435 lines
58 KiB
XML
435 lines
58 KiB
XML
<document id="AB7AA7959CC1013389930DB905615A41" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.3955.2.4" ID-GBIF-Dataset="ab2e49ce-f664-4acf-840e-11b38494dcd7" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="245721" ID-ZooBank="828A05F3-D367-498A-ABDB-70E1126EAE47" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1461050094748" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Larivière, Marie-Claude & Larochelle, André" docDate="2015" docId="03C02354FF1F7F2CFF42F8991F004E1D" docLanguage="en" docName="zt03955p266.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 3955 (2)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Zemacrosaldula australis White 1876, new combination" docType="treatment" docVersion="12" lastPageNumber="251" masterDocId="FFF95B2CFF1B7F2AFFD5FFC31B554968" masterDocTitle="Zemacrosaldula, a new genus of Saldidae (Hemiptera: Heteroptera) from New Zealand: taxonomy, geographic distribution, and biology" masterLastPageNumber="266" masterPageNumber="245" pageNumber="249" updateTime="1698578476672" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:title id="15191B7728F159BD3BF8FBEC530883E2">Zemacrosaldula, a new genus of Saldidae (Hemiptera: Heteroptera) from New Zealand: taxonomy, geographic distribution, and biology</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="8125AE181798DDB43AD7E0637CEB93F7">Larivière, Marie-Claude</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="8466FE51544CF5FC4BC0FB527FEFFE41">Larochelle, André</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="312BF245BE1EFA9C0DBE71A35BEBCAE0">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="50747185E9E882B0A54DD8D7D244B171">2015</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="C8E3D2B84F94A78753D83E0990F01F17">3955</mods:number>
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<treatment id="03C02354FF1F7F2CFF42F8991F004E1D" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5616540" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119611692" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5616540" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03C02354FF1F7F2CFF42F8991F004E1D" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C02354FF1F7F2CFF42F8991F004E1D" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="251" pageId="4" pageNumber="249">
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<subSubSection id="C373C1C9FF1F7F2EFF42F899180D4E1D" box="[151,856,1882,1909]" pageId="4" pageNumber="249" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BD69242FF1F7F2EFF42F899180D4E1D" blockId="4.[151,856,1882,1909]" box="[151,856,1882,1909]" pageId="4" pageNumber="249">
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<heading id="D09E252EFF1F7F2EFF42F899180D4E1D" bold="true" box="[151,856,1882,1909]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="249" reason="1">
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<emphasis id="B91D4E50FF1F7F2EFF42F899180D4E1D" bold="true" box="[151,856,1882,1909]" pageId="4" pageNumber="249">
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<taxonomicName id="4C69E9C1FF1F7F2EFF42F899192F4E1D" ID-CoL="5D27B" authority="White, 1876" authorityName="White" authorityYear="1876" box="[151,634,1882,1909]" class="Insecta" family="Saldidae" genus="Zemacrosaldula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="249" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="australis" status="comb. nov.">
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<emphasis id="B91D4E50FF1F7F2EFF42F8991A9F4E1C" bold="true" box="[151,458,1882,1908]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="249">Zemacrosaldula australis</emphasis>
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="EFF8EFB3FF1F7F2EFE0CF89819274E1D" author="White" box="[473,626,1883,1909]" pageId="4" pageNumber="249" refString="White, F. B. (1876) Descriptions of three new species of Hemiptera - Heteroptera from New Zealand. Entomologist's Monthly Magazine, 13, 105 - 106." type="journal article" year="1876">White, 1876</bibRefCitation>
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)
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</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="A22EF32BFF1F7F2EFD57F898180D4E1D" box="[642,856,1883,1909]" pageId="4" pageNumber="249">new combination</taxonomicNameLabel>
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C373C1C9FF1F7F2EFF42F86219D54E9C" pageId="4" pageNumber="249" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="8BD69242FF1F7F2EFF42F86219764EBE" blockId="4.[151,1290,1953,2036]" pageId="4" pageNumber="249">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB79B56CFF1F7F2EFF42F86219764EBE" pageId="4" pageNumber="249">
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<taxonomicName id="4C69E9C1FF1F7F2EFF42F8621ABC4EDF" ID-CoL="79C4G" authority="White, 1876: 106" authorityName="White" authorityPageNumber="106" authorityYear="1876" box="[151,489,1953,1975]" class="Insecta" family="Saldidae" genus="Salda" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="249" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="australis">
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<emphasis id="B91D4E50FF1F7F2EFF42F8621A654EDF" box="[151,304,1953,1975]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="249">Salda australis</emphasis>
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<treatmentCitation id="0AC8B453FF1F7F2EFEE3F8621ABC4EDF" author="White" box="[310,489,1953,1975]" page="106" pageId="4" pageNumber="249" year="1876">
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<bibRefCitation id="EFF8EFB3FF1F7F2EFEE3F8621AE34EDF" author="White" box="[310,438,1953,1975]" pageId="4" pageNumber="249" refString="White, F. B. (1876) Descriptions of three new species of Hemiptera - Heteroptera from New Zealand. Entomologist's Monthly Magazine, 13, 105 - 106." type="journal article" year="1876">White, 1876</bibRefCitation>
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: 106
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</treatmentCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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.
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<typeStatus id="54D22CE0FF1F7F2EFE26F86219044EDF" box="[499,593,1953,1975]" pageId="4" pageNumber="249" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
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male (BMNH; seen by
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<bibRefCitation id="EFF8EFB3FF1F7F2EFC96F8621F3F4EDF" author="Lariviere" box="[835,1130,1953,1975]" pageId="4" pageNumber="249" refString="Lariviere, M. - C. & Larochelle, A (2004) Heteroptera (Insecta: Hemiptera): catalogue. Fauna of New Zealand, 50, 1 - 330." type="journal article" year="2004">Larivière & Larochelle 2004</bibRefCitation>
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);
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<collectingCountry id="F37ED2D2FF1F7F2EFBAEF8611E534EDF" box="[1147,1286,1953,1975]" name="New Zealand" pageId="4" pageNumber="249">New Zealand</collectingCountry>
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.
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<taxonomicName id="4C69E9C1FF1F7F2EFF42F803194A4EBE" authority="Kirkaldy, 1909: 27" authorityName="Kirkaldy" authorityPageNumber="27" authorityYear="1909" box="[151,543,1984,2006]" class="Insecta" family="Piesmatidae" genus="Acanthia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="249" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="australis">
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<emphasis id="B91D4E50FF1F7F2EFF42F8031A044EBE" box="[151,337,1984,2006]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="249">Acanthia australis</emphasis>
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:
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<treatmentCitation id="0AC8B453FF1F7F2EFE8BF803194A4EBE" author="Kirkaldy" box="[350,543,1984,2006]" page="27" pageId="4" pageNumber="249" year="1909">
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<bibRefCitation id="EFF8EFB3FF1F7F2EFE8BF8031AAC4EBE" author="Kirkaldy" box="[350,505,1984,2006]" pageId="4" pageNumber="249" refString="Kirkaldy, G. W. (1909) A list of the Hemiptera (excluding Sternorrhyncha) of the Maorian subregion, with notes on a few of the species. Transactions of the New Zealand Institute, 41, 22 - 29." type="journal article" year="1909">Kirkaldy, 1909</bibRefCitation>
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: 27
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</treatmentCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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.
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</treatmentCitationGroup>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BD69242FF1F7F2EFF42F81D19D54E9C" blockId="4.[151,1290,1953,2036]" box="[151,640,2014,2036]" pageId="4" pageNumber="249">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB79B56CFF1F7F2EFF42F81D19D54E9C" box="[151,640,2014,2036]" pageId="4" pageNumber="249">
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<taxonomicName id="4C69E9C1FF1F7F2EFF42F81D19294E9C" ID-CoL="79C3G" authority="Drake & Hoberlandt, 1950: 7" authorityName="Drake & Hoberlandt" authorityPageNumber="7" authorityYear="1950" box="[151,636,2014,2036]" class="Insecta" family="Saldidae" genus="Saldula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="249" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="australis">
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<emphasis id="B91D4E50FF1F7F2EFF42F81D1A164E9C" box="[151,323,2014,2036]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="249">Saldula australis</emphasis>
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:
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<treatmentCitation id="0AC8B453FF1F7F2EFE85F81D19294E9C" author="Drake" box="[336,636,2014,2036]" page="7" pageId="4" pageNumber="249" year="1950">
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<bibRefCitation id="EFF8EFB3FF1F7F2EFE85F81D19364E9C" author="Drake" box="[336,611,2014,2036]" pageId="4" pageNumber="249" refString="Drake, C. J. & Hoberlandt, L. (1950) Catalogue of genera and species of Saldidae (Hemiptera). Acta Entomologica Musei Nationalis Pragae, 26 (376), 1 - 12." type="journal article" year="1950">Drake & Hoberlandt, 1950</bibRefCitation>
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: 7
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</treatmentCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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.
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</treatmentCitationGroup>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C373C1C9FF1E7F2FFF42FF541F124FF0" pageId="5" pageNumber="250" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BD69242FF1E7F2FFF42FF541AE64F1C" blockId="5.[151,1437,151,2025]" pageId="5" pageNumber="250">
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<emphasis id="B91D4E50FF1E7F2FFF42FF541A7449D8" bold="true" box="[151,289,151,176]" pageId="5" pageNumber="250">Description</emphasis>
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. Body length 4.22–5.89 (4.91) mm; elongate-ovate (
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<figureCitation id="13528EC7FF1E7F2FFC70FF5418B849D8" box="[933,1005,151,176]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 4" captionStartId="7.[151,264,1984,2006]" captionTargetBox="[199,1354,208,1910]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[175,1396,195,1934]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 4. Dorsal views of Zemacrosaldula species (legs and antennae omitted). Scale bar = 1 mm. (1) Z. australis, (2) Z. kapekape, (3) Z. whakarunga, (4) Z. pangare." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/245722/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="250">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
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). Dorsal colour largely black, with uniformly dark or narrowly pale lateral margins of pronotum and several whitish markings on hemelytra; frequently with irregular coalesced marks on exocorium. Facial colour (
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<figureCitation id="13528EC7FF1E7F2FFC60FF1C1F4C4990" box="[949,1049,223,248]" captionStart="FIGURES 5 – 10" captionStartId="8.[151,264,1964,1986]" captionTargetBox="[197,1380,219,1902]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[175,1415,193,1932]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURES 5 – 10. Facial views of Zemacrosaldula species. (5 – 7) Z. australis, (8) Z. kapekape, (9) Z. whakarunga, (10) Z. pangare." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/245723/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="250">Figs 5–7</figureCitation>
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) slightly to moderately contrasted. Head, pronotum and scutellum slightly shiny, contrasting slightly against mostly dull hemelytra. Dorsal pubescence short, reclined to semi-erect, whitish, more or less evenly distributed. Dorsal microsculpture rugulose on head, pronotum and scutellum.
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<emphasis id="B91D4E50FF1E7F2FFDF4FE8F1934480D" bold="true" box="[545,609,332,357]" pageId="5" pageNumber="250">Head</emphasis>
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black. Face (
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<figureCitation id="13528EC7FF1E7F2FFD2CFE8F180B480D" box="[761,862,332,357]" captionStart="FIGURES 5 – 10" captionStartId="8.[151,264,1964,1986]" captionTargetBox="[197,1380,219,1902]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[175,1415,193,1932]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURES 5 – 10. Facial views of Zemacrosaldula species. (5 – 7) Z. australis, (8) Z. kapekape, (9) Z. whakarunga, (10) Z. pangare." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/245723/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="250">Figs 5–7</figureCitation>
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) pubescent. Transverse swelling whitish yellow to pale brown; lateral portions separated by a narrow to rather wide dark gap or, rarely, almost contiguous (nearly touching) near facial midline. Mandibular plates whitish yellow to pale brown or nearly black. Maxillary plates, anteclypeus and labrum whitish yellow to pale brown; anteclypeus often marked with brown basally.
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<emphasis id="B91D4E50FF1E7F2FFAF9FE7B1EC948B8" bold="true" box="[1324,1436,440,464]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="250">Antennae</emphasis>
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4.07–4.33x longer than pronotum + collar medially, largely dark; segment I whitish yellow to yellowish brown, with ventral and dorsal sides dark brown to black (often striped), sometimes nearly entirely black; segment II dark brown to black, often paler in apical fourth, 2.40–2.77x longer than segment I; segments III–IV dark brown to black, sometimes slightly darker than segment II.
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<emphasis id="B91D4E50FF1E7F2FFD37FD84186E4B08" bold="true" box="[738,827,583,608]" pageId="5" pageNumber="250">Thorax</emphasis>
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. Lateral margins of pronotum subrectilinear to very slightly sinuate-concave, uniformly dark or, more rarely, narrowly pale (pale area usually narrower than, sometimes about as wide as antennal segment II). Underside black, with sharply contrasting broadly or narrowly pale acetabula I–III (acetabulum III rarely completely dark) and partially (posterior quarter to half) to almost completely pale lateral margins; pubescence rather dense, silvery, appressed (except for glabrous lateral margins).
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<emphasis id="B91D4E50FF1E7F2FFF42FD3F1B9B4A7B" bold="true" box="[151,206,764,787]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="250">Legs</emphasis>
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moderately dark; fore, mid femora, and often hind femora striped with dark brown to nearly black on ventral and dorsal sides, along part or entire length, otherwise whitish yellow with some brown spots, or, nearly completely black; tibiae with dark brown to black dorsal stripe over most of length (mid and hind tibiae often infuscate only) and black subapical annulus, otherwise whitish yellow with dark spines; hind tibiae 2.70–2.76x longer than tarsal segments II+III combined; tarsal segment II darkened or not apically, otherwise whitish yellow, segment III brown in apical half (more rarely completely brown); pretarsal claws long, about half the length of tarsal segment III. Scutellum black, 1.76–1.91x longer than pronotum + collar medially.
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<emphasis id="B91D4E50FF1E7F2FFC6CFC101F674A84" bold="true" box="[953,1074,979,1004]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="250">Hemelytra</emphasis>
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: corium (
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<figureCitation id="13528EC7FF1E7F2FFB70FC171FA34A84" box="[1189,1270,980,1005]" captionStart="FIGURES 11 – 12" captionStartId="9.[151,264,1958,1980]" captionTargetBox="[184,1400,210,1918]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[163,1415,193,1932]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURES 11 – 12. Eunomy (left corium), with more frequently observed pigmentation patterns indicated by an asterisk (*). (11) Zemacrosaldula australis (cl = clavus, en = endocorium, ex = exocorium), (12) Z. kapekape." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/245724/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="250">Fig. 11</figureCitation>
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) largely black with several irregular, often coalesced, whitish markings; endocorium with a line of four pale spots along R vein, a few additional spots subapically along membrane, and sometimes a longitudinal mark about middle; exocorium frequently with rather large irregular coalesced markings on basal third to three-quarters and an irregularly shaped medial mark subapically; colour pattern in female consistent with that of male but often paler overall with broader markings; pale markings in darker individuals not coalesced, reduced in size and numbers, with line of four spots still visible but reduced to diminutive spots or speckles; corium in darkest individuals almost entirely black with only a few speckles; corium and clavus largely pruinose; basal pale spot of clavus present or absent; subapical pale spot of clavus present or, more rarely, absent; membrane dark brown to black basally with a pale mark near tip of clavus, brown medially within cells, pale elsewhere, and with dark brown to black veins.
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<emphasis id="B91D4E50FF1E7F2FFB50FAD41FAF4C58" bold="true" box="[1157,1274,1303,1328]" pageId="5" pageNumber="250">Abdomen</emphasis>
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. Venter black, with or without posterior margin of most segments narrowly pale (generally more broadly pale in female). Pubescence rather dense, silvery, appressed in both sexes.
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<emphasis id="B91D4E50FF1E7F2FFC81FA9C1F454C10" bold="true" box="[852,1040,1375,1400]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="250">Male parandria</emphasis>
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(
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<figureCitation id="13528EC7FF1E7F2FFBF1FA9C1F2E4C10" box="[1060,1147,1375,1400]" captionStart="FIGURES 15 – 24" captionStartId="11.[151,264,1877,1899]" captionTargetBox="[211,1353,202,1827]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[195,1365,193,1847]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURES 15 – 24. Schematic views of male genitalia. (15 – 18) Paramere, ventral view. (15) Zemacrosaldula australis, (16) Z. kapekape (ph = processus hamatus), (17) Z. whakarunga (ps = processus sensualis), (18) Z. pangare. (19 – 20) Parandria, posterior view. (19) Z. australis, (20) Z. whakarunga. (21 – 22) Anterior half of aedeagus, lateral view. (21) Z. australis, (22) Z. whakarunga. (23) Sclerites of aedeagus, Z. australis, ventral view. (24 – 25) Filum gonopori, lateral view. (24) Z. australis, (25) Z. whakarunga." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/245726/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="250">Fig. 19</figureCitation>
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) narrowly subtriangular, acuminate at tip; inner margins evenly curved; basal margin slightly sinuate.
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<emphasis id="B91D4E50FF1E7F2FFBCCFA401F994CF3" bold="true" box="[1049,1228,1411,1436]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="250">Male paramere</emphasis>
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(
|
||
<figureCitation id="13528EC7FF1E7F2FFB0AFA471E614CF5" box="[1247,1332,1412,1437]" captionStart="FIGURES 15 – 24" captionStartId="11.[151,264,1877,1899]" captionTargetBox="[211,1353,202,1827]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[195,1365,193,1847]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURES 15 – 24. Schematic views of male genitalia. (15 – 18) Paramere, ventral view. (15) Zemacrosaldula australis, (16) Z. kapekape (ph = processus hamatus), (17) Z. whakarunga (ps = processus sensualis), (18) Z. pangare. (19 – 20) Parandria, posterior view. (19) Z. australis, (20) Z. whakarunga. (21 – 22) Anterior half of aedeagus, lateral view. (21) Z. australis, (22) Z. whakarunga. (23) Sclerites of aedeagus, Z. australis, ventral view. (24 – 25) Filum gonopori, lateral view. (24) Z. australis, (25) Z. whakarunga." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/245726/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="250">Fig. 15</figureCitation>
|
||
) without distinct processus sensualis; instead, with flat cuticular surface bearing less than 10 setae; processus hamatus acuminate and slightly upturned at tip. Apical half of
|
||
<emphasis id="B91D4E50FF1E7F2FFD26FA0818C84C8C" bold="true" box="[755,925,1483,1508]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="250">male aedeagus</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="13528EC7FF1E7F2FFC78FA0F1F544C8C" box="[941,1025,1484,1509]" captionStart="FIGURES 15 – 24" captionStartId="11.[151,264,1877,1899]" captionTargetBox="[211,1353,202,1827]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[195,1365,193,1847]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURES 15 – 24. Schematic views of male genitalia. (15 – 18) Paramere, ventral view. (15) Zemacrosaldula australis, (16) Z. kapekape (ph = processus hamatus), (17) Z. whakarunga (ps = processus sensualis), (18) Z. pangare. (19 – 20) Parandria, posterior view. (19) Z. australis, (20) Z. whakarunga. (21 – 22) Anterior half of aedeagus, lateral view. (21) Z. australis, (22) Z. whakarunga. (23) Sclerites of aedeagus, Z. australis, ventral view. (24 – 25) Filum gonopori, lateral view. (24) Z. australis, (25) Z. whakarunga." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/245726/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="250">Fig. 21</figureCitation>
|
||
), in lateral view, with 3 main visible sclerites (elongate median sclerite; subelongate, bent anterolateral sclerite; small, often subtriangular anterolateral sclerite). Male aedeagal sclerites, in ventral view, as in
|
||
<figureCitation id="13528EC7FF1E7F2FFCC1F9D7183D4F44" box="[788,872,1556,1581]" captionStart="FIGURES 15 – 24" captionStartId="11.[151,264,1877,1899]" captionTargetBox="[211,1353,202,1827]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[195,1365,193,1847]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURES 15 – 24. Schematic views of male genitalia. (15 – 18) Paramere, ventral view. (15) Zemacrosaldula australis, (16) Z. kapekape (ph = processus hamatus), (17) Z. whakarunga (ps = processus sensualis), (18) Z. pangare. (19 – 20) Parandria, posterior view. (19) Z. australis, (20) Z. whakarunga. (21 – 22) Anterior half of aedeagus, lateral view. (21) Z. australis, (22) Z. whakarunga. (23) Sclerites of aedeagus, Z. australis, ventral view. (24 – 25) Filum gonopori, lateral view. (24) Z. australis, (25) Z. whakarunga." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/245726/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="250">Fig. 23</figureCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B91D4E50FF1E7F2FFCA0F9D01F3D4F44" bold="true" box="[885,1128,1555,1580]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="250">Male filum gonopori</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="13528EC7FF1E7F2FFBAFF9D71F984F44" box="[1146,1229,1556,1581]" captionStart="FIGURES 15 – 24" captionStartId="11.[151,264,1877,1899]" captionTargetBox="[211,1353,202,1827]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[195,1365,193,1847]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURES 15 – 24. Schematic views of male genitalia. (15 – 18) Paramere, ventral view. (15) Zemacrosaldula australis, (16) Z. kapekape (ph = processus hamatus), (17) Z. whakarunga (ps = processus sensualis), (18) Z. pangare. (19 – 20) Parandria, posterior view. (19) Z. australis, (20) Z. whakarunga. (21 – 22) Anterior half of aedeagus, lateral view. (21) Z. australis, (22) Z. whakarunga. (23) Sclerites of aedeagus, Z. australis, ventral view. (24 – 25) Filum gonopori, lateral view. (24) Z. australis, (25) Z. whakarunga." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/245726/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="250">Fig. 24</figureCitation>
|
||
) coiled 1.5 times. Female subgenital plate (segment VII, ventrally) black with apical half pale or plate largely pale.
|
||
<emphasis id="B91D4E50FF1E7F2FFB09F9FB1AF94F1C" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="250">Other characters as in generic description</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD69242FF1E7F2FFF12F9BC1F124FF0" blockId="5.[151,1437,151,2025]" box="[199,1095,1663,1688]" pageId="5" pageNumber="250">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91D4E50FF1E7F2FFF12F9BC1AB24FF0" bold="true" box="[199,487,1663,1688]" pageId="5" pageNumber="250">Geographic distribution</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="13528EC7FF1E7F2FFE22F9BC191E4FF0" box="[503,587,1663,1688]" captionStart="FIGURE 26" captionStartId="17.[151,250,1898,1920]" captionTargetBox="[222,1368,386,1863]" captionTargetId="figure@17.[198,1388,376,1874]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="FIGURE 26. Collecting localities of Zemacrosaldula species, New Zealand." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/245727/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="250">Fig. 26</figureCitation>
|
||
). North Island and northeastern South Island.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C373C1C9FF1E7F2CFF12F9671A1A4BEB" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="251" pageId="5" pageNumber="250" type="materials_examined">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD69242FF1E7F2CFF12F9671A1A4BEB" blockId="5.[151,1437,151,2025]" lastBlockId="6.[151,1437,151,1910]" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="251" pageId="5" pageNumber="250">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91D4E50FF1E7F2FFF12F9671AFD4FD5" bold="true" box="[199,424,1700,1725]" pageId="5" pageNumber="250">Material examined</emphasis>
|
||
. A total of
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D6F59CBFF1E7F2FFDF3F96719994FD5" box="[550,716,1700,1725]" pageId="5" pageNumber="250" type="generic">621 specimens</specimenCount>
|
||
including
|
||
<typeStatus id="54D22CE0FF1E7F2FFC97F96718F24FD5" box="[834,935,1700,1725]" pageId="5" pageNumber="250" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
, from the following localities.
|
||
<emphasis id="B91D4E50FF1E7F2FFB29F9671EC04FD5" bold="true" box="[1276,1429,1700,1725]" pageId="5" pageNumber="250">North Island</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B91D4E50FF1E7F2FFF42F9061BEE4FB6" bold="true" box="[151,187,1733,1758]" pageId="5" pageNumber="250">BP</emphasis>
|
||
—Kaimai Range, Dickey Flat Road end (
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED780A87FF1E7F2FFD71F90519A34FB6" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34070" box="[676,758,1734,1758]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34070" name="New Zealand Arthropod Collection" pageId="5" pageNumber="250">NZAC</collectionCode>
|
||
); Papatea, Waiti Stream (
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED780A87FF1E7F2FFBF5F9051F274FB6" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34070" box="[1056,1138,1734,1758]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34070" name="New Zealand Arthropod Collection" pageId="5" pageNumber="250">NZAC</collectionCode>
|
||
); Urewera National Park, Waimana River Valley, Pohatu Track,
|
||
<quantity id="4C913FA7FF1E7F2FFD97F92419C54F97" box="[578,656,1766,1791]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.2" pageId="5" pageNumber="250" unit="km" value="3.2">3.2 km</quantity>
|
||
E Tauwhare (
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED780A87FF1E7F2FFCFEF924182B4F97" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34070" box="[811,894,1767,1791]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34070" name="New Zealand Arthropod Collection" pageId="5" pageNumber="250">NZAC</collectionCode>
|
||
); Waioeka Gorge, N of Oponae and S of Opotiki (
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED780A87FF1E7F2FFF4AF8CB1BAD4E48" box="[159,248,1800,1824]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/76et-m1kt" name="Auckland Institute and Museum" pageId="5" pageNumber="250">AMNZ</collectionCode>
|
||
).
|
||
<emphasis id="B91D4E50FF1E7F2FFED8F8C41A614E48" bold="true" box="[269,308,1799,1824]" pageId="5" pageNumber="250">CL</emphasis>
|
||
—Coromandel Range, Stony Bay (
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED780A87FF1E7F2FFD1DF8CB184F4E48" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34070" box="[712,794,1800,1824]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34070" name="New Zealand Arthropod Collection" pageId="5" pageNumber="250">NZAC</collectionCode>
|
||
); Coromandel Range, West of Kirikiri Saddle (
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED780A87FF1E7F2FFAE8F8CB1EC54E48" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34070" box="[1341,1424,1800,1824]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34070" name="New Zealand Arthropod Collection" pageId="5" pageNumber="250">NZAC</collectionCode>
|
||
); Coromandel Range, Tapu River Valley (
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED780A87FF1E7F2FFDA1F8E919984E2A" box="[628,717,1834,1858]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/76et-m1kt" name="Auckland Institute and Museum" pageId="5" pageNumber="250">AMNZ</collectionCode>
|
||
).
|
||
<emphasis id="B91D4E50FF1E7F2FFD31F8EA18594E2A" bold="true" box="[740,780,1833,1858]" pageId="5" pageNumber="250">GB</emphasis>
|
||
—Karakatuwhero River Valley, by upper ford (
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED780A87FF1E7F2FFAE8F8E91EC54E2A" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34070" box="[1341,1424,1834,1858]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34070" name="New Zealand Arthropod Collection" pageId="5" pageNumber="250">NZAC</collectionCode>
|
||
); Mangatuna (
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED780A87FF1E7F2FFEFCF8881A294E0B" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34070" box="[297,380,1867,1891]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34070" name="New Zealand Arthropod Collection" pageId="5" pageNumber="250">NZAC</collectionCode>
|
||
); Morere (
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED780A87FF1E7F2FFE29F88819004E0B" box="[508,597,1867,1891]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/76et-m1kt" name="Auckland Institute and Museum" pageId="5" pageNumber="250">AMNZ</collectionCode>
|
||
); Te Awha Stream, Rangitukia Road (
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED780A87FF1E7F2FFBC9F8881F3A4E0B" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34070" box="[1052,1135,1867,1891]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34070" name="New Zealand Arthropod Collection" pageId="5" pageNumber="250">NZAC</collectionCode>
|
||
); Urewera National Park, Aniwaniwa (
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED780A87FF1E7F2FFEFCF8AF1A294EEC" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34070" box="[297,380,1900,1924]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34070" name="New Zealand Arthropod Collection" pageId="5" pageNumber="250">NZAC</collectionCode>
|
||
); Urewera National Park, Te Taita a Makaro (
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED780A87FF1E7F2FFC5EF8AF188B4EEC" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34070" box="[907,990,1900,1924]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34070" name="New Zealand Arthropod Collection" pageId="5" pageNumber="250">NZAC</collectionCode>
|
||
).
|
||
<emphasis id="B91D4E50FF1E7F2FFC27F8AF1F4F4EED" bold="true" box="[1010,1050,1900,1925]" pageId="5" pageNumber="250">HB</emphasis>
|
||
—Kaweka Forest Park, Lawrence Road access, Tutaekuri River (
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED780A87FF1E7F2FFDD7F84D19004ECE" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34070" box="[514,597,1934,1958]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34070" name="New Zealand Arthropod Collection" pageId="5" pageNumber="250">NZAC</collectionCode>
|
||
); Tangoio (near) (
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED780A87FF1E7F2FFCFFF84D18D64ECE" box="[810,899,1934,1958]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/76et-m1kt" name="Auckland Institute and Museum" pageId="5" pageNumber="250">AMNZ</collectionCode>
|
||
); Tukituki River, Pourerere Road,
|
||
<quantity id="4C913FA7FF1E7F2FFAC9F84E1E094ECE" box="[1308,1372,1933,1958]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="5" pageNumber="250" unit="km" value="10.0">10km</quantity>
|
||
E of Waipawa (
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED780A87FF1E7F2FFEDBF86C1A344EAF" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34070" box="[270,353,1967,1991]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34070" name="New Zealand Arthropod Collection" pageId="5" pageNumber="250">NZAC</collectionCode>
|
||
); Wakarara, upper Waipawa River (
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED780A87FF1E7F2FFD26F86C18134EAF" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34070" box="[755,838,1967,1991]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34070" name="New Zealand Arthropod Collection" pageId="5" pageNumber="250">NZAC</collectionCode>
|
||
).
|
||
<emphasis id="B91D4E50FF1E7F2FFC8DF86D18224EAF" bold="true" box="[856,887,1966,1991]" pageId="5" pageNumber="250">RI</emphasis>
|
||
—Kawhatau River, Junction of Toetoe & Potaka Roads (
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED780A87FF1E7F2FFF3AF8131A174E80" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34070" box="[239,322,2000,2024]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34070" name="New Zealand Arthropod Collection" pageId="5" pageNumber="250">NZAC</collectionCode>
|
||
); Mangaweka, Rangitikei River bridge (
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED780A87FF1E7F2FFCC4F813183F4E80" box="[785,874,2000,2024]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/76et-m1kt" name="Auckland Institute and Museum" pageId="5" pageNumber="250">AMNZ</collectionCode>
|
||
); Vinegar Hill, Junction of Vinegar Hill Road & Rangitikei River (
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED780A87FF1D7F2CFEB3FF5B1AEC49D8" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34070" box="[358,441,152,176]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34070" name="New Zealand Arthropod Collection" pageId="6" pageNumber="251">NZAC</collectionCode>
|
||
).
|
||
<emphasis id="B91D4E50FF1D7F2CFE1BFF541AA349D8" bold="true" box="[462,502,151,176]" pageId="6" pageNumber="251">TK</emphasis>
|
||
—Inglewood, Manganui River (
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED780A87FF1D7F2CFCBCFF5B189749D8" box="[873,962,152,176]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/76et-m1kt" name="Auckland Institute and Museum" pageId="6" pageNumber="251">AMNZ</collectionCode>
|
||
); Mangorei (
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED780A87FF1D7F2CFB82FF5B1FE549D8" box="[1111,1200,152,176]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/76et-m1kt" name="Auckland Institute and Museum" pageId="6" pageNumber="251">AMNZ</collectionCode>
|
||
); Mount Egmont (N side) (
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED780A87FF1D7F2CFF35FF7A1A6C49B9" box="[224,313,185,209]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/76et-m1kt" name="Auckland Institute and Museum" pageId="6" pageNumber="251">AMNZ</collectionCode>
|
||
).
|
||
<emphasis id="B91D4E50FF1D7F2CFE9AFF7A1A2349BA" bold="true" box="[335,374,185,210]" pageId="6" pageNumber="251">TO</emphasis>
|
||
—Lake Taupo (
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED780A87FF1D7F2CFDFAFF7A19DD49B9" box="[559,648,185,209]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/76et-m1kt" name="Auckland Institute and Museum" pageId="6" pageNumber="251">AMNZ</collectionCode>
|
||
); Mount Ruapehu (Whakapapanui Stream above Chateau (
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED780A87FF1D7F2CFAE2FF7A1EC549B9" box="[1335,1424,185,209]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/76et-m1kt" name="Auckland Institute and Museum" pageId="6" pageNumber="251">AMNZ</collectionCode>
|
||
); Whakapapanui Stream, dam (
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED780A87FF1D7F2CFE39FF181911499B" box="[492,580,219,243]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/76et-m1kt" name="Auckland Institute and Museum" pageId="6" pageNumber="251">AMNZ</collectionCode>
|
||
)); Owhango, Whakapapa River (
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED780A87FF1D7F2CFC16FF181F49499B" box="[963,1052,219,243]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/76et-m1kt" name="Auckland Institute and Museum" pageId="6" pageNumber="251">AMNZ</collectionCode>
|
||
); Taupo (
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED780A87FF1D7F2CFB5EFF181F88499B" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34070" box="[1163,1245,219,243]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34070" name="New Zealand Arthropod Collection" pageId="6" pageNumber="251">NZAC</collectionCode>
|
||
); Whakapapanui Stream, Junction of Mahuia Rapid & Highway 47 (
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED780A87FF1D7F2CFD01FF3F1872487C" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34070" box="[724,807,252,276]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34070" name="New Zealand Arthropod Collection" pageId="6" pageNumber="251">NZAC</collectionCode>
|
||
).
|
||
<emphasis id="B91D4E50FF1D7F2CFCEDFF3F1837487D" bold="true" box="[824,866,252,277]" pageId="6" pageNumber="251">WA</emphasis>
|
||
—Dannevirke, Manawatu River, Aerodrome Road end (
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED780A87FF1D7F2CFF04FEDD1A76485E" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34070" box="[209,291,286,310]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34070" name="New Zealand Arthropod Collection" pageId="6" pageNumber="251">NZAC</collectionCode>
|
||
); Makaretu River,
|
||
<quantity id="4C913FA7FF1D7F2CFE29FEDD196D485E" box="[508,568,285,310]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="6" pageNumber="251" unit="km" value="2.0">2 km</quantity>
|
||
N of Takapau (
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED780A87FF1D7F2CFD25FEDD1816485E" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34070" box="[752,835,286,310]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34070" name="New Zealand Arthropod Collection" pageId="6" pageNumber="251">NZAC</collectionCode>
|
||
); Mangatewainui River, Junction with Gundry Road (
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED780A87FF1D7F2CFF4AFEFC1BA7483F" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34070" box="[159,242,319,343]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34070" name="New Zealand Arthropod Collection" pageId="6" pageNumber="251">NZAC</collectionCode>
|
||
).
|
||
<emphasis id="B91D4E50FF1D7F2CFED1FEFD1A7E483F" bold="true" box="[260,299,318,343]" pageId="6" pageNumber="251">WI</emphasis>
|
||
—Whangaehu River,
|
||
<quantity id="4C913FA7FF1D7F2CFDCBFEFD1905483F" box="[542,592,318,343]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="6" pageNumber="251" unit="km" value="5.0">5km</quantity>
|
||
N of Mangamahu (
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED780A87FF1D7F2CFCFEFEFC182B483F" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34070" box="[811,894,319,343]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34070" name="New Zealand Arthropod Collection" pageId="6" pageNumber="251">NZAC</collectionCode>
|
||
).
|
||
<emphasis id="B91D4E50FF1D7F2CFC5AFEFD18EA483F" bold="true" box="[911,959,318,343]" pageId="6" pageNumber="251">WN</emphasis>
|
||
—Kimberley Scenic Reserve (S of Levin), Ohau River (
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED780A87FF1D7F2CFEFDFEA31A2E4810" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34070" box="[296,379,352,376]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34070" name="New Zealand Arthropod Collection" pageId="6" pageNumber="251">NZAC</collectionCode>
|
||
); Ngatiawa River (
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED780A87FF1D7F2CFD98FEA319F54810" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34070" box="[589,672,352,376]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34070" name="New Zealand Arthropod Collection" pageId="6" pageNumber="251">NZAC</collectionCode>
|
||
); Otaki (
|
||
<quantity id="4C913FA7FF1D7F2CFCD5FE9C186F4810" box="[768,826,351,376]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" pageId="6" pageNumber="251" unit="km" value="6.0">6 km</quantity>
|
||
S (
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED780A87FF1D7F2CFCB5FEA318E74810" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34070" box="[864,946,352,376]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34070" name="New Zealand Arthropod Collection" pageId="6" pageNumber="251">NZAC</collectionCode>
|
||
);
|
||
<quantity id="4C913FA7FF1D7F2CFC10FE9C18AB4810" box="[965,1022,351,376]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" pageId="6" pageNumber="251" unit="km" value="6.0">6 km</quantity>
|
||
SE (
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED780A87FF1D7F2CFBE0FEA31FD24810" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34070" box="[1077,1159,352,376]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34070" name="New Zealand Arthropod Collection" pageId="6" pageNumber="251">NZAC</collectionCode>
|
||
)); Otaki Forks (
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED780A87FF1D7F2CFAEDFEA31EC44810" box="[1336,1425,352,376]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/76et-m1kt" name="Auckland Institute and Museum" pageId="6" pageNumber="251">AMNZ</collectionCode>
|
||
).
|
||
<emphasis id="B91D4E50FF1D7F2CFF42FE421B9C48F2" bold="true" box="[151,201,385,410]" pageId="6" pageNumber="251">WO</emphasis>
|
||
—Mangaotaki River, S of PioPio (
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED780A87FF1D7F2CFD85FE4219FC48F1" box="[592,681,385,409]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/76et-m1kt" name="Auckland Institute and Museum" pageId="6" pageNumber="251">AMNZ</collectionCode>
|
||
).
|
||
<emphasis id="B91D4E50FF1D7F2CFD69FE42180048F2" bold="true" box="[700,853,385,410]" pageId="6" pageNumber="251">South Island</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B91D4E50FF1D7F2CFCB1FE4218DE48F2" bold="true" box="[868,907,385,410]" pageId="6" pageNumber="251">BR</emphasis>
|
||
—Buller River, Gowan River Bridge (
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED780A87FF1D7F2CFAE8FE421EC548F1" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34070" box="[1341,1424,385,409]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34070" name="New Zealand Arthropod Collection" pageId="6" pageNumber="251">NZAC</collectionCode>
|
||
); Maruia River, Maruia Falls (
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED780A87FF1D7F2CFE35FE60196648D3" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34070" box="[480,563,419,443]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34070" name="New Zealand Arthropod Collection" pageId="6" pageNumber="251">NZAC</collectionCode>
|
||
); Rotokohu, Inangahua River (
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED780A87FF1D7F2CFC41FE6018B348D3" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34070" box="[916,998,419,443]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34070" name="New Zealand Arthropod Collection" pageId="6" pageNumber="251">NZAC</collectionCode>
|
||
); Inangahua area, White Cliffs, Buller River (
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED780A87FF1D7F2CFF32FE071A1548B4" box="[231,320,452,476]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/76et-m1kt" name="Auckland Institute and Museum" pageId="6" pageNumber="251">AMNZ</collectionCode>
|
||
).
|
||
<emphasis id="B91D4E50FF1D7F2CFE80FE071A2A48B5" bold="true" box="[341,383,452,477]" pageId="6" pageNumber="251">KA</emphasis>
|
||
—Clarence River mouth (
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED780A87FF1D7F2CFD7EFE0719AB48B4" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34070" box="[683,766,452,476]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34070" name="New Zealand Arthropod Collection" pageId="6" pageNumber="251">NZAC</collectionCode>
|
||
); Clarence River,
|
||
<quantity id="4C913FA7FF1D7F2CFC05FE071F4E48B5" box="[976,1051,452,477]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.2" pageId="6" pageNumber="251" unit="km" value="12.0">12 km</quantity>
|
||
inland via Clarence Valley Road (
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED780A87FF1D7F2CFF4AFE251BA74896" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34070" box="[159,242,486,510]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34070" name="New Zealand Arthropod Collection" pageId="6" pageNumber="251">NZAC</collectionCode>
|
||
); Oaro (
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED780A87FF1D7F2CFE86FE251AF64896" box="[339,419,486,510]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/n5zm-bhpt" name="Lincoln University Entomology Research Museum" pageId="6" pageNumber="251">LUNZ</collectionCode>
|
||
), Omihi Stream mouth (
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED780A87FF1D7F2CFD17FE2518464896" box="[706,787,486,510]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/n5zm-bhpt" name="Lincoln University Entomology Research Museum" pageId="6" pageNumber="251">LUNZ</collectionCode>
|
||
).
|
||
<emphasis id="B91D4E50FF1D7F2CFCFCFE2618034896" bold="true" box="[809,854,485,510]" pageId="6" pageNumber="251">MB</emphasis>
|
||
—Pelorus River, Daltons Bridge (
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED780A87FF1D7F2CFB37FE251E604896" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34070" box="[1250,1333,486,510]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34070" name="New Zealand Arthropod Collection" pageId="6" pageNumber="251">NZAC</collectionCode>
|
||
); Wairau River (
|
||
<quantity id="4C913FA7FF1D7F2CFF3FFDC51A154B77" box="[234,320,518,543]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" pageId="6" pageNumber="251" unit="km" value="2.5">2.5 km</quantity>
|
||
N of Leatham Road (
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED780A87FF1D7F2CFD87FDC419F14B77" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34070" box="[594,676,519,543]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34070" name="New Zealand Arthropod Collection" pageId="6" pageNumber="251">NZAC</collectionCode>
|
||
); Church Lane end (
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED780A87FF1D7F2CFC75FDC418A74B77" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34070" box="[928,1010,519,543]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34070" name="New Zealand Arthropod Collection" pageId="6" pageNumber="251">NZAC</collectionCode>
|
||
)).
|
||
<emphasis id="B91D4E50FF1D7F2CFBC1FDC51F164B77" bold="true" box="[1044,1091,518,543]" pageId="6" pageNumber="251">MC</emphasis>
|
||
—Highway 73, 15 km W of Springfield (
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED780A87FF1D7F2CFEF6FDEB1A234B28" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34070" box="[291,374,552,576]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34070" name="New Zealand Arthropod Collection" pageId="6" pageNumber="251">NZAC</collectionCode>
|
||
); Rakaia River (
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED780A87FF1D7F2CFDFCFDEB19294B28" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34070" box="[553,636,552,576]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34070" name="New Zealand Arthropod Collection" pageId="6" pageNumber="251">NZAC</collectionCode>
|
||
); Waimakariri Gorge (
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED780A87FF1D7F2CFCA6FDEB189F4B28" box="[883,970,552,576]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/n6z3-qvv0" name="Canterbury Museum" pageId="6" pageNumber="251">CMNZ</collectionCode>
|
||
), N of Waddington (
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED780A87FF1D7F2CFB79FDEB1FAA4B28" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34070" box="[1196,1279,552,576]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34070" name="New Zealand Arthropod Collection" pageId="6" pageNumber="251">NZAC</collectionCode>
|
||
); Waimakariri River (
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED780A87FF1D7F2CFF30FD8A1A694B09" box="[229,316,585,609]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/n6z3-qvv0" name="Canterbury Museum" pageId="6" pageNumber="251">CMNZ</collectionCode>
|
||
).
|
||
<emphasis id="B91D4E50FF1D7F2CFE85FD8A1A2D4B0A" bold="true" box="[336,376,585,610]" pageId="6" pageNumber="251">NC</emphasis>
|
||
—Hurunui Bridge (N side) (
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED780A87FF1D7F2CFD6FFD8A18444B09" box="[698,785,585,609]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/n6z3-qvv0" name="Canterbury Museum" pageId="6" pageNumber="251">CMNZ</collectionCode>
|
||
); Junction of Hope River & Highway 7 (
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED780A87FF1D7F2CFB34FD8A1E614B09" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34070" box="[1249,1332,585,609]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34070" name="New Zealand Arthropod Collection" pageId="6" pageNumber="251">NZAC</collectionCode>
|
||
); Kairaki Beach (
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED780A87FF1D7F2CFF39FDA81A164BEB" box="[236,323,619,643]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/n6z3-qvv0" name="Canterbury Museum" pageId="6" pageNumber="251">CMNZ</collectionCode>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C373C1C9FF1D7F2CFF12FD4F19F94DF0" pageId="6" pageNumber="251" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD69242FF1D7F2CFF12FD4F19F94DF0" blockId="6.[151,1437,151,1910]" pageId="6" pageNumber="251">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91D4E50FF1D7F2CFF12FD4F1A4A4BCD" bold="true" box="[199,287,652,677]" pageId="6" pageNumber="251">Biology</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B91D4E50FF1D7F2CFEFBFD4F1AA94BCD" bold="true" box="[302,508,652,677]" pageId="6" pageNumber="251">Altitudinal range</emphasis>
|
||
. Lowland (mostly) to low montane, more rarely high montane (e.g., central North Island volcanic plateau). Not usually coastal; may be present in predominantly freshwater habitats located near the mouth of rivers that also harbour inland populations.
|
||
<emphasis id="B91D4E50FF1D7F2CFCE7FD0D18DB4B8F" bold="true" box="[818,910,718,743]" pageId="6" pageNumber="251">Habitat</emphasis>
|
||
. Occurs along stony-gravelly (or shingled) riverbanks, riverbeds or, less frequently, lakeshores; saxicolous, found mainly on gravel, stones or boulders near the water’s edge, usually within
|
||
<quantity id="4C913FA7FF1D7F2CFDD0FCD2192D4A41" box="[517,632,785,810]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.75" metricValueMax="3.0" metricValueMin="0.5" pageId="6" pageNumber="251" unit="m" value="1.75" valueMax="3.0" valueMin="0.5">0.5 to 3 m</quantity>
|
||
from the waterline, as well as on stones or boulders emerging from the water; mostly in sandy environments, also in slightly silty or clayish situations; primarily near moderate to fast running water, also near calmer water (e.g., side river channels or temporary backwaters). Sometimes found on bare ground patches between stones or boulders near the waterline or, occasionally, near rocky seepages away from a main river channel. Nymphs live in the same habitat, on the ground surface between and under stones or among gravel.
|
||
<emphasis id="B91D4E50FF1D7F2CFF39FC741A244AB8" bold="true" box="[236,369,951,976]" pageId="6" pageNumber="251">Seasonality</emphasis>
|
||
. Adults collected from October to April; mating pairs observed in December; newly emerged adults (tenerals) collected mostly in December and March; nymphs found from October to March—suggesting overwintering in the egg stage, nymphal development in the spring and emergence of a new summer generation from December, possibly with a one or two month delay in southern parts of the distribution range or at higher altitudes.
|
||
<emphasis id="B91D4E50FF1D7F2CFED3FBFE1A164D3E" bold="true" box="[262,323,1085,1110]" pageId="6" pageNumber="251">Food</emphasis>
|
||
. Predator or scavenger.
|
||
<emphasis id="B91D4E50FF1D7F2CFD8FFBFE19804D3E" bold="true" box="[602,725,1085,1110]" pageId="6" pageNumber="251">Behaviour</emphasis>
|
||
. Jumps from stone to stone, flies short distances (usually less than
|
||
<quantity id="4C913FA7FF1D7F2CFF05FB9C1BAA4D1F" box="[208,255,1119,1143]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="6" pageNumber="251" unit="m" value="2.0">2 m</quantity>
|
||
), dashes quickly into the space between stones or into water when disturbed. Heliophilous; hides under and between stones, in cloudy or rainy weather.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C373C1C9FF1D7F2CFF12FB621F004E1D" pageId="6" pageNumber="251" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD69242FF1D7F2CFF12FB621A4E4CAC" blockId="6.[151,1437,151,1910]" pageId="6" pageNumber="251">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91D4E50FF1D7F2CFF12FB621A614DD2" bold="true" box="[199,308,1185,1210]" pageId="6" pageNumber="251">Remarks</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C69E9C1FF1D7F2CFE9DFB6219384DD1" box="[328,621,1185,1209]" class="Insecta" family="Saldidae" genus="Zemacrosaldula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="251" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="australis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91D4E50FF1D7F2CFE9DFB6219384DD1" box="[328,621,1185,1209]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="251">Zemacrosaldula australis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is the most widely distributed species of this genus. It is the only
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C69E9C1FF1D7F2CFF42FB001A194DB3" box="[151,332,1219,1243]" class="Insecta" family="Saldidae" genus="Zemacrosaldula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="247" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91D4E50FF1D7F2CFF42FB001A194DB3" box="[151,332,1219,1243]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="251">Zemacrosaldula</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species known from the North Island and it occurs also in northern areas of the South Island.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C69E9C1FF1D7F2CFF42FB271AE84D94" box="[151,445,1252,1276]" class="Insecta" family="Saldidae" genus="Zemacrosaldula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="251" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="australis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91D4E50FF1D7F2CFF42FB271AE84D94" box="[151,445,1252,1276]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="251">Zemacrosaldula australis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
closely resembles the South Island endemic
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C69E9C1FF1D7F2CFC3FFB261F2C4D94" box="[1002,1145,1252,1276]" class="Insecta" family="Saldidae" genus="Zemacrosaldula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="251" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kapekape">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91D4E50FF1D7F2CFC3FFB261F2C4D94" box="[1002,1145,1252,1276]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="251">Z. kapekape</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and can be difficult to distinguish from it although the two species are largely allopatric. In addition to characters of the male genitalia
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C69E9C1FF1D7F2CFA50FAC51BAC4C56" class="Insecta" family="Saldidae" genus="Zemacrosaldula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="251" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="australis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91D4E50FF1D7F2CFA50FAC51BAC4C56" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="251">Z. australis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
bears the following distinguishing features: hemelytra usually with larger, more coalesced pale markings; antennae with longer segment II; paramere with more acutely tipped processus hamatus. Dissection of the male genitalia is necessary to diagnose the two species with certainty, especially when dealing with darker specimens with reduced hemelytral markings or populations that occur in relatively close proximity (e.g., on the South Island west coast).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD69242FF1D7F2CFF12FA0D1FEF4F21" blockId="6.[151,1437,151,1910]" pageId="6" pageNumber="251">
|
||
On the North Island
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C69E9C1FF1D7F2CFE17FA0D19134C8D" box="[450,582,1485,1509]" class="Insecta" family="Saldidae" genus="Zemacrosaldula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="251" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="australis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91D4E50FF1D7F2CFE17FA0D19134C8D" box="[450,582,1485,1509]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="251">Z. australis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
should not be confused with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C69E9C1FF1D7F2CFC7AFA0E1E434C8E" authority="Cobben, 1961" authorityName="Cobben" authorityYear="1961" box="[943,1302,1485,1510]" class="Insecta" family="Saldidae" genus="Saldula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="251" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="trivialis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91D4E50FF1D7F2CFC7AFA0E1F3D4C8D" box="[943,1128,1485,1509]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="251">Saldula trivialis</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF8EFB3FF1D7F2CFBA1FA0E1E434C8E" author="Cobben" box="[1140,1302,1485,1510]" pageId="6" pageNumber="251" refString="Cobben, R. H. (1961) A new genus and four new species of Saldidae (Heteroptera). Entomologische Berichten, 21, 96 - 107." type="journal article" year="1961">Cobben, 1961</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
or
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C69E9C1FF1D7F2CFA93FA0E1A824F6F" authority="Cobben, 1961" authorityName="Cobben" authorityYear="1961" class="Insecta" family="Saldidae" genus="Saldula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="251" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="maculipennis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91D4E50FF1D7F2CFA93FA0E1A784F6E" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="251">Saldula maculipennis</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF8EFB3FF1D7F2CFEE0FA2D1A824F6F" author="Cobben" box="[309,471,1518,1543]" pageId="6" pageNumber="251" refString="Cobben, R. H. (1961) A new genus and four new species of Saldidae (Heteroptera). Entomologische Berichten, 21, 96 - 107." type="journal article" year="1961">Cobben, 1961</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. These two taxa may be conspecific or part of an unresolved species-complex. They superficially resemble
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C69E9C1FF1D7F2CFE75F9D219704F40" box="[416,549,1552,1576]" class="Insecta" family="Saldidae" genus="Zemacrosaldula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="251" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="australis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91D4E50FF1D7F2CFE75F9D219704F40" box="[416,549,1552,1576]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="251">Z. australis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
albeit in a diminutive version with highly distinctive, acutely tipped male parandria (see Fig.
|
||
<quantity id="4C913FA7FF1D7F2CFEBAF9F11AFD4F22" box="[367,424,1585,1610]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.62" pageId="6" pageNumber="251" unit="in" value="30.0">30 in</quantity>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF8EFB3FF1D7F2CFE7AF9F219134F22" author="Cobben" box="[431,582,1585,1610]" pageId="6" pageNumber="251" refString="Cobben, R. H. (1961) A new genus and four new species of Saldidae (Heteroptera). Entomologische Berichten, 21, 96 - 107." type="journal article" year="1961">Cobben 1961</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and broadly pale sides of the female abdominal venter.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD69242FF1D7F2CFF12F99118114E5B" blockId="6.[151,1437,151,1910]" pageId="6" pageNumber="251">
|
||
Morphologically speaking,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C69E9C1FF1D7F2CFE29F99019284F03" box="[508,637,1619,1643]" class="Insecta" family="Saldidae" genus="Zemacrosaldula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="251" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="australis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91D4E50FF1D7F2CFE29F99019284F03" box="[508,637,1619,1643]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="251">Z. australis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is the most highly variable species in this genus. As a general rule this species is more darkly coloured and somewhat smaller in body size in southern parts of its range, in more mountainous or generally colder habitats (e.g., central North Island volcanic plateau) although
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C69E9C1FF1D7F2CFB06F9551E014FC5" box="[1235,1364,1685,1709]" class="Insecta" family="Saldidae" genus="Zemacrosaldula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="251" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="australis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91D4E50FF1D7F2CFB06F9551E014FC5" box="[1235,1364,1685,1709]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="251">Z. australis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is not typically monticolous. Anomalous looking specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C69E9C1FF1D7F2CFCFFF97418F84FA6" box="[810,941,1718,1742]" class="Insecta" family="Saldidae" genus="Zemacrosaldula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="251" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="australis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91D4E50FF1D7F2CFCFFF97418F84FA6" box="[810,941,1718,1742]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="251">Z. australis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, somewhat reminiscent of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C69E9C1FF1D7F2CFB3DF9741EC04FA6" box="[1256,1429,1718,1742]" class="Insecta" family="Saldidae" genus="Zemacrosaldula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="251" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="whakarunga">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91D4E50FF1D7F2CFB3DF9741EC04FA6" box="[1256,1429,1718,1742]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="251">Z. whakarunga</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, were observed from several South Island populations, especially in the lowlands and along the coast in a Kaikoura (KA), North Canterbury (NC), and Mid Canterbury (MC). The identity of these specimens could only be confirmed when male specimens were available for genitalic dissection.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD69242FF1D7F2CFF12F8FF1F004E1D" blockId="6.[151,1437,151,1910]" pageId="6" pageNumber="251">
|
||
Variations in facial colour, pubescence, and degree of development of transverse swelling (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13528EC7FF1D7F2CFAF2F8FF1EC14E3D" box="[1319,1428,1852,1877]" captionStart="FIGURES 5 – 10" captionStartId="8.[151,264,1964,1986]" captionTargetBox="[197,1380,219,1902]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[175,1415,193,1932]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURES 5 – 10. Facial views of Zemacrosaldula species. (5 – 7) Z. australis, (8) Z. kapekape, (9) Z. whakarunga, (10) Z. pangare." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/245723/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="251">Figs 5–7</figureCitation>
|
||
) encountered in this species are similarly observed in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C69E9C1FF1D7F2CFD32F89D183A4E1D" box="[743,879,1885,1909]" class="Insecta" family="Saldidae" genus="Zemacrosaldula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="251" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kapekape">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91D4E50FF1D7F2CFD32F89D183A4E1D" box="[743,879,1885,1909]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="251">Z. kapekape</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C69E9C1FF1D7F2CFC70F89D1F1B4E1D" box="[933,1102,1885,1909]" class="Insecta" family="Saldidae" genus="Zemacrosaldula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="251" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="whakarunga">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91D4E50FF1D7F2CFC70F89D1F1B4E1D" box="[933,1102,1885,1909]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="251">Z. whakarunga</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |