treatments-xml/data/03/C4/9B/03C49B736950FF97FCE0753AB681718F.xml

<document ID-DOI="10.1093/zoolinnean/zlac072" ID-GBIF-Dataset="c606f4ca-fdd4-4179-ab62-881c546b6e35" ID-ISSN="0024-4082" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7813977" ID-ZooBank="010109AB-79F5-4E6D-909B-08BB1803E589" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="diego" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="diego" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="diego" IM.metadata_approvedBy="diego" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="diego" IM.treatments_approvedBy="diego" approvalRequired="7" approvalRequired_for_originalDoi="1" approvalRequired_for_taxonomicNames="6" checkinTime="1680597801025" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Almeida, Ana Laura, Álvarez-Presas, Marta &amp; Carbayo, Fernando" docDate="2023" docId="03C49B736950FF97FCE0753AB681718F" docLanguage="en" docName="zlac072.pdf" docOrigin="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 197 (4)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlac072" docStyle="DocumentStyle:36B3BD6A90C22AB4F7F465C853188CC8.7:ZoolJLinnSoc.2017-.journal_article" docStyleId="36B3BD6A90C22AB4F7F465C853188CC8" docStyleName="ZoolJLinnSoc.2017-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="7" docTitle="Sarcoplana musculosa Almeida &amp; Carbayo" docType="treatment" docVersion="2" lastPageNumber="892" masterDocId="FFFDE30B6960FFA0FFA67018B47C7735" masterDocTitle="The discovery of new Chilean taxa revolutionizes the systematics of Geoplaninae Neotropical land planarians (Platyhelminthes: Tricladida)" masterLastPageNumber="898" masterPageNumber="837" pageNumber="885" updateTime="1681146492474" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title>The discovery of new Chilean taxa revolutionizes the systematics of Geoplaninae Neotropical land planarians (Platyhelminthes: Tricladida)</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Almeida, Ana Laura</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Álvarez-Presas, Marta</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Carbayo, Fernando</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title>Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society</mods:title>
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<mods:date>2023</mods:date>
<mods:detail type="pubDate">
<mods:number>2022-11-07</mods:number>
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<mods:number>197</mods:number>
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<mods:number>4</mods:number>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlac072</mods:url>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier type="DOI">10.1093/zoolinnean/zlac072</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="GBIF-Dataset">c606f4ca-fdd4-4179-ab62-881c546b6e35</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="ISSN">0024-4082</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ZooBank">010109AB-79F5-4E6D-909B-08BB1803E589</mods:identifier>
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<treatment ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7797680" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7797680" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03C49B736950FF97FCE0753AB681718F" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C49B736950FF97FCE0753AB681718F" lastPageId="55" lastPageNumber="892" pageId="48" pageNumber="885">
<subSubSection pageId="48" pageNumber="885" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph blockId="48.[838,1395,1314,1369]" pageId="48" pageNumber="885">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Almeida &amp; Carbayo" box="[838,1395,1314,1339]" family="Geoplanidae" genus="Sarcoplana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tricladida" pageId="48" pageNumber="885" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="musculosa">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[838,1145,1314,1338]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="885">SARCOPLANA MUSCULOSA</emphasis>
ALMEIDA &amp; CARBAYO
</taxonomicName>
<heading box="[1067,1166,1345,1369]" centered="true" fontSize="9" level="2" pageId="48" pageNumber="885" reason="3">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1067,1166,1345,1369]" pageId="48" pageNumber="885">SP. NOV.</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="48" pageNumber="885" type="description">
<paragraph blockId="48.[1043,1190,1383,1408]" box="[1043,1190,1383,1408]" pageId="48" pageNumber="885">
(
<figureCitation box="[1051,1182,1383,1408]" captionStart-0="Figure 40" captionStart-1="Figure 41" captionStart-2="Figure 42" captionStart-3="Figure 43" captionStart-4="Figure 44" captionStartId-0="49.[163,241,972,994]" captionStartId-1="50.[146,226,1467,1489]" captionStartId-2="51.[163,241,1224,1246]" captionStartId-3="52.[146,227,1080,1102]" captionStartId-4="53.[161,241,1430,1452]" captionTargetBox-0="[163,1442,195,932]" captionTargetBox-1="[145,1424,195,1428]" captionTargetBox-2="[177,1442,195,1184]" captionTargetBox-3="[145,1425,195,1041]" captionTargetBox-4="[163,1443,195,1391]" captionTargetId-0="figure-550@49.[163,1443,542,932]" captionTargetId-1="graphics-234@50.[617,1106,567,819]" captionTargetId-3="figure-438@52.[145,1426,520,1036]" captionTargetId-4="figure-292@53.[163,974,225,831]" captionTargetPageId-0="49" captionTargetPageId-1="50" captionTargetPageId-2="51" captionTargetPageId-3="52" captionTargetPageId-4="53" captionText-0="Figure 40. Sarcoplana musculosa sp. nov. Photographs of living holotype. A, dorsal view, while creeping. B, dorsal view, at rest. C, ventral view. Scale bars not available. The specimen is more or less 18 mm long at rest." captionText-1="Figure 41. Sarcoplana musculosa sp. nov. Photomicrographs of histological sections. A, transverse section at 0.88 µm from the anterior tip of the body showing one sensory depression (arrow). B, C, transverse sections of the pre-pharyngeal region. D, E, horizontal sections of the dorsal (B) and ventral (C) portions behind the cephalic region. F, transverse section at 1.9 mm from anterior tip of the body." captionText-2="Figure 42. Sarcoplana musculosa sp. nov. A–D, photomicrographs of transverse sections of the anterior section of the body, at 600, 400, 200 and 160 µm from the anterior extremity, respectively. Same scale." captionText-3="Figure 43. Sarcoplana musculosa sp. nov. A, diagrammatic representation of the pharynx from sagittal sections. B, photomicrograph of a sagittal section through the pharynx and copulatory apparatus. C, diagrammatic representation of the copulatory apparatus. Red and blue colours indicate regions with gland cells producing erythrophil and cyanophil secretion, respectively." captionText-4="Figure 44. Sarcoplana musculosa sp. nov. Photomicrographs of sagittal sections. A, copulatory apparatus. B, anterior musculoglandular organ. C, posterior musculoglandular organ and female atrium. D, female atrium." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7814061" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7814063" figureDoi-2="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7814067" figureDoi-3="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7814069" figureDoi-4="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7814071" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/7814061/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/7814063/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/7814067/files/figure.png" httpUri-3="https://zenodo.org/record/7814069/files/figure.png" httpUri-4="https://zenodo.org/record/7814071/files/figure.png" pageId="48" pageNumber="885">FIGS 40–44</figureCitation>
)
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="48.[809,1425,1424,1476]" pageId="48" pageNumber="885">
<emphasis box="[809,1142,1424,1446]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="885">Zoobank registration:</emphasis>
urn: lsid: zoobank. org:act: 
<uuid box="[887,1412,1454,1476]" pageId="48" pageNumber="885">67BAB3EC-6FCC-4799-89E9-48133F0A40D1</uuid>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="48" pageNumber="885" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph blockId="48.[809,1426,1517,1784]" pageId="48" pageNumber="885">
<emphasis box="[809,1195,1517,1539]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="885">
<typeStatus box="[809,910,1517,1538]" pageId="48" pageNumber="885">Holotype</typeStatus>
: MNHNCL PLAT-15047
</emphasis>
(Field code, F4886). Parque Nacional Nahuelbuta, Purén, 
<collectingRegion country="Chile" name="Araucania" pageId="48" pageNumber="885">Región de La Araucanía</collectingRegion>
, 
<collectingCountry box="[941,1002,1578,1600]" name="Chile" pageId="48" pageNumber="885">Chile</collectingCountry>
(37°49′′37.2′′S, 073°00′′32.4′′W), coll. F. Carbayo 
<emphasis box="[940,990,1609,1631]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="885">et al</emphasis>
., 
<date box="[1011,1226,1609,1631]" pageId="48" pageNumber="885" value="2010-12-11">11 December 2010</date>
. Cephalic region: transverse sections on 11 slides; portion immediately behind the cephalic region: horizontal sections on six slides; pre-pharyngeal region: transverse sections on 17 slides; pharynx and copulatory apparatus: sagittal sections on four slides.
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="48.[809,1425,1825,1908]" pageId="48" pageNumber="885">
<emphasis box="[809,958,1825,1847]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="885">
<typeStatus box="[809,862,1826,1847]" pageId="48" pageNumber="885">Type</typeStatus>
locality:
</emphasis>
Parque Nacional Nahuelbuta, 
<collectingRegion country="Chile" name="Araucania" pageId="48" pageNumber="885">Región de La Araucanía</collectingRegion>
, 
<collectingCountry box="[975,1038,1856,1878]" name="Chile" pageId="48" pageNumber="885">Chile</collectingCountry>
. The species only known from this locality.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7814061" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7814061" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7814061/files/figure.png" pageId="49" pageNumber="886" startId="49.[163,241,972,994]" targetBox="[163,1442,195,932]" targetPageId="49">
<paragraph blockId="49.[163,1442,972,1023]" pageId="49" pageNumber="886">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[163,281,972,994]" pageId="49" pageNumber="886">Figure 40.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName authority="Almeida &amp; Álvarez-Presas &amp; Carbayo, 2023" authorityName="Almeida &amp; Álvarez-Presas &amp; Carbayo" authorityYear="2023" box="[291,527,972,994]" family="Geoplanidae" genus="Sarcoplana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tricladida" pageId="49" pageNumber="886" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="musculosa" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis box="[291,527,972,994]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="886">Sarcoplana musculosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel box="[534,610,972,994]" pageId="49" pageNumber="886" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
Photographs of living holotype. A, dorsal view, while creeping. B, dorsal view, at rest. C, ventral view. Scale bars not available. The specimen is more or less 18 mm long at rest.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<subSubSection pageId="49" pageNumber="886" type="etymology">
<paragraph blockId="49.[163,779,1059,1143]" pageId="49" pageNumber="886">
<emphasis box="[163,297,1059,1080]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="886">Etymology:</emphasis>
The specific epithet is from the Latin adjective 
<emphasis box="[274,407,1090,1111]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="886">musculosus</emphasis>
, muscular, alluding to the thick cutaneous musculature.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection lastPageId="54" lastPageNumber="891" pageId="49" pageNumber="886" type="description">
<paragraph blockId="49.[163,780,1181,1879]" box="[163,303,1181,1204]" pageId="49" pageNumber="886">
<emphasis box="[163,303,1181,1204]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="886">Description</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="49.[163,780,1181,1879]" pageId="49" pageNumber="886">
<emphasis box="[163,348,1213,1234]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="886">External aspect:</emphasis>
At rest, the live specimen measured approximately 
<quantity box="[338,417,1243,1265]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.8" pageId="49" pageNumber="886" unit="mm" value="18.0">18 mm</quantity>
long and 
<quantity box="[533,598,1243,1265]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="49" pageNumber="886" unit="mm" value="3.0">3 mm</quantity>
wide (
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 40" captionStartId="49.[163,241,972,994]" captionTargetBox="[163,1442,195,932]" captionTargetId="figure-550@49.[163,1443,542,932]" captionTargetPageId="49" captionText="Figure 40. Sarcoplana musculosa sp. nov. Photographs of living holotype. A, dorsal view, while creeping. B, dorsal view, at rest. C, ventral view. Scale bars not available. The specimen is more or less 18 mm long at rest." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7814061" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7814061/files/figure.png" pageId="49" pageNumber="886">Fig. 40A, B</figureCitation>
). The body length may double when crawling (
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 40" captionStartId="49.[163,241,972,994]" captionTargetBox="[163,1442,195,932]" captionTargetId="figure-550@49.[163,1443,542,932]" captionTargetPageId="49" captionText="Figure 40. Sarcoplana musculosa sp. nov. Photographs of living holotype. A, dorsal view, while creeping. B, dorsal view, at rest. C, ventral view. Scale bars not available. The specimen is more or less 18 mm long at rest." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7814061" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7814061/files/figure.png" pageId="49" pageNumber="886">Fig. 40C</figureCitation>
). The body margins are parallel. The anterior tip is rounded, while the posterior is pointed. The dorsum is convex and the ventral side is flat. The preserved specimen measured 
<quantity box="[403,504,1396,1418]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.75" pageId="49" pageNumber="886" unit="mm" value="17.5">17.5 mm</quantity>
long, 
<quantity box="[576,664,1396,1418]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" pageId="49" pageNumber="886" unit="mm" value="2.5">2.5 mm</quantity>
wide and approximately 
<quantity box="[334,420,1427,1449]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="49" pageNumber="886" unit="mm" value="1.5">1.5 mm</quantity>
high.
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="49.[163,780,1181,1879]" lastBlockId="49.[827,1444,1059,1480]" pageId="49" pageNumber="886">
The dorsum displays a pure orange (
<collectionCode box="[721,776,1458,1479]" pageId="49" pageNumber="886">RAL</collectionCode>
2004) median stripe 21% of the body width, which is divided longitudinally by a thin carmine-red (
<collectionCode box="[723,778,1519,1540]" pageId="49" pageNumber="886">RAL</collectionCode>
3002) midline (2.3% of the body width; 
<figureCitation box="[631,764,1550,1572]" captionStart="Figure 40" captionStartId="49.[163,241,972,994]" captionTargetBox="[163,1442,195,932]" captionTargetId="figure-550@49.[163,1443,542,932]" captionTargetPageId="49" captionText="Figure 40. Sarcoplana musculosa sp. nov. Photographs of living holotype. A, dorsal view, while creeping. B, dorsal view, at rest. C, ventral view. Scale bars not available. The specimen is more or less 18 mm long at rest." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7814061" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7814061/files/figure.png" pageId="49" pageNumber="886">Fig. 40A, C</figureCitation>
). The median stripe is absent in both extremities of the body. External to the median stripe is a black-red (
<collectionCode box="[170,224,1642,1663]" pageId="49" pageNumber="886">RAL</collectionCode>
3007) band 37% of the body width, the margins of which are darker. Some pure orange spots occur in the bands. These bands converge in the cephalic region. The ventromarginal sensory border is a line with beige-grey colour (
<figureCitation box="[443,542,1765,1787]" captionStart="Figure 40" captionStartId="49.[163,241,972,994]" captionTargetBox="[163,1442,195,932]" captionTargetId="figure-550@49.[163,1443,542,932]" captionTargetPageId="49" captionText="Figure 40. Sarcoplana musculosa sp. nov. Photographs of living holotype. A, dorsal view, while creeping. B, dorsal view, at rest. C, ventral view. Scale bars not available. The specimen is more or less 18 mm long at rest." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7814061" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7814061/files/figure.png" pageId="49" pageNumber="886">Fig. 40B</figureCitation>
). The body margins are pure orange. The ground colour of the ventral side is pure orange, provided with a pair of bands, each with 26% of body width, consisting of brown-red (
<collectionCode box="[725,778,1857,1878]" pageId="49" pageNumber="886">RAL</collectionCode>
3011) dots. The inner and outer margins of the bands are darker (
<figureCitation box="[962,1057,1090,1112]" captionStart="Figure 40" captionStartId="49.[163,241,972,994]" captionTargetBox="[163,1442,195,932]" captionTargetId="figure-550@49.[163,1443,542,932]" captionTargetPageId="49" captionText="Figure 40. Sarcoplana musculosa sp. nov. Photographs of living holotype. A, dorsal view, while creeping. B, dorsal view, at rest. C, ventral view. Scale bars not available. The specimen is more or less 18 mm long at rest." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7814061" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7814061/files/figure.png" pageId="49" pageNumber="886">Fig. 40B</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="49.[827,1444,1059,1480]" pageId="49" pageNumber="886">
The monolobate eyes measure 4 5–5 0 µm in diameter. They are distributed in an irregular row contouring the cephalic region and extending marginally to the posterior tip of the body. Sensory pits are absent. Instead, the ventromarginal epithelium of the cephalic region possesses sensory depressions. These depressions reach the underlying basal lamina and are provided with cilia (
<figureCitation box="[1328,1427,1335,1357]" captionStart="Figure 41" captionStartId="50.[146,226,1467,1489]" captionTargetBox="[145,1424,195,1428]" captionTargetId="graphics-234@50.[617,1106,567,819]" captionTargetPageId="50" captionText="Figure 41. Sarcoplana musculosa sp. nov. Photomicrographs of histological sections. A, transverse section at 0.88 µm from the anterior tip of the body showing one sensory depression (arrow). B, C, transverse sections of the pre-pharyngeal region. D, E, horizontal sections of the dorsal (B) and ventral (C) portions behind the cephalic region. F, transverse section at 1.9 mm from anterior tip of the body." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7814063" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7814063/files/figure.png" pageId="49" pageNumber="886">Fig. 41A</figureCitation>
). The sensory depressions are absent at the anterior tip of the body. The mouth is positioned at a distance from the anterior extremity of the body equal to 66% of the body length; the gonopore 77%.
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="49.[827,1443,1519,1878]" pageId="49" pageNumber="886">
<emphasis box="[827,1076,1519,1540]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="886">Internal morphology:</emphasis>
The epidermis is ciliated only on the creeping sole, this occupying 83% of the body width. Gland cells producing erythrophil granules and cells producing rhabdites discharge through the entire epidermis. The erythrophil 
<typeStatus box="[1147,1197,1642,1663]" pageId="49" pageNumber="886">type</typeStatus>
is more abundant in the body margin, while the rhabditogen cells are more numerous in the ventral surface of the cephalic region (
<figureCitation box="[836,936,1734,1756]" captionStart="Figure 41" captionStartId="50.[146,226,1467,1489]" captionTargetBox="[145,1424,195,1428]" captionTargetId="graphics-234@50.[617,1106,567,819]" captionTargetPageId="50" captionText="Figure 41. Sarcoplana musculosa sp. nov. Photomicrographs of histological sections. A, transverse section at 0.88 µm from the anterior tip of the body showing one sensory depression (arrow). B, C, transverse sections of the pre-pharyngeal region. D, E, horizontal sections of the dorsal (B) and ventral (C) portions behind the cephalic region. F, transverse section at 1.9 mm from anterior tip of the body." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7814063" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7814063/files/figure.png" pageId="49" pageNumber="886">Fig. 41A</figureCitation>
). Gland cells producing weakly cyanophil granules also discharge through the ventral and marginal epidermis. A glandular margin is absent.
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="49.[827,1443,1519,1878]" lastBlockId="50.[809,1424,1613,1911]" lastPageId="50" lastPageNumber="887" pageId="49" pageNumber="886">
The cutaneous musculature comprises three layers, namely, a subepidermal, layer (2 µm thick) of circular muscle, followed by a double layer (13 µm) with decussate fibres and an innermost layer of longitudinal muscle, the fibres of which are gathered into bundles (
<figureCitation box="[308,437,1705,1727]" captionStart="Figure 41" captionStartId="50.[146,226,1467,1489]" captionTargetBox="[145,1424,195,1428]" captionTargetId="graphics-234@50.[617,1106,567,819]" captionTargetPageId="50" captionText="Figure 41. Sarcoplana musculosa sp. nov. Photomicrographs of histological sections. A, transverse section at 0.88 µm from the anterior tip of the body showing one sensory depression (arrow). B, C, transverse sections of the pre-pharyngeal region. D, E, horizontal sections of the dorsal (B) and ventral (C) portions behind the cephalic region. F, transverse section at 1.9 mm from anterior tip of the body." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7814063" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7814063/files/figure.png" pageId="50" pageNumber="887">Fig. 41B–F</figureCitation>
). This latter layer is 70 µm thick dorsally and 160 µm ventrally. It is thinner than the body margins, where it remains conspicuous (
<figureCitation box="[154,286,1797,1819]" captionStart="Figure 41" captionStartId="50.[146,226,1467,1489]" captionTargetBox="[145,1424,195,1428]" captionTargetId="graphics-234@50.[617,1106,567,819]" captionTargetPageId="50" captionText="Figure 41. Sarcoplana musculosa sp. nov. Photomicrographs of histological sections. A, transverse section at 0.88 µm from the anterior tip of the body showing one sensory depression (arrow). B, C, transverse sections of the pre-pharyngeal region. D, E, horizontal sections of the dorsal (B) and ventral (C) portions behind the cephalic region. F, transverse section at 1.9 mm from anterior tip of the body." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7814063" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7814063/files/figure.png" pageId="50" pageNumber="887">Fig. 41B, F</figureCitation>
). The ventral layer of the longitudinal muscle is divided into a thin outer muscle and a thick inner muscle. These outer and inner ventral portions of the longitudinal muscle are separated by a secondary peripheral nerve net (
<figureCitation box="[1257,1357,1613,1635]" captionStart="Figure 41" captionStartId="50.[146,226,1467,1489]" captionTargetBox="[145,1424,195,1428]" captionTargetId="graphics-234@50.[617,1106,567,819]" captionTargetPageId="50" captionText="Figure 41. Sarcoplana musculosa sp. nov. Photomicrographs of histological sections. A, transverse section at 0.88 µm from the anterior tip of the body showing one sensory depression (arrow). B, C, transverse sections of the pre-pharyngeal region. D, E, horizontal sections of the dorsal (B) and ventral (C) portions behind the cephalic region. F, transverse section at 1.9 mm from anterior tip of the body." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7814063" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7814063/files/figure.png" pageId="50" pageNumber="887">Fig. 41C</figureCitation>
). The relative thickness of the cutaneous musculature is 19.5% of body height.
</paragraph>
<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7814063" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7814063" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7814063/files/figure.png" pageId="50" pageNumber="887" startId="50.[146,226,1467,1489]" targetBox="[145,1424,195,1428]" targetPageId="50">
<paragraph blockId="50.[145,1425,1467,1577]" pageId="50" pageNumber="887">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[146,268,1467,1489]" pageId="50" pageNumber="887">Figure 41.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName authority="Almeida &amp; Álvarez-Presas &amp; Carbayo, 2023" authorityName="Almeida &amp; Álvarez-Presas &amp; Carbayo" authorityYear="2023" box="[278,521,1467,1489]" family="Geoplanidae" genus="Sarcoplana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tricladida" pageId="50" pageNumber="887" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="musculosa" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis box="[278,521,1467,1489]" italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="887">Sarcoplana musculosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel box="[529,608,1467,1489]" pageId="50" pageNumber="887" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
Photomicrographs of histological sections. A, transverse section at 0.88 µm from the anterior tip of the body showing one sensory depression (arrow). B, C, transverse sections of the pre-pharyngeal region. D, E, horizontal sections of the dorsal (B) and ventral (C) portions behind the cephalic region. F, transverse section at 1.9 mm from anterior tip of the body.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph blockId="50.[809,1424,1613,1911]" lastBlockId="51.[163,780,1325,1898]" lastPageId="51" lastPageNumber="888" pageId="50" pageNumber="887">
The parenchymal musculature comprises four layers along the entire body: a dorsal layer (30 µm thick) of decussate fibres located to the inside of the peripheral nervous net; a dense layer of supraintestinal transverse muscle (40 µm); a dense layer of subintestinal transverse muscle (75 µm); and a subneural layer of decussate fibres (40 µm) (
<figureCitation box="[172,373,1325,1347]" captionStart="Figure 41" captionStartId="50.[146,226,1467,1489]" captionTargetBox="[145,1424,195,1428]" captionTargetId="graphics-234@50.[617,1106,567,819]" captionTargetPageId="50" captionText="Figure 41. Sarcoplana musculosa sp. nov. Photomicrographs of histological sections. A, transverse section at 0.88 µm from the anterior tip of the body showing one sensory depression (arrow). B, C, transverse sections of the pre-pharyngeal region. D, E, horizontal sections of the dorsal (B) and ventral (C) portions behind the cephalic region. F, transverse section at 1.9 mm from anterior tip of the body." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7814063" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7814063/files/figure.png" pageId="51" pageNumber="888">Fig. 41B, C, E, F</figureCitation>
). Additionally, abundant oblique muscle fibres run in transverse body planes along the body.
</paragraph>
<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7814067" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7814067" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7814067/files/figure.png" pageId="51" pageNumber="888" startId="51.[163,241,1224,1246]" targetBox="[177,1442,195,1184]" targetPageId="51">
<paragraph blockId="51.[163,1443,1224,1275]" pageId="51" pageNumber="888">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[163,280,1224,1246]" pageId="51" pageNumber="888">Figure 42.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName authority="Almeida &amp; Álvarez-Presas &amp; Carbayo, 2023" authorityName="Almeida &amp; Álvarez-Presas &amp; Carbayo" authorityYear="2023" box="[290,526,1224,1246]" family="Geoplanidae" genus="Sarcoplana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tricladida" pageId="51" pageNumber="888" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="musculosa" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis box="[290,526,1224,1246]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="888">Sarcoplana musculosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel box="[532,607,1224,1246]" pageId="51" pageNumber="888" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
A–D, photomicrographs of transverse sections of the anterior section of the body, at 600, 400, 200 and 160 µm from the anterior extremity, respectively. Same scale.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph blockId="51.[163,780,1325,1898]" lastBlockId="51.[827,1443,1324,1898]" pageId="51" pageNumber="888">
The muscular organization changes in the anterior region of the body. At 
<quantity box="[429,518,1447,1469]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.9" pageId="51" pageNumber="888" unit="mm" value="1.9">1.9 mm</quantity>
from the anterior tip of the body, the longitudinal cutaneous muscle is 40 µm thick dorsally and 180 µm ventrally. In this region, the relative thickness of the cutaneous musculature is 21.6% of the body height (
<figureCitation box="[665,763,1570,1592]" captionStart="Figure 41" captionStartId="50.[146,226,1467,1489]" captionTargetBox="[145,1424,195,1428]" captionTargetId="graphics-234@50.[617,1106,567,819]" captionTargetPageId="50" captionText="Figure 41. Sarcoplana musculosa sp. nov. Photomicrographs of histological sections. A, transverse section at 0.88 µm from the anterior tip of the body showing one sensory depression (arrow). B, C, transverse sections of the pre-pharyngeal region. D, E, horizontal sections of the dorsal (B) and ventral (C) portions behind the cephalic region. F, transverse section at 1.9 mm from anterior tip of the body." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7814063" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7814063/files/figure.png" pageId="51" pageNumber="888">Fig. 41F</figureCitation>
). The cutaneous and parenchymal muscles are thinner at 
<quantity box="[195,298,1631,1653]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.35" pageId="51" pageNumber="888" unit="mm" value="1.35">1.35 mm</quantity>
from the body tip. At 
<quantity box="[564,655,1631,1653]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" pageId="51" pageNumber="888" unit="mm" value="0.6">0.6 mm</quantity>
, the inner ventral cutaneous longitudinal muscle concentrates medially, so that one-quarter of the body width at each side of the body lacks this muscle. In this region, a cephalic retractor muscle is flat lenticular in cross-sections (
<figureCitation box="[392,498,1785,1807]" captionStart="Figure 42" captionStartId="51.[163,241,1224,1246]" captionTargetBox="[177,1442,195,1184]" captionTargetPageId="51" captionText="Figure 42. Sarcoplana musculosa sp. nov. A–D, photomicrographs of transverse sections of the anterior section of the body, at 600, 400, 200 and 160 µm from the anterior extremity, respectively. Same scale." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7814067" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7814067/files/figure.png" pageId="51" pageNumber="888">Fig. 42A</figureCitation>
). At 
<quantity box="[566,659,1785,1806]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="51" pageNumber="888" unit="mm" value="0.4">0.4 mm</quantity>
from the anterior tip, the secondary peripheral cutaneous nerve net is inconspicuous so that the ventral cutaneous muscle is no longer divided into an outer and an inner layer. Here, the longitudinal muscle is roughly lenticular in cross-section (
<figureCitation box="[1319,1426,1355,1377]" captionStart="Figure 42" captionStartId="51.[163,241,1224,1246]" captionTargetBox="[177,1442,195,1184]" captionTargetPageId="51" captionText="Figure 42. Sarcoplana musculosa sp. nov. A–D, photomicrographs of transverse sections of the anterior section of the body, at 600, 400, 200 and 160 µm from the anterior extremity, respectively. Same scale." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7814067" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7814067/files/figure.png" pageId="51" pageNumber="888">Fig. 42B</figureCitation>
). Toward the anterior tip of the body, the retractor muscle becomes progressively smaller as its muscle fibres progressively detach from it to run obliquely to the dorsum and body margins (
<figureCitation box="[1190,1318,1478,1500]" captionStart="Figure 42" captionStartId="51.[163,241,1224,1246]" captionTargetBox="[177,1442,195,1184]" captionTargetPageId="51" captionText="Figure 42. Sarcoplana musculosa sp. nov. A–D, photomicrographs of transverse sections of the anterior section of the body, at 600, 400, 200 and 160 µm from the anterior extremity, respectively. Same scale." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7814067" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7814067/files/figure.png" pageId="51" pageNumber="888">Fig. 42C, D</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="51.[827,1443,1324,1898]" pageId="51" pageNumber="888">
The mouth is located at a distance from the anterior region of the pharyngeal pouch, equivalent to 65% of the pouch length. The pharynx is cylindrical (
<figureCitation box="[835,954,1600,1622]" captionStart="Figure 43" captionStartId="52.[146,227,1080,1102]" captionTargetBox="[145,1425,195,1041]" captionTargetId="figure-438@52.[145,1426,520,1036]" captionTargetPageId="52" captionText="Figure 43. Sarcoplana musculosa sp. nov. A, diagrammatic representation of the pharynx from sagittal sections. B, photomicrograph of a sagittal section through the pharynx and copulatory apparatus. C, diagrammatic representation of the copulatory apparatus. Red and blue colours indicate regions with gland cells producing erythrophil and cyanophil secretion, respectively." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7814069" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7814069/files/figure.png" pageId="51" pageNumber="888">Fig. 43A, B</figureCitation>
). The ventro-anterior portion of the pharynx was cut off for DNA extraction, and thus the presence of an oesophagus could not be ascertained. The outer pharyngeal musculature consists of a subepithelial layer (5 µm thick) of longitudinal muscle, followed by a layer (8 µm) of circular fibres. The inner pharyngeal musculature consists of a single subepithelial layer of circular muscle, with longitudinal fibres interspersed (40 µm). The stroma of the pharynx has circular and longitudinal fibres.
</paragraph>
<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7814069" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7814069" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7814069/files/figure.png" pageId="52" pageNumber="889" startId="52.[146,227,1080,1102]" targetBox="[145,1425,195,1041]" targetPageId="52">
<paragraph blockId="52.[145,1425,1080,1190]" pageId="52" pageNumber="889">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[146,269,1080,1102]" pageId="52" pageNumber="889">Figure 43.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName authority="Almeida &amp; Álvarez-Presas &amp; Carbayo, 2023" authorityName="Almeida &amp; Álvarez-Presas &amp; Carbayo" authorityYear="2023" box="[280,527,1080,1102]" family="Geoplanidae" genus="Sarcoplana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tricladida" pageId="52" pageNumber="889" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="musculosa" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis box="[280,527,1080,1102]" italics="true" pageId="52" pageNumber="889">Sarcoplana musculosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel box="[535,615,1080,1102]" pageId="52" pageNumber="889" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
A, diagrammatic representation of the pharynx from sagittal sections. B, photomicrograph of a sagittal section through the pharynx and copulatory apparatus. C, diagrammatic representation of the copulatory apparatus. Red and blue colours indicate regions with gland cells producing erythrophil and cyanophil secretion, respectively.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph blockId="52.[145,762,1229,1895]" pageId="52" pageNumber="889">
The testes are pear-shaped and measure approximately 400 µm high. They are dorsally located beneath the transverse supraintestinal parenchymal muscle and between the intestinal branches (
<figureCitation box="[653,747,1321,1343]" captionStart="Figure 41" captionStartId="50.[146,226,1467,1489]" captionTargetBox="[145,1424,195,1428]" captionTargetId="graphics-234@50.[617,1106,567,819]" captionTargetPageId="50" captionText="Figure 41. Sarcoplana musculosa sp. nov. Photomicrographs of histological sections. A, transverse section at 0.88 µm from the anterior tip of the body showing one sensory depression (arrow). B, C, transverse sections of the pre-pharyngeal region. D, E, horizontal sections of the dorsal (B) and ventral (C) portions behind the cephalic region. F, transverse section at 1.9 mm from anterior tip of the body." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7814063" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7814063/files/figure.png" pageId="52" pageNumber="889">Fig. 41B</figureCitation>
). They are distributed in a row of one to two testes at each side of the body. The anteriormost testes are placed at a distance from the anterior tip of the body equivalent to approximately 35% of the body length, that is, 
<quantity box="[233,320,1475,1496]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.2" pageId="52" pageNumber="889" unit="mm" value="1.2">1.2 mm</quantity>
behind the ovaries; the posteriormost testes lie at a distance from the anterior tip equivalent to 44% of body length, that is, 100 µm anterior to the pharynx.
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="52.[145,762,1229,1895]" lastBlockId="52.[809,1425,1229,1895]" pageId="52" pageNumber="889">
The sperm ducts run above the subintestinal parenchymal muscle and more or less dorsally to the ovovitelline ducts. The distal portion of the sperm ducts bends dorsally to the sagittal plane to open into the proximal section of the respective branch of the prostatic vesicle (
<figureCitation box="[358,458,1751,1773]" captionStart="Figure 43" captionStartId="52.[146,227,1080,1102]" captionTargetBox="[145,1425,195,1041]" captionTargetId="figure-438@52.[145,1426,520,1036]" captionTargetPageId="52" captionText="Figure 43. Sarcoplana musculosa sp. nov. A, diagrammatic representation of the pharynx from sagittal sections. B, photomicrograph of a sagittal section through the pharynx and copulatory apparatus. C, diagrammatic representation of the copulatory apparatus. Red and blue colours indicate regions with gland cells producing erythrophil and cyanophil secretion, respectively." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7814069" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7814069/files/figure.png" pageId="52" pageNumber="889">Fig. 43C</figureCitation>
). The prostatic vesicle is a sinuous tube roughly C-shaped in lateral view. Its proximal portion is bifurcate. This vesicle penetrates the anterior region of the penis bulb to join the ejaculatory duct. The penis bulb is well developed and is mainly constituted of longitudinal fibres. Most of the ejaculatory duct is sinuous and located within the penis bulb, while its distal section is straight and opens at the tip of the penis papilla. The penis papilla is 300 µm long and lies horizontally. This papilla is conical and presents some folds (
<figureCitation box="[1182,1282,1382,1404]" captionStart="Figure 43" captionStartId="52.[146,227,1080,1102]" captionTargetBox="[145,1425,195,1041]" captionTargetId="figure-438@52.[145,1426,520,1036]" captionTargetPageId="52" captionText="Figure 43. Sarcoplana musculosa sp. nov. A, diagrammatic representation of the pharynx from sagittal sections. B, photomicrograph of a sagittal section through the pharynx and copulatory apparatus. C, diagrammatic representation of the copulatory apparatus. Red and blue colours indicate regions with gland cells producing erythrophil and cyanophil secretion, respectively." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7814069" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7814069/files/figure.png" pageId="52" pageNumber="889">Figs 43C</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation box="[1295,1340,1383,1404]" captionStart="Figure 44" captionStartId="53.[161,241,1430,1452]" captionTargetBox="[163,1443,195,1391]" captionTargetId="figure-292@53.[163,974,225,831]" captionTargetPageId="53" captionText="Figure 44. Sarcoplana musculosa sp. nov. Photomicrographs of sagittal sections. A, copulatory apparatus. B, anterior musculoglandular organ. C, posterior musculoglandular organ and female atrium. D, female atrium." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7814071" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7814071/files/figure.png" pageId="52" pageNumber="889">44A</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="52.[809,1425,1229,1895]" pageId="52" pageNumber="889">
The prostatic vesicle is lined with a cuboidal, apparently non-ciliated epithelium. This epithelium is pierced by the necks of gland cells producing fine (0.5 µm) erythrophil granules and is surrounded by a circular muscle (10 µm thick). The ejaculatory duct is lined with a cuboidal ciliated epithelium. The basal-half of the penis papilla is lined with a columnar epithelium traversed by the necks of numerous openings of gland cells producing erythrophil granules. The distal-half of the papilla is lined with a cuboidal epithelium through which some gland cells of the same 
<typeStatus box="[1206,1255,1720,1741]" pageId="52" pageNumber="889">type</typeStatus>
discharge. The epithelium of the penis papilla is underlain by some longitudinal muscle fibres.
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="52.[809,1425,1229,1895]" lastBlockId="53.[827,1443,1518,1908]" lastPageId="53" lastPageNumber="890" pageId="52" pageNumber="889">
The male atrium is narrow, elongated and roughly smooth (
<figureCitation box="[923,1032,1842,1864]" captionStart="Figure 43" captionStartId="52.[146,227,1080,1102]" captionTargetBox="[145,1425,195,1041]" captionTargetId="figure-438@52.[145,1426,520,1036]" captionTargetPageId="52" captionText="Figure 43. Sarcoplana musculosa sp. nov. A, diagrammatic representation of the pharynx from sagittal sections. B, photomicrograph of a sagittal section through the pharynx and copulatory apparatus. C, diagrammatic representation of the copulatory apparatus. Red and blue colours indicate regions with gland cells producing erythrophil and cyanophil secretion, respectively." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7814069" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7814069/files/figure.png" pageId="52" pageNumber="889">Fig. 43C</figureCitation>
). This atrium is lined with a cuboidal-to-columnar epithelium, the apical surface of which is erythrophil. Numerous gland cells discharge erythrophil granules through the atrial epithelium, which is underlain by a layer (10 µm thick) of circular muscle, followed by a layer (10 µm) of longitudinal fibres. The atrial wall dorsal to the gonoduct presents the openings of two different musculoglandular organs, one located behind another (
<figureCitation box="[273,372,1733,1755]" captionStart="Figure 43" captionStartId="52.[146,227,1080,1102]" captionTargetBox="[145,1425,195,1041]" captionTargetId="figure-438@52.[145,1426,520,1036]" captionTargetPageId="52" captionText="Figure 43. Sarcoplana musculosa sp. nov. A, diagrammatic representation of the pharynx from sagittal sections. B, photomicrograph of a sagittal section through the pharynx and copulatory apparatus. C, diagrammatic representation of the copulatory apparatus. Red and blue colours indicate regions with gland cells producing erythrophil and cyanophil secretion, respectively." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7814069" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7814069/files/figure.png" pageId="53" pageNumber="890">Fig. 43C</figureCitation>
). The anterior organ (named mg 
<quantity metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.54" pageId="53" pageNumber="890" unit="in" value="1.0">1 in</quantity>
the figures) consists of a 310 µm long and 30 µm wide, bowed and vertical blind duct embedded into the parenchyma and surrounded by muscle fibres. The duct of this musculoglandular organ is lined with a 10 µm high columnar epithelium, and the cells of this epithelium contain fine erythrophil granules (0.5 µm in diameter) produced by gland cells located outside the organ. The epithelium of the duct is underlain by a layer (10 µm thick) of circular muscle, followed by a layer (50 µm) of muscle fibres variously oriented, most circular. Beneath the epithelium of the innermost portion of the duct is a cyanophil, granular mass. The lumen of the canal contains some erythrophil granules.
</paragraph>
<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7814071" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7814071" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7814071/files/figure.png" pageId="53" pageNumber="890" startId="53.[161,241,1430,1452]" targetBox="[163,1443,195,1391]" targetPageId="53">
<paragraph blockId="53.[161,1442,1430,1482]" pageId="53" pageNumber="890">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[161,283,1430,1452]" pageId="53" pageNumber="890">Figure 44.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName authority="Almeida &amp; Álvarez-Presas &amp; Carbayo, 2023" authorityName="Almeida &amp; Álvarez-Presas &amp; Carbayo" authorityYear="2023" box="[296,540,1430,1452]" family="Geoplanidae" genus="Sarcoplana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tricladida" pageId="53" pageNumber="890" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="musculosa" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis box="[296,540,1430,1452]" italics="true" pageId="53" pageNumber="890">Sarcoplana musculosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel box="[547,626,1430,1452]" pageId="53" pageNumber="890" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
Photomicrographs of sagittal sections. A, copulatory apparatus. B, anterior musculoglandular organ. C, posterior musculoglandular organ and female atrium. D, female atrium.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph blockId="53.[827,1443,1518,1908]" lastBlockId="54.[145,762,197,1722]" lastPageId="54" lastPageNumber="891" pageId="53" pageNumber="890">
The posterior musculoglandular organ (named mg 
<quantity box="[863,906,1824,1846]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.08" pageId="53" pageNumber="890" unit="in" value="2.0">2 in</quantity>
the figures) is ampulla-shaped. It consists of a 130 µm long duct leading to a deeper, enlarged portion with 120 µm in diameter (
<figureCitation box="[1117,1244,1886,1908]" captionStart="Figure 43" captionStartId="52.[146,227,1080,1102]" captionTargetBox="[145,1425,195,1041]" captionTargetId="figure-438@52.[145,1426,520,1036]" captionTargetPageId="52" captionText="Figure 43. Sarcoplana musculosa sp. nov. A, diagrammatic representation of the pharynx from sagittal sections. B, photomicrograph of a sagittal section through the pharynx and copulatory apparatus. C, diagrammatic representation of the copulatory apparatus. Red and blue colours indicate regions with gland cells producing erythrophil and cyanophil secretion, respectively." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7814069" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7814069/files/figure.png" pageId="53" pageNumber="890">Figs 43B, C</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation box="[1255,1301,1886,1907]" captionStart="Figure 44" captionStartId="53.[161,241,1430,1452]" captionTargetBox="[163,1443,195,1391]" captionTargetId="figure-292@53.[163,974,225,831]" captionTargetPageId="53" captionText="Figure 44. Sarcoplana musculosa sp. nov. Photomicrographs of sagittal sections. A, copulatory apparatus. B, anterior musculoglandular organ. C, posterior musculoglandular organ and female atrium. D, female atrium." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7814071" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7814071/files/figure.png" pageId="53" pageNumber="890">44A</figureCitation>
). The duct is lined with a cuboidal, strongly erythrophil epithelium. A 30 µm thick longitudinal muscle underlies this epithelium. The cells of the lining epithelium of the enlarged portion are not discernible. Abundant gland cells with their bodies outside the organ discharge fine cyanophil granules into the lumen of the enlarged portion of the organ. Surrounding this enlarged portion of the musculoglandular organ is a 30 µm thick muscle net, followed by a layer (30 µm thick) of longitudinal fibres.
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="54.[145,762,197,1722]" pageId="54" pageNumber="891">
The ovaries are rounded-to-ovoid and approximately 100 µm in diameter. They are incompletely developed. These ovaries are located at a distance from the anterior tip of the body corresponding to 28% of the body length and 
<quantity box="[339,426,627,648]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.2" pageId="54" pageNumber="891" unit="mm" value="1.2">1.2 mm</quantity>
anterior to the anteriormost testes. The ovaries lie immediately above the ventral nerve plate.
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="54.[145,762,197,1722]" pageId="54" pageNumber="891">
The ovovitelline ducts emerge laterally from the dorsal side of the ovaries. Subsequently, these ducts run posteriorly above the nervous plate and immediately underneath the transverse subintestinal parenchymal muscle (
<figureCitation box="[391,483,841,863]" captionStart="Figure 41" captionStartId="50.[146,226,1467,1489]" captionTargetBox="[145,1424,195,1428]" captionTargetId="graphics-234@50.[617,1106,567,819]" captionTargetPageId="50" captionText="Figure 41. Sarcoplana musculosa sp. nov. Photomicrographs of histological sections. A, transverse section at 0.88 µm from the anterior tip of the body showing one sensory depression (arrow). B, C, transverse sections of the pre-pharyngeal region. D, E, horizontal sections of the dorsal (B) and ventral (C) portions behind the cephalic region. F, transverse section at 1.9 mm from anterior tip of the body." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7814063" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7814063/files/figure.png" pageId="54" pageNumber="891">Fig. 41C</figureCitation>
). Just behind the level of the gonopore, one ovovitelline duct ascends gradually to enter the common ovovitelline duct behind the female atrium. This duct is short and oriented dorsally and communicates with the female genital canal. This female canal projects posteroventrally from the posterior wall of the female atrium (
<figureCitation box="[643,746,1025,1047]" captionStart="Figure 43" captionStartId="52.[146,227,1080,1102]" captionTargetBox="[145,1425,195,1041]" captionTargetId="figure-438@52.[145,1426,520,1036]" captionTargetPageId="52" captionText="Figure 43. Sarcoplana musculosa sp. nov. A, diagrammatic representation of the pharynx from sagittal sections. B, photomicrograph of a sagittal section through the pharynx and copulatory apparatus. C, diagrammatic representation of the copulatory apparatus. Red and blue colours indicate regions with gland cells producing erythrophil and cyanophil secretion, respectively." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7814069" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7814069/files/figure.png" pageId="54" pageNumber="891">Fig. 43C</figureCitation>
). The suboptimal quality of the sections did not allow examination of the second ovovitelline duct nor the 
<typeStatus box="[145,194,1117,1138]" pageId="54" pageNumber="891">type</typeStatus>
of epithelium lining the common ovovitelline duct and the female genital canal.
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="54.[145,762,197,1722]" pageId="54" pageNumber="891">
The female atrium is elongated and narrow. The dorsal wall of this atrium is more or less smooth, whereas the ventral wall is provided with three shallow recesses, each 100–200 µm in size (
<figureCitation box="[421,539,1270,1292]" captionStart="Figure 44" captionStartId="53.[161,241,1430,1452]" captionTargetBox="[163,1443,195,1391]" captionTargetId="figure-292@53.[163,974,225,831]" captionTargetPageId="53" captionText="Figure 44. Sarcoplana musculosa sp. nov. Photomicrographs of sagittal sections. A, copulatory apparatus. B, anterior musculoglandular organ. C, posterior musculoglandular organ and female atrium. D, female atrium." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7814071" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7814071/files/figure.png" pageId="54" pageNumber="891">Fig. 44C, D</figureCitation>
). The female atrium is lined with a columnar, 35–45 µm high epithelium. The free surface of this epithelium is erythrophil and resembles the bristles of a brush. Gland cells producing fine erythrophil granules pierce this epithelium. The recesses are lined with a low epithelium.
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="54.[145,762,197,1722]" pageId="54" pageNumber="891">The female atrium contains clumps of xanthophil granules. The lining epithelium of the female atrium is surrounded by a 5 µm thick layer of longitudinal fibres, followed by a 10 µm thick layer of circular fibres. The male atrium to female atrium ratio is 84%. A common muscle coat wraps the distal-half of the prostatic vesicle and the male and female atria. This coat is comprised of abundant longitudinal muscle fibres.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection lastPageId="55" lastPageNumber="892" pageId="54" pageNumber="891" type="discussion">
<paragraph blockId="54.[145,762,1762,1907]" lastBlockId="54.[809,1425,197,1905]" pageId="54" pageNumber="891">
<emphasis box="[145,761,1762,1784]" italics="true" pageId="54" pageNumber="891">
Remarks on the neae tribe 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Almeida &amp; Álvarez-Presas &amp; Carbayo" authorityYear="2023" box="[438,586,1762,1783]" family="Geoplanidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tricladida" pageId="54" pageNumber="891" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="tribe" tribe="Sarcoplanini">Sarcoplanini</taxonomicName>
and its genera:
</emphasis>
The molecular phylogenies retrieved 
<taxonomicName authority="Almeida &amp; Álvarez-Presas &amp; Carbayo, 2023" authorityName="Almeida &amp; Álvarez-Presas &amp; Carbayo" authorityYear="2023" box="[606,760,1793,1815]" family="Geoplanidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tricladida" pageId="54" pageNumber="893" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="tribe" status="tribe nov." tribe="Sarcoplanini">Sarcoplanini</taxonomicName>
as a monophyletic group comprising 
<taxonomicName box="[612,754,1824,1845]" family="Geoplanidae" genus="Mapuplana" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tricladida" pageId="54" pageNumber="891" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[612,754,1824,1845]" italics="true" pageId="54" pageNumber="891">Mapuplana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName box="[145,287,1854,1875]" family="Geoplanidae" genus="Pichidamas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tricladida" pageId="54" pageNumber="891" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[145,287,1854,1875]" italics="true" pageId="54" pageNumber="891">Pichidamas</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName authorityName="MUSCULOSA ALMEIDA &amp; CARBAYO" authorityYear="2023" box="[304,442,1854,1875]" family="Geoplanidae" genus="Sarcoplana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tricladida" pageId="54" pageNumber="891" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[304,442,1854,1875]" italics="true" pageId="54" pageNumber="891">Sarcoplana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName box="[506,699,1854,1875]" family="Geoplanidae" genus="Wallmapuplana" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tricladida" pageId="54" pageNumber="891" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[506,699,1854,1875]" italics="true" pageId="54" pageNumber="891">Wallmapuplana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The intergeneric relationships are unstable. The monotypic genus 
<taxonomicName authorityName="E. M. Froehlich" authorityYear="1978" box="[883,951,198,219]" family="Geoplanidae" genus="Liana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tricladida" pageId="54" pageNumber="891" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[883,951,198,219]" italics="true" pageId="54" pageNumber="891">Liana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
can be included in this tribe based on the morphological similarity of 
<taxonomicName authority="Froehlich, 1978" authorityName="Froehlich" authorityYear="1978" box="[1134,1425,228,250]" family="Geoplanidae" genus="Liana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tricladida" pageId="54" pageNumber="891" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="guasa">
<emphasis box="[1134,1150,228,249]" italics="true" pageId="54" pageNumber="891">L</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis box="[1166,1235,228,249]" italics="true" pageId="54" pageNumber="891">guasa</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation author="Froehlich EM" box="[1243,1425,228,250]" pageId="54" pageNumber="891" pagination="7 - 80" refId="ref37615" refString="Froehlich EM. 1978. On a collection of Chilean land planarians. Boletins de Zoologia da UniVersidade de Sao Paulo 3: 7 - 80." type="journal article" year="1978">Froehlich, 1978</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
with 
<taxonomicName authority="Almeida &amp; Álvarez-Presas &amp; Carbayo, 2023" authorityName="Almeida &amp; Álvarez-Presas &amp; Carbayo" authorityYear="2023" box="[867,1012,258,280]" family="Geoplanidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tricladida" pageId="54" pageNumber="893" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="tribe" status="tribe nov." tribe="Sarcoplanini">Sarcoplanini</taxonomicName>
members, as shown below.
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="54.[809,1425,197,1905]" pageId="54" pageNumber="891">
The species of 
<taxonomicName authority="Almeida &amp; Álvarez-Presas &amp; Carbayo, 2023" authorityName="Almeida &amp; Álvarez-Presas &amp; Carbayo" authorityYear="2023" box="[1020,1176,289,311]" family="Geoplanidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tricladida" pageId="54" pageNumber="893" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="tribe" status="tribe nov." tribe="Sarcoplanini">Sarcoplanini</taxonomicName>
share three unique characteristics among the Geoplaninae, namely, sensory depressions, a cephalic retractor muscle with a particular fibre organization (possibly secondarily lost in 
<taxonomicName box="[886,1069,411,432]" family="Geoplanidae" genus="Wallmapuplana" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tricladida" pageId="54" pageNumber="891" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[886,1069,411,432]" italics="true" pageId="54" pageNumber="891">Wallmapuplana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) and a subneural parenchymal decussate muscle (but the fibre orientation of this muscle is unknown in 
<taxonomicName box="[1114,1319,473,494]" family="Geoplanidae" genus="Wallmapuplana" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tricladida" pageId="54" pageNumber="891" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[1114,1319,473,494]" italics="true" pageId="54" pageNumber="891">Wallmapuplana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
). These characteristics readily distinguish the 
<taxonomicName authority="Almeida &amp; Álvarez-Presas &amp; Carbayo, 2023" authorityName="Almeida &amp; Álvarez-Presas &amp; Carbayo" authorityYear="2023" box="[1274,1424,503,525]" family="Geoplanidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tricladida" pageId="54" pageNumber="893" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="tribe" status="tribe nov." tribe="Sarcoplanini">Sarcoplanini</taxonomicName>
members from the remaining Geoplaninae. Furthermore, branched glands associated with the prostatic vesicle are present in three of the four genera (
<taxonomicName box="[817,949,626,647]" family="Geoplanidae" genus="Mapuplana" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tricladida" pageId="54" pageNumber="891" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[817,949,626,647]" italics="true" pageId="54" pageNumber="891">Mapuplana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName box="[962,1097,626,647]" family="Geoplanidae" genus="Pichidamas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tricladida" pageId="54" pageNumber="891" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[962,1097,626,647]" italics="true" pageId="54" pageNumber="891">Pichidamas</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName box="[1154,1337,626,647]" family="Geoplanidae" genus="Wallmapuplana" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tricladida" pageId="54" pageNumber="891" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[1154,1337,626,647]" italics="true" pageId="54" pageNumber="891">Wallmapuplana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="54.[809,1425,197,1905]" pageId="54" pageNumber="891">
Additional traits shared by all species in 
<taxonomicName authority="Almeida &amp; Álvarez-Presas &amp; Carbayo, 2023" authorityName="Almeida &amp; Álvarez-Presas &amp; Carbayo" authorityYear="2023" box="[809,988,687,709]" family="Geoplanidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tricladida" pageId="54" pageNumber="893" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="tribe" status="tribe nov." tribe="Sarcoplanini">Sarcoplanini</taxonomicName>
, and which probably evolved convergently in other lineages of 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Stimpson" authorityYear="1858" box="[1220,1372,718,740]" family="Geoplanidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tricladida" pageId="54" pageNumber="891" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="family">Geoplanidae</taxonomicName>
, are marginal distribution of the eyes [also present in 
<taxonomicName authority="Almeida &amp; Álvarez-Presas &amp; Carbayo, 2023" authorityName="Almeida &amp; Álvarez-Presas &amp; Carbayo" authorityYear="2023" box="[809,969,779,801]" family="Geoplanidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tricladida" pageId="54" pageNumber="893" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="tribe" status="tribe nov." tribe="Adinoplanini">Adinoplanini</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName authority="Almeida &amp; Álvarez-Presas &amp; Carbayo, 2023" authorityName="Almeida &amp; Álvarez-Presas &amp; Carbayo" authorityYear="2023" box="[983,1123,779,801]" pageId="54" pageNumber="893" rank="tribe" status="tribe nov." tribe="Myoplanini">Myoplanini</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName authority="Almeida &amp; Álvarez-Presas &amp; Carbayo, 2023" authorityName="Almeida &amp; Álvarez-Presas &amp; Carbayo" authorityYear="2023" box="[1137,1249,779,801]" class="Mammalia" family="Cervidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="54" pageNumber="893" phylum="Chordata" rank="tribe" status="tribe nov." tribe="Haranini">Haranini</taxonomicName>
, Caenoplanini (Rhynchodeminae) and some Geoplanini)], a small penis papilla (e.g. 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Ogren &amp; Kawakatsu" authorityYear="1990" box="[1039,1124,841,862]" family="Geoplanidae" genus="Amaga" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tricladida" pageId="54" pageNumber="891" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[1039,1124,841,862]" italics="true" pageId="54" pageNumber="891">Amaga</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName box="[1142,1236,841,862]" family="Geoplanidae" genus="Gusana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tricladida" pageId="54" pageNumber="891" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[1142,1236,841,862]" italics="true" pageId="54" pageNumber="891">Gusana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, but it is large in 
<taxonomicName authorityName="E. M. Froehlich" authorityYear="1978" box="[844,917,872,893]" family="Geoplanidae" genus="Liana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tricladida" pageId="54" pageNumber="891" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[844,917,872,893]" italics="true" pageId="54" pageNumber="891">Liana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), a copulatory apparatus provided with musculoglandular organs [possibly secondarily lost in 
<taxonomicName box="[809,945,933,954]" family="Geoplanidae" genus="Mapuplana" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tricladida" pageId="54" pageNumber="891" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[809,945,933,954]" italics="true" pageId="54" pageNumber="891">Mapuplana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; also present in Australasian taxa, such as some 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Stimpson" authorityYear="1858" box="[906,1014,963,984]" family="Geoplanidae" genus="Bipalium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tricladida" pageId="54" pageNumber="891" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[906,1014,963,984]" italics="true" pageId="54" pageNumber="891">Bipalium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName authority="Graff, 1896" authorityName="Graff" authorityYear="1896" box="[1028,1304,963,985]" family="Geoplanidae" genus="Artioposthia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tricladida" pageId="54" pageNumber="891" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[1028,1169,963,984]" italics="true" pageId="54" pageNumber="891">Artioposthia</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation author="Graff LV" box="[1176,1304,963,985]" pageId="54" pageNumber="891" pagination="75 - 93" refId="ref37926" refString="Graff LV. 1896. Uber das System und die geographische Verbreitung der Landplanarien. Verhandlungen der Deutsche Zoologischen Gesellschaft 6: 75 - 93." type="journal article" year="1896">Graff, 1896</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
(see: 
<bibRefCitation author="Fyfe M" pageId="54" pageNumber="891" pagination="517 - 523" refId="ref37735" refString="Fyfe M. 1947. The classification and reproductive organs of New Zealand land planarians, Part III. Artioposthia mariae (Dendy), A. australis (Dendy), Geoplana iris Dendy, and A. garVeyi (Dendy). Transactions of the Royal Society of Neae Zealand 76: 517 - 523." type="journal article" year="1947">Fyfe, 1947</bibRefCitation>
), 
<taxonomicName authority="Fyfe, 1953" authorityName="Fyfe" authorityYear="1953" box="[889,1186,994,1016]" family="Geoplanidae" genus="Coleocephalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tricladida" pageId="54" pageNumber="891" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[889,1056,994,1015]" italics="true" pageId="54" pageNumber="891">Coleocephalus</emphasis>
Fyfe, 1953
</taxonomicName>
(see: Winsor, 1998)] and a female genital canal with the postflex condition (i.e. the canal approaching the female atrium from behind as in 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Ogren &amp; Kawakatsu" authorityYear="1990" box="[962,1056,1086,1107]" family="Geoplanidae" genus="Pasipha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tricladida" pageId="54" pageNumber="891" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[962,1056,1086,1107]" italics="true" pageId="54" pageNumber="891">Pasipha</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Ogren &amp; Kawakatsu" authorityYear="1990" box="[1070,1176,1086,1107]" family="Geoplanidae" genus="Gigantea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tricladida" pageId="54" pageNumber="891" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[1070,1176,1086,1107]" italics="true" pageId="54" pageNumber="891">Gigantea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and 
<taxonomicName box="[1242,1332,1086,1107]" family="Geoplanidae" genus="Gusana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tricladida" pageId="54" pageNumber="891" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[1242,1332,1086,1107]" italics="true" pageId="54" pageNumber="891">Gusana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, among others).
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="54.[809,1425,197,1905]" pageId="54" pageNumber="891">
The genera of 
<taxonomicName authority="Almeida &amp; Álvarez-Presas &amp; Carbayo, 2023" authorityName="Almeida &amp; Álvarez-Presas &amp; Carbayo" authorityYear="2023" box="[994,1139,1147,1169]" family="Geoplanidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tricladida" pageId="54" pageNumber="893" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="tribe" status="tribe nov." tribe="Sarcoplanini">Sarcoplanini</taxonomicName>
differ from each other by several structures. 
<taxonomicName authorityName="MUSCULOSA ALMEIDA &amp; CARBAYO" authorityYear="2023" box="[1032,1164,1178,1199]" family="Geoplanidae" genus="Sarcoplana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tricladida" pageId="54" pageNumber="891" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[1032,1164,1178,1199]" italics="true" pageId="54" pageNumber="891">Sarcoplana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
stands apart from the remaining 
<taxonomicName authority="Almeida &amp; Álvarez-Presas &amp; Carbayo, 2023" authorityName="Almeida &amp; Álvarez-Presas &amp; Carbayo" authorityYear="2023" box="[934,1079,1209,1231]" family="Geoplanidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tricladida" pageId="54" pageNumber="893" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="tribe" status="tribe nov." tribe="Sarcoplanini">Sarcoplanini</taxonomicName>
genera from the presence of a secondary peripheral nerve net located in the ventral side of the body (convergent in 
<taxonomicName box="[1158,1272,1270,1291]" family="Geoplanidae" genus="Myoplana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tricladida" pageId="54" pageNumber="891" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[1158,1272,1270,1291]" italics="true" pageId="54" pageNumber="891">Myoplana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
). 
<taxonomicName box="[1292,1424,1270,1291]" family="Geoplanidae" genus="Mapuplana" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tricladida" pageId="54" pageNumber="891" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[1292,1424,1270,1291]" italics="true" pageId="54" pageNumber="891">Mapuplana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName authorityName="E. M. Froehlich" authorityYear="1978" box="[859,927,1301,1322]" family="Geoplanidae" genus="Liana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tricladida" pageId="54" pageNumber="891" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[859,927,1301,1322]" italics="true" pageId="54" pageNumber="891">Liana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are the only genera of 
<taxonomicName authority="Almeida &amp; Álvarez-Presas &amp; Carbayo, 2023" authorityName="Almeida &amp; Álvarez-Presas &amp; Carbayo" authorityYear="2023" box="[1193,1339,1301,1323]" family="Geoplanidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tricladida" pageId="54" pageNumber="893" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="tribe" status="tribe nov." tribe="Sarcoplanini">Sarcoplanini</taxonomicName>
having part of the ventral longitudinal cutaneous muscle sunken into the parenchyma. These two genera differ in that the penis papilla is small in 
<taxonomicName box="[1240,1376,1393,1414]" family="Geoplanidae" genus="Mapuplana" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tricladida" pageId="54" pageNumber="891" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[1240,1376,1393,1414]" italics="true" pageId="54" pageNumber="891">Mapuplana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(vs. large in 
<taxonomicName authorityName="E. M. Froehlich" authorityYear="1978" box="[914,985,1424,1445]" family="Geoplanidae" genus="Liana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tricladida" pageId="54" pageNumber="891" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[914,985,1424,1445]" italics="true" pageId="54" pageNumber="891">Liana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
). 
<taxonomicName box="[1011,1204,1423,1444]" family="Geoplanidae" genus="Wallmapuplana" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tricladida" pageId="54" pageNumber="891" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[1011,1204,1423,1444]" italics="true" pageId="54" pageNumber="891">Wallmapuplana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is the only genus of 
<taxonomicName authority="Almeida &amp; Álvarez-Presas &amp; Carbayo, 2023" authorityName="Almeida &amp; Álvarez-Presas &amp; Carbayo" authorityYear="2023" box="[839,990,1454,1476]" family="Geoplanidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tricladida" pageId="54" pageNumber="893" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="tribe" status="tribe nov." tribe="Sarcoplanini">Sarcoplanini</taxonomicName>
lacking a cephalic retractor muscle, while 
<taxonomicName box="[883,1024,1485,1506]" family="Geoplanidae" genus="Pichidamas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tricladida" pageId="54" pageNumber="891" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[883,1024,1485,1506]" italics="true" pageId="54" pageNumber="891">Pichidamas</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is the only genus having a large musculoglandular organ of adenodactyl 
<typeStatus box="[1265,1317,1516,1537]" pageId="54" pageNumber="891">type</typeStatus>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="54.[809,1425,197,1905]" lastBlockId="55.[163,779,197,1722]" lastPageId="55" lastPageNumber="892" pageId="54" pageNumber="891">
The genus 
<taxonomicName authorityName="E. M. Froehlich" authorityYear="1978" box="[969,1040,1547,1568]" family="Geoplanidae" genus="Liana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tricladida" pageId="54" pageNumber="891" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[969,1040,1547,1568]" italics="true" pageId="54" pageNumber="891">Liana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
deserves a detailed discussion. This monotypic genus was proposed for 
<taxonomicName authority="(Froehlich, 1978)" baseAuthorityName="Froehlich" baseAuthorityYear="1978" family="Geoplanidae" genus="Liana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tricladida" pageId="54" pageNumber="891" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="guasa">
<emphasis box="[1318,1424,1577,1598]" italics="true" pageId="54" pageNumber="891">L. guasa</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation author="Froehlich EM" box="[819,1031,1607,1629]" pageId="54" pageNumber="891" pagination="7 - 80" refId="ref37615" refString="Froehlich EM. 1978. On a collection of Chilean land planarians. Boletins de Zoologia da UniVersidade de Sao Paulo 3: 7 - 80." type="journal article" year="1978">Froehlich, 1978</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
. The species was described from incompletely mature individuals. The main diagnostic features of the genus are: elongated body, broad creeping sole, sensory depressions (‘minute sensory pits’ in the original description), longitudinal ventral cutaneous muscle partially sunken into the parenchyma, cutaneous muscle thickness relative to the body height is 10%, testes are dorsal; copulatory apparatus without adenodactyls; penis papilla short and blunt; female canal approaches from horizontal or ventral aspect (
<bibRefCitation author="Froehlich EM" box="[341,519,197,219]" pageId="55" pageNumber="892" pagination="7 - 80" refId="ref37615" refString="Froehlich EM. 1978. On a collection of Chilean land planarians. Boletins de Zoologia da UniVersidade de Sao Paulo 3: 7 - 80." type="journal article" year="1978">Froehlich, 1978</bibRefCitation>
). This species also has a subneural layer of decussate parenchymal muscle (‘a layer of fibres obliquely oriented to the right and to the left’ in 
<bibRefCitation author="Froehlich EM" box="[331,563,289,311]" pageId="55" pageNumber="892" pagination="7 - 80" refId="ref37615" refString="Froehlich EM. 1978. On a collection of Chilean land planarians. Boletins de Zoologia da UniVersidade de Sao Paulo 3: 7 - 80." type="journal article" year="1978">Froehlich, 1978: 21</bibRefCitation>
) interwoven with fibres of the sunken longitudinal cutaneous muscle. The relative thickness of the cutaneous musculature increases to 21% when the sunken muscle portion is also considered (see: 
<bibRefCitation author="Froehlich EM" box="[400,576,412,434]" pageId="55" pageNumber="892" pagination="7 - 80" refId="ref37615" refString="Froehlich EM. 1978. On a collection of Chilean land planarians. Boletins de Zoologia da UniVersidade de Sao Paulo 3: 7 - 80." type="journal article" year="1978">Froehlich, 1978</bibRefCitation>
: fig. 24).
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="55.[163,779,197,1722]" pageId="55" pageNumber="892">
There are no gene sequences available of this species. Among the Geoplanini tribes, 
<taxonomicName authorityName="E. M. Froehlich" authorityYear="1978" box="[608,677,474,495]" family="Geoplanidae" genus="Liana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tricladida" pageId="55" pageNumber="892" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[608,677,474,495]" italics="true" pageId="55" pageNumber="892">Liana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
fits well 
<taxonomicName authority="Almeida &amp; Álvarez-Presas &amp; Carbayo, 2023" authorityName="Almeida &amp; Álvarez-Presas &amp; Carbayo" authorityYear="2023" box="[163,308,504,526]" family="Geoplanidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tricladida" pageId="55" pageNumber="893" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="tribe" status="tribe nov." tribe="Sarcoplanini">Sarcoplanini</taxonomicName>
:the creeping sole is wide; the eyes marginal; sensory depressions and subneural parenchymal decussate muscle are present. The original description of 
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Froehlich" baseAuthorityYear="1978" box="[188,282,596,617]" family="Geoplanidae" genus="Liana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tricladida" pageId="55" pageNumber="892" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="guasa">
<emphasis box="[188,282,596,617]" italics="true" pageId="55" pageNumber="892">L. guasa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
does not mention a cephalic retractor muscle but a modification of the musculature organization in the cephalic region, which is compatible with a retractor organ (‘ 
<emphasis box="[255,484,688,709]" italics="true" pageId="55" pageNumber="892">At the anterior end</emphasis>
, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="55" pageNumber="892">the dorsal longitudinal [Ʋentrally?] cutaneous fibers bend dorsally to end on the basement membrane. Laterally</emphasis>
, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="55" pageNumber="892">toaeards the Ʋentral sensory border the cutaneous musculature progressiƲely loses height becoming minimal if not absent. Ventrally it regains height toaeards the median line</emphasis>
, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="55" pageNumber="892">attaining a little more than half the height of the dorsal portion. […] The Ʋentral longitudinal parenchymal [cutaneous?] musculature progressiƲely disappears toaeards the anterior extremity. At the same time it appears there a layer of diagonal fibers interspersed aeith rarer and rarer longitudinal fibers. Presumably the longitudinal fibers change direction anteriorly but it cannot be discerned’</emphasis>
, E. M. 
<bibRefCitation author="Froehlich EM" box="[359,537,1086,1108]" pageId="55" pageNumber="892" pagination="7 - 80" refId="ref37615" refString="Froehlich EM. 1978. On a collection of Chilean land planarians. Boletins de Zoologia da UniVersidade de Sao Paulo 3: 7 - 80." type="journal article" year="1978">Froehlich, 1978</bibRefCitation>
, p. 22). The presence of two taxonomically relevant diagnostic features of 
<taxonomicName authority="Almeida &amp; Álvarez-Presas &amp; Carbayo, 2023" authorityName="Almeida &amp; Álvarez-Presas &amp; Carbayo" authorityYear="2023" box="[163,308,1148,1170]" family="Geoplanidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tricladida" pageId="55" pageNumber="893" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="tribe" status="tribe nov." tribe="Sarcoplanini">Sarcoplanini</taxonomicName>
, namely, branched glands associated with the prostatic vesicle and genital musculoglandular organs, could not be verified since the individuals are only partially mature.
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="55.[163,779,197,1722]" pageId="55" pageNumber="892">
<taxonomicName authorityName="E. M. Froehlich" authorityYear="1978" box="[187,258,1271,1292]" family="Geoplanidae" genus="Liana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tricladida" pageId="55" pageNumber="892" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[187,258,1271,1292]" italics="true" pageId="55" pageNumber="892">Liana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
does not fit in any of the remaining tribes because it lacks the following features: carinate dorsal side, musculoglandular organs in the female atrium (
<taxonomicName authority="Almeida &amp; Álvarez-Presas &amp; Carbayo, 2023" authorityName="Almeida &amp; Álvarez-Presas &amp; Carbayo" authorityYear="2023" box="[257,410,1362,1384]" family="Geoplanidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tricladida" pageId="55" pageNumber="893" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="tribe" status="tribe nov." tribe="Adinoplanini">Adinoplanini</taxonomicName>
); body leaf-like with dorsal eyes (Geoplanini); anterior region of the body triangular, ventral and dorsal longitudinal cutaneous muscle sunken into the parenchyma, sensory pits (
<taxonomicName authority="Almeida &amp; Álvarez-Presas &amp; Carbayo, 2023" authorityName="Almeida &amp; Álvarez-Presas &amp; Carbayo" authorityYear="2023" box="[659,767,1454,1476]" family="Geoplanidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tricladida" pageId="55" pageNumber="893" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="tribe" status="tribe nov." tribe="Gusanini">Gusanini</taxonomicName>
); long pharyngeal pouch (
<taxonomicName authority="Almeida &amp; Álvarez-Presas &amp; Carbayo, 2023" authorityName="Almeida &amp; Álvarez-Presas &amp; Carbayo" authorityYear="2023" box="[465,578,1485,1507]" class="Mammalia" family="Cervidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="55" pageNumber="893" phylum="Chordata" rank="tribe" status="tribe nov." tribe="Haranini">Haranini</taxonomicName>
and Timymini); dilated female genital ducts (
<taxonomicName authority="Almeida &amp; Álvarez-Presas &amp; Carbayo, 2023" authorityName="Almeida &amp; Álvarez-Presas &amp; Carbayo" authorityYear="2023" box="[484,626,1516,1538]" family="Geoplanidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tricladida" pageId="55" pageNumber="893" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="tribe" status="tribe nov." tribe="Inakayaliini">Inakayaliini</taxonomicName>
); transneural parenchymal muscle of diagonal fibres (
<taxonomicName authority="Almeida &amp; Álvarez-Presas &amp; Carbayo, 2023" authorityName="Almeida &amp; Álvarez-Presas &amp; Carbayo" authorityYear="2023" box="[630,767,1546,1568]" pageId="55" pageNumber="893" rank="tribe" status="tribe nov." tribe="Myoplanini">Myoplanini</taxonomicName>
); extraordinarily wide and flattened body, marginal eyes, subneural parenchymal of transverse muscle and a transneural parenchymal layer of longitudinal muscle (
<taxonomicName authority="Almeida &amp; Álvarez-Presas &amp; Carbayo, 2023" authorityName="Almeida &amp; Álvarez-Presas &amp; Carbayo" authorityYear="2023" box="[171,312,1669,1691]" pageId="55" pageNumber="893" rank="tribe" status="tribe nov." tribe="Polycladini">Polycladini</taxonomicName>
); semi-lunate head plate (Timymini). Therefore, we place the genus 
<taxonomicName authorityName="E. M. Froehlich" authorityYear="1978" box="[508,576,1700,1721]" family="Geoplanidae" genus="Liana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tricladida" pageId="55" pageNumber="892" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[508,576,1700,1721]" italics="true" pageId="55" pageNumber="892">Liana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in 
<taxonomicName authority="Almeida &amp; Álvarez-Presas &amp; Carbayo, 2023" authorityName="Almeida &amp; Álvarez-Presas &amp; Carbayo" authorityYear="2023" box="[613,761,1700,1722]" family="Geoplanidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tricladida" pageId="55" pageNumber="893" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="tribe" status="tribe nov." tribe="Sarcoplanini">Sarcoplanini</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>