treatments-xml/data/03/E8/0D/03E80D56FFFACF6382CA00A3FB4AD706.xml

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<mods:title id="0C7123367F287079D8DE1C8055A247C0">A new deep-bodied fossil fish (Actinopterygii) from the Rio do Rasto Formation, Paraná Basin, Brazil</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="9AECC09A89723AE867E1645C98A5FF2C">Dias, Eliseu Vieira</mods:namePart>
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<treatment id="03E80D56FFFACF6382CA00A3FB4AD706" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6178240" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119507361" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6178240" LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:208DC7FD-1ED9-4409-B515-4E2CA15FB7D6" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E80D56FFFACF6382CA00A3FB4AD706" lastPageId="14" lastPageNumber="15" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
<subSubSection id="C35BEFCBFFFACF6F82CA00A3FE33D3C3" box="[151,443,691,718]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8BFEBC40FFFACF6F82CA00A3FE33D3C3" blockId="2.[151,443,691,718]" box="[151,443,691,718]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
<heading id="D0B60B2CFFFACF6F82CA00A3FE33D3C3" bold="true" box="[151,443,691,718]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" reason="1">
<emphasis id="B9356052FFFACF6F82CA00A3FE33D3C3" bold="true" box="[151,443,691,718]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
<taxonomicName id="4C41C7C3FFFACF6F82CA00A3FECFD3C0" box="[151,327,692,718]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Platysomidae" genus="Paranaichthys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Palaeonisciformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">
<emphasis id="B9356052FFFACF6F82CA00A3FECFD3C0" bold="true" box="[151,327,692,718]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Paranaichthys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A206DD29FFFACF6F831300A4FE33D3C3" box="[334,443,691,717]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" rank="genus">gen. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C35BEFCBFFFACF6F82CA00EDFD37D21F" box="[151,703,761,786]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8BFEBC40FFFACF6F82CA00EDFD37D21F" blockId="2.[151,1437,761,1028]" box="[151,703,761,786]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
<emphasis id="B9356052FFFACF6F82CA00EDFEBAD21C" bold="true" box="[151,306,761,786]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
<typeStatus id="54FA02E2FFFACF6F82CA00EDFF5AD21C" box="[151,210,762,786]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Type</typeStatus>
species.
</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C41C7C3FFFACF6F836400EEFDE9D21F" box="[313,609,761,785]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Platysomidae" genus="Paranaichthys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Palaeonisciformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="longianalis" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B9356052FFFACF6F836400EEFDE9D21F" box="[313,609,761,785]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Paranaichthys longianalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A206DD29FFFACF6F803500EDFD37D21F" box="[616,703,762,785]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C35BEFCBFFFACF6F829A010BFD29D258" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" type="etymology">
<paragraph id="8BFEBC40FFFACF6F829A010BFD29D258" blockId="2.[151,1437,761,1028]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
<emphasis id="B9356052FFFACF6F829A010BFEC6D23A" bold="true" box="[199,334,796,820]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Etymology.</emphasis>
“ 
<emphasis id="B9356052FFFACF6F833E010AFE3FD23A" box="[355,439,797,820]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Parana</emphasis>
” in reference to the Paraná sedimentary Basin in the Paraná State where the fossil was found; from the Greek “ 
<emphasis id="B9356052FFFACF6F83F80129FE7CD258" box="[421,500,830,854]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">ichthys</emphasis>
” meaning fish.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C35BEFCBFFFACF6F829A0176FE97D50A" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="8BFEBC40FFFACF6F829A0176FECDD292" blockId="2.[151,1437,761,1028]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
<emphasis id="B9356052FFFACF6F829A0176FE4CD274" bold="true" box="[199,452,865,890]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Distribution and age.</emphasis>
Rio do Rasto Formation in the northeast of Paraná state; Permian, Guadalupian (Wordian-Captanian).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BFEBC40FFFACF6F829A01B1FD78D2B1" blockId="2.[151,1437,761,1028]" box="[199,752,934,959]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
<emphasis id="B9356052FFFACF6F829A01B1FE14D2B1" bold="true" box="[199,412,934,959]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Generic diagnosis</emphasis>
. 
<collectingCountry id="F356FCD0FFFACF6F83F401B0FE40D2B1" box="[425,456,935,959]" name="American Samoa" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">As</collectingCountry>
for species, by monotypy.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BFEBC40FFFACF6F82CA01DEFDB2D2EC" blockId="2.[151,1437,761,1028]" box="[151,570,968,995]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
<emphasis id="B9356052FFFACF6F82CA01DEFDB2D2EC" bold="true" box="[151,570,968,995]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
<taxonomicName id="4C41C7C3FFFACF6F82CA01DEFE5DD2ED" box="[151,469,969,995]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Platysomidae" genus="Paranaichthys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Palaeonisciformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="longianalis" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B9356052FFFACF6F82CA01DEFE5DD2ED" bold="true" box="[151,469,969,995]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Paranaichthys longianalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A206DD29FFFACF6F838101DFFDB2D2EC" box="[476,570,968,994]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BFEBC40FFFACF6F82CA01FBFE97D50A" blockId="2.[151,1437,761,1028]" box="[151,287,1004,1028]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
(
<figureCitation id="137AA0C5FFFACF6F82C201FBFE9ED50A" box="[159,278,1004,1028]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 3" captionStart-1="FIGURE 4" captionStart-2="FIGURE 5" captionStart-3="FIGURE 6" captionStart-4="FIGURE 7" captionStart-5="FIGURE 8. A" captionStart-6="FIGURE 9. A" captionStart-7="FIGURE 10. A" captionStart-8="FIGURE 11. A" captionStartId-0="5.[151,250,1144,1167]" captionStartId-1="6.[151,250,1322,1345]" captionStartId-2="7.[151,250,1536,1559]" captionStartId-3="8.[151,250,1209,1232]" captionStartId-4="9.[151,250,1445,1468]" captionStartId-5="10.[151,250,1938,1961]" captionStartId-6="11.[151,250,957,980]" captionStartId-7="12.[151,250,1932,1955]" captionStartId-8="13.[151,250,1941,1964]" captionTargetBox-0="[168,1428,204,1115]" captionTargetBox-1="[207,1391,366,1282]" captionTargetBox-2="[432,1185,217,1484]" captionTargetBox-3="[183,1415,202,1198]" captionTargetBox-4="[394,1180,186,1444]" captionTargetBox-5="[230,1353,205,1879]" captionTargetBox-6="[158,1431,200,920]" captionTargetBox-7="[366,1186,203,1904]" captionTargetBox-8="[367,1221,211,1896]" captionTargetId-0="figure@5.[151,1436,193,1123]" captionTargetId-1="figure@6.[151,1436,353,1301]" captionTargetId-2="figure@7.[398,1192,191,1523]" captionTargetId-3="figure@8.[151,1436,169,1205]" captionTargetId-4="figure@9.[383,1203,171,1456]" captionTargetId-5="figure@10.[221,1360,193,1891]" captionTargetId-6="figure@11.[151,1436,193,936]" captionTargetId-7="figure@12.[366,1192,193,1919]" captionTargetId-8="figure@13.[356,1236,193,1907]" captionTargetPageId-0="5" captionTargetPageId-1="6" captionTargetPageId-2="7" captionTargetPageId-3="8" captionTargetPageId-4="9" captionTargetPageId-5="10" captionTargetPageId-6="11" captionTargetPageId-7="12" captionTargetPageId-8="13" captionText-0="FIGURE 3. Photograph of the holotype (MCP – 3371 – PV) of Paranaichthys longianalis gen. et sp. nov.; Scale bar = cm." captionText-1="FIGURE 4. Camera lucida drawing of specimen MCP – 3371 – PV of Paranaichthys longianalis gen. et sp. nov." captionText-2="FIGURE 5. Detail of the skull of Paranaichthys longianalis gen. et sp. nov. (MCP – 3371 – PV); question marks indicate unidentified or dubious bone fragments. Abbreviations: cd, crushing dentition; cl, cleithrum; d, dentary; dh, dermohyal; dpt, dermopterotic; dsph, dermosphenotic; ex, extrascapula; f, frontal; mx, maxilla; nr, nostril; od, odontodes; op, operculum; pa, parietal; pop?, preoperculum?; pr, postrostral; psph, parasphenoid; pt, post-temporal; r-pmx, rostro-premaxilla; scl, supracleithrum; sop, suboperculum." captionText-3="FIGURE 6. Proposed reconstruction of Paranaichthys longianalis gen. et sp. nov. Illustration by Eduardo Kickhöfel." captionText-4="FIGURE 7. Skull bones tentatively identified and positioned in the reconstruction of Paranaichthys longianalis gen. et sp. nov. Abbreviations: cd, crushing dentition; cl, cleithrum; d, dentary; dh, dermohyal; dpt, dermopterotic; dsph, dermosphenotic; ex, extrascapula; f, frontal; mx, maxilla; nr, nostril; od, odontodes; op, operculum; pa, parietal; pop?, preoperculum?; pr, postrostral; psph, parasphenoid; pt, post-temporal; r-pmx, rostro-premaxilla; scl, supracleithrum; sop, suboperculum." captionText-5="FIGURE 8. A, Photograph of the crushing dentition of Paranaichthys longianalis in the parasphenoid. B, Tooth cross-section. C, Interpretative drawing of the tooth. D, Detail of verruciform acrodin. Abbreviations: cd, crushing dentition; de, dentine; dt, dentine tubules; e, enamel; pc, pulp cavity; psph, parasphenoid; vacr, verruciform acrodin." captionText-6="FIGURE 9. A, Photograph of the cross-section of a skull dermal bone (maxilla) under light microscopy. B, Interpretative illustration of the cross-section. Odontodes on transverse section on the right, with evidence of superpositional growth and a more longitudinal section on the left side. Abbreviations: de, dentine; dt, dentine tubules; g, ganoine; is, isopedine; od, odontodes; os, osteocite lacune; pc, pulp cavity; vc, vascular canal." captionText-7="FIGURE 10. A, Stereomicroscopic photograph of trunk scales coated with ammonium chloride. B – C, Scanning Electron microscopic images of a fulcral scale of the caudal peduncle. Abbreviations: fw, furrows on the ganoine; g, ganoine; mt, microtubercules on the ganoine surface; p, punctuations on the ganoine cover (pores in cross section); ri, ridges in the ganoine cover." captionText-8="FIGURE 11. A, Scanning Electron Microscopic image of a fulcral scale of the caudal peduncle in cross-section. B – C, Light microscope photographs of trunk scales in cross-section. Abbreviations: de, dentine; g, ganoine; is, isopedine; od, odontodes; p, pores on the ganoine (punctuations of the surface); vc, vascular canal; zs, zone of superposition of the ganoine." httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/280082/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/280083/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/280084/files/figure.png" httpUri-3="https://zenodo.org/record/280085/files/figure.png" httpUri-4="https://zenodo.org/record/280086/files/figure.png" httpUri-5="https://zenodo.org/record/280087/files/figure.png" httpUri-6="https://zenodo.org/record/280088/files/figure.png" httpUri-7="https://zenodo.org/record/280089/files/figure.png" httpUri-8="https://zenodo.org/record/280090/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Figs. 3–11</figureCitation>
)
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C35BEFCBFFFACF6E82CA0625FDECD1FC" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="4" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8BFEBC40FFFACF6F82CA0625FB31D562" blockId="2.[151,1436,1073,1236]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
<emphasis id="B9356052FFFACF6F82CA0625FE83D544" bold="true" box="[151,267,1074,1098]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
<typeStatus id="54FA02E2FFFACF6F82CA0625FE8ED544" box="[151,262,1074,1098]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
.
</emphasis>
<collectionCode id="ED502485FFFACF6F834C0626FEC5D547" box="[273,333,1073,1097]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/bqgs-f9q8" name="Pontificia Universidade Catolica do Rio Grande do Sul" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">MCP</collectionCode>
–3371–PV, a fossil fish of around 
<quantity id="4CB911A5FFFACF6F809B0626FC82D547" box="[710,778,1073,1097]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" unit="cm" value="20.0">20 cm</quantity>
in length and 14.5 cm in height, deposited in the collection of Museu de Ciências e Tecnologia da Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BFEBC40FFFACF6F829A0660FAEDD5DA" blockId="2.[151,1436,1073,1236]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
<emphasis id="B9356052FFFACF6F829A0660FEEBD581" bold="true" box="[199,355,1142,1167]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
<typeStatus id="54FA02E2FFFACF6F829A0660FE88D581" box="[199,256,1143,1167]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Type</typeStatus>
locality.
</emphasis>
Outcrop at the town of Santo Antônio da Platina, in the northeast of Paraná State, BR–153 highway, Km 42 (
<figureCitation id="137AA0C5FFFACF6F836F068EFEFDD5BF" box="[306,373,1177,1201]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="2.[151,250,1953,1976]" captionTargetBox="[196,1390,1282,1939]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[196,1391,1282,1940]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 1. Map of the type locality of Paranaichthys longianalis gen. et sp. nov. (Brazilian states: RS, Rio Grande do Sul; SC, Santa Catarina; PR, Paraná, SP, São Paulo; MG, Minas Gerais; MS, Mato Grosso do Sul; MT, Mato Grosso; GO, Goiás; DF, Distrito Federal; RJ, Rio de Janeiro; ES, Espírito Santo; BA, Bahia)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/280080/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
), geographic coordinates 
<geoCoordinate id="EE75DA87FFFACF6F80C1068EFCBED5BF" box="[668,822,1177,1201]" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" precision="15" value="-23.292778">23° 17' 34'' S</geoCoordinate>
; 
<geoCoordinate id="EE75DA87FFFACF6F811E068EFC5FD5BF" box="[835,983,1177,1201]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" precision="15" value="-50.07833">50° 4' 42'' W</geoCoordinate>
. The specimen was collected in the late 1980’s and, unfortunately, a new track of the highway constructed in the 1996 partially destroyed the outcrop.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF3EECC8FFFACF6F82CA05B6FCF0D6FB" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/280080/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" targetBox="[196,1390,1282,1939]" targetPageId="2">
<paragraph id="8BFEBC40FFFACF6F82CA05B6FCF0D6FB" blockId="2.[151,1436,1953,2037]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
<emphasis id="B9356052FFFACF6F82CA05B6FE9CD6B9" bold="true" box="[151,276,1953,1976]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">FIGURE 1.</emphasis>
Map of the type locality of 
<taxonomicName id="4C41C7C3FFFACF6F806A05B5FCCCD6B6" box="[567,836,1954,1976]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Platysomidae" genus="Paranaichthys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Palaeonisciformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="longianalis">
<emphasis id="B9356052FFFACF6F806A05B5FCCCD6B6" box="[567,836,1954,1976]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Paranaichthys longianalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B9356052FFFACF6F811105B5FC64D6B9" bold="true" box="[844,1004,1954,1975]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">gen. et sp. nov.</emphasis>
(Brazilian states: RS, Rio Grande do Sul; SC, Santa Catarina; PR, Paraná, SP, São Paulo; MG, Minas Gerais; MS, Mato Grosso do Sul; MT, Mato Grosso; GO, Goiás; DF, Distrito Federal; RJ, Rio de Janeiro; ES, Espírito Santo; BA, Bahia).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BFEBC40FFFBCF6E829A02A1FDECD1FC" blockId="3.[151,1436,182,891]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<emphasis id="B9356052FFFBCF6E829A02A1FE58D1C1" bold="true" box="[199,464,182,207]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Stratigraphic horizon.</emphasis>
Yellowish carbonate siltstone from the top of the Serrinha Member, Rio do Rasto Formation, Passa Dois Group, Paraná Basin.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C35BEFCBFFFBCF6E829A02E8FB22D018" box="[199,1194,254,279]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" type="etymology">
<paragraph id="8BFEBC40FFFBCF6E829A02E8FB22D018" blockId="3.[151,1436,182,891]" box="[199,1194,254,279]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<emphasis id="B9356052FFFBCF6E829A02E8FEC6D019" bold="true" box="[199,334,255,279]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Etymology.</emphasis>
The specific name “ 
<taxonomicName id="4C41C7C3FFFBCF6E806802E9FD3BD018" box="[565,691,254,278]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Platysomidae" genus="Paranaichthys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Palaeonisciformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="longianalis">
<emphasis id="B9356052FFFBCF6E806802E9FD3BD018" box="[565,691,254,278]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">longianalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
” refers to the remarkably elongated anal fin.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C35BEFCBFFFBCF6E829A0335FA13D370" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="8BFEBC40FFFBCF6E829A0335FA13D370" blockId="3.[151,1436,182,891]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<emphasis id="B9356052FFFBCF6E829A0335FEC9D035" bold="true" box="[199,321,290,315]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
Deep-bodied actinopterygian fish, 1.5 times deeper than long; lateral flank scales three times higher than long; head is short and posteriorly high, around 0.18 of total length; crushing palatal dentition; dentary narrow and long; no evidence of marginal teeth; snout blunt; numerous small conical odontodes occur in the anterior portion of the rostro-premaxilla and the dentary; operculum 1.7 times higher than long and larger than the suboperculum; frontal elongated and almost rectangular; anal fin base wide and extends posteriorly until the base of the caudal peduncle; anal fin remarkably elongated; caudal fin heterocercal, high and boomerang-shaped; pelvic fin wide-based and different in shape compared to the pectoral fin; fringing fulcra present in pelvic and anal fins and on the ventral lobe of caudal fin; three fulcral scales anterior to anal fin; two fulcral scales forward of ventral lobe of caudal fin; at least nine dorsal fulcral scales forward of caudal peduncle; seven long fulcra supporting the chordal lobe at the level of the caudal peduncle, and gradually smaller fulcra covering the chordal lobe posteriorly.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C35BEFCBFFFBCF6E829A009CFB0ED3C8" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8BFEBC40FFFBCF6E829A009CFB0ED3C8" blockId="3.[151,1436,182,891]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<emphasis id="B9356052FFFBCF6E829A009CFEBCD3AD" bold="true" box="[199,308,651,675]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Remarks</emphasis>
. The prominent conical odontodes on the lower jaw and snout, associated to the elongated anal fin, could be due to sexual dimorphism but impossible to confirm based on a single specimen.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C35BEFCBFFFBCF63829A00C5FB4AD706" lastPageId="14" lastPageNumber="15" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BFEBC40FFFBCF6E829A00C5FB9BD274" blockId="3.[151,1436,182,891]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<emphasis id="B9356052FFFBCF6E829A00C5FED1D3E5" bold="true" box="[199,345,722,747]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Description.</emphasis>
Due to poor preservation of the 
<typeStatus id="54FA02E2FFFBCF6E808500C5FCB5D3E4" box="[728,829,722,746]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
, the known postcranial features are considered more secure to identify the new taxon than cranial features, which would change only with other specimens that can provide a more precise description of the skull bones. Therefore, gaps in the reconstruction represent areas where the morphological interpretation is inaccurate. The proposed reconstruction of the skull must be treated as a hypothesis, and the discovery of further specimens may provide new data to improve it.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF3EECC8FFFBCF6E82CA0559FE6AD6D1" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/280081/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" targetBox="[212,1403,942,1853]" targetPageId="3">
<paragraph id="8BFEBC40FFFBCF6E82CA0559FE6AD6D1" blockId="3.[151,1436,1870,2015]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<emphasis id="B9356052FFFBCF6E82CA0559FE9AD66A" bold="true" box="[151,274,1870,1893]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">FIGURE 2.</emphasis>
Measurements taken on the reconstruction of 
<taxonomicName id="4C41C7C3FFFBCF6E80B90558FC67D66B" box="[740,1007,1871,1893]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Platysomidae" genus="Paranaichthys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Palaeonisciformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="longianalis">
<emphasis id="B9356052FFFBCF6E80B90558FC67D66B" box="[740,1007,1871,1893]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Paranaichthys longianalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B9356052FFFBCF6E81A80558FB19D66A" bold="true" box="[1013,1169,1871,1892]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">gen. et sp. nov.</emphasis>
a, total length; b, standard length; c, body length; d, trunk length; e, head length; f, caudal peduncle length; g, caudal fin length; h, total length of the caudal region; i, caudal fin height; j, caudal peduncle height; k, estimated body height; l, head height; m, posterior anal fin length; n, anterior anal fin length; o, anal fin base length; p, pelvic fin height; q, pelvic fin base length; r, pectoral fin width; s, pectoral fin length; t, frontal bone length.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BFEBC40FFFCCF69829A02ABFB62D351" blockId="4.[151,1436,187,895]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<emphasis id="B9356052FFFCCF69829A02ABFD93D1DA" bold="true" box="[199,539,187,212]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Body shape and dimensions.</emphasis>
The body shape in 
<taxonomicName id="4C41C7C3FFFCCF6980A102ABFBADD1DA" box="[764,1061,188,212]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Platysomidae" genus="Paranaichthys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Palaeonisciformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="longianalis">
<emphasis id="B9356052FFFCCF6980A102ABFBADD1DA" box="[764,1061,188,212]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Paranaichthys longianalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is deep and laterally compressed with a rounded ventral outline, with an angle around 130º at the level of the anal fin. The dorsal outline of the specimen MCP–3371–PV is incomplete due to a straight broken line from the back of the head to the posteriormost rays of the dorsal fin, which is almost totally missing. Observing the head bone dimensions and scale superposition on the specimen, especially near the cleithrum and anal fin region, the probable original body form was robust with moderate lateral compression. The head is relatively small when compared with the body proportions and the caudal and anal fins are prominent (
<figureCitation id="137AA0C5FFFCCF69805E0383FDDBD0A2" box="[515,595,404,428]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1144,1167]" captionTargetBox="[168,1428,204,1115]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[151,1436,193,1123]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 3. Photograph of the holotype (MCP – 3371 – PV) of Paranaichthys longianalis gen. et sp. nov.; Scale bar = cm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/280082/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Figs. 3</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="137AA0C5FFFCCF6980020383FDE5D0A2" box="[607,621,404,428]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1322,1345]" captionTargetBox="[207,1391,366,1282]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[151,1436,353,1301]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 4. Camera lucida drawing of specimen MCP – 3371 – PV of Paranaichthys longianalis gen. et sp. nov." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/280083/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">4</figureCitation>
and 
<figureCitation id="137AA0C5FFFCCF6980F90383FD3DD0A2" box="[676,693,404,428]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1209,1232]" captionTargetBox="[183,1415,202,1198]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[151,1436,169,1205]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 6. Proposed reconstruction of Paranaichthys longianalis gen. et sp. nov. Illustration by Eduardo Kickhöfel." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/280085/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">6</figureCitation>
). The measures were taken on the reconstruction as shown in Figure 2. The total length of the fish was estimated around 
<quantity id="4CB911A5FFFCCF69814203A0FC09D0C1" box="[799,897,439,463]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.15" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" unit="mm" value="215.0">215 mm</quantity>
. The standard length is 
<quantity id="4CB911A5FFFCCF6986C803A0FB7ED0C1" box="[1173,1270,439,463]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.7" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" unit="mm" value="170.0">170 mm</quantity>
, the preserved height is 
<quantity id="4CB911A5FFFCCF6982A303CBFED7D0FA" box="[254,351,476,500]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.29" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" unit="mm" value="129.0">129 mm</quantity>
, and the total height is estimated to be around 
<quantity id="4CB911A5FFFCCF69813103CBFC45D0FA" box="[876,973,476,500]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.41" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" unit="mm" value="141.0">141 mm</quantity>
. This indicates that the fish is around 1.5 times longer than deep. The body length is 
<quantity id="4CB911A5FFFCCF6980D303E8FD65D319" box="[654,749,511,535]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.31" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" unit="mm" value="131.0">131 mm</quantity>
and the length of the trunk is 
<quantity id="4CB911A5FFFCCF69861203E8FB2BD319" box="[1103,1187,511,535]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.3" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" unit="mm" value="93.0">93 mm</quantity>
, which represents 0.7 times the body length. The total length of the caudal region is 
<quantity id="4CB911A5FFFCCF69813B0033FC32D332" box="[870,954,548,572]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.3" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" unit="mm" value="83.0">83 mm</quantity>
, 0.6 times the body length and almost 0.4 times the total length. The post-cranium length including the caudal fin is about 
<quantity id="4CB911A5FFFCCF6986470050FBFFD351" box="[1050,1143,583,607]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.75" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" unit="mm" value="175.0">175 mm</quantity>
(
<tableCitation id="C6C389FBFFFCCF6986D80050FB51D351" box="[1157,1241,583,607]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="4.[151,235,944,965]" captionText="TABLE 1. Measurements taken from the reconstruction of Paranaichthys longianalis gen. et sp. nov. (Figure 6) (characters in parentheses correspond to those in Figure 2)." pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Table 1</tableCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BFEBC40FFFCCF69829A007CFC51D271" blockId="4.[151,1436,187,895]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<emphasis id="B9356052FFFCCF69829A007CFE84D38A" bold="true" box="[199,268,619,644]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Skull.</emphasis>
Due to the poor preservation of the anterior part of the fossil many bones are missing or incomplete, rendering difficult the interpretation of cranial morphology (
<figureCitation id="137AA0C5FFFCCF6981440098FC0ED3A9" box="[793,902,655,679]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 3" captionStart-1="FIGURE 4" captionStart-2="FIGURE 5" captionStartId-0="5.[151,250,1144,1167]" captionStartId-1="6.[151,250,1322,1345]" captionStartId-2="7.[151,250,1536,1559]" captionTargetBox-0="[168,1428,204,1115]" captionTargetBox-1="[207,1391,366,1282]" captionTargetBox-2="[432,1185,217,1484]" captionTargetId-0="figure@5.[151,1436,193,1123]" captionTargetId-1="figure@6.[151,1436,353,1301]" captionTargetId-2="figure@7.[398,1192,191,1523]" captionTargetPageId-0="5" captionTargetPageId-1="6" captionTargetPageId-2="7" captionText-0="FIGURE 3. Photograph of the holotype (MCP – 3371 – PV) of Paranaichthys longianalis gen. et sp. nov.; Scale bar = cm." captionText-1="FIGURE 4. Camera lucida drawing of specimen MCP – 3371 – PV of Paranaichthys longianalis gen. et sp. nov." captionText-2="FIGURE 5. Detail of the skull of Paranaichthys longianalis gen. et sp. nov. (MCP – 3371 – PV); question marks indicate unidentified or dubious bone fragments. Abbreviations: cd, crushing dentition; cl, cleithrum; d, dentary; dh, dermohyal; dpt, dermopterotic; dsph, dermosphenotic; ex, extrascapula; f, frontal; mx, maxilla; nr, nostril; od, odontodes; op, operculum; pa, parietal; pop?, preoperculum?; pr, postrostral; psph, parasphenoid; pt, post-temporal; r-pmx, rostro-premaxilla; scl, supracleithrum; sop, suboperculum." httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/280082/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/280083/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/280084/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Figs. 3–5</figureCitation>
). Apart from the opercular bone and skull roof, where it was possible to identify greater pieces of the frontal and dermopterotic, all head bones described were tentatively identified from fragments. For example, the opercular and subopercular bones were damaged during fossilization but it was still possible to estimate their probable original shape. However, the fossilization of other parts of the head was worse, especially the anterior portion, which limited the skull reconstruction. Even so, a tentative reconstruction is proposed (
<figureCitation id="137AA0C5FFFCCF69838F0153FDC8D252" box="[466,576,836,860]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 6" captionStart-1="FIGURE 7" captionStartId-0="8.[151,250,1209,1232]" captionStartId-1="9.[151,250,1445,1468]" captionTargetBox-0="[183,1415,202,1198]" captionTargetBox-1="[394,1180,186,1444]" captionTargetId-0="figure@8.[151,1436,169,1205]" captionTargetId-1="figure@9.[383,1203,171,1456]" captionTargetPageId-0="8" captionTargetPageId-1="9" captionText-0="FIGURE 6. Proposed reconstruction of Paranaichthys longianalis gen. et sp. nov. Illustration by Eduardo Kickhöfel." captionText-1="FIGURE 7. Skull bones tentatively identified and positioned in the reconstruction of Paranaichthys longianalis gen. et sp. nov. Abbreviations: cd, crushing dentition; cl, cleithrum; d, dentary; dh, dermohyal; dpt, dermopterotic; dsph, dermosphenotic; ex, extrascapula; f, frontal; mx, maxilla; nr, nostril; od, odontodes; op, operculum; pa, parietal; pop?, preoperculum?; pr, postrostral; psph, parasphenoid; pt, post-temporal; r-pmx, rostro-premaxilla; scl, supracleithrum; sop, suboperculum." httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/280085/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/280086/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Figs. 6–7</figureCitation>
). The head is 1.6 times higher than long and relatively small, measuring 
<quantity id="4CB911A5FFFCCF6987DD0153FF4BD271" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.2" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" unit="mm" value="62.0">62 mm</quantity>
height and 
<quantity id="4CB911A5FFFCCF69831B0170FE1DD271" box="[326,405,871,895]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.9" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" unit="mm" value="39.0">39 mm</quantity>
length, representing 0.23 times the standard length.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF3EECC8FFFCCF6982CA01A7FDD6D2EB" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<paragraph id="8BFEBC40FFFCCF6982CA01A7FDD6D2EB" blockId="4.[151,1436,944,1913]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<emphasis id="B9356052FFFCCF6982CA01A7FE8CD2CB" bold="true" box="[151,260,944,965]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">TABLE 1.</emphasis>
Measurements taken from the reconstruction of 
<taxonomicName id="4C41C7C3FFFCCF6980AC01A7FC75D2C8" box="[753,1021,944,966]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Platysomidae" genus="Paranaichthys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Palaeonisciformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="longianalis">
<emphasis id="B9356052FFFCCF6980AC01A7FC75D2C8" box="[753,1021,944,966]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Paranaichthys longianalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B9356052FFFCCF69865E01A7FB28D2CB" bold="true" box="[1027,1184,944,965]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">gen. et sp. nov.</emphasis>
(Figure 6) (characters in parentheses correspond to those in Figure 2).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BFEBC40FFFCCF6981BE0616FC74D5B5" blockId="4.[151,1436,944,1913]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<emphasis id="B9356052FFFCCF6981BE0616FB0CD518" box="[995,1156,1025,1046]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Measurements (</emphasis>
mm
<emphasis id="B9356052FFFCCF6986F10616FB3CD518" box="[1196,1204,1025,1046]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">)</emphasis>
Total length (a) 215 Standard length (b) 170 Body length (c) 131 Trunk length (d) 93
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BFEBC40FFFCCF6982C206D9FC74D5EA" blockId="4.[151,1436,944,1913]" box="[159,1020,1230,1253]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Head length (e) 39</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BFEBC40FFFCCF6982C206EFFC74D403" blockId="4.[151,1436,944,1913]" box="[159,1020,1272,1294]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Caudal peduncle length (f) 13</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BFEBC40FFFCCF6982C20736FC74D439" blockId="4.[151,1436,944,1913]" box="[159,1020,1313,1336]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Caudal fin length (g) 45</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BFEBC40FFFCCF6982C2075DFC74D46E" blockId="4.[151,1436,944,1913]" box="[159,1020,1354,1376]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Total length of the caudal region (h) 83</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BFEBC40FFFCCF6982C20764FC74D4BD" blockId="4.[151,1436,944,1913]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Caudal fin height (i) 147 Caudal peduncle height (j) 31</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BFEBC40FFFCCF6982C207D1FC74D708" blockId="4.[151,1436,944,1913]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Estimated body height (k) 141 Head height (l) 62</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BFEBC40FFFCCF6982C2040EFC74D721" blockId="4.[151,1436,944,1913]" box="[159,1020,1561,1584]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Anterior anal fin known length (n) 30</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BFEBC40FFFCCF6982C20455FC74D756" blockId="4.[151,1436,944,1913]" box="[159,1020,1602,1625]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Anal fin base length (o) 53</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BFEBC40FFFCCF6982C2047CFC74D78F" blockId="4.[151,1436,944,1913]" box="[159,1020,1643,1666]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Estimated posterior anal fin length (m) 69</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BFEBC40FFFCCF6982C20482FC74D7A5" blockId="4.[151,1436,944,1913]" box="[159,1020,1685,1708]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Pelvic fin height (p) 32</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BFEBC40FFFCCF6982C204A9FC74D7DA" blockId="4.[151,1436,944,1913]" box="[159,1020,1726,1749]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Pelvic fin base length (q) 26</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BFEBC40FFFCCF6982C204FFFC74D7F3" blockId="4.[151,1436,944,1913]" box="[159,1020,1768,1790]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Pectoral fin width (r) 20</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BFEBC40FFFCCF6982C20506FC74D629" blockId="4.[151,1436,944,1913]" box="[159,1020,1809,1832]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Pectoral fin length (s) 23</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BFEBC40FFFCCF6982C2052DFC74D65E" blockId="4.[151,1436,944,1913]" box="[159,1020,1850,1873]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Frontal bone length (t) 15</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BFEBC40FFFCCF6982C20574FB81D677" blockId="4.[151,1436,944,1913]" box="[159,1033,1891,1913]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Post-cranial length (d+h) 175</paragraph>
<caption id="DF3EECC8FFFDCF6882CA066FFAEBD580" box="[151,1379,1144,1167]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/280082/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" targetBox="[168,1428,204,1115]" targetPageId="5">
<paragraph id="8BFEBC40FFFDCF6882CA066FFAEBD580" blockId="5.[151,1379,1144,1167]" box="[151,1379,1144,1167]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<emphasis id="B9356052FFFDCF6882CA066FFE9AD580" bold="true" box="[151,274,1144,1167]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">FIGURE 3.</emphasis>
Photograph of the holotype (MCP–3371–PV) of 
<taxonomicName id="4C41C7C3FFFDCF688155066FFB9CD580" box="[776,1044,1144,1166]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Platysomidae" genus="Paranaichthys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Palaeonisciformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="longianalis">
<emphasis id="B9356052FFFDCF688155066FFB9CD580" box="[776,1044,1144,1166]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Paranaichthys longianalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B9356052FFFDCF688647066EFB3FD580" bold="true" box="[1050,1207,1145,1166]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">gen. et sp. nov.</emphasis>
; Scale bar = cm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BFEBC40FFFDCF68829A06A1FB41D7E7" blockId="5.[151,1437,1206,2022]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<emphasis id="B9356052FFFDCF68829A06A1FEBDD5C0" box="[199,309,1206,1230]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Skull roof</emphasis>
. In the 
<typeStatus id="54FA02E2FFFDCF6883D306A1FE78D5C0" box="[398,496,1206,1230]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
of 
<taxonomicName id="4C41C7C3FFFDCF68804406A1FCCAD5C0" box="[537,834,1206,1230]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Platysomidae" genus="Paranaichthys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Palaeonisciformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="longianalis">
<emphasis id="B9356052FFFDCF68804406A1FCCAD5C0" box="[537,834,1206,1230]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Paranaichthys longianalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, the frontal, dermopterotic, parietal and extrascapula of the left side are preserved. The dermosphenotic is incomplete and located antero-ventrally to the dermopterotic, and ventrally to the frontal (
<figureCitation id="137AA0C5FFFDCF68839306E9FD93D418" box="[462,539,1278,1302]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1536,1559]" captionTargetBox="[432,1185,217,1484]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[398,1192,191,1523]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 5. Detail of the skull of Paranaichthys longianalis gen. et sp. nov. (MCP – 3371 – PV); question marks indicate unidentified or dubious bone fragments. Abbreviations: cd, crushing dentition; cl, cleithrum; d, dentary; dh, dermohyal; dpt, dermopterotic; dsph, dermosphenotic; ex, extrascapula; f, frontal; mx, maxilla; nr, nostril; od, odontodes; op, operculum; pa, parietal; pop?, preoperculum?; pr, postrostral; psph, parasphenoid; pt, post-temporal; r-pmx, rostro-premaxilla; scl, supracleithrum; sop, suboperculum." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/280084/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Figs. 5</figureCitation>
and 
<figureCitation id="137AA0C5FFFDCF68800D06E9FDE8D418" box="[592,608,1278,1302]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="9.[151,250,1445,1468]" captionTargetBox="[394,1180,186,1444]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[383,1203,171,1456]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 7. Skull bones tentatively identified and positioned in the reconstruction of Paranaichthys longianalis gen. et sp. nov. Abbreviations: cd, crushing dentition; cl, cleithrum; d, dentary; dh, dermohyal; dpt, dermopterotic; dsph, dermosphenotic; ex, extrascapula; f, frontal; mx, maxilla; nr, nostril; od, odontodes; op, operculum; pa, parietal; pop?, preoperculum?; pr, postrostral; psph, parasphenoid; pt, post-temporal; r-pmx, rostro-premaxilla; scl, supracleithrum; sop, suboperculum." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/280086/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">7</figureCitation>
). The frontals are slightly elongated antero-posteriorly, almost rectangular in shape with rounded anterior borders. Frontal length is 1.3 times the dermopterotic length. The frontal presents small irregular bean-shaped odontodes, ordered in curved lines that occur over the entire bone surface. The dermopterotic is a sub-rectangular bone as wide as the frontal, around 
<quantity id="4CB911A5FFFDCF6881D2077EFC58D48F" box="[911,976,1385,1409]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" unit="mm" value="5.0">5 mm</quantity>
wide, with a similar ornamentation. The dermosphenotic is incomplete. Only the dorsal sutures of the left dermosphenotic are preserved; these are positioned dorsally with the frontal, dorso-posteriorly with the dermopterotic, and dorso-anteriorly with the posterior portion of the postrostral. The boundaries between the dermosphenotic are unclear and its anterior border was also not preserved. Due to bad preservation, a small triangular piece of bone that could be a dermohyal is present. Even though the dermohyal is uncommon in platysomids, it is present, for instance, in 
<taxonomicName id="4C41C7C3FFFDCF6886340409FDC6D757" authority="Traquair (Moy-Thomas &amp; Dyne, 1938)" authorityName="Traquair (Moy-Thomas &amp; Dyne" authorityYear="1938" class="Actinopterygii" genus="Paramesolepis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Palaeonisciformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tuberculata">
<emphasis id="B9356052FFFDCF6886340409FA14D738" box="[1129,1436,1566,1590]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Paramesolepis tuberculata</emphasis>
Traquair (
<bibRefCitation id="EFD0C1B1FFFDCF6883590456FDCED757" author="Moy-Thomas" box="[260,582,1601,1626]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" refString="Moy-Thomas, J. A. &amp; Dyne, M. B. (1938) Actinopterygian fishes from the Lower Carboniferous of Glencartholm, Eskdale, Dumfriesshire. Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, 59, 437 - 480 + pls. 1 - 2." type="journal article" year="1938">Moy-Thomas &amp; Dyne, 1938</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C41C7C3FFFDCF6880D90455FAA1D757" authority="Traquair (Moy-Thomas &amp; Dyne, 1938)" authorityName="Traquair (Moy-Thomas &amp; Dyne" authorityYear="1938" box="[644,1321,1601,1626]" class="Actinopterygii" genus="Cheirodopsis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Palaeonisciformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="geikiei">
<emphasis id="B9356052FFFDCF6880D90455FCE2D754" box="[644,874,1602,1626]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Cheirodopsis geikiei</emphasis>
Traquair (
<bibRefCitation id="EFD0C1B1FFFDCF6881830456FAA9D757" author="Moy-Thomas" box="[990,1313,1601,1626]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" refString="Moy-Thomas, J. A. &amp; Dyne, M. B. (1938) Actinopterygian fishes from the Lower Carboniferous of Glencartholm, Eskdale, Dumfriesshire. Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, 59, 437 - 480 + pls. 1 - 2." type="journal article" year="1938">Moy-Thomas &amp; Dyne, 1938</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
, both taxa listed in the 
<taxonomicName id="4C41C7C3FFFDCF68837F0471FE2BD770" box="[290,419,1638,1662]" family="Carangidae" genus="Platysomus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9356052FFFDCF68837F0471FE2BD770" box="[290,419,1638,1662]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Platysomus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Group of 
<bibRefCitation id="EFD0C1B1FFFDCF6880450471FCD5D770" author="Gardiner" box="[536,861,1638,1662]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" refString="Gardiner, B. G. &amp; Schaeffer, B. (1989) Interrelationships of lower actinopterygian fishes. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 97, 135 - 187." type="journal article" year="1989">Gardiner &amp; Schaeffer (1989)</bibRefCitation>
and also included within platysomids in the cladogram of Mickle 
<emphasis id="B9356052FFFDCF68830F049CFE04D7AC" box="[338,396,1674,1698]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">et al.</emphasis>
(2009). Therefore the dermohyal is considered to be present in 
<taxonomicName id="4C41C7C3FFFDCF688636049DFA1DD7AC" box="[1131,1429,1674,1698]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Platysomidae" genus="Paranaichthys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Palaeonisciformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="longianalis">
<emphasis id="B9356052FFFDCF688636049DFA1DD7AC" box="[1131,1429,1674,1698]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Paranaichthys longianalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The parietal is posterior to the dermopterotic and is rectangular, almost 2.4 times deeper than long, with 
<quantity id="4CB911A5FFFDCF68877204B9FAF7D7C8" box="[1327,1407,1710,1734]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.2" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" unit="mm" value="12.0">12 mm</quantity>
in height. The extrascapula is the most posterior bone of the skull roof and is medially incomplete.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BFEBC40FFFDCF6B829A04E1FC7DD031" blockId="5.[151,1437,1206,2022]" lastBlockId="6.[151,1436,151,319]" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<emphasis id="B9356052FFFDCF68829A04E1FE86D603" box="[199,270,1782,1805]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Snout.</emphasis>
The sensory line canals of the snout, as well as other parts of the skull, were not preserved, thus bone identification is problematic, making hard to compare the snout of 
<taxonomicName id="4C41C7C3FFFDCF6881D9050CFB95D63C" box="[900,1053,1818,1842]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Platysomidae" genus="Paranaichthys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Palaeonisciformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="longianalis">
<emphasis id="B9356052FFFDCF6881D9050CFB95D63C" box="[900,1053,1818,1842]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">P. longianalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
to the snout patterns presented by 
<bibRefCitation id="EFD0C1B1FFFDCF6882CA0529FED9D658" author="Gardiner" box="[151,337,1854,1878]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" refString="Gardiner, B. G. (1963) Certain paleoniscoid fishes and the evolution of the snout in actinopterygians. Bulletin of the British Museum of Natural History (Geology), 8, 257 - 325." type="journal article" year="1963">Gardiner (1963)</bibRefCitation>
. Three bone fragments are present in the snout region: the rostro-premaxilla, the posterior part of the postrostral (
<figureCitation id="137AA0C5FFFDCF6883130576FE17D677" box="[334,415,1889,1913]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1536,1559]" captionTargetBox="[432,1185,217,1484]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[398,1192,191,1523]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 5. Detail of the skull of Paranaichthys longianalis gen. et sp. nov. (MCP – 3371 – PV); question marks indicate unidentified or dubious bone fragments. Abbreviations: cd, crushing dentition; cl, cleithrum; d, dentary; dh, dermohyal; dpt, dermopterotic; dsph, dermosphenotic; ex, extrascapula; f, frontal; mx, maxilla; nr, nostril; od, odontodes; op, operculum; pa, parietal; pop?, preoperculum?; pr, postrostral; psph, parasphenoid; pt, post-temporal; r-pmx, rostro-premaxilla; scl, supracleithrum; sop, suboperculum." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/280084/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Figs. 5</figureCitation>
and 
<figureCitation id="137AA0C5FFFDCF6883830576FE66D677" box="[478,494,1889,1913]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="9.[151,250,1445,1468]" captionTargetBox="[394,1180,186,1444]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[383,1203,171,1456]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 7. Skull bones tentatively identified and positioned in the reconstruction of Paranaichthys longianalis gen. et sp. nov. Abbreviations: cd, crushing dentition; cl, cleithrum; d, dentary; dh, dermohyal; dpt, dermopterotic; dsph, dermosphenotic; ex, extrascapula; f, frontal; mx, maxilla; nr, nostril; od, odontodes; op, operculum; pa, parietal; pop?, preoperculum?; pr, postrostral; psph, parasphenoid; pt, post-temporal; r-pmx, rostro-premaxilla; scl, supracleithrum; sop, suboperculum." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/280086/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">7</figureCitation>
), and a third incomplete oval bone, preserved ventrally to the rostro-premaxilla, remains unidentified (
<figureCitation id="137AA0C5FFFDCF6883D00591FE59D690" box="[397,465,1926,1950]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1536,1559]" captionTargetBox="[432,1185,217,1484]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[398,1192,191,1523]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 5. Detail of the skull of Paranaichthys longianalis gen. et sp. nov. (MCP – 3371 – PV); question marks indicate unidentified or dubious bone fragments. Abbreviations: cd, crushing dentition; cl, cleithrum; d, dentary; dh, dermohyal; dpt, dermopterotic; dsph, dermosphenotic; ex, extrascapula; f, frontal; mx, maxilla; nr, nostril; od, odontodes; op, operculum; pa, parietal; pop?, preoperculum?; pr, postrostral; psph, parasphenoid; pt, post-temporal; r-pmx, rostro-premaxilla; scl, supracleithrum; sop, suboperculum." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/280084/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
). It could be a lacrimal or a displaced nasal but it is difficult to confirm these possibilities. The bone tentatively identified as rostro-premaxilla is relatively thick and wide, with a concave ventral edge and a small lateral notch, which probably forms the opening of the anterior nostril (nasal opening). It is preserved in internal view but removing part of the bone, the external surface was exposed showing that it is covered by small conical and pointed odontodes that resembles the ornamentation of the rostral region of Redfieldiiformes (
<bibRefCitation id="EFD0C1B1FFFECF6B871802ABFF70D1F9" author="Schaeffer" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" refString="Schaeffer, B. (1967) Late Triassic fishes from the Western United States. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 135, 287 - 342." type="journal article" year="1967">Schaeffer 1967</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFD0C1B1FFFECF6B835E02C8FEB6D1F9" author="Schaeffer" box="[259,318,223,247]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" refString="Schaeffer, B. (1984) On the relationships of the Triassic-Liassic redfieldiiform fishes. American Museum Novitates, 2795, 1 - 18." type="journal article" year="1984">1984</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFD0C1B1FFFECF6B831702C8FD1BD1F9" author="Schaeffer" box="[330,659,223,247]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" refString="Schaeffer, B. &amp; McDonald, N. G. (1978) Redfieldiid fishes from the Triassic-Liassic Newark Supergroup of Eastern North America. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 159, 131 - 173." type="journal article" year="1978">
Schaeffer &amp; 
<collectingCountry id="F356FCD0FFFECF6B838502C8FDD8D1F9" box="[472,592,223,247]" name="Heard Island and McDonald Islands" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">McDonald</collectingCountry>
1978
</bibRefCitation>
). The bone tentatively identified as the postrostral is also incomplete; its posterior portion is as wide as the frontal, presenting elongated odontodes. Its anterior portion is not preserved. In the proposed reconstruction (
<figureCitation id="137AA0C5FFFECF6B83A10330FDB7D031" box="[508,575,295,319]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1209,1232]" captionTargetBox="[183,1415,202,1198]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[151,1436,169,1205]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 6. Proposed reconstruction of Paranaichthys longianalis gen. et sp. nov. Illustration by Eduardo Kickhöfel." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/280085/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
) the length of this bone was estimated.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF3EECC8FFFECF6B82CA073DFA88D44E" box="[151,1280,1322,1345]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/280083/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" targetBox="[207,1391,366,1282]" targetPageId="6">
<paragraph id="8BFEBC40FFFECF6B82CA073DFA88D44E" blockId="6.[151,1280,1322,1345]" box="[151,1280,1322,1345]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<emphasis id="B9356052FFFECF6B82CA073DFE9AD44E" bold="true" box="[151,274,1322,1345]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">FIGURE 4.</emphasis>
Camera lucida drawing of specimen MCP–3371–PV of 
<taxonomicName id="4C41C7C3FFFECF6B810D073CFBD4D44F" box="[848,1116,1323,1345]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Platysomidae" genus="Paranaichthys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Palaeonisciformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="longianalis">
<emphasis id="B9356052FFFECF6B810D073CFBD4D44F" box="[848,1116,1323,1345]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Paranaichthys longianalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
gen. et sp. nov.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BFEBC40FFFECF6B829A0778FAAAD750" blockId="6.[151,1436,1390,2025]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<emphasis id="B9356052FFFECF6B829A0778FE8ED488" box="[199,262,1391,1414]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Jaws.</emphasis>
A squared bone fragment of the maxilla is preserved (
<figureCitation id="137AA0C5FFFECF6B81340779FC24D488" box="[873,940,1390,1414]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1536,1559]" captionTargetBox="[432,1185,217,1484]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[398,1192,191,1523]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 5. Detail of the skull of Paranaichthys longianalis gen. et sp. nov. (MCP – 3371 – PV); question marks indicate unidentified or dubious bone fragments. Abbreviations: cd, crushing dentition; cl, cleithrum; d, dentary; dh, dermohyal; dpt, dermopterotic; dsph, dermosphenotic; ex, extrascapula; f, frontal; mx, maxilla; nr, nostril; od, odontodes; op, operculum; pa, parietal; pop?, preoperculum?; pr, postrostral; psph, parasphenoid; pt, post-temporal; r-pmx, rostro-premaxilla; scl, supracleithrum; sop, suboperculum." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/280084/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
) and is ornamented by elongated odontodes that radiated from the center. There is no evidence of marginal teeth, but in this case it could be due to bad preservation. Numerous crushing teeth preserved below this bone fragment could belong to the palatal bones. The rostropremaxilla is also edentulous. The dentary represents the preserved portion of the lower jaw, and is incomplete in its proximal portion. It presents at least 
<quantity id="4CB911A5FFFECF6B800107E9FD24D718" box="[604,684,1534,1558]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.8" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" unit="mm" value="18.0">18 mm</quantity>
in length and is also edentulous. Dentary ornamentation is visible only in the anteriormost portion and is composed of small pointed or conical odontodes that resembles the ornamentation of the rostro-premaxilla (
<figureCitation id="137AA0C5FFFECF6B807A0451FDE3D750" box="[551,619,1606,1630]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="9.[151,250,1445,1468]" captionTargetBox="[394,1180,186,1444]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[383,1203,171,1456]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 7. Skull bones tentatively identified and positioned in the reconstruction of Paranaichthys longianalis gen. et sp. nov. Abbreviations: cd, crushing dentition; cl, cleithrum; d, dentary; dh, dermohyal; dpt, dermopterotic; dsph, dermosphenotic; ex, extrascapula; f, frontal; mx, maxilla; nr, nostril; od, odontodes; op, operculum; pa, parietal; pop?, preoperculum?; pr, postrostral; psph, parasphenoid; pt, post-temporal; r-pmx, rostro-premaxilla; scl, supracleithrum; sop, suboperculum." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/280086/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
). The coronoid and splenial bones could not be distinguished.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BFEBC40FFFECF6B829A047DFA83D6E7" blockId="6.[151,1436,1390,2025]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<emphasis id="B9356052FFFECF6B829A047DFE04D78C" box="[199,396,1642,1666]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Opercular series.</emphasis>
The operculum is the biggest preserved bone of the dermatocranium and probably is in its original anatomical position (
<figureCitation id="137AA0C5FFFECF6B83B50499FDB0D7A8" box="[488,568,1678,1702]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1536,1559]" captionTargetBox="[432,1185,217,1484]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[398,1192,191,1523]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 5. Detail of the skull of Paranaichthys longianalis gen. et sp. nov. (MCP – 3371 – PV); question marks indicate unidentified or dubious bone fragments. Abbreviations: cd, crushing dentition; cl, cleithrum; d, dentary; dh, dermohyal; dpt, dermopterotic; dsph, dermosphenotic; ex, extrascapula; f, frontal; mx, maxilla; nr, nostril; od, odontodes; op, operculum; pa, parietal; pop?, preoperculum?; pr, postrostral; psph, parasphenoid; pt, post-temporal; r-pmx, rostro-premaxilla; scl, supracleithrum; sop, suboperculum." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/280084/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Figs. 5</figureCitation>
and 
<figureCitation id="137AA0C5FFFECF6B80290499FD0CD7A8" box="[628,644,1678,1702]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="9.[151,250,1445,1468]" captionTargetBox="[394,1180,186,1444]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[383,1203,171,1456]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 7. Skull bones tentatively identified and positioned in the reconstruction of Paranaichthys longianalis gen. et sp. nov. Abbreviations: cd, crushing dentition; cl, cleithrum; d, dentary; dh, dermohyal; dpt, dermopterotic; dsph, dermosphenotic; ex, extrascapula; f, frontal; mx, maxilla; nr, nostril; od, odontodes; op, operculum; pa, parietal; pop?, preoperculum?; pr, postrostral; psph, parasphenoid; pt, post-temporal; r-pmx, rostro-premaxilla; scl, supracleithrum; sop, suboperculum." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/280086/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">7</figureCitation>
). It is irregular in shape, but almost trapezoid, 1.7 times higher than long. The small ornamented portion remaining is composed of elongated odontodes, arranged converging the ventral part of the operculum, near the suboperculum suture. The suboperculum is heavily damaged, and is smaller than the operculum, almost square in shape and without preserved ornamentation. Anteriorly to the suboperculum and posteriorly to the fragment of the maxilla, there is a bone whose borders could not be determined. It is similar in position to the preoperculum3 of 
<taxonomicName id="4C41C7C3FFFECF6B801E0554FC5AD657" authority="Lehman 1956" authorityName="Lehman" authorityYear="1956" box="[579,978,1857,1882]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bobasatraniidae" genus="Ecrinesomus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Bobasatraniiformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="dixoni">
<emphasis id="B9356052FFFECF6B801E0554FCADD654" box="[579,805,1858,1882]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Ecrinesomus dixoni</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFD0C1B1FFFECF6B816D0556FC5AD657" author="Lehman" box="[816,978,1857,1881]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" refString="Lehman, J. P. (1956) Complements a l'etude des genres Ecrinesomus et Bobasatrania de l'Eotrias de Madagascar. Annales de Paleontologie, 42, 67 - 94." type="journal article" year="1956">Lehman 1956</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, to the suborbital of 
<taxonomicName id="4C41C7C3FFFECF6B86930555FD90D670" authority="Campbell &amp; Le Duy Phuoch 1983" authorityName="Campbell &amp; Le Duy Phuoch" authorityYear="1983" class="Actinopterygii" genus="Ebenaqua" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Bobasatraniiformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ritchiei">
<emphasis id="B9356052FFFECF6B86930555FA14D654" box="[1230,1436,1858,1882]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Ebenaqua ritchiei</emphasis>
Campbell &amp; Le Duy Phuoch 1983
</taxonomicName>
, and to the quadratojugal of 
<taxonomicName id="4C41C7C3FFFECF6B810A0571FB42D670" authority="Zidek 1992" authorityName="Zidek" authorityYear="1992" box="[855,1226,1894,1918]" family="Carangidae" genus="Platysomus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="schultzei">
<emphasis id="B9356052FFFECF6B810A0571FBC8D670" box="[855,1088,1894,1918]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Platysomus schultzei</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFD0C1B1FFFECF6B861A0571FB42D670" author="Zidek" box="[1095,1226,1894,1918]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" refString="Zidek, J. (1992) Late Pennsylvanian Chondrichtyes, Acanthodii, and deep-bodied Actinopterygii from the Kinney Quarry, Manzanita Mountains, New Mexico. New Mexico Bureau of Mines &amp; Mineral Resources, 138, 145 - 182." type="journal article" year="1992">Zidek 1992</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, which was identified as the “platysomid quadratojugal” by 
<bibRefCitation id="EFD0C1B1FFFECF6B802B059EFC0CD6AF" author="Mickle" box="[630,900,1929,1953]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" refString="Mickle, K. E. &amp; Bader, K. (2009) A new platysomid from the Upper Carboniferous of Kansas (USA) and remarks on the systematic of deep-bodied lower actinopterygians. Acta Zoologica, 90, 211 - 219." type="journal article" year="2009">Mickle &amp; Bader (2009)</bibRefCitation>
. In the reconstruction of 
<taxonomicName id="4C41C7C3FFFECF6B86FD059DFF45D6C8" class="Actinopterygii" family="Platysomidae" genus="Paranaichthys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Palaeonisciformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="longianalis">
<emphasis id="B9356052FFFECF6B86FD059DFF45D6C8" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Paranaichthys longianalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
it is tentatively indicated as a preoperculum(?). Ventrally to the suboperculum several pieces of damaged bones are present, but due to uncertainty they were not included in the description and reconstruction.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF3EECC8FFFFCF6A82CA0417FE44D79E" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/280084/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" targetBox="[432,1185,217,1484]" targetPageId="7">
<paragraph id="8BFEBC40FFFFCF6A82CA0417FE44D79E" blockId="7.[151,1436,1536,1681]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<emphasis id="B9356052FFFFCF6A82CA0417FE9FD718" bold="true" box="[151,279,1536,1559]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">FIGURE 5.</emphasis>
Detail of the skull of 
<taxonomicName id="4C41C7C3FFFFCF6A80520417FC97D718" box="[527,799,1536,1558]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Platysomidae" genus="Paranaichthys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Palaeonisciformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="longianalis">
<emphasis id="B9356052FFFFCF6A80520417FC97D718" box="[527,799,1536,1558]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Paranaichthys longianalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B9356052FFFFCF6A81770416FC5CD718" bold="true" box="[810,980,1537,1558]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">gen. et sp. nov.</emphasis>
(MCP–3371–PV); question marks indicate unidentified or dubious bone fragments. Abbreviations: cd, crushing dentition; cl, cleithrum; d, dentary; dh, dermohyal; dpt, dermopterotic; dsph, dermosphenotic; ex, extrascapula; f, frontal; mx, maxilla; nr, nostril; od, odontodes; op, operculum; pa, parietal; pop?, preoperculum?; pr, postrostral; psph, parasphenoid; pt, post-temporal; r-pmx, rostro-premaxilla; scl, supracleithrum; sop, suboperculum.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF3EECC8FFF0CF6582CA06AEFACBD5DE" box="[151,1347,1209,1232]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/280085/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" targetBox="[183,1415,202,1198]" targetPageId="8">
<paragraph id="8BFEBC40FFF0CF6582CA06AEFACBD5DE" blockId="8.[151,1347,1209,1232]" box="[151,1347,1209,1232]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
<emphasis id="B9356052FFF0CF6582CA06AEFE9AD5C1" bold="true" box="[151,274,1209,1232]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">FIGURE 6.</emphasis>
Proposed reconstruction of 
<taxonomicName id="4C41C7C3FFF0CF65806D06ADFCB4D5DE" box="[560,828,1210,1232]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Platysomidae" genus="Paranaichthys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Palaeonisciformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="longianalis">
<emphasis id="B9356052FFF0CF65806D06ADFCB4D5DE" box="[560,828,1210,1232]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Paranaichthys longianalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B9356052FFF0CF65811F06ADFC57D5C1" bold="true" box="[834,991,1210,1231]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">gen. et sp. nov.</emphasis>
Illustration by Eduardo Kickhöfel.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BFEBC40FFF0CF65829A06EAFD74D48E" blockId="8.[151,1436,1276,2021]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
<emphasis id="B9356052FFF0CF65829A06EAFE90D41B" box="[199,280,1277,1301]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Palate.</emphasis>
The parasphenoid is the only bone identified at the base of the cranium. It is incomplete; however, it is an elongated bone with several rounded ventral teeth (
<figureCitation id="137AA0C5FFF0CF6580A20737FCC6D436" box="[767,846,1312,1336]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1536,1559]" captionTargetBox="[432,1185,217,1484]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[398,1192,191,1523]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 5. Detail of the skull of Paranaichthys longianalis gen. et sp. nov. (MCP – 3371 – PV); question marks indicate unidentified or dubious bone fragments. Abbreviations: cd, crushing dentition; cl, cleithrum; d, dentary; dh, dermohyal; dpt, dermopterotic; dsph, dermosphenotic; ex, extrascapula; f, frontal; mx, maxilla; nr, nostril; od, odontodes; op, operculum; pa, parietal; pop?, preoperculum?; pr, postrostral; psph, parasphenoid; pt, post-temporal; r-pmx, rostro-premaxilla; scl, supracleithrum; sop, suboperculum." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/280084/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Figs. 5</figureCitation>
and 
<figureCitation id="137AA0C5FFF0CF6581DB0737FC41D436" box="[902,969,1312,1336]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 7" captionStart-1="FIGURE 8. A" captionStartId-0="9.[151,250,1445,1468]" captionStartId-1="10.[151,250,1938,1961]" captionTargetBox-0="[394,1180,186,1444]" captionTargetBox-1="[230,1353,205,1879]" captionTargetId-0="figure@9.[383,1203,171,1456]" captionTargetId-1="figure@10.[221,1360,193,1891]" captionTargetPageId-0="9" captionTargetPageId-1="10" captionText-0="FIGURE 7. Skull bones tentatively identified and positioned in the reconstruction of Paranaichthys longianalis gen. et sp. nov. Abbreviations: cd, crushing dentition; cl, cleithrum; d, dentary; dh, dermohyal; dpt, dermopterotic; dsph, dermosphenotic; ex, extrascapula; f, frontal; mx, maxilla; nr, nostril; od, odontodes; op, operculum; pa, parietal; pop?, preoperculum?; pr, postrostral; psph, parasphenoid; pt, post-temporal; r-pmx, rostro-premaxilla; scl, supracleithrum; sop, suboperculum." captionText-1="FIGURE 8. A, Photograph of the crushing dentition of Paranaichthys longianalis in the parasphenoid. B, Tooth cross-section. C, Interpretative drawing of the tooth. D, Detail of verruciform acrodin. Abbreviations: cd, crushing dentition; de, dentine; dt, dentine tubules; e, enamel; pc, pulp cavity; psph, parasphenoid; vacr, verruciform acrodin." httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/280086/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/280087/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">7–8A</figureCitation>
). The other palatal and pharyngeal bones are not preserved but these were probably also covered by crushing dentition, as indicated by the presence of this kind of teeth in profusion in the orobranchial chamber.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BFEBC40FFF0CF65829A079AFD10D7CA" blockId="8.[151,1436,1276,2021]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
<emphasis id="B9356052FFF0CF65829A079AFE86D4AB" bold="true" box="[199,270,1421,1445]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Teeth.</emphasis>
No clear marginal teeth were recognized. The dentition of 
<taxonomicName id="4C41C7C3FFF0CF6581ED079AFB51D4AB" box="[944,1241,1421,1445]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Platysomidae" genus="Paranaichthys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Palaeonisciformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="longianalis">
<emphasis id="B9356052FFF0CF6581ED079AFB51D4AB" box="[944,1241,1421,1445]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Paranaichthys longianalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
comprises cylindrical-based teeth and conical teeth. Measuring around 0.25 mm in diameter and 1.2 mm in length, these cylindrical-based teeth present rounded tips and are inserted on the palate, at least in the parasphenoid (
<figureCitation id="137AA0C5FFF0CF6586A107C3FAD1D4E2" box="[1276,1369,1492,1516]" captionStart="FIGURE 8. A" captionStartId="10.[151,250,1938,1961]" captionTargetBox="[230,1353,205,1879]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[221,1360,193,1891]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 8. A, Photograph of the crushing dentition of Paranaichthys longianalis in the parasphenoid. B, Tooth cross-section. C, Interpretative drawing of the tooth. D, Detail of verruciform acrodin. Abbreviations: cd, crushing dentition; de, dentine; dt, dentine tubules; e, enamel; pc, pulp cavity; psph, parasphenoid; vacr, verruciform acrodin." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/280087/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Fig. 8A</figureCitation>
). The conical teeth are shorter but similar to the cylindrical ones in basal diameter. The presence of numerous teeth in the oral region suggests that they had a wide distribution over the bones of the oral cavity and were probably a specialization for crushing. The high number of teeth present also suggests that they could be arranged in groups, making up a tooth plate like those described for platysomids (
<bibRefCitation id="EFD0C1B1FFF0CF6581540473FB9ED772" author="Johnson" box="[777,1046,1636,1660]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" refString="Johnson, G. D. &amp; Zidek, J. (1981) Late paleozoic phyllodont tooth plates. Journal of Paleontology, 55, 524 - 536." type="journal article" year="1981">Johnson &amp; Zidek 1981</bibRefCitation>
), the amphicentrid 
<taxonomicName id="4C41C7C3FFF0CF6586AA0472FE4CD7AE" authority="Zidek, 1992" authorityName="Zidek" authorityYear="1992" class="Actinopterygii" family="Chirodontidae" genus="Amphicentrum" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Palaeonisciformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="granulosum">
<emphasis id="B9356052FFF0CF6586AA0472FE95D7AF" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Amphicentrum granulosum</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFD0C1B1FFF0CF658370049FFE35D7AE" author="Zidek" box="[301,445,1672,1696]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" refString="Zidek, J. (1992) Late Pennsylvanian Chondrichtyes, Acanthodii, and deep-bodied Actinopterygii from the Kinney Quarry, Manzanita Mountains, New Mexico. New Mexico Bureau of Mines &amp; Mineral Resources, 138, 145 - 182." type="journal article" year="1992">Zidek, 1992</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
, and 
<taxonomicName id="4C41C7C3FFF0CF658059049EFC3BD7AE" authority="Burgin 1992" authorityName="Burgin" authorityYear="1992" box="[516,947,1672,1697]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bobasatraniidae" genus="Bobasatrania" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Bobasatraniiformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ceresensis">
<emphasis id="B9356052FFF0CF658059049EFC9FD7AF" box="[516,791,1673,1697]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Bobasatrania ceresensis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFD0C1B1FFF0CF65817C049FFC3BD7AE" author="Burgin" box="[801,947,1672,1696]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" refString="Burgin, T. (1992) Basal ray-finned fishes (Osteichthyes, Actinopterygii) from the Middle Triassic of Monte San Giorgio (Canton Tessin, Switzerland) Systematic palaeontology with notes on funtional morphology and palaeoecology. Schweinzerische Palaontologische Abhandlungen, 144, 1 - 164." type="journal article" year="1992">Burgin 1992</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
. However, poor preservation precludes the identification of tooth plates in 
<taxonomicName id="4C41C7C3FFF0CF6583AA04B9FD19D7CB" box="[503,657,1709,1733]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Platysomidae" genus="Paranaichthys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Palaeonisciformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="longianalis">
<emphasis id="B9356052FFF0CF6583AA04B9FD19D7CB" box="[503,657,1709,1733]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">P. longianalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BFEBC40FFF0CF65829A04C7FA14D6EA" blockId="8.[151,1436,1276,2021]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
<emphasis id="B9356052FFF0CF65829A04C7FDB7D7E7" bold="true" box="[199,575,1744,1769]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Histology of crushing dentition.</emphasis>
The crushing teeth present a large pulp cavity and the dentine (orthodentine) has elongated tubules with lateral short ramifications (
<figureCitation id="137AA0C5FFF0CF6580A404E3FCCED602" box="[761,838,1780,1804]" captionStart="FIGURE 8. A" captionStartId="10.[151,250,1938,1961]" captionTargetBox="[230,1353,205,1879]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[221,1360,193,1891]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 8. A, Photograph of the crushing dentition of Paranaichthys longianalis in the parasphenoid. B, Tooth cross-section. C, Interpretative drawing of the tooth. D, Detail of verruciform acrodin. Abbreviations: cd, crushing dentition; de, dentine; dt, dentine tubules; e, enamel; pc, pulp cavity; psph, parasphenoid; vacr, verruciform acrodin." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/280087/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Figs. 8</figureCitation>
B–C). The apical region of some crushing teeth presents a small rounded portion of enameloid, forming an incomplete cap of acrodin (
<figureCitation id="137AA0C5FFF0CF658663050FFB08D63E" box="[1086,1152,1816,1840]" captionStart="FIGURE 8. A" captionStartId="10.[151,250,1938,1961]" captionTargetBox="[230,1353,205,1879]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[221,1360,193,1891]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 8. A, Photograph of the crushing dentition of Paranaichthys longianalis in the parasphenoid. B, Tooth cross-section. C, Interpretative drawing of the tooth. D, Detail of verruciform acrodin. Abbreviations: cd, crushing dentition; de, dentine; dt, dentine tubules; e, enamel; pc, pulp cavity; psph, parasphenoid; vacr, verruciform acrodin." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/280087/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
B–D, v acr), very similar to the verruciform acrodin of 
<taxonomicName id="4C41C7C3FFF0CF6583BA052AFCD5D65B" authority="Meyer and Nephrotus" authorityName="Meyer and Nephrotus" box="[487,861,1852,1877]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Colobodontidae" genus="Colobodus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perleidiformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9356052FFF0CF6583BA052AFDE9D65B" box="[487,609,1853,1877]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Colobodus</emphasis>
Meyer and 
<emphasis id="B9356052FFF0CF6580B7052AFCD5D65B" box="[746,861,1853,1877]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Nephrotus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
de Alessandri (∅rvig 1978b). A thin enamel layer of about 1.4Μm thickness covers the teeth, which can be referred to as collar ganoine following 
<bibRefCitation id="EFD0C1B1FFF0CF6586BD0577FF6DD692" author="Richter" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" refString="Richter, M. &amp; Smith, M. M. (1995) A microstructural study of the ganoine tissue of selected lower vertebrates. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 114, 173 - 212." type="journal article" year="1995">Richter &amp; Smith (1995)</bibRefCitation>
. Over the verruciform acrodin, the collar ganoine becomes more slender or locally absent (
<figureCitation id="137AA0C5FFF0CF6586A30593FACBD692" box="[1278,1347,1924,1948]" captionStart="FIGURE 8. A" captionStartId="10.[151,250,1938,1961]" captionTargetBox="[230,1353,205,1879]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[221,1360,193,1891]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 8. A, Photograph of the crushing dentition of Paranaichthys longianalis in the parasphenoid. B, Tooth cross-section. C, Interpretative drawing of the tooth. D, Detail of verruciform acrodin. Abbreviations: cd, crushing dentition; de, dentine; dt, dentine tubules; e, enamel; pc, pulp cavity; psph, parasphenoid; vacr, verruciform acrodin." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/280087/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
D). The histological structure seems to differ from the phyllodont tooth plates described by 
<bibRefCitation id="EFD0C1B1FFF0CF65866905BFFAC0D6CE" author="Johnson" box="[1076,1352,1960,1984]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" refString="Johnson, G. D. &amp; Zidek, J. (1981) Late paleozoic phyllodont tooth plates. Journal of Paleontology, 55, 524 - 536." type="journal article" year="1981">Johnson &amp; Zidek (1981)</bibRefCitation>
, as neither a superimposed series of teeth nor reduced pulp cavity with a basilar foramen were identified in 
<taxonomicName id="4C41C7C3FFF0CF6586A105D9FA1DD6EB" box="[1276,1429,1997,2021]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Platysomidae" genus="Paranaichthys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Palaeonisciformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="longianalis">
<emphasis id="B9356052FFF0CF6586A105D9FA1DD6EB" box="[1276,1429,1997,2021]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">P. longianalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF3EECC8FFF1CF6482CA07B2FAE0D719" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/280086/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" targetBox="[394,1180,186,1444]" targetPageId="9">
<paragraph id="8BFEBC40FFF1CF6482CA07B2FAE0D719" blockId="9.[151,1436,1445,1559]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<emphasis id="B9356052FFF1CF6482CA07B2FE9DD4B5" bold="true" box="[151,277,1445,1468]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">FIGURE 7.</emphasis>
Skull bones tentatively identified and positioned in the reconstruction of 
<taxonomicName id="4C41C7C3FFF1CF64864B07B2FAACD4B5" box="[1046,1316,1445,1467]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Platysomidae" genus="Paranaichthys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Palaeonisciformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="longianalis">
<emphasis id="B9356052FFF1CF64864B07B2FAACD4B5" box="[1046,1316,1445,1467]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Paranaichthys longianalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B9356052FFF1CF64877107B1FF4BD4D7" bold="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">gen. et sp. nov.</emphasis>
Abbreviations: 
<emphasis id="B9356052FFF1CF64833607D3FE0CD4D7" bold="true" box="[363,388,1476,1497]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">cd</emphasis>
, crushing dentition; 
<emphasis id="B9356052FFF1CF64800007D3FDE7D4D7" bold="true" box="[605,623,1476,1497]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">cl</emphasis>
, cleithrum; 
<emphasis id="B9356052FFF1CF6480B207D3FD75D4D7" bold="true" box="[751,765,1476,1497]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">d</emphasis>
, dentary; 
<emphasis id="B9356052FFF1CF64813507D3FC0CD4D7" bold="true" box="[872,900,1476,1497]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">dh</emphasis>
, dermohyal; 
<emphasis id="B9356052FFF1CF64864D07D3FBBCD4D7" bold="true" box="[1040,1076,1476,1497]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">dpt</emphasis>
, dermopterotic; 
<emphasis id="B9356052FFF1CF6486BC07D3FA9DD4D7" bold="true" box="[1249,1301,1476,1497]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">dsph</emphasis>
, dermosphenotic; 
<emphasis id="B9356052FFF1CF64828507F4FF78D4F6" bold="true" box="[216,240,1507,1528]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">ex</emphasis>
, extrascapula; 
<emphasis id="B9356052FFF1CF6483D607F5FE1BD4F7" bold="true" box="[395,403,1506,1529]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">f</emphasis>
, frontal; 
<emphasis id="B9356052FFF1CF6483A907F4FD9ED4F6" bold="true" box="[500,534,1507,1528]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">mx</emphasis>
, maxilla; 
<emphasis id="B9356052FFF1CF64802307F4FD1ED4F6" bold="true" box="[638,662,1507,1528]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">nr</emphasis>
, nostril; 
<emphasis id="B9356052FFF1CF6480A907F4FC86D4F6" bold="true" box="[756,782,1507,1528]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">od</emphasis>
, odontodes; 
<emphasis id="B9356052FFF1CF6481CE07F4FC25D4F6" bold="true" box="[915,941,1507,1528]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">op</emphasis>
, operculum; 
<emphasis id="B9356052FFF1CF64866B07F4FBD9D4F6" bold="true" box="[1078,1105,1507,1528]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">pa</emphasis>
, parietal; 
<emphasis id="B9356052FFF1CF6486E707F4FB67D4F6" bold="true" box="[1210,1263,1507,1528]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">pop?</emphasis>
, preoperculum?; 
<emphasis id="B9356052FFF1CF6482CA0415FF27D719" bold="true" box="[151,175,1538,1559]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">pr</emphasis>
, postrostral; 
<emphasis id="B9356052FFF1CF6483690415FEE0D719" bold="true" box="[308,360,1538,1559]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">psph</emphasis>
, parasphenoid; 
<emphasis id="B9356052FFF1CF6480540415FD97D719" bold="true" box="[521,543,1538,1559]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">pt</emphasis>
, post-temporal; 
<emphasis id="B9356052FFF1CF64809B0415FC80D719" bold="true" box="[710,776,1538,1559]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">r-pmx</emphasis>
, rostro-premaxilla; 
<emphasis id="B9356052FFF1CF64818F0415FC66D719" bold="true" box="[978,1006,1538,1559]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">scl</emphasis>
, supracleithrum; 
<emphasis id="B9356052FFF1CF6486FD0415FB4CD719" bold="true" box="[1184,1220,1538,1559]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">sop</emphasis>
, suboperculum.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BFEBC40FFF1CF64829A0428FDA6D604" blockId="9.[151,1436,1598,2018]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<emphasis id="B9356052FFF1CF64829A0428FD94D759" bold="true" box="[199,540,1598,1623]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Dermal skull bone histology.</emphasis>
A small piece of the maxilla presenting elongated odontodes was sectioned for histological observations. This dermal bone cross section shows some dome-like odontodes with small pulp cavities in transverse view; in longitudinal view the odontodes are plateau-like structures with elongated pulp cavities (
<figureCitation id="137AA0C5FFF1CF6482C204BDFE8CD7CC" box="[159,260,1706,1730]" captionStart="FIGURE 9. A" captionStartId="11.[151,250,957,980]" captionTargetBox="[158,1431,200,920]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[151,1436,193,936]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 9. A, Photograph of the cross-section of a skull dermal bone (maxilla) under light microscopy. B, Interpretative illustration of the cross-section. Odontodes on transverse section on the right, with evidence of superpositional growth and a more longitudinal section on the left side. Abbreviations: de, dentine; dt, dentine tubules; g, ganoine; is, isopedine; od, odontodes; os, osteocite lacune; pc, pulp cavity; vc, vascular canal." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/280088/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Figs. 9A</figureCitation>
–B). Some odontodes formed over an older odontode, indicating that not only lateral accretion but also superpositional growth (
<emphasis id="B9356052FFF1CF6483F204C7FE65D7E9" box="[431,493,1744,1767]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">sensu</emphasis>
∅rvig 1978a) is present in the new taxon. In cross section, the ganoine seems to cover the whole surface of the bone.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BFEBC40FFF1CF64829A0500FD89D6EC" blockId="9.[151,1436,1598,2018]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
Shoulder girdle. The shoulder girdle is ventrally and dorsally incomplete and the clavicle is not preserved. The supracleithrum is present, but the post-cleithrum seems to be absent. The supracleithrum is narrow and 0.2 times the height of the shoulder girdle. The post-temporal is dorsally incomplete and is around 0.3 times of the shoulder girdle height. The preserved portion of the cleithrum is very narrow and high, becoming wider at its ventral portion; there is no evidence of ornamentation. The estimated height of the cleithrum is around half of the total shoul- der girdle height (
<figureCitation id="137AA0C5FFF1CF64830205DDFE24D6EC" box="[351,428,1994,2018]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1209,1232]" captionTargetBox="[183,1415,202,1198]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[151,1436,169,1205]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 6. Proposed reconstruction of Paranaichthys longianalis gen. et sp. nov. Illustration by Eduardo Kickhöfel." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/280085/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Figs. 6</figureCitation>
and 
<figureCitation id="137AA0C5FFF1CF6483BE05DDFE7BD6EC" box="[483,499,1994,2018]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="9.[151,250,1445,1468]" captionTargetBox="[394,1180,186,1444]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[383,1203,171,1456]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 7. Skull bones tentatively identified and positioned in the reconstruction of Paranaichthys longianalis gen. et sp. nov. Abbreviations: cd, crushing dentition; cl, cleithrum; d, dentary; dh, dermohyal; dpt, dermopterotic; dsph, dermosphenotic; ex, extrascapula; f, frontal; mx, maxilla; nr, nostril; od, odontodes; op, operculum; pa, parietal; pop?, preoperculum?; pr, postrostral; psph, parasphenoid; pt, post-temporal; r-pmx, rostro-premaxilla; scl, supracleithrum; sop, suboperculum." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/280086/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">7</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF3EECC8FFF2CF6782CA0585FBBAD6E8" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/280087/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" targetBox="[230,1353,205,1879]" targetPageId="10">
<paragraph id="8BFEBC40FFF2CF6782CA0585FBBAD6E8" blockId="10.[151,1437,1938,2022]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<emphasis id="B9356052FFF2CF6782CA0585FE9AD6A6" bold="true" box="[151,274,1938,1961]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">FIGURE 8.</emphasis>
A, Photograph of the crushing dentition of 
<taxonomicName id="4C41C7C3FFF2CF6780900584FC51D6A7" box="[717,985,1939,1961]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Platysomidae" genus="Paranaichthys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Palaeonisciformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="longianalis">
<emphasis id="B9356052FFF2CF6780900584FC51D6A7" box="[717,985,1939,1961]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Paranaichthys longianalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in the parasphenoid. B, Tooth cross-section. C, Interpretative drawing of the tooth. D, Detail of verruciform acrodin. Abbreviations: 
<emphasis id="B9356052FFF2CF67864805A5FBBDD6C9" bold="true" box="[1045,1077,1970,1991]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">cd,</emphasis>
crushing dentition; 
<emphasis id="B9356052FFF2CF67875C05A5FAA8D6C9" bold="true" box="[1281,1312,1970,1991]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">de,</emphasis>
dentine; 
<emphasis id="B9356052FFF2CF67872205A5FA14D6C9" bold="true" box="[1407,1436,1970,1991]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">dt,</emphasis>
dentine tubules; 
<emphasis id="B9356052FFF2CF67836305C6FED8D6E8" bold="true" box="[318,336,2001,2022]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">e,</emphasis>
enamel; 
<emphasis id="B9356052FFF2CF6783F105C6FE44D6E8" bold="true" box="[428,460,2001,2022]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">pc,</emphasis>
pulp cavity; 
<emphasis id="B9356052FFF2CF67800C05C6FD04D6E8" bold="true" box="[593,652,2001,2022]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">psph,</emphasis>
parasphenoid; 
<emphasis id="B9356052FFF2CF67817B05C6FCD2D6E8" bold="true" box="[806,858,2001,2022]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">vacr,</emphasis>
verruciform acrodin.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF3EECC8FFF3CF6682CA01AAFD42D521" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/280088/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" targetBox="[158,1431,200,920]" targetPageId="11">
<paragraph id="8BFEBC40FFF3CF6682CA01AAFD42D521" blockId="11.[151,1436,957,1071]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<emphasis id="B9356052FFF3CF6682CA01AAFE9AD2DD" bold="true" box="[151,274,957,980]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">FIGURE 9.</emphasis>
A, Photograph of the cross-section of a skull dermal bone (maxilla) under light microscopy. B, Interpretative illustration of the cross-section. Odontodes on transverse section on the right, with evidence of superpositional growth and a more longitudinal section on the left side. Abbreviations: 
<emphasis id="B9356052FFF3CF6680F001ECFD45D51E" bold="true" box="[685,717,1019,1040]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">de,</emphasis>
dentine; 
<emphasis id="B9356052FFF3CF66817301ECFCC3D51E" bold="true" box="[814,843,1019,1040]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">dt,</emphasis>
dentine tubules; 
<emphasis id="B9356052FFF3CF6681A101ECFB98D51E" bold="true" box="[1020,1040,1019,1040]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">g,</emphasis>
ganoine; 
<emphasis id="B9356052FFF3CF66862B01EDFB05D51F" bold="true" box="[1142,1165,1018,1041]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">is,</emphasis>
isopedine; 
<emphasis id="B9356052FFF3CF66875901ECFAADD51E" bold="true" box="[1284,1317,1019,1040]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">od,</emphasis>
odontodes; 
<emphasis id="B9356052FFF3CF6682CA060DFF3BD521" bold="true" box="[151,179,1050,1071]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">os,</emphasis>
osteocite lacune; 
<emphasis id="B9356052FFF3CF668337060DFE01D521" bold="true" box="[362,393,1050,1071]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">pc,</emphasis>
pulp cavity; 
<emphasis id="B9356052FFF3CF668053060DFDA4D521" bold="true" box="[526,556,1050,1071]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">vc,</emphasis>
vascular canal.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BFEBC40FFF3CF66829A064BFE0DD47E" blockId="11.[151,1436,1116,2004]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<emphasis id="B9356052FFF3CF66829A064BFE89D57B" bold="true" box="[199,257,1116,1141]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Fins.</emphasis>
The pectoral fin is incomplete and displaced from its original position, at least 
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in width and 
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in length. The pelvic fin is nearly triangular, 
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in height with a wide base of 
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, but only four basal rays measuring 1.3mm width each are preserved; fringing fulcra are present. Although incomplete distally, the anal fin is remarkably long and wide-based (
<figureCitation id="137AA0C5FFF3CF66800506DFFD4AD5EE" box="[600,706,1224,1248]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 3" captionStart-1="FIGURE 4" captionStartId-0="5.[151,250,1144,1167]" captionStartId-1="6.[151,250,1322,1345]" captionTargetBox-0="[168,1428,204,1115]" captionTargetBox-1="[207,1391,366,1282]" captionTargetId-0="figure@5.[151,1436,193,1123]" captionTargetId-1="figure@6.[151,1436,353,1301]" captionTargetPageId-0="5" captionTargetPageId-1="6" captionText-0="FIGURE 3. Photograph of the holotype (MCP – 3371 – PV) of Paranaichthys longianalis gen. et sp. nov.; Scale bar = cm." captionText-1="FIGURE 4. Camera lucida drawing of specimen MCP – 3371 – PV of Paranaichthys longianalis gen. et sp. nov." httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/280082/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/280083/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Figs. 3–4</figureCitation>
and 
<figureCitation id="137AA0C5FFF3CF6680A706DFFC82D5EE" box="[762,778,1224,1248]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1209,1232]" captionTargetBox="[183,1415,202,1198]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[151,1436,169,1205]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 6. Proposed reconstruction of Paranaichthys longianalis gen. et sp. nov. Illustration by Eduardo Kickhöfel." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/280085/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">6</figureCitation>
). The anal fin base measures around 
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(
<tableCitation id="C6C389FBFFF3CF66875006DFFAE9D5EE" box="[1293,1377,1224,1248]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="4.[151,235,944,965]" captionText="TABLE 1. Measurements taken from the reconstruction of Paranaichthys longianalis gen. et sp. nov. (Figure 6) (characters in parentheses correspond to those in Figure 2)." pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Table 1</tableCitation>
) and presents at least 55 rays. The preserved portion of the anal fin measures around 
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on the anterior margin (
<figureCitation id="137AA0C5FFF3CF66873306FBFF2ED426" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1870,1893]" captionTargetBox="[212,1403,942,1853]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[189,1413,932,1859]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 2. Measurements taken on the reconstruction of Paranaichthys longianalis gen. et sp. nov. a, total length; b, standard length; c, body length; d, trunk length; e, head length; f, caudal peduncle length; g, caudal fin length; h, total length of the caudal region; i, caudal fin height; j, caudal peduncle height; k, estimated body height; l, head height; m, posterior anal fin length; n, anterior anal fin length; o, anal fin base length; p, pelvic fin height; q, pelvic fin base length; r, pectoral fin width; s, pectoral fin length; t, frontal bone length." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/280081/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
) probably with 16 to 22 lepidotrichia, which measure from 
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at the base to 
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distally. The posterior margin is obscured by the caudal fin, precluding precise measurements. The estimated posterior anal fin length measured around 
<quantity id="4CB911A5FFF3CF668372074FFE09D47E" box="[303,385,1368,1392]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.9" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" unit="mm" value="69.0">69 mm</quantity>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BFEBC40FFF3CF66829A076BFC4ED746" blockId="11.[151,1436,1116,2004]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
The caudal fin is also incompletely preserved, lacking the most distal part of the chordal lobe, and its ventral lobe is displaced over the distal part of the anal fin. Despite the incompleteness, it is reconstructed as heterocercal and almost equilobate, at least twice higher than long, and with a well-developed chordal lobe. The ventral lobe is better preserved and it seems to be as long as, or even longer than the chordal lobe, forming a boomerang shaped caudal fin with an angle of about 120 degrees. Its height is about 
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, approximately as high as the body. The caudal peduncle is well-developed and taller than long (
<figureCitation id="137AA0C5FFF3CF6681550427FCF9D746" box="[776,881,1584,1608]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 3" captionStart-1="FIGURE 4" captionStartId-0="5.[151,250,1144,1167]" captionStartId-1="6.[151,250,1322,1345]" captionTargetBox-0="[168,1428,204,1115]" captionTargetBox-1="[207,1391,366,1282]" captionTargetId-0="figure@5.[151,1436,193,1123]" captionTargetId-1="figure@6.[151,1436,353,1301]" captionTargetPageId-0="5" captionTargetPageId-1="6" captionText-0="FIGURE 3. Photograph of the holotype (MCP – 3371 – PV) of Paranaichthys longianalis gen. et sp. nov.; Scale bar = cm." captionText-1="FIGURE 4. Camera lucida drawing of specimen MCP – 3371 – PV of Paranaichthys longianalis gen. et sp. nov." httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/280082/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/280083/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Figs. 3–4</figureCitation>
and 
<figureCitation id="137AA0C5FFF3CF6681F50427FC31D746" box="[936,953,1584,1608]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1209,1232]" captionTargetBox="[183,1415,202,1198]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[151,1436,169,1205]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 6. Proposed reconstruction of Paranaichthys longianalis gen. et sp. nov. Illustration by Eduardo Kickhöfel." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/280085/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">6</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BFEBC40FFF3CF66829A0443FD7FD7D6" blockId="11.[151,1436,1116,2004]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
Although the dorsal fin is not preserved, its position in 
<taxonomicName id="4C41C7C3FFF3CF6681710442FC4DD762" box="[812,965,1620,1644]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Platysomidae" genus="Paranaichthys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Palaeonisciformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="longianalis">
<emphasis id="B9356052FFF3CF6681710442FC4DD762" box="[812,965,1620,1644]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">P. longianalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is indicated by a small set of lepidotrichia on the dorso-posterior portion of the body, which indicates the position of its posteriormost rays as somewhat anterior to the first dorsal fulcra of the caudal region, resulting in an asymmetric position in relation to the anal fin that is not commonly found in platysomids (
<figureCitation id="137AA0C5FFF3CF66800B04D7FD2BD7D6" box="[598,675,1728,1752]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1322,1345]" captionTargetBox="[207,1391,366,1282]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[151,1436,353,1301]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 4. Camera lucida drawing of specimen MCP – 3371 – PV of Paranaichthys longianalis gen. et sp. nov." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/280083/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Figs. 4</figureCitation>
and 
<figureCitation id="137AA0C5FFF3CF66808404D7FD61D7D6" box="[729,745,1728,1752]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1209,1232]" captionTargetBox="[183,1415,202,1198]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[151,1436,169,1205]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 6. Proposed reconstruction of Paranaichthys longianalis gen. et sp. nov. Illustration by Eduardo Kickhöfel." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/280085/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">6</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BFEBC40FFF3CF66829A04F3FC6DD64A" blockId="11.[151,1436,1116,2004]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<emphasis id="B9356052FFF3CF66829A04F3FE2AD7F3" bold="true" box="[199,418,1764,1789]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Scale morphology.</emphasis>
Most of the scales of 
<taxonomicName id="4C41C7C3FFF3CF6680C704F2FCBBD7F2" box="[666,819,1764,1788]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Platysomidae" genus="Paranaichthys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Palaeonisciformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="longianalis">
<emphasis id="B9356052FFF3CF6680C704F2FCBBD7F2" box="[666,819,1764,1788]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">P. longianalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are not very well preserved and some parts were omitted in the reconstruction (
<figureCitation id="137AA0C5FFF3CF66839C051FFD80D62E" box="[449,520,1800,1824]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1209,1232]" captionTargetBox="[183,1415,202,1198]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[151,1436,169,1205]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 6. Proposed reconstruction of Paranaichthys longianalis gen. et sp. nov. Illustration by Eduardo Kickhöfel." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/280085/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
). Due to the taphonomic compression, the scales overlap each other more than usual, creating many fractures, mainly in their posterior borders (
<figureCitation id="137AA0C5FFF3CF66812D053BFC50D64A" box="[880,984,1836,1860]" captionStart="FIGURE 10. A" captionStartId="12.[151,250,1932,1955]" captionTargetBox="[366,1186,203,1904]" captionTargetId="figure@12.[366,1192,193,1919]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 10. A, Stereomicroscopic photograph of trunk scales coated with ammonium chloride. B – C, Scanning Electron microscopic images of a fulcral scale of the caudal peduncle. Abbreviations: fw, furrows on the ganoine; g, ganoine; mt, microtubercules on the ganoine surface; p, punctuations on the ganoine cover (pores in cross section); ri, ridges in the ganoine cover." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/280089/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Fig. 10A</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BFEBC40FFF3CF6382940547FE21D089" blockId="11.[151,1436,1116,2004]" lastBlockId="14.[151,1437,151,1544]" lastPageId="14" lastPageNumber="15" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
The trunk scales are deep, rectangular and 3.5 times higher than long, measuring almost 
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in height and 
<quantity id="4CB911A5FFF3CF6687D30547FF4BD682" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" unit="mm" value="4.0">4 mm</quantity>
in length. These scales present a peg-and-socket articulation and have their surface ornamentation composed of ganoine with some punctuations, ridges and furrows that sometimes bifurcate. In the dorsal half of each scale the furrows are diagonal, however, in the ventral half, they are shallower and parallel to the body axis, and continuous with fewer dichotomies. 
<collectingCountry id="F356FCD0FFF6CF6383F6028FFE42D1BE" box="[427,458,152,176]" name="American Samoa" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">As</collectingCountry>
seen with the scanning electron microscope (SEM), some furrows are contiguous to the punctuations and distally interrupted (
<figureCitation id="137AA0C5FFF6CF63801502ABFD14D1DA" box="[584,668,188,212]" captionStart="FIGURE 10. A" captionStartId="12.[151,250,1932,1955]" captionTargetBox="[366,1186,203,1904]" captionTargetId="figure@12.[366,1192,193,1919]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 10. A, Stereomicroscopic photograph of trunk scales coated with ammonium chloride. B – C, Scanning Electron microscopic images of a fulcral scale of the caudal peduncle. Abbreviations: fw, furrows on the ganoine; g, ganoine; mt, microtubercules on the ganoine surface; p, punctuations on the ganoine cover (pores in cross section); ri, ridges in the ganoine cover." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/280089/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Fig. 10</figureCitation>
B). The ganoine surface present openings of variable shape, from a small circular punctuation of 10 Μm to furrows of less than 
<quantity id="4CB911A5FFF6CF63816D02C8FCE1D1F9" box="[816,873,223,247]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" unit="m" value="10.0">10 m</quantity>
in width that may be elongated towards the posterior end of the scale (
<figureCitation id="137AA0C5FFF6CF6383D80313FE64D012" box="[389,492,260,284]" captionStart="FIGURE 10. A" captionStartId="12.[151,250,1932,1955]" captionTargetBox="[366,1186,203,1904]" captionTargetId="figure@12.[366,1192,193,1919]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 10. A, Stereomicroscopic photograph of trunk scales coated with ammonium chloride. B – C, Scanning Electron microscopic images of a fulcral scale of the caudal peduncle. Abbreviations: fw, furrows on the ganoine; g, ganoine; mt, microtubercules on the ganoine surface; p, punctuations on the ganoine cover (pores in cross section); ri, ridges in the ganoine cover." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/280089/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Fig. 10A</figureCitation>
–B). Ridges occur between the furrows, which can also be elongated at the posterior end of the scale. In the bottom of the furrows, exposed dentine can be seen under SEM and the tubules appear as small openings (
<figureCitation id="137AA0C5FFF6CF63830F035BFE2BD06A" box="[338,419,332,356]" captionStart="FIGURE 10. A" captionStartId="12.[151,250,1932,1955]" captionTargetBox="[366,1186,203,1904]" captionTargetId="figure@12.[366,1192,193,1919]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 10. A, Stereomicroscopic photograph of trunk scales coated with ammonium chloride. B – C, Scanning Electron microscopic images of a fulcral scale of the caudal peduncle. Abbreviations: fw, furrows on the ganoine; g, ganoine; mt, microtubercules on the ganoine surface; p, punctuations on the ganoine cover (pores in cross section); ri, ridges in the ganoine cover." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/280089/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Fig. 10</figureCitation>
B– C). The ganoine surface is ornamented with aligned, elongated microtubercules of 10 Μm in length (
<figureCitation id="137AA0C5FFF6CF63836B0378FE00D089" box="[310,392,367,391]" captionStart="FIGURE 10. A" captionStartId="12.[151,250,1932,1955]" captionTargetBox="[366,1186,203,1904]" captionTargetId="figure@12.[366,1192,193,1919]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 10. A, Stereomicroscopic photograph of trunk scales coated with ammonium chloride. B – C, Scanning Electron microscopic images of a fulcral scale of the caudal peduncle. Abbreviations: fw, furrows on the ganoine; g, ganoine; mt, microtubercules on the ganoine surface; p, punctuations on the ganoine cover (pores in cross section); ri, ridges in the ganoine cover." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/280089/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Fig. 10</figureCitation>
C).
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF3EECC8FFF4CF6182CA059BFA15D6EE" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/280089/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" targetBox="[366,1186,203,1904]" targetPageId="12">
<paragraph id="8BFEBC40FFF4CF6182CA059BFA15D6EE" blockId="12.[151,1437,1932,2016]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
<emphasis id="B9356052FFF4CF6182CA059BFEABD6AC" bold="true" box="[151,291,1932,1955]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">FIGURE 10.</emphasis>
A, Stereomicroscopic photograph of trunk scales coated with ammonium chloride. B–C, Scanning Electron microscopic images of a fulcral scale of the caudal peduncle. Abbreviations: 
<emphasis id="B9356052FFF4CF6181C305BCFC36D6CC" bold="true" box="[926,958,1963,1986]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">fw,</emphasis>
furrows on the ganoine; 
<emphasis id="B9356052FFF4CF6186E405BBFB43D6CF" bold="true" box="[1209,1227,1964,1985]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">g,</emphasis>
ganoine; 
<emphasis id="B9356052FFF4CF61877205BBFADBD6CF" bold="true" box="[1327,1363,1964,1985]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">mt,</emphasis>
microtubercules on the ganoine surface; 
<emphasis id="B9356052FFF4CF6183AB05DDFD82D6D1" bold="true" box="[502,522,1994,2015]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">p,</emphasis>
punctuations on the ganoine cover (pores in cross section); 
<emphasis id="B9356052FFF4CF61863A05DEFBF7D6EE" bold="true" box="[1127,1151,1993,2016]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">ri,</emphasis>
ridges in the ganoine cover.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF3EECC8FFF5CF6082CA0582FA9ED6E6" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/280090/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" targetBox="[367,1221,211,1896]" targetPageId="13">
<paragraph id="8BFEBC40FFF5CF6082CA0582FA9ED6E6" blockId="13.[151,1436,1941,2025]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
<emphasis id="B9356052FFF5CF6082CA0582FE97D6A4" bold="true" box="[151,287,1941,1964]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">FIGURE 11.</emphasis>
A, Scanning Electron Microscopic image of a fulcral scale of the caudal peduncle in cross-section. B–C, Light microscope photographs of trunk scales in cross-section. Abbreviations: 
<emphasis id="B9356052FFF5CF60812305A3FC16D6C7" bold="true" box="[894,926,1972,1993]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">de,</emphasis>
dentine; 
<emphasis id="B9356052FFF5CF6081A305A3FB98D6C7" bold="true" box="[1022,1040,1972,1993]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">g,</emphasis>
ganoine; 
<emphasis id="B9356052FFF5CF60862A05A4FB06D6C4" bold="true" box="[1143,1166,1971,1994]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">is,</emphasis>
isopedine; 
<emphasis id="B9356052FFF5CF60875905A3FAADD6C7" bold="true" box="[1284,1317,1972,1993]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">od,</emphasis>
odontodes; 
<emphasis id="B9356052FFF5CF6082CA05C4FF23D6E6" bold="true" box="[151,171,2003,2024]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">p,</emphasis>
pores on the ganoine (punctuations of the surface); 
<emphasis id="B9356052FFF5CF6080E705C4FD50D6E6" bold="true" box="[698,728,2003,2024]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">vc,</emphasis>
vascular canal; 
<emphasis id="B9356052FFF5CF60812105C4FC1FD6E6" bold="true" box="[892,919,2003,2024]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">zs,</emphasis>
zone of superposition of the ganoine.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BFEBC40FFF6CF63829A0382FBCCD0C1" blockId="14.[151,1437,151,1544]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
In the region of the anal fin base, the scales measures 
<quantity id="4CB911A5FFF6CF63816F0383FCFCD0A2" box="[818,884,404,428]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" unit="mm" value="6.0">6 mm</quantity>
in height and 
<quantity id="4CB911A5FFF6CF6386470383FBD4D0A2" box="[1050,1116,404,428]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" unit="mm" value="4.0">4 mm</quantity>
in length, thus they are less deep. The ornamentation is more delicate with slightly shallow and narrow furrows.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BFEBC40FFF6CF63829A03CAFA8FD38A" blockId="14.[151,1437,151,1544]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
In the caudal peduncle, the scales are lozenge-shaped and longer then tall, measuring 
<quantity id="4CB911A5FFF6CF63862303CBFB37D0FA" box="[1150,1215,476,500]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" unit="mm" value="5.0">5 mm</quantity>
in length and 
<quantity id="4CB911A5FFF6CF63870103CBFA15D0FA" box="[1372,1437,476,500]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" unit="mm" value="2.0">2 mm</quantity>
in height. The ganoine cover is very thick and its ornamentation is composed of about 10 furrows parallel to the body axis, with few interruptions and without bifurcations. The chordal lobe is laterally covered by small elongate lozenge-shaped scales that are non-imbricating and without preserved ornamentation in which the peg-and-socket articulation seems to be absent, a similar configuration to that of 
<taxonomicName id="4C41C7C3FFF6CF638133007BFA8CD38A" authority="Zidek 1992" authorityName="Zidek" authorityYear="1992" box="[878,1284,620,644]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Chirodontidae" genus="Amphicentrum" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Palaeonisciformes" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="jurgenai">
<emphasis id="B9356052FFF6CF638133007BFBF0D38A" box="[878,1144,620,644]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Amphicentrum jurgenai</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFD0C1B1FFF6CF638622007BFA8CD38A" author="Zidek" box="[1151,1284,620,644]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" refString="Zidek, J. (1992) Late Pennsylvanian Chondrichtyes, Acanthodii, and deep-bodied Actinopterygii from the Kinney Quarry, Manzanita Mountains, New Mexico. New Mexico Bureau of Mines &amp; Mineral Resources, 138, 145 - 182." type="journal article" year="1992">Zidek 1992</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BFEBC40FFF6CF6382940098FC62D2E2" blockId="14.[151,1437,151,1544]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Fulcral scales are present anterior to the anal fin and ventral and dorsal lobes of the caudal fin. There are three enlarged semicircular fulcral scales preceding the anal fin base, and two fulcral scales anterior to the ventral lobe of the caudal fin. Little ornamentation is preserved on them. The dorsal fulcral scales of the caudal region are composed of a series of nine anterior fulcral scales covering dorsally the anterior portion of the caudal region, and increasing in size postero-ventrally. Their ornamentation shows five convergent ridges and each one corresponds to a pointed termination at the posterior border of the scale. The dorsal surface of the caudal peduncle presents seven long and narrow spike-like fulcral scales that decrease in size toward the chordal lobe. These large-sized elongated fulcra in the caudal peduncle gave support to the base of the chordal lobe. The fulcra covering the chordal lobe itself diminish gradually. The most distal portion of the chordal lobe is damaged but some isolated smaller fulcral scales were preserved and these probably cover the entire chordal lobe roof.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BFEBC40FFF6CF63829401E0FBD6D43E" blockId="14.[151,1437,151,1544]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
<emphasis id="B9356052FFF6CF63829401E0FEF7D51E" bold="true" box="[201,383,1015,1040]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Scale histology.</emphasis>
<collectingCountry id="F356FCD0FFF6CF6383D801EFFE2CD51E" box="[389,420,1016,1040]" name="American Samoa" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">As</collectingCountry>
typical for primitive actinopterygian fishes, the scales of 
<taxonomicName id="4C41C7C3FFF6CF63867A01EEFB48D51E" box="[1063,1216,1016,1040]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Platysomidae" genus="Paranaichthys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Palaeonisciformes" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="longianalis">
<emphasis id="B9356052FFF6CF63867A01EEFB48D51E" box="[1063,1216,1016,1040]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">P. longianalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are three layered: a cellular bone (isopedine), dentine, and an external cover of ganoine. The lamelar isopedine is basal, comprising almost 0.7 times the scale thickness with evidence of osteocite lacunae. Under SEM the dentine appears to be composed of pine tree-like tubules with many secondary lateral ramifications of smaller diameter, which was considered to be orthodentine. The thickness of the ganoine layer is variable, depending on the region of the scale and it position on the body. The fulcral scales of the caudal region present a thick ganoine cover (
<figureCitation id="137AA0C5FFF6CF6386C906BBFB74D5CA" box="[1172,1276,1196,1220]" captionStart="FIGURE 11. A" captionStartId="13.[151,250,1941,1964]" captionTargetBox="[367,1221,211,1896]" captionTargetId="figure@13.[356,1236,193,1907]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURE 11. A, Scanning Electron Microscopic image of a fulcral scale of the caudal peduncle in cross-section. B – C, Light microscope photographs of trunk scales in cross-section. Abbreviations: de, dentine; g, ganoine; is, isopedine; od, odontodes; p, pores on the ganoine (punctuations of the surface); vc, vascular canal; zs, zone of superposition of the ganoine." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/280090/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Fig. 11A</figureCitation>
). In cross section the punctuation and the furrows were not distinguished and were identified as punctuations for simplification (
<figureCitation id="137AA0C5FFF6CF6382C206E3FF71D402" box="[159,249,1268,1292]" captionStart="FIGURE 11. A" captionStartId="13.[151,250,1941,1964]" captionTargetBox="[367,1221,211,1896]" captionTargetId="figure@13.[356,1236,193,1907]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURE 11. A, Scanning Electron Microscopic image of a fulcral scale of the caudal peduncle in cross-section. B – C, Light microscope photographs of trunk scales in cross-section. Abbreviations: de, dentine; g, ganoine; is, isopedine; od, odontodes; p, pores on the ganoine (punctuations of the surface); vc, vascular canal; zs, zone of superposition of the ganoine." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/280090/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Figs. 11</figureCitation>
B–C). The scales show a growth pattern by lateral accretion in which they grow in area, defined as areal growth (∅rvig 1978a), resulting in the superposition of ganoine (
<figureCitation id="137AA0C5FFF6CF63812D070FFC56D43E" box="[880,990,1304,1328]" captionStart="FIGURE 11. A" captionStartId="13.[151,250,1941,1964]" captionTargetBox="[367,1221,211,1896]" captionTargetId="figure@13.[356,1236,193,1907]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURE 11. A, Scanning Electron Microscopic image of a fulcral scale of the caudal peduncle in cross-section. B – C, Light microscope photographs of trunk scales in cross-section. Abbreviations: de, dentine; g, ganoine; is, isopedine; od, odontodes; p, pores on the ganoine (punctuations of the surface); vc, vascular canal; zs, zone of superposition of the ganoine." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/280090/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Figs. 11A</figureCitation>
and C, zs).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BFEBC40FFF6CF638294072CFB4AD706" blockId="14.[151,1437,151,1544]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
<emphasis id="B9356052FFF6CF638294072CFEEBD45A" bold="true" box="[201,355,1339,1364]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Scale counts.</emphasis>
Since the majority of scale numbers were estimated, a squamation formula is not presented. The trunk scales of the lateral line system have at least 18 preserved scales, but it is estimated that originally there were about 26 to 30 scales. From the ventral portion of the cleithrum to the pelvic fin origin there are at least 10 scale rows, although they are badly preserved. From the same portion of the cleithrum to the middle of the anal fin, the estimated number is 30 scales. There are at least 12 scales counting from the most dorsal preserved scale to the pelvic fin base. In the caudal peduncle there are 8 dorsoventral scales, without counting the fulcra.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>