et leur figure enluminee. Coleopteres, vol. 1. Baudoin; Paris. (Genera separately paged.)" type="book" year="1789">Olivier’s (1789)</bibRefCitation>
<typeStatus id="4964D1F3FFE431295328F9D2ED6DF9C9" box="[274,382,1541,1565]" pageId="14" pageNumber="13" type="syntype">syntypes</typeStatus>
of 
<taxonomicName id="51DF14D2FFE4312953A4F9D2EE07F9C8" authorityName="Olivier" authorityYear="1789" box="[414,532,1540,1564]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Scarabaeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="palemo">
<emphasis id="A4ABB343FFE4312953A4F9D2EE07F9C8" box="[414,532,1540,1564]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="13">S. palemo</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
came from two locations as far apart as 
<collectingCountry id="EEC82FC1FFE4312951CAF9D2E843F9C9" box="[1008,1104,1541,1565]" name="Senegal" pageId="14" pageNumber="13">Senegal</collectingCountry>
and the Cape of Good Hope, we suspect that his type series consists of two species. Fabricius’ 
<typeStatus id="4964D1F3FFE4312951D0F9F1E845F9EA" box="[1002,1110,1574,1598]" pageId="14" pageNumber="13" type="syntype">syntypes</typeStatus>
of 
<taxonomicName id="51DF14D2FFE431295647F9F1E93DF9E9" authorityName="Fabricius. We" authorityYear="1792" box="[1149,1326,1573,1597]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Sceliages" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="morbillosus">
<emphasis id="A4ABB343FFE431295647F9F1E93DF9E9" box="[1149,1326,1573,1597]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="13">S. morbillosus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are from “ 
<collectingCountry id="EEC82FC1FFE4312952F1F990ED37F98B" box="[203,292,1607,1631]" name="Guinea-Bissau" pageId="14" pageNumber="13">Guinea</collectingCountry>
” (actually 
<collectingCountry id="EEC82FC1FFE431295393F990EDEDF98B" box="[425,510,1607,1631]" name="Ghana" pageId="14" pageNumber="13">Ghana</collectingCountry>
, see 
<bibRefCitation id="F24E12A0FFE431295002F990EFBBF98B" author="Moretto and Genier" box="[568,936,1607,1631]" firstAuthor="Moretto" pageId="14" pageNumber="13" pagination="1 - 32" refId="ref18013" refString="Moretto, P., and F. Genier. 2015. La veritable identite de Scarabaeus nitens Olivier, 1789, et Ateuchus azureus Fabricius, 1801 (Scarabaeidae, Gymnopleurini). CATHARSIUS La Revue no. 12 (2): 1 - 32." type="journal article" year="2015">Moretto and Génier (2015: 4))</bibRefCitation>
, and due to a closer proximity to 
<collectingCountry id="EEC82FC1FFE431295705F990E9B3F98B" box="[1343,1440,1607,1631]" name="Senegal" pageId="14" pageNumber="13">Senegal</collectingCountry>
thus more likely correspond to the 
<collectingCountry id="EEC82FC1FFE431295050F9BFEED8F954" box="[618,715,1640,1664]" name="Senegal" pageId="14" pageNumber="13">Senegal</collectingCountry>
<typeStatus id="4964D1F3FFE4312950E8F9BFEF21F954" box="[722,818,1640,1664]" pageId="14" pageNumber="13" type="syntype">syntype</typeStatus>
of 
<taxonomicName id="51DF14D2FFE43129516CF9BFEFDCF9AB" authorityName="Olivier" authorityYear="1789" box="[854,975,1639,1663]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Scarabaeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="palemo">
<emphasis id="A4ABB343FFE43129516CF9BFEFDCF9AB" box="[854,975,1639,1663]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="13">S. palemo</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Conversely, the 
<taxonomicName id="51DF14D2FFE431295699F9BFE908F9AB" authorityName="Olivier" authorityYear="1789" box="[1187,1307,1639,1663]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Scarabaeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="palemo">
<emphasis id="A4ABB343FFE431295699F9BFE908F9AB" box="[1187,1307,1639,1663]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="13">S. palemo</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<typeStatus id="4964D1F3FFE431295718F9BFE996F954" box="[1314,1413,1640,1664]" pageId="14" pageNumber="13" type="syntype">syntype</typeStatus>
(s) from the Cape of Good Hope are more likely to correspond to 
<taxonomicName id="51DF14D2FFE43129519CF95EE829F974" authority="Zidek &amp; Pokorný, 2018" authorityName="Zidek &amp; Pokorný" authorityYear="2018" box="[934,1082,1672,1696]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Scarabaeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="orientalis" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="A4ABB343FFE43129519CF95EE829F974" box="[934,1082,1672,1696]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="13">S. orientalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="BF980E38FFE43129567BF95EE892F974" box="[1089,1153,1673,1696]" pageId="14" pageNumber="13" rank="species">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
from Transvaal, whose aedeagus does not quite match but is very close to 
<taxonomicName id="51DF14D2FFE431295104F97DEFA7F915" authority="Zidek &amp; Pokorný, 2018" authorityName="Zidek &amp; Pokorný" authorityYear="2018" box="[830,948,1706,1729]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Scarabaeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cunene" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="A4ABB343FFE431295104F97DEFA7F915" box="[830,948,1706,1729]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="13">S. cunene</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="BF980E38FFE431295187F97DE812F915" box="[957,1025,1706,1729]" pageId="14" pageNumber="13" rank="species">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
(
<figureCitation id="0EE473D4FFE431295629F97DE885F916" box="[1043,1174,1706,1730]" captionStart="Figures 33–38" captionStartId="29.[193,288,1877,1899]" captionTargetBox="[227,1431,261,1819]" captionTargetId="figure@29.[220,1434,259,1805]" captionTargetPageId="29" captionText="Figures 33–38. Scarabaeus (Scarabaeolus) cunene sp. n., HTm, 10 mm. 33) Dorsal habitus. 34) Ventral habitus. 35) Head leveled horizontal. 36) Locality label. 37) Aedeagus, dorsal. 38) Aedeagus, left lateral." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3726997" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3726997/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="13">Fig. 37–38</figureCitation>
) 
<taxonomicName id="51DF14D2FFE431295692F97DE902F916" authority="Zidek &amp; Pokorný, 2018" authorityName="Zidek &amp; Pokorný" authorityYear="2018" box="[1192,1297,1706,1730]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Scarabaeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lizleri" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="A4ABB343FFE431295692F97DE902F916" box="[1192,1297,1706,1730]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="13">S. lizleri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="BF980E38FFE431295721F97DE94DF915" box="[1307,1374,1706,1729]" pageId="14" pageNumber="13" rank="species">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
(
<figureCitation id="0EE473D4FFE43129574AF97DED1FF937" captionStart="Figures 9–16" captionStartId="26.[192,285,1819,1841]" captionTargetBox="[229,1402,308,1746]" captionTargetId="figure@26.[806,1402,1046,1747]" captionTargetPageId="26" captionText="Figures 9–16. Scarabaeus (Scarabaeolus) spp. 9–12) Scarabaeus (Scarabaeolus) lizleri sp. n., HTm, 15 mm. 9) Dorsal habitus. 10) Ventral habitus. 11) Aedeagus, dorsal. 12) Aedeagus, left lateral. 13–16) Scarabaeus (Scarabaeolus) rubripennis (Boheman), 14 mm. 13) Dorsal habitus. 14) Ventral habitus. 15) Aedeagus, dorsal. 16) Aedeagus, left lateral." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3726991" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3726991/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="13">Fig. 11–12</figureCitation>
), 
<taxonomicName id="51DF14D2FFE43129531BF91CEE4EF937" authority="(Boheman)" baseAuthorityName="Boheman" box="[289,605,1739,1763]" class="Trilobita" family="Styginidae" genus="Scutellum" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Corynexochida" pageId="14" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rubripennis">
<emphasis id="A4ABB343FFE43129531BF91CEDC3F937" box="[289,464,1739,1763]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="13">S. rubripennis</emphasis>
(Boheman)
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="0EE473D4FFE431295056F91CEEFEF937" box="[620,749,1739,1763]" captionStart="Figures 9–16" captionStartId="26.[192,285,1819,1841]" captionTargetBox="[229,1402,308,1746]" captionTargetId="figure@26.[806,1402,1046,1747]" captionTargetPageId="26" captionText="Figures 9–16. Scarabaeus (Scarabaeolus) spp. 9–12) Scarabaeus (Scarabaeolus) lizleri sp. n., HTm, 15 mm. 9) Dorsal habitus. 10) Ventral habitus. 11) Aedeagus, dorsal. 12) Aedeagus, left lateral. 13–16) Scarabaeus (Scarabaeolus) rubripennis (Boheman), 14 mm. 13) Dorsal habitus. 14) Ventral habitus. 15) Aedeagus, dorsal. 16) Aedeagus, left lateral." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3726991" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3726991/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="13">Fig. 15–16</figureCitation>
) and 
<taxonomicName id="51DF14D2FFE43129510BF91CE8CFF937" authority="Davis and Deschodt" authorityName="Davis and Deschodt" box="[817,1244,1739,1763]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Scarabaeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="planipennis">
<emphasis id="A4ABB343FFE43129510BF91CEFF2F937" box="[817,993,1739,1763]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="13">S. planipennis</emphasis>
Davis and Deschodt
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="F24E12A0FFE4312956D0F91CECECF8D0" author="Deschodt" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Deschodt" pageId="14" pageNumber="13" pagination="505 - 527" refId="ref16590" refString="Deschodt, C. M., A. L. V. Davis, and C. H. Scholtz. 2015. Status changes, new synonymies, key and descriptions of seven new species in the subgenus Scarabaeus (Scarabaeolus) Balthasar 1965 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae). Zootaxa 3931 (4): 505 - 527." type="journal article" year="2015">Deschodt et al. 2015</bibRefCitation>
: fig. 6E). Only dissection of the Cape of Good Hope type(s) can show whether our assumption is correct, as external inspection alone is likely to be inconclusive.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="96606F51FFE4312852D2F8F9E891FEC7" blockId="14.[192,1440,217,1929]" lastBlockId="15.[192,1440,217,1188]" lastPageId="15" lastPageNumber="14" pageId="14" pageNumber="13">
One feature of 
<taxonomicName id="51DF14D2FFE4312953A2F8F9EE57F892" authorityName="Fabricius. We" authorityYear="1792" box="[408,580,1838,1862]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Sceliages" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="morbillosus">
<emphasis id="A4ABB343FFE4312953A2F8F9EE57F892" box="[408,580,1838,1862]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="13">S. morbillosus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
worth mentioning is the presence of orangish pads at the proximal ends of the profemora (
<figureCitation id="0EE473D4FFE4312953AFF898EDF8F8B3" box="[405,491,1871,1895]" captionStart="Figures 63–71" captionStartId="33.[192,287,1790,1812]" captionTargetBox="[188,1440,210,1767]" captionTargetId="figure@33.[640,1002,724,1193]" captionTargetPageId="33" captionText="Figures 63–71. Scarabaeus (Scarabaeolus) species with one mesotibial spur. 63) S. funebris (Boheman), m, 17.5 mm. 64) S. parvulus (Boheman), m, 14 mm. 65) S. clanceyi Ferreira, m, 12.7 mm. 66) S. karrooensis zur Strassen, m, 13 mm. 67) S. obsoletepunctatus Balthasar, HTf, 14.5 mm. 68) Same, ventral view. 69) S. palemo Olivier, m, 14.5 mm (Benin, brownish because teneral). 70) S. morbillosus Fabricius, ST, 13.7 mm (= S. palemo Olivier). 71) Same, frontal view showing orangish profemoral pads." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3727005" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3727005/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="13">Fig. 71</figureCitation>
). Since they are located on the dorsal side this observation is purely accidental, made possible only by the preparation style of Fabrician specimens (
<figureCitation id="0EE473D4FFE4312951C5F8A7E845F85D" box="[1023,1110,1904,1929]" captionStart="Figures 63–71" captionStartId="33.[192,287,1790,1812]" captionTargetBox="[188,1440,210,1767]" captionTargetId="figure@33.[640,1002,724,1193]" captionTargetPageId="33" captionText="Figures 63–71. Scarabaeus (Scarabaeolus) species with one mesotibial spur. 63) S. funebris (Boheman), m, 17.5 mm. 64) S. parvulus (Boheman), m, 14 mm. 65) S. clanceyi Ferreira, m, 12.7 mm. 66) S. karrooensis zur Strassen, m, 13 mm. 67) S. obsoletepunctatus Balthasar, HTf, 14.5 mm. 68) Same, ventral view. 69) S. palemo Olivier, m, 14.5 mm (Benin, brownish because teneral). 70) S. morbillosus Fabricius, ST, 13.7 mm (= S. palemo Olivier). 71) Same, frontal view showing orangish profemoral pads." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3727005" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3727005/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="13">Fig. 70</figureCitation>
). Whether it does have any taxonomic significance is unknown to us, as due to a small number of specimens, most of them borrowed, we could not reposition or detach front legs for clear observation of the femora.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="96606F51FFE5312852D2FEC9E96BFDB1" blockId="15.[192,1440,217,1188]" pageId="15" pageNumber="14">
In dorsal view, the parameres of 
<taxonomicName id="51DF14D2FFE531285056FECAEF1DFEE1" box="[620,782,285,309]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Sceliages" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Scarabaeolus">
<emphasis id="A4ABB343FFE531285056FECAEF1DFEE1" box="[620,782,285,309]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="14">Scarabaeolus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
appear symmetrical because the ventral tooth does not extend far enough laterally to show. The asymmetry of the parameres becomes obvious only in ventral view, except for 
<taxonomicName id="51DF14D2FFE5312853BDFEB6EDECFEAC" box="[391,511,352,376]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Scarabaeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nitidus">
<emphasis id="A4ABB343FFE5312853BDFEB6EDECFEAC" box="[391,511,352,376]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="14">S. nitidus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
where in dorsal view the tip of the right paramere curves inward and overlaps the tip of the left paramere (in 
<taxonomicName id="51DF14D2FFE531285043FE55EF01FE4E" authorityName="Harold" authorityYear="1868" box="[633,786,386,410]" class="Trilobita" family="Styginidae" genus="Scutellum" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Corynexochida" pageId="15" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bohemani">
<emphasis id="A4ABB343FFE531285043FE55EF01FE4E" box="[633,786,386,410]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="14">S. bohemani</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="51DF14D2FFE531285175FE55EFDBFE4E" authorityName="Olivier" authorityYear="1789" box="[847,968,386,410]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Scarabaeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="palemo">
<emphasis id="A4ABB343FFE531285175FE55EFDBFE4E" box="[847,968,386,410]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="14">S. palemo</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
this is apparent only in ventral view). Apart from this exception the dorsal symmetry is consistent throughout the subgenus and accounts for a relatively high degree of similarity, with species-level differences in slenderness/stockiness of the parameres and in their tips, which may be truncate, inflated, bent laterally, dorso-ventrally slanted or ventrally produced into short beaks. Dorsal symmetry is common in the nominotypical subgenus as well, but usually the parameres are symmetrical also in ventral view, which is not the case in 
<taxonomicName id="51DF14D2FFE5312856CFFDFCE98BFD97" box="[1269,1432,555,579]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Sceliages" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Scarabaeolus">
<emphasis id="A4ABB343FFE5312856CFFDFCE98BFD97" box="[1269,1432,555,579]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="14">Scarabaeolus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The ventral asymmetry is thus added to the subgeneric characterization noted in the Introduction.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="96606F51FFE5312852D2FDB8E8C1FCA7" blockId="15.[192,1440,217,1188]" pageId="15" pageNumber="14">
<taxonomicName id="51DF14D2FFE5312852D2FDB8EEC1FD53" authority="Balthasar" authorityName="Balthasar" authorityYear="1940" box="[232,722,623,647]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Scarabaeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="obsoletepunctatus">
<emphasis id="A4ABB343FFE5312852D2FDB8EE40FD53" box="[232,595,623,647]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="14">Scarabaeus obsoletepunctatus</emphasis>
Balthasar
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="0EE473D4FFE5312850DBFDB8EF72FD53" box="[737,865,623,647]" captionStart="Figures 63–71" captionStartId="33.[192,287,1790,1812]" captionTargetBox="[188,1440,210,1767]" captionTargetId="figure@33.[640,1002,724,1193]" captionTargetPageId="33" captionText="Figures 63–71. Scarabaeus (Scarabaeolus) species with one mesotibial spur. 63) S. funebris (Boheman), m, 17.5 mm. 64) S. parvulus (Boheman), m, 14 mm. 65) S. clanceyi Ferreira, m, 12.7 mm. 66) S. karrooensis zur Strassen, m, 13 mm. 67) S. obsoletepunctatus Balthasar, HTf, 14.5 mm. 68) Same, ventral view. 69) S. palemo Olivier, m, 14.5 mm (Benin, brownish because teneral). 70) S. morbillosus Fabricius, ST, 13.7 mm (= S. palemo Olivier). 71) Same, frontal view showing orangish profemoral pads." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3727005" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3727005/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="14">Fig. 67–68</figureCitation>
) is based on a somewhat worn and faded female that lacks both antennal clubs, has only one mesotibial spur, and resembles 
<taxonomicName id="51DF14D2FFE53128565DFD46E8ECFD7C" authorityName="Harold" authorityYear="1868" box="[1127,1279,656,680]" class="Trilobita" family="Styginidae" genus="Scutellum" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Corynexochida" pageId="15" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bohemani">
<emphasis id="A4ABB343FFE53128565DFD46E8ECFD7C" box="[1127,1279,656,680]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="14">S. bohemani</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="0EE473D4FFE531285735FD46E987FD7D" box="[1295,1428,657,681]" captionStart="Figures 39–46" captionStartId="30.[192,287,1819,1841]" captionTargetBox="[246,1451,274,1760]" captionTargetPageId="30" captionText="Figures 39–46. Scarabaeus (Scarabaeolus) spp. 39–42) Scarabaeus (Scarabaeolus) werneri sp. n., HTm, 9 mm. 39) Dorsal habitus. 40) Ventral habitus. 41) Aedeagus, dorsal. 42) Aedeagus, left lateral. 43–46) Scarabaeus (Scarabaeolus) bohemani Harold, 16 mm. 43) Dorsal habitus. 44) Ventral habitus. 45) Aedeagus, dorsal. 46) Aedeagus, left lateral." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3726999" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3726999/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="14">Fig. 43–44</figureCitation>
). However, our examination shows it to be a valid species, because in contrast to 
<taxonomicName id="51DF14D2FFE5312856BBFD64E90AFD1E" authorityName="Harold" authorityYear="1868" box="[1153,1305,690,714]" class="Trilobita" family="Styginidae" genus="Scutellum" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Corynexochida" pageId="15" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bohemani">
<emphasis id="A4ABB343FFE5312856BBFD64E90AFD1E" box="[1153,1305,690,714]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="14">S. bohemani</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
it has denticles at bases of three rather than just two proximal protibial teeth, lacks a striola of punctures along the pronotal base, and the medial lobe of the base extends entirely over the 
<taxonomicName id="51DF14D2FFE531285663FD21E8C6FCDA" box="[1113,1237,758,782]" class="Trilobita" family="Styginidae" genus="Scutellum" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Corynexochida" pageId="15" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">scutellum</taxonomicName>
. It bears a typed label “Benguella”, which regardless of whether it means vicinity of the city or the province at large is roughly 
<quantity id="5127C2B4FFE53128531FFCEDED6CFC86" box="[293,383,826,850]" metricMagnitude="5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="15" pageNumber="14" unit="km" value="300.0">300 km</quantity>
north of the 
<collectingCountry id="EEC82FC1FFE531285027FCEDEE94FC86" box="[541,647,826,850]" name="Namibia" pageId="15" pageNumber="14">Namibia</collectingCountry>
border. We are aware only of the 
<typeStatus id="4964D1F3FFE531285619FCEDE89CFC86" box="[1059,1167,826,850]" pageId="15" pageNumber="14" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
. 
<bibRefCitation id="F24E12A0FFE5312856A3FCEDECE6FCA7" author="Deschodt" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Deschodt" pageId="15" pageNumber="14" pagination="505 - 527" refId="ref16590" refString="Deschodt, C. M., A. L. V. Davis, and C. H. Scholtz. 2015. Status changes, new synonymies, key and descriptions of seven new species in the subgenus Scarabaeus (Scarabaeolus) Balthasar 1965 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae). Zootaxa 3931 (4): 505 - 527." type="journal article" year="2015">Deschodt et al. (2015: 521)</bibRefCitation>
list also northwestern 
<collectingCountry id="EEC82FC1FFE53128502AFC8CEE69FCA7" box="[528,634,859,883]" name="Namibia" pageId="15" pageNumber="14">Namibia</collectingCountry>
in their key, but do not provide concrete records.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="DEC53CDAFFE5312852D2FCA9E98EFC2F" pageId="15" pageNumber="14" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="96606F51FFE5312852D2FCA9E98EFC2F" blockId="15.[192,1440,217,1188]" pageId="15" pageNumber="14">
<materialsCitation id="26B7650CFFE5312852D2FCA9EE33FC63" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2580374354" collectingDate="2006-11-09" collectingDateMax="2006-11-10" collectingDateMin="2006-11-09" collectionCode="GWPC, NMPC, BMNH" country="Namibia" location="Werner &amp; Smrz" municipality="Aus" pageId="15" pageNumber="14" specimenCount="17">
We examined 
<specimenCount id="80D9A4D8FFE5312853ABFCAAEE20FC41" box="[401,563,893,917]" pageId="15" pageNumber="14" type="generic">17 specimens</specimenCount>
(15 
<collectionCode id="F0CEF794FFE53128505EFCAAEEA8FC41" box="[612,699,893,917]" collectionName="GWPC" pageId="15" pageNumber="14">GWPC</collectionCode>
, 1 
<collectionCode id="F0CEF794FFE5312850E3FCAAEF23FC41" box="[729,816,893,917]" collectionName="Czech Republic, Prague, National Museum (Natural History)" country="Czech Republic" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/hj12-2xm7" name="National Museum Prague" pageId="15" pageNumber="14">NMPC</collectionCode>
, 1 
<collectionCode id="F0CEF794FFE531285174FCAAEFB4FC41" box="[846,935,893,917]" collectionName="United Kingdom, London, The Natural History Museum [formerly British Museum (Natural History)]" pageId="15" pageNumber="14">BMNH</collectionCode>
) from “ 
<collectingCountry id="EEC82FC1FFE5312851C5FCAAE87FFC41" box="[1023,1132,893,917]" name="Namibia" pageId="15" pageNumber="14">Namibia</collectingCountry>
, 60/ 
<locationDeviation id="87D27673FFE5312856A1FCAAE908FC41" bearing="0.0" box="[1179,1307,893,917]" distance="80000.0" pageId="15" pageNumber="14">
<quantity id="5127C2B4FFE5312856A1FCAAE8F7FC41" box="[1179,1252,893,917]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.0" pageId="15" pageNumber="14" unit="km" value="80.0">80 km</quantity>
N of
</locationDeviation>
<collectingMunicipality id="7604F52BFFE53128571BFCA9E940FC42" box="[1313,1363,894,918]" pageId="15" pageNumber="14">Aus</collectingMunicipality>
, 
<date id="E2614991FFE531285764FCAAED32FC63" pageId="15" pageNumber="14" value="2006-11-09" valueMax="2006-11-10" valueMin="2006-11-09">
<collectingDate id="F225B079FFE531285764FCAAED32FC63" pageId="15" pageNumber="14" value="2006-11-09" valueMax="2006-11-10" valueMin="2006-11-09">9–10. XI.2006</collectingDate>
</date>
, 
<location id="9300398AFFE531285311FC77EDF5FC63" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:1E76DE47FFE6312852FAFAECEF0FFB70:9300398AFFE531285311FC77EDF5FC63" box="[299,486,927,951]" country="Namibia" municipality="Aus" name="Werner &amp; Smrz" pageId="15" pageNumber="14">Werner &amp; Smrž</location>
leg.”
</materialsCitation>
that do not differ in any regard from 
<taxonomicName id="51DF14D2FFE5312851EEFC48ED70FC0D" authority="Davis and Deschodt" authorityName="Davis and Deschodt" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Scarabaeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="megaparvulus" subGenus="Scarabaeolus">
<emphasis id="A4ABB343FFE5312851EEFC48EFF5FC62" box="[980,998,927,950]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="14">S</emphasis>
. (
<emphasis id="A4ABB343FFE5312851C1FC48E88FFC63" box="[1019,1180,927,951]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="14">Scarabaeolus</emphasis>
) 
<emphasis id="A4ABB343FFE531285690FC48E945FC63" box="[1194,1366,927,951]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="14">megaparvulus</emphasis>
Davis and Deschodt
</taxonomicName>
, except that contrary to the original description all the specimens have two mesotibial spurs. We therefore list that species as having two spurs and suggest that the 
<typeStatus id="4964D1F3FFE531285617FC34E871FC2F" box="[1069,1122,995,1019]" pageId="15" pageNumber="14">type</typeStatus>
material be re-examined.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="DEC53CDAFFE5312852D2FBD2EF0FFB70" pageId="15" pageNumber="14" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="96606F51FFE5312852D2FBD2EF0FFB70" blockId="15.[192,1440,217,1188]" pageId="15" pageNumber="14">
A species hitherto not included in the subgenus is 
<taxonomicName id="51DF14D2FFE53128516EFBD3E879FBC8" authority="(Boheman)" baseAuthorityName="Boheman" box="[852,1130,1028,1052]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Scarabaeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="funebris">
<emphasis id="A4ABB343FFE53128516EFBD3EFCAFBC8" box="[852,985,1028,1052]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="14">S. funebris</emphasis>
(Boheman)
</taxonomicName>
, which its describer compared to 
<taxonomicName id="51DF14D2FFE531285315FBF1EE80FBEA" authority="Fabricius. We" authorityName="Fabricius. We" authorityYear="1792" box="[303,659,1062,1086]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Sceliages" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="morbillosus">
<emphasis id="A4ABB343FFE531285315FBF1EDF3FBEA" box="[303,480,1062,1086]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="14">S. morbillosus</emphasis>
Fabricius. We
</taxonomicName>
find the comparison fitting and see nothing in the distribution and morphology of 
<taxonomicName id="51DF14D2FFE531285395FB9FEE26FBB4" box="[431,565,1096,1120]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Scarabaeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="funebris">
<emphasis id="A4ABB343FFE531285395FB9FEE26FBB4" box="[431,565,1096,1120]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="14">S. funebris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="0EE473D4FFE53128507DFB9FEEB3FBB4" box="[583,672,1096,1120]" captionStart="Figures 63–71" captionStartId="33.[192,287,1790,1812]" captionTargetBox="[188,1440,210,1767]" captionTargetId="figure@33.[640,1002,724,1193]" captionTargetPageId="33" captionText="Figures 63–71. Scarabaeus (Scarabaeolus) species with one mesotibial spur. 63) S. funebris (Boheman), m, 17.5 mm. 64) S. parvulus (Boheman), m, 14 mm. 65) S. clanceyi Ferreira, m, 12.7 mm. 66) S. karrooensis zur Strassen, m, 13 mm. 67) S. obsoletepunctatus Balthasar, HTf, 14.5 mm. 68) Same, ventral view. 69) S. palemo Olivier, m, 14.5 mm (Benin, brownish because teneral). 70) S. morbillosus Fabricius, ST, 13.7 mm (= S. palemo Olivier). 71) Same, frontal view showing orangish profemoral pads." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3727005" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3727005/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="14">Fig. 63</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="0EE473D4FFE531285094FB9FEEC8FBB4" box="[686,731,1096,1120]" captionStart="Figures 88–104" captionStartId="36.[192,287,1762,1784]" captionTargetBox="[263,1414,235,1714]" captionTargetPageId="36" captionText="Figures 88–104. Scarabaeus (Scarabaeolus) aedeagi in dorsal and left lateral views. 88) S. palemo Olivier (Benin, from specimen in Fig. 69). 89) S. parvulus (Boheman). 90) S. karrooensis zur Strassen. 91) S. laevifrons Fairmaire. 92) S. reichei = S. canaliculatus (det. Ferreira). 93) S. canaliculatus Fairmaire. 94) S. fritschi Harold. 95) S. damarensis Janssens. 96) S. gilleti Janssens. 97) S. kwiluensis Janssens. 98) S. kochi Ferreira. 99) S. pabulator Péringuey. 100) S. intricatus (Fabricius). 101) S. lucidulus (Boheman). 102) S. funebris (Boheman). 103) S. clanceyi Ferreira. 104) S. inoportunus Ferreira." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3727011" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3727011/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="14">102</figureCitation>
) to prevent its inclusion in 
<taxonomicName id="51DF14D2FFE53128560FFB9FE8CBFBB4" box="[1077,1240,1096,1120]" class="Trilobita" family="Styginidae" genus="Scutellum" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Corynexochida" pageId="15" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Scarabaeolus">
<emphasis id="A4ABB343FFE53128560FFB9FE8CBFBB4" box="[1077,1240,1096,1120]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="14">Scarabaeolus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Its inclusion is supported also by the aedeagus, which, except for being slenderer, closely resembles those of 
<taxonomicName id="51DF14D2FFE531285717FBBDE9B3FB55" authority="Zidek &amp; Pokorný, 2018" authorityName="Zidek &amp; Pokorný" authorityYear="2018" box="[1325,1440,1129,1153]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Scarabaeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="similis" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="A4ABB343FFE531285717FBBDE9B3FB55" box="[1325,1440,1129,1153]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="14">S. similis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="BF980E38FFE5312852FAFB5BED12FB77" box="[192,257,1164,1187]" pageId="15" pageNumber="14" rank="species">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
(
<figureCitation id="0EE473D4FFE531285328FB5BED80FB77" box="[274,403,1163,1188]" captionStart="Figures 55–62" captionStartId="32.[192,287,1819,1841]" captionTargetBox="[212,1424,293,1748]" captionTargetPageId="32" captionText="Figures 55–62. Scarabaeus (Scarabaeolus) spp. 55–58) Scarabaeus (Scarabaeolus) similis sp. n., HTm, 14 mm. 55) Dorsal habitus. 56) Ventral habitus. 57) Aedeagus, dorsal. 58) Aedeagus, left lateral. 59–62) Scarabaeus (Scarabaeolus) megaparvulus Davis and Deschodt, 12 mm. 59) Dorsal habitus. 60) Ventral habitus. 61) Aedeagus, dorsal. 62) Aedeagus, left lateral." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3727003" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3727003/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="14">Fig. 57–58</figureCitation>
) and 
<taxonomicName id="51DF14D2FFE5312853E2FB5BEEBBFB70" authority="Ferreira" authorityName="Ferreira" box="[472,680,1163,1188]" class="Trilobita" family="Styginidae" genus="Scutellum" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Corynexochida" pageId="15" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kochi">
<emphasis id="A4ABB343FFE5312853E2FB5BEE29FB77" box="[472,570,1163,1187]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="14">S. kochi</emphasis>
Ferreira
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="0EE473D4FFE53128508DFB5BEF1CFB70" box="[695,783,1164,1188]" captionStart="Figures 88–104" captionStartId="36.[192,287,1762,1784]" captionTargetBox="[263,1414,235,1714]" captionTargetPageId="36" captionText="Figures 88–104. Scarabaeus (Scarabaeolus) aedeagi in dorsal and left lateral views. 88) S. palemo Olivier (Benin, from specimen in Fig. 69). 89) S. parvulus (Boheman). 90) S. karrooensis zur Strassen. 91) S. laevifrons Fairmaire. 92) S. reichei = S. canaliculatus (det. Ferreira). 93) S. canaliculatus Fairmaire. 94) S. fritschi Harold. 95) S. damarensis Janssens. 96) S. gilleti Janssens. 97) S. kwiluensis Janssens. 98) S. kochi Ferreira. 99) S. pabulator Péringuey. 100) S. intricatus (Fabricius). 101) S. lucidulus (Boheman). 102) S. funebris (Boheman). 103) S. clanceyi Ferreira. 104) S. inoportunus Ferreira." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3727011" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3727011/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="14">Fig. 98</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>