511 lines
66 KiB
XML
511 lines
66 KiB
XML
<document id="6F5A1238BB8E64AEAF110EA7DE01B75E" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.5315.3.2" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="8130509" ID-ZooBank="56919CD3-9390-4682-855C-0B6026E27A02" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="felipe" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatmentCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatments_approvedBy="valdenar" checkinTime="1688980928671" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Robillard, Tony, Tan, Ming Kai, Japir, Razy & Chung, Arthur Y. C." docDate="2023" docId="03BCA678817FDB15FF19FC56376FFAAC" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.5315.3.2.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 5315 (3)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5315.3.2" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Nisitrus danum Robillard & Tan 2021" docType="treatment" docVersion="2" lastPageNumber="240" masterDocId="FF85DE00817DDB1CFF8EFFCF3471FFDA" masterDocTitle="Notes on the Eneopterinae (Orthoptera, Grylloidea, Gryllidae) from eastern Sabah" masterLastPageNumber="250" masterPageNumber="231" pageNumber="233" updateTime="1689011419914" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CLOSED">
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<mods:title id="7E3CC49EA0989C358091FE62C219C9FD">Notes on the Eneopterinae (Orthoptera, Grylloidea, Gryllidae) from eastern Sabah</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="7C2E7EA4E1D86CDE945CC1DFBF932EE7" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="59EF6CD8F79AAEF75B8996077F97071A">Robillard, Tony</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="9C6FE3A14A64973A39DA91608C738341">Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB), Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, CNRS, SU, EPHE, UA, 57 rue Cuvier, CP 50, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France.</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="D844BED19E6747722265E7E3A53B6CC2">Tan, Ming Kai</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="936CB8616A46FCF6ACABF4830BCD9253">Block 207 A, Woodleigh Link, Singapore 361207, Republic of Singapore.</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="45689712FB35B11A66808EE1F75DDA11">Japir, Razy</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="B4A707D480C05A78DD3F5F252E46256A">Forest Research Centre (Sepilok), Sabah Forestry Department, PO Box 1407, 90715 Sandakan, Sabah, Malaysia. razy. japir @ sabah. gov. my (RJ); arthur. chung @ sabah. gov. my; https: // orcid / org / 0000 - 0002 - 9529 - 4114 (AYCC) Corresponding author: orthoptera. mingkai @ gmail. com; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 4324 - 6305</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="80DA80F00F67F356E6BA717FE86C0FA6" type="email">arthur.chung@sabah.gov.my</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:namePart id="6E898B21E50D1E4F02E66F01E8096C4E">Chung, Arthur Y. C.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="ED88336758E188B00E96436379024677">Forest Research Centre (Sepilok), Sabah Forestry Department, PO Box 1407, 90715 Sandakan, Sabah, Malaysia. razy. japir @ sabah. gov. my (RJ); arthur. chung @ sabah. gov. my; https: // orcid / org / 0000 - 0002 - 9529 - 4114 (AYCC) Corresponding author: orthoptera. mingkai @ gmail. com; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 4324 - 6305</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="D2AA56B2E1DF8EE352AD03455306116B" type="email">arthur.chung@sabah.gov.my</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:title id="70F59F52F644032FBB04EE99200D037E">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="AABD80F06D93B47CC69B5395A8E54457">2023</mods:date>
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<treatment id="03BCA678817FDB15FF19FC56376FFAAC" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8132444" ID-Zenodo-Dep="8132444" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03BCA678817FDB15FF19FC56376FFAAC" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BCA678817FDB15FF19FC56376FFAAC" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="240" pageId="2" pageNumber="233">
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<paragraph id="8BAA176E817FDB1EFF19FC563605FC69" blockId="2.[151,628,921,983]" box="[151,628,921,948]" pageId="2" pageNumber="233">
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<heading id="D0E2A002817FDB1EFF19FC563605FC69" bold="true" box="[151,628,921,948]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="233" reason="1">
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<taxonomicName id="4C156CED817FDB1EFF19FC563605FC69" ID-CoL="8QJ6B" authority="Robillard & Tan, 2021" authorityName="Robillard & Tan" authorityYear="2021" box="[151,628,921,948]" class="Insecta" family="Gryllidae" genus="Nisitrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="233" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="danum">
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<emphasis id="B961CB7C817FDB1EFF19FC563605FC69" bold="true" box="[151,628,921,948]" pageId="2" pageNumber="233">
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<emphasis id="B961CB7C817FDB1EFF19FC563525FC6E" bold="true" box="[151,340,921,948]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="233">Nisitrus danum</emphasis>
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Robillard & Tan, 2021
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C30F44E5817FDB1EFF19FC72377CFBC0" pageId="2" pageNumber="233" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BAA176E817FDB1EFF19FC72357AFC0D" blockId="2.[151,628,921,983]" box="[151,267,957,983]" pageId="2" pageNumber="233">
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(
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<figureCitation id="132E0BEB817FDB1EFF11FC723573FC0D" box="[159,258,957,983]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 1" captionStart-1="FIGURE 2" captionStart-2="FIGURE 3" captionStart-3="FIGURE 4" captionStart-4="FIGURE 5" captionStart-5="FIGURE 6" captionStart-6="FIGURE 7" captionStart-7="FIGURE 8" captionStartId-0="3.[151,250,1943,1967]" captionStartId-1="4.[151,250,1863,1887]" captionStartId-2="5.[151,250,1917,1941]" captionStartId-3="6.[151,250,1901,1925]" captionStartId-4="7.[151,250,1659,1683]" captionStartId-5="9.[151,250,1086,1110]" captionStartId-6="10.[151,250,1909,1933]" captionStartId-7="11.[151,250,953,977]" captionTargetBox-0="[202,1384,179,1917]" captionTargetBox-1="[156,1436,186,1834]" captionTargetBox-2="[151,1436,213,1893]" captionTargetBox-3="[151,1436,181,1877]" captionTargetBox-4="[151,1436,181,1635]" captionTargetBox-5="[153,1433,183,1060]" captionTargetBox-6="[179,1408,186,1880]" captionTargetBox-7="[157,1430,187,923]" captionTargetId-0="figure-22@3.[199,1388,179,1917]" captionTargetId-1="figure-25@4.[151,1436,181,1839]" captionTargetId-2="figure-22@5.[151,1436,181,1893]" captionTargetId-3="figure-25@6.[151,1436,181,1877]" captionTargetId-4="figure-22@7.[151,1436,181,1635]" captionTargetId-5="figure-22@9.[151,1435,181,1062]" captionTargetId-6="figure-25@10.[174,1413,181,1885]" captionTargetId-7="figure-22@11.[151,1436,181,929]" captionTargetPageId-0="3" captionTargetPageId-1="4" captionTargetPageId-2="5" captionTargetPageId-3="6" captionTargetPageId-4="7" captionTargetPageId-5="9" captionTargetPageId-6="10" captionTargetPageId-7="11" captionText-0="FIGURE 1. Nisitrus danum: Dorsal habitus of a living J (A); head in dorsal view (B); metanotal gland in dorsal view (C); J left (D) and right (E) FWs in dorsal views. Scale bars: 1 mm (B, C), 2 mm (D, E)." captionText-1="FIGURE 2. J genitalia of Nisitrus danum in dorsal (A), ventral (B) and lateral (C) views; posterior end of genitalia in ventral view (D). Scale bars: 1 mm." captionText-2="FIGURE 3. Juveniles of Nisitrus: A first instar Nisitrus danum in dorsal view (A); a young juvenile of N. danum in its natural environment in Tabin (B); a young juvenile of N. vittatus in its natural environment in Sepilok (C). The red arrows on the antennae in B and C indicate the key difference in the juveniles of sympatric N. danum and N. vittatus. Scale bar: 1 mm." captionText-3="FIGURE 4. Natural habitat of Nisitrus danum in Kawag Forest Reserve (A) and a J adult (in the red circle) singing in the presence of Nisitrus vittatus (in yellow circle)." captionText-4="FIGURE 5. Nisitrus danum in their natural habitat: J adult singing in Kawag Forest Reserve (A); ♀ adult on foliage of a tree among tall grasses near Lipad Mud Volcano, Tabin (B)." captionText-5="FIGURE 6. Map of Sabah State showing the current known distribution of Nisitrus danum." captionText-6="FIGURE 7. Nisitrus danum J calling song: oscillograms showing the continuous trill (A), six echemes of doublet syllables (B) and an echeme (doublet syllable) (C); spectrogram of the same echeme (D); power spectra of a syllable (E) where the grey line represents the power [dB] (axis name and scale in grey) and the black solid peak represents the relative amplitude (axis name in black)." captionText-7="FIGURE 8. Nisitrus danum J calling activity (amount of sound produced) over 24 hours. Smoothed lines were fitted using generalised additive mixed effects models with gaussian error structure. The grey area indicates dark hours; white areas indicates light hours." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8130511" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8130513" figureDoi-2="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8130515" figureDoi-3="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8130519" figureDoi-4="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8130521" figureDoi-5="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8130525" figureDoi-6="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8130529" figureDoi-7="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8130531" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/8130511/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/8130513/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/8130515/files/figure.png" httpUri-3="https://zenodo.org/record/8130519/files/figure.png" httpUri-4="https://zenodo.org/record/8130521/files/figure.png" httpUri-5="https://zenodo.org/record/8130525/files/figure.png" httpUri-6="https://zenodo.org/record/8130529/files/figure.png" httpUri-7="https://zenodo.org/record/8130531/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="233">Figs 1–8</figureCitation>
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)
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BAA176E817FDB1EFF19FBCD377CFBC0" blockId="2.[151,781,1026,1050]" box="[151,781,1026,1050]" pageId="2" pageNumber="233">
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<taxonomicName id="4C156CED817FDB1EFF19FBCD3651FBC0" authority="Robillard & Tan, 2021" authorityName="Robillard & Tan" authorityYear="2021" box="[151,544,1026,1050]" class="Insecta" family="Gryllidae" genus="Nisitrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="233" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="danum">
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<emphasis id="B961CB7C817FDB1EFF19FBCD3542FBC0" box="[151,307,1026,1050]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="233">Nisitrus danum</emphasis>
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Robillard & Tan, 2021
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</taxonomicName>
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, in Tan
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<emphasis id="B961CB7C817FDB1EFDFEFBCC36D2FBC0" box="[624,675,1026,1050]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="233">et al.</emphasis>
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2021a: 31
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C30F44E5817FDB1EFF19FBAE36AFF995" pageId="2" pageNumber="233" type="materials_examined">
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<emphasis id="B961CB7C817FDB1EFF19FBAE35F4FBA1" bold="true" box="[151,389,1121,1147]" pageId="2" pageNumber="233">Material examined</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BAA176E817FDB1EFF19FB6636AFF995" blockId="2.[151,1437,1193,1615]" pageId="2" pageNumber="233">
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<collectingCountry id="F30257FE817FDB1EFF19FB66355BFB19" box="[151,298,1193,1219]" name="Malaysia" pageId="2" pageNumber="233">MALAYSIA</collectingCountry>
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—
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<collectingRegion id="49D1D98C817FDB1EFEC8FB6635F8FB19" box="[326,393,1193,1219]" country="Malaysia" name="Sabah" pageId="2" pageNumber="233">Sabah</collectingRegion>
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• 1J; Kawag Forest Reserve, near rest house;
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,
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<quantity id="4CEDBA8B817FDB1EFB34FB663150FB19" box="[1210,1313,1193,1219]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.347" pageId="2" pageNumber="233" unit="m" value="134.7">134.7 m</quantity>
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.a.s.l. (GPS SAB22_6);
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<date id="FFAB31AE817FDB1EFE92FB0235FCFB3D" box="[284,397,1229,1255]" pageId="2" pageNumber="233" value="2022-05-14">14.v.2022</date>
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; afternoon; on plant; call recording MNHN-SO-2023-1478; M.K. Tan & T. Robillard; MNHN-EO-ENSIF11344 •
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<specimenCount id="9D13DCE7817FDB1EFEE1FB3E35E5FAD1" box="[367,404,1265,1291]" pageId="2" pageNumber="233" type="female">1♀</specimenCount>
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; Kawag Forest Reserve, near rest house;
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,
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<quantity id="4CEDBA8B817FDB1EFBD2FB3E30CFFAD1" box="[1116,1214,1265,1291]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.347" pageId="2" pageNumber="233" unit="m" value="134.7">134.7 m</quantity>
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.a.s.l. (GPS SAB22_ 6);
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<date id="FFAB31AE817FDB1EFF32FADA355FFAF5" box="[188,302,1301,1327]" pageId="2" pageNumber="233" value="2022-05-14">14.v.2022</date>
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; afternoon; on plant; molecular sample N67; M.K. Tan & T. Robillard; MNHN-EO-ENSIF11345 •
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<specimenCount id="9D13DCE7817FDB1EFAF7FADA31EDFAF5" box="[1401,1436,1301,1327]" pageId="2" pageNumber="233" type="female">1♀</specimenCount>
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(photographed, not collected);Tabin Wildlife Reserve,Lipad mud volcano;
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,
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.a.s.l. (GPS SAB22_11);
|
||
<date id="FFAB31AE817FDB1EFEA4FA9235EAFAAD" box="[298,411,1373,1399]" pageId="2" pageNumber="233" value="2022-05-16">16.v.2022</date>
|
||
; day; T. Robillard observation •
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D13DCE7817FDB1EFC8CFA92370EFAAD" box="[770,895,1373,1399]" pageId="2" pageNumber="233" type="juvenile">2 juveniles</specimenCount>
|
||
; Tabin Wildlife Reserve;
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE2171A9817FDB1EFB17FA923179FAA2" box="[1177,1288,1373,1400]" degrees="5.19534" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="2" pageNumber="233" precision="1" value="5.19534">N5.19534</geoCoordinate>
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE2171A9817FDB1EFA80FA9231E9FAA2" box="[1294,1432,1373,1400]" degrees="118.50365" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="2" pageNumber="233" precision="1" value="118.50365">E118.50365</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<quantity id="4CEDBA8B817FDB1EFF19FA4E3572FA41" box="[151,259,1409,1435]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.197" pageId="2" pageNumber="233" unit="m" value="119.7">119.7 m</quantity>
|
||
.a.s.l. (GPS SAB22_9);
|
||
<date id="FFAB31AE817FDB1EFDAAFA4E36E5FA46" box="[548,660,1409,1436]" pageId="2" pageNumber="233" value="2022-05-15">15.v.2022</date>
|
||
, night; molecular samples N65–N66; MNHN-EO-ENSIF10978– ENSIF10979 •
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D13DCE7817FDB1EFEC8FA6A35C7FA65" box="[326,438,1445,1471]" pageId="2" pageNumber="233" type="juvenile">1 juvenile</specimenCount>
|
||
(not collected); Sepilok, Rainforest Discovery Centre;
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE2171A9817FDB1EFBA2FA6A30EAFA1A" box="[1068,1179,1445,1472]" degrees="5.87428" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="2" pageNumber="233" precision="1" value="5.87428">N5.87428</geoCoordinate>
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE2171A9817FDB1EFB2AFA6A315FFA65" box="[1188,1326,1445,1471]" degrees="117.93970" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="2" pageNumber="233" precision="1" value="117.9397">E117.93970</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<date id="FFAB31AE817FDB1EFAB4FA6A31EDFA65" box="[1338,1436,1445,1471]" pageId="2" pageNumber="233" value="2019-10-01">1.x.2019</date>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="132E0BEB817FDB1EFF11FA063489FA39" box="[159,248,1481,1507]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1917,1941]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,213,1893]" captionTargetId="figure-22@5.[151,1436,181,1893]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 3. Juveniles of Nisitrus: A first instar Nisitrus danum in dorsal view (A); a young juvenile of N. danum in its natural environment in Tabin (B); a young juvenile of N. vittatus in its natural environment in Sepilok (C). The red arrows on the antennae in B and C indicate the key difference in the juveniles of sympatric N. danum and N. vittatus. Scale bar: 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8130515" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8130515/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="233">Fig. 3B</figureCitation>
|
||
) •
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D13DCE7817FDB1EFE90FA0635E5FA39" box="[286,404,1481,1507]" pageId="2" pageNumber="233" type="juvenile">1 juvenile</specimenCount>
|
||
; Lahad Datu,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE2171A9817FDB1EFDB7FA0636C7FA3E" box="[569,694,1481,1508]" degrees="4.962598" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="2" pageNumber="233" precision="1" value="4.962598">N4.962598</geoCoordinate>
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE2171A9817FDB1EFD4EFA063728FA3E" box="[704,857,1481,1508]" degrees="117.801956" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="2" pageNumber="233" precision="1" value="117.801956">E117.801956</geoCoordinate>
|
||
;
|
||
<date id="FFAB31AE817FDB1EFCE9FA063783FA39" box="[871,1010,1481,1507]" pageId="2" pageNumber="233" value="2022-08-19">19.viii.2022</date>
|
||
; twan3253 observation; https://www. inaturalist.org/observations/133043313 •
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D13DCE7817FDB1EFDEAFA2236F9F9DD" box="[612,648,1517,1543]" pageId="2" pageNumber="233" type="female">1♀</specimenCount>
|
||
; Lahad Datu,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE2171A9817FDB1EFCAAFA2237D0F9D2" box="[804,929,1517,1544]" degrees="4.964485" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="2" pageNumber="233" precision="1" value="4.964485">N4.964485</geoCoordinate>
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE2171A9817FDB1EFC29FA22304EF9DD" box="[935,1087,1517,1543]" degrees="117.803471" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="2" pageNumber="233" precision="1" value="117.803474">E117.803471</geoCoordinate>
|
||
; twan3253 observation; https:// www.inaturalist.org/observations/133303271 •
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D13DCE7817FDB1EFD24F9DE36BFF9F1" box="[682,718,1553,1579]" pageId="2" pageNumber="233" type="female">1♀</specimenCount>
|
||
; Lahad Datu,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE2171A9817FDB1EFCFFF9DE379FF9F6" box="[881,1006,1553,1580]" degrees="4.965797" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="2" pageNumber="233" precision="1" value="4.965797">N4.965797</geoCoordinate>
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE2171A9817FDB1EFC78F9DE30FEF9F1" box="[1014,1167,1553,1579]" degrees="117.800246" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="2" pageNumber="233" precision="1" value="117.80025">E117.800246</geoCoordinate>
|
||
; twan3253 observation; https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/133431471
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C30F44E5817FDB14FF19F9593584FDE7" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="239" pageId="2" pageNumber="233" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BAA176E817FDB1EFF19F95935C1F96A" blockId="2.[151,432,1686,1712]" box="[151,432,1686,1712]" pageId="2" pageNumber="233">
|
||
<heading id="D0E2A002817FDB1EFF19F95935C1F96A" bold="true" box="[151,432,1686,1712]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="233" reason="1">
|
||
<emphasis id="B961CB7C817FDB1EFF19F95935C1F96A" bold="true" box="[151,432,1686,1712]" pageId="2" pageNumber="233">Additional description</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BAA176E817FDB1EFF19F910310EF8C7" blockId="2.[151,1437,1759,2001]" pageId="2" pageNumber="233">
|
||
Habitus as shown in
|
||
<figureCitation id="132E0BEB817FDB1EFE0DF91035ADF923" box="[387,476,1759,1785]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1943,1967]" captionTargetBox="[202,1384,179,1917]" captionTargetId="figure-22@3.[199,1388,179,1917]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. Nisitrus danum: Dorsal habitus of a living J (A); head in dorsal view (B); metanotal gland in dorsal view (C); J left (D) and right (E) FWs in dorsal views. Scale bars: 1 mm (B, C), 2 mm (D, E)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8130511" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8130511/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="233">Fig. 1A</figureCitation>
|
||
. Face, lateral lobes of pronotum and wide lateral band on FWs vivid yellow in living specimens (
|
||
<figureCitation id="132E0BEB817FDB1EFE95F8CC35D7F8C7" box="[283,422,1795,1821]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1943,1967]" captionTargetBox="[202,1384,179,1917]" captionTargetId="figure-22@3.[199,1388,179,1917]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. Nisitrus danum: Dorsal habitus of a living J (A); head in dorsal view (B); metanotal gland in dorsal view (C); J left (D) and right (E) FWs in dorsal views. Scale bars: 1 mm (B, C), 2 mm (D, E)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8130511" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8130511/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="233">Figs 1A, 1B</figureCitation>
|
||
). Antennae with 2 main white rings, including 3–6 antennomeres and 2–3 thinner rings.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BAA176E817FDB1EFF49F8E8369DF80B" blockId="2.[151,1437,1759,2001]" pageId="2" pageNumber="233">
|
||
<emphasis id="B961CB7C817FDB1EFF49F8E8357AF89B" bold="true" box="[199,267,1831,1857]" pageId="2" pageNumber="233">Male.</emphasis>
|
||
Metanotal gland well developed, as shown in
|
||
<figureCitation id="132E0BEB817FDB1EFC9EF8E83717F89B" box="[784,870,1831,1857]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1943,1967]" captionTargetBox="[202,1384,179,1917]" captionTargetId="figure-22@3.[199,1388,179,1917]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. Nisitrus danum: Dorsal habitus of a living J (A); head in dorsal view (B); metanotal gland in dorsal view (C); J left (D) and right (E) FWs in dorsal views. Scale bars: 1 mm (B, C), 2 mm (D, E)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8130511" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8130511/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="233">Fig. 1C</figureCitation>
|
||
. FWs (
|
||
<figureCitation id="132E0BEB817FDB1EFC3AF8E8304AF89B" box="[948,1083,1831,1857]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1943,1967]" captionTargetBox="[202,1384,179,1917]" captionTargetId="figure-22@3.[199,1388,179,1917]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. Nisitrus danum: Dorsal habitus of a living J (A); head in dorsal view (B); metanotal gland in dorsal view (C); J left (D) and right (E) FWs in dorsal views. Scale bars: 1 mm (B, C), 2 mm (D, E)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8130511" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8130511/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="233">Figs 1D, 1E</figureCitation>
|
||
) dorsal field anterior part black (cells and veins); harp and mirror area infuriated, with black veins; apical field with black cells and yellow veins. Harp with two straight oblique veins. Mirror large, not rounded, separated by one transverse vein. Vein c1 wide. Lateral field with a wide vivid yellow band including veins M, R and Sc, and bases of veins bifurcating from Sc; ventral part of lateral field shiny black, as in females.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF6A47E6817EDB1FFF19F85837A4F809" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8130511" ID-Zenodo-Dep="8130511" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8130511/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="234" startId="3.[151,250,1943,1967]" targetBox="[202,1384,179,1917]" targetPageId="3" targetType="figure">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BAA176E817EDB1FFF19F85837A4F809" blockId="3.[151,1436,1943,2003]" pageId="3" pageNumber="234">
|
||
<emphasis id="B961CB7C817EDB1FFF19F8583565F875" bold="true" box="[151,276,1943,1967]" pageId="3" pageNumber="234">FIGURE 1.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C156CED817EDB1FFE94F85735C6F875" authorityName="Robillard & Tan" authorityYear="2021" box="[282,439,1943,1967]" class="Insecta" family="Gryllidae" genus="Nisitrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="234" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="danum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B961CB7C817EDB1FFE94F85735C6F875" box="[282,439,1943,1967]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="234">Nisitrus danum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
: Dorsal habitus of a living J (A); head in dorsal view (B); metanotal gland in dorsal view (C); J left (D) and right (E) FWs in dorsal views. Scale bars: 1 mm (B, C), 2 mm (D, E).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="DF6A47E68179DB18FF19F88835C4F859" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8130513" ID-Zenodo-Dep="8130513" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8130513/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="235" startId="4.[151,250,1863,1887]" targetBox="[156,1436,186,1834]" targetPageId="4" targetType="figure">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BAA176E8179DB18FF19F88835C4F859" blockId="4.[151,1436,1863,1924]" pageId="4" pageNumber="235">
|
||
<emphasis id="B961CB7C8179DB18FF19F8883562F885" bold="true" box="[151,275,1863,1887]" pageId="4" pageNumber="235">FIGURE 2.</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis id="B961CB7C8179DB18FE94F887355CF885" box="[282,301,1864,1887]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="235">J</emphasis>
|
||
genitalia of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C156CED8179DB18FE23F8873638F885" authorityName="Robillard & Tan" authorityYear="2021" box="[429,585,1863,1887]" class="Insecta" family="Gryllidae" genus="Nisitrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="235" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="danum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B961CB7C8179DB18FE23F8873638F885" box="[429,585,1863,1887]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="235">Nisitrus danum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in dorsal (A), ventral (B) and lateral (C) views; posterior end of genitalia in ventral view (D). Scale bars: 1 mm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="DF6A47E68178DB19FF19F8B2312BF807" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8130515" ID-Zenodo-Dep="8130515" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8130515/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="236" startId="5.[151,250,1917,1941]" targetBox="[151,1436,213,1893]" targetPageId="5" targetType="figure">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BAA176E8178DB19FF19F8B2312BF807" blockId="5.[151,1436,1917,2013]" pageId="5" pageNumber="236">
|
||
<emphasis id="B961CB7C8178DB19FF19F8B23562F84F" bold="true" box="[151,275,1917,1941]" pageId="5" pageNumber="236">FIGURE 3.</emphasis>
|
||
Juveniles of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C156CED8178DB19FE15F8B1359AF84F" authorityName="Saussure" authorityYear="1878" box="[411,491,1918,1941]" class="Insecta" family="Gryllidae" genus="Nisitrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="236" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B961CB7C8178DB19FE15F8B1359AF84F" box="[411,491,1918,1941]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="236">Nisitrus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
: A first instar
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C156CED8178DB19FDF3F8B13768F84F" authorityName="Robillard & Tan" authorityYear="2021" box="[637,793,1917,1941]" class="Insecta" family="Gryllidae" genus="Nisitrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="236" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="danum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B961CB7C8178DB19FDF3F8B13768F84F" box="[637,793,1917,1941]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="236">Nisitrus danum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in dorsal view (A); a young juvenile of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C156CED8178DB19FB3DF8B13167F84F" authorityName="Robillard & Tan" authorityYear="2021" box="[1203,1302,1917,1941]" class="Insecta" family="Gryllidae" genus="Nisitrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="236" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="danum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B961CB7C8178DB19FB3DF8B13167F84F" box="[1203,1302,1917,1941]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="236">N. danum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in its natural environment in Tabin (B); a young juvenile of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C156CED8178DB19FD08F86D3680F863" box="[646,753,1954,1977]" class="Insecta" family="Gryllidae" genus="Nisitrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="236" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vittatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B961CB7C8178DB19FD08F86D3680F863" box="[646,753,1954,1977]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="236">N. vittatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in its natural environment in Sepilok (C). The red arrows on the antennae in B and C indicate the key difference in the juveniles of sympatric
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C156CED8178DB19FC2BF8093079F807" authorityName="Robillard & Tan" authorityYear="2021" box="[933,1032,1989,2013]" class="Insecta" family="Gryllidae" genus="Nisitrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="236" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="danum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B961CB7C8178DB19FC2BF8093079F807" box="[933,1032,1989,2013]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="236">N. danum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C156CED8178DB19FBB7F80930D0F807" box="[1081,1185,1990,2013]" class="Insecta" family="Gryllidae" genus="Nisitrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="236" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vittatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B961CB7C8178DB19FBB7F80930D0F807" box="[1081,1185,1990,2013]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="236">N. vittatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Scale bar: 1 mm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="DF6A47E6817BDB1AFF19F8A2361EF873" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8130519" ID-Zenodo-Dep="8130519" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8130519/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="237" startId="6.[151,250,1901,1925]" targetBox="[151,1436,181,1877]" targetPageId="6" targetType="figure">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BAA176E817BDB1AFF19F8A2361EF873" blockId="6.[151,1436,1901,1961]" pageId="6" pageNumber="237">
|
||
<emphasis id="B961CB7C817BDB1AFF19F8A23564F85F" bold="true" box="[151,277,1901,1925]" pageId="6" pageNumber="237">FIGURE 4.</emphasis>
|
||
Natural habitat of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C156CED817BDB1AFE52F8A1360BF85F" authorityName="Robillard & Tan" authorityYear="2021" box="[476,634,1901,1925]" class="Insecta" family="Gryllidae" genus="Nisitrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="237" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="danum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B961CB7C817BDB1AFE52F8A1360BF85F" box="[476,634,1901,1925]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="237">Nisitrus danum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in Kawag Forest Reserve (A) and a J adult (in the red circle) singing in the presence of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C156CED817BDB1AFE9CF85D35C2F873" box="[274,435,1938,1961]" class="Insecta" family="Gryllidae" genus="Nisitrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="237" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vittatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B961CB7C817BDB1AFE9CF85D35C2F873" box="[274,435,1938,1961]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="237">Nisitrus vittatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(in yellow circle).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="DF6A47E6817ADB1BFF19F9B436B8F96D" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8130521" ID-Zenodo-Dep="8130521" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8130521/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="238" startId="7.[151,250,1659,1683]" targetBox="[151,1436,181,1635]" targetPageId="7" targetType="figure">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BAA176E817ADB1BFF19F9B436B8F96D" blockId="7.[151,1436,1659,1719]" pageId="7" pageNumber="238">
|
||
<emphasis id="B961CB7C817ADB1BFF19F9B43562F949" bold="true" box="[151,275,1659,1683]" pageId="7" pageNumber="238">FIGURE 5.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C156CED817ADB1BFE94F9B335C7F949" authorityName="Robillard & Tan" authorityYear="2021" box="[282,438,1659,1683]" class="Insecta" family="Gryllidae" genus="Nisitrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="238" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="danum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B961CB7C817ADB1BFE94F9B335C7F949" box="[282,438,1659,1683]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="238">Nisitrus danum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in their natural habitat: J adult singing in Kawag Forest Reserve (A); ♀ adult on foliage of a tree among tall grasses near Lipad Mud Volcano, Tabin (B).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BAA176E817ADB1BFF49F92A30B6F89D" blockId="7.[151,1437,1765,2044]" pageId="7" pageNumber="238">
|
||
Male genitalia (
|
||
<figureCitation id="132E0BEB817ADB1BFEF3F92A35B2F925" box="[381,451,1765,1791]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1863,1887]" captionTargetBox="[156,1436,186,1834]" captionTargetId="figure-25@4.[151,1436,181,1839]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 2. J genitalia of Nisitrus danum in dorsal (A), ventral (B) and lateral (C) views; posterior end of genitalia in ventral view (D). Scale bars: 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8130513" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8130513/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="238">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
) typical of genus, including ectophallic fold, endophallic sclerite, ectophallic arc and rami, but with pseudepiphallic lophi triangular and relatively stout in dorsal and profile views, narrowly spaced between pseudepiphallic lophi; pseudepiphallic parameres strongly bent at interno-anterior end.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BAA176E817ADB1BFF49F89E3733F855" blockId="7.[151,1437,1765,2044]" pageId="7" pageNumber="238">
|
||
<emphasis id="B961CB7C817ADB1BFF49F89E355AF8B1" bold="true" box="[199,299,1873,1899]" pageId="7" pageNumber="238">Juvenile</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="132E0BEB817ADB1BFEB4F89E350FF8B1" box="[314,382,1873,1899]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1917,1941]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,213,1893]" captionTargetId="figure-22@5.[151,1436,181,1893]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 3. Juveniles of Nisitrus: A first instar Nisitrus danum in dorsal view (A); a young juvenile of N. danum in its natural environment in Tabin (B); a young juvenile of N. vittatus in its natural environment in Sepilok (C). The red arrows on the antennae in B and C indicate the key difference in the juveniles of sympatric N. danum and N. vittatus. Scale bar: 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8130515" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8130515/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="238">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
). Colouration pale yellow or white, characterised by numerous dark stripes all around body in early instars; antennae with 2 wide whitish rings as in adults.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BAA176E817ADB1BFF49F856379AF826" blockId="7.[151,1437,1765,2044]" pageId="7" pageNumber="238">
|
||
<emphasis id="B961CB7C817ADB1BFF49F8563507F869" bold="true" box="[199,374,1945,1971]" pageId="7" pageNumber="238">Measurements</emphasis>
|
||
(in mm, means in brackets, N =
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D13DCE7817ADB1BFD50F8563749F869" box="[734,824,1945,1972]" pageId="7" pageNumber="238" type="male">5 males</specimenCount>
|
||
). BL = 13.9–15.3 (14.6), PronL = 1.8–2.1 (1.9), PronW = 2.7–3.1 (2.9), FWL = 10.1–11.0 (10.4), FWW = 3.8–4.1 (3.9), HWT = 4.5–7.6 (6.6), FIIIL = 13.4–15.5 (14.5), FIIIW = 2.5–2.9 (2.6), TIIIL = 13.5–15.5 (14.4), Stridulatory teeth = 94–95.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BAA176E8175DB14FF19FF583585FF6B" blockId="8.[151,500,151,177]" box="[151,500,151,177]" pageId="8" pageNumber="239">
|
||
<heading id="D0E2A0028175DB14FF19FF583585FF6B" bold="true" box="[151,500,151,177]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="239" reason="1">
|
||
<emphasis id="B961CB7C8175DB14FF19FF583585FF6B" bold="true" box="[151,500,151,177]" pageId="8" pageNumber="239">
|
||
Comparison with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C156CED8175DB14FEF6FF583585FF6B" ID-CoL="73ZB5" ID-ENA="2043589" box="[376,500,151,177]" class="Insecta" family="Gryllidae" genus="Nisitrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="239" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vittatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B961CB7C8175DB14FEF6FF583585FF6B" bold="true" box="[376,500,151,177]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="239">N. vittatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BAA176E8175DB14FF19FF2F3712FEBF" blockId="8.[151,1437,223,358]" pageId="8" pageNumber="239">
|
||
Larger, with dark shiny lateral field of FWs in both sexes, below a vivid yellow band; face yellow with dark brown to black mouthparts (entirely yellow with a few dark spots in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C156CED8175DB14FC28FECB306BFEC7" box="[934,1050,260,285]" class="Insecta" family="Gryllidae" genus="Nisitrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="239" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vittatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B961CB7C8175DB14FC28FECB306BFEC7" box="[934,1050,260,285]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="239">N. vittatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
); adults and juveniles (
|
||
<figureCitation id="132E0BEB8175DB14FAABFECC3118FEC7" box="[1317,1385,259,285]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1917,1941]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,213,1893]" captionTargetId="figure-22@5.[151,1436,181,1893]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 3. Juveniles of Nisitrus: A first instar Nisitrus danum in dorsal view (A); a young juvenile of N. danum in its natural environment in Tabin (B); a young juvenile of N. vittatus in its natural environment in Sepilok (C). The red arrows on the antennae in B and C indicate the key difference in the juveniles of sympatric N. danum and N. vittatus. Scale bar: 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8130515" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8130515/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="239">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
) are recognisable by the larger white rings on antennae (2 main rings, with 3–6 white antennomeres, while antennae are almost entirely black with in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C156CED8175DB14FE51FE833620FEBF" box="[479,593,332,357]" class="Insecta" family="Gryllidae" genus="Nisitrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="239" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vittatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B961CB7C8175DB14FE51FE833620FEBF" box="[479,593,332,357]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="239">N. vittatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, with at best thin rings).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BAA176E8175DB14FF19FE78358EFE0B" blockId="8.[151,511,439,465]" box="[151,511,439,465]" pageId="8" pageNumber="239">
|
||
<heading id="D0E2A0028175DB14FF19FE78358EFE0B" bold="true" box="[151,511,439,465]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="239" reason="1">
|
||
<emphasis id="B961CB7C8175DB14FF19FE78358EFE0B" bold="true" box="[151,511,439,465]" pageId="8" pageNumber="239">
|
||
Comparison with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C156CED8175DB14FEF6FE78358EFE0B" ID-CoL="47J5C" ID-ENA="2789842" authorityName="Ingrisch" authorityYear="1987" box="[376,511,439,465]" class="Insecta" family="Gryllidae" genus="Nisitrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="239" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="musicus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B961CB7C8175DB14FEF6FE78358EFE0B" bold="true" box="[376,511,439,465]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="239">N. musicus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BAA176E8175DB14FF19FE303584FDE7" blockId="8.[151,1437,511,573]" pageId="8" pageNumber="239">
|
||
Similar in size, but differing by dark shiny lateral field of FWs in both sexes, below a vivid yellow band; face vivid yellow (whitish in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C156CED8175DB14FEE4FDEB3594FDE7" authorityName="Ingrisch" authorityYear="1987" box="[362,485,548,573]" class="Insecta" family="Gryllidae" genus="Nisitrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="239" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="musicus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B961CB7C8175DB14FEE4FDEB3594FDE7" box="[362,485,548,573]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="239">N. musicus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C30F44E58175DB14FF19FD4034C4FC84" pageId="8" pageNumber="239" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BAA176E8175DB14FF19FD40348BFD73" blockId="8.[151,250,655,681]" box="[151,250,655,681]" pageId="8" pageNumber="239">
|
||
<heading id="D0E2A0028175DB14FF19FD40348BFD73" bold="true" box="[151,250,655,681]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="239" reason="1">
|
||
<emphasis id="B961CB7C8175DB14FF19FD40348BFD73" bold="true" box="[151,250,655,681]" pageId="8" pageNumber="239">Ecology</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BAA176E8175DB14FF19FD1834C4FC84" blockId="8.[151,1437,727,862]" pageId="8" pageNumber="239">
|
||
Found in syntopy with
|
||
<emphasis id="B961CB7C8175DB14FE12FD173624FD2B" box="[412,597,728,753]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="239">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C156CED8175DB14FE12FD173620FD2B" box="[412,593,728,753]" class="Insecta" family="Gryllidae" genus="Nisitrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="239" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vittatus">Nisitrus vittatus</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
the latter species being much more abundant, and has been observed to be outnumbered by at least 10 to 1. The males and females were found inter-mixing with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C156CED8175DB14FBD9FD3330B8FCCF" box="[1111,1225,764,789]" class="Insecta" family="Gryllidae" genus="Nisitrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="239" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vittatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B961CB7C8175DB14FBD9FD3330B8FCCF" box="[1111,1225,764,789]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="239">N. vittatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
on large foliage of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C156CED8175DB14FF19FCEF356AFCE3" box="[151,283,799,825]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Vitaceae" genus="Leea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Vitales" pageId="8" pageNumber="239" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="indica">
|
||
<emphasis id="B961CB7C8175DB14FF19FCEF356AFCE3" box="[151,283,799,825]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="239">Leea indica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
along roads (forest edge) (
|
||
<figureCitation id="132E0BEB8175DB14FDC4FCD036E1FCE3" box="[586,656,799,825]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1901,1925]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,1877]" captionTargetId="figure-25@6.[151,1436,181,1877]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 4. Natural habitat of Nisitrus danum in Kawag Forest Reserve (A) and a J adult (in the red circle) singing in the presence of Nisitrus vittatus (in yellow circle)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8130519" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8130519/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="239">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
||
). Similar to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C156CED8175DB14FC92FCEF37FEFCE3" box="[796,911,800,825]" class="Insecta" family="Gryllidae" genus="Nisitrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="239" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vittatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B961CB7C8175DB14FC92FCEF37FEFCE3" box="[796,911,800,825]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="239">N. vittatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, this species tends to occur in open areas (
|
||
<figureCitation id="132E0BEB8175DB14FAE1FCD034D6FC84" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1659,1683]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,1635]" captionTargetId="figure-22@7.[151,1436,181,1635]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 5. Nisitrus danum in their natural habitat: J adult singing in Kawag Forest Reserve (A); ♀ adult on foliage of a tree among tall grasses near Lipad Mud Volcano, Tabin (B)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8130521" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8130521/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="239">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C30F44E58175DB14FF19FC60379EFBEF" pageId="8" pageNumber="239" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BAA176E8175DB14FF19FC6035E0FC13" blockId="8.[151,401,943,969]" box="[151,401,943,969]" pageId="8" pageNumber="239">
|
||
<heading id="D0E2A0028175DB14FF19FC6035E0FC13" bold="true" box="[151,401,943,969]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="239" reason="1">
|
||
<emphasis id="B961CB7C8175DB14FF19FC6035E0FC13" bold="true" box="[151,401,943,969]" pageId="8" pageNumber="239">
|
||
Distribution (
|
||
<figureCitation id="132E0BEB8175DB14FECEFC6035F9FC13" box="[320,392,943,969]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="9.[151,250,1086,1110]" captionTargetBox="[153,1433,183,1060]" captionTargetId="figure-22@9.[151,1435,181,1062]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 6. Map of Sabah State showing the current known distribution of Nisitrus danum." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8130525" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8130525/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="239">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BAA176E8175DB14FF19FC37379EFBEF" blockId="8.[151,1436,1015,1078]" pageId="8" pageNumber="239">
|
||
Borneo (
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49D1D98C8175DB14FF76FC383533FBCB" box="[248,322,1015,1041]" country="Malaysia" name="Sabah" pageId="8" pageNumber="239">Sabah</collectingRegion>
|
||
: Danum Valley, Tawau Hill Park, Kawag Forest Reserve [new locality record], Sepilok Kabili Forest Reserve [new locality record], Tabin Wildlife Reserve [new locality record])
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C30F44E58175DB15FF19FB48376FFAAC" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="240" pageId="8" pageNumber="239" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BAA176E8175DB14FF19FB48362AFB7B" blockId="8.[151,603,1156,1185]" box="[151,603,1156,1185]" pageId="8" pageNumber="239">
|
||
<heading id="D0E2A0028175DB14FF19FB48362AFB7B" bold="true" box="[151,603,1156,1185]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="239" reason="1">
|
||
<emphasis id="B961CB7C8175DB14FF19FB48362AFB7B" bold="true" box="[151,603,1156,1185]" pageId="8" pageNumber="239">Calling song (9♁, 23°C, in captivity)</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BAA176E8175DB14FF19FB003696F9F7" blockId="8.[151,1437,1231,2014]" pageId="8" pageNumber="239">
|
||
The calling song consists of long homogeneous bouts (= trill) which can last between 3 s to more than 16 min (
|
||
<figureCitation id="132E0BEB8175DB14FF11FB3C3495FAD7" box="[159,228,1267,1293]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="10.[151,250,1909,1933]" captionTargetBox="[179,1408,186,1880]" captionTargetId="figure-25@10.[174,1413,181,1885]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 7. Nisitrus danum J calling song: oscillograms showing the continuous trill (A), six echemes of doublet syllables (B) and an echeme (doublet syllable) (C); spectrogram of the same echeme (D); power spectra of a syllable (E) where the grey line represents the power [dB] (axis name and scale in grey) and the black solid peak represents the relative amplitude (axis name in black)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8130529" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8130529/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="239">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
|
||
). The trill is made up of a sequence of short echemes. Each echeme is made up of two syllables and has an average duration of 41.3±2.1 ms (36.6–45.9 ms). The average interval between consecutive echemes is 50.1±5.2 ms (42.6–62.1 ms). On average, the first syllable has a slightly shorter duration of 15.2±0.8 ms (13.2–17.3 ms) than the second syllable with a duration of 16.0±1.2 ms (12.6–18.7 ms). The average interval between the two syllables is 10.0±1.0 ms (7.9–12.3 ms). The call spectrum consists of a series of harmonics with three distinct peaks in the first three harmonics: first harmonic (fundamental frequency) at 6.13±0.14 kHz (5.72–6.47 kHz), which is typically also the dominant frequency; second harmonic at 12.21±0.31 kHz (11.34–12.84 kHz); third harmonic at 18.32±0.43 kHz (16.97–19.22 kHz). While second and third harmonics are not dominant, their amplitude is high and sometimes almost co-dominate with the fundamental frequency.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BAA176E8175DB14FF49F9F8375BF8F3" blockId="8.[151,1437,1231,2014]" pageId="8" pageNumber="239">
|
||
The calling song of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C156CED8175DB14FE29F9F73662F98B" authorityName="Robillard & Tan" authorityYear="2021" box="[423,531,1591,1617]" class="Insecta" family="Gryllidae" genus="Nisitrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="239" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="danum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B961CB7C8175DB14FE29F9F73662F98B" box="[423,531,1591,1617]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="239">N. danum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is very distinct from that of the syntopic species,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C156CED8175DB14FBCEF9F73083F98B" box="[1088,1266,1592,1617]" class="Insecta" family="Gryllidae" genus="Nisitrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="239" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vittatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B961CB7C8175DB14FBCEF9F73083F98B" box="[1088,1266,1592,1617]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="239">Nisitrus vittatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(see Tan
|
||
<emphasis id="B961CB7C8175DB14FAD3F9F731E7F98B" box="[1373,1430,1591,1617]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="239">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2021a), by the echeme structure being made up of two syllables, rather than three syllables. The echeme duration is also distinctly longer in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C156CED8175DB14FE30F94F365AF943" authorityName="Robillard & Tan" authorityYear="2021" box="[446,555,1663,1689]" class="Insecta" family="Gryllidae" genus="Nisitrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="239" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="danum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B961CB7C8175DB14FE30F94F365AF943" box="[446,555,1663,1689]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="239">N. danum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
than in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C156CED8175DB14FD0BF94F3689F943" box="[645,760,1664,1689]" class="Insecta" family="Gryllidae" genus="Nisitrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="239" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vittatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B961CB7C8175DB14FD0BF94F3689F943" box="[645,760,1664,1689]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="239">N. vittatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(average duration = 41.3 ms
|
||
<emphasis id="B961CB7C8175DB14FBCEF94F302FF943" box="[1088,1118,1664,1689]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="239">vs.</emphasis>
|
||
32.5 ms). Consequently, the syllable durations are also longer in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C156CED8175DB14FDA5F96B36E6F967" authorityName="Robillard & Tan" authorityYear="2021" box="[555,663,1699,1725]" class="Insecta" family="Gryllidae" genus="Nisitrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="239" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="danum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B961CB7C8175DB14FDA5F96B36E6F967" box="[555,663,1699,1725]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="239">N. danum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
than in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C156CED8175DB14FD7CF96B3715F967" box="[754,868,1700,1725]" class="Insecta" family="Gryllidae" genus="Nisitrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="239" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vittatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B961CB7C8175DB14FD7CF96B3715F967" box="[754,868,1700,1725]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="239">N. vittatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The interval between consecutive echemes is also distinctly longer in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C156CED8175DB14FEFEF90735ACF93B" authorityName="Robillard & Tan" authorityYear="2021" box="[368,477,1735,1761]" class="Insecta" family="Gryllidae" genus="Nisitrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="239" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="danum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B961CB7C8175DB14FEFEF90735ACF93B" box="[368,477,1735,1761]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="239">N. danum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
than in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C156CED8175DB14FDB8F90736D8F93B" box="[566,681,1736,1761]" class="Insecta" family="Gryllidae" genus="Nisitrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="239" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vittatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B961CB7C8175DB14FDB8F90736D8F93B" box="[566,681,1736,1761]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="239">N. vittatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(average duration = 50.1 ms
|
||
<emphasis id="B961CB7C8175DB14FC7EF907307FF93B" box="[1008,1038,1736,1761]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="239">vs.</emphasis>
|
||
22.7 ms). Although the frequencies of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C156CED8175DB14FF3AF9233551F8DF" authorityName="Robillard & Tan" authorityYear="2021" box="[180,288,1771,1797]" class="Insecta" family="Gryllidae" genus="Nisitrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="239" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="danum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B961CB7C8175DB14FF3AF9233551F8DF" box="[180,288,1771,1797]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="239">N. danum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is lower than that of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C156CED8175DB14FD88F9233609F8DF" box="[518,632,1772,1797]" class="Insecta" family="Gryllidae" genus="Nisitrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="239" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vittatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B961CB7C8175DB14FD88F9233609F8DF" box="[518,632,1772,1797]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="239">N. vittatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, it could be an artefact of the lower ambient temperature when
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C156CED8175DB14FABFF92331EDF8DF" authorityName="Robillard & Tan" authorityYear="2021" box="[1329,1436,1771,1797]" class="Insecta" family="Gryllidae" genus="Nisitrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="239" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="danum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B961CB7C8175DB14FABFF92331EDF8DF" box="[1329,1436,1771,1797]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="239">N. danum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was recorded (23°C for
|
||
<emphasis id="B961CB7C8175DB14FE2BF8DF3646F8F3" box="[421,567,1807,1833]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="239">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C156CED8175DB14FE2BF8DF3660F8F3" authorityName="Robillard & Tan" authorityYear="2021" box="[421,529,1807,1833]" class="Insecta" family="Gryllidae" genus="Nisitrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="239" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="danum">N. danum</taxonomicName>
|
||
vs.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
27°C for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C156CED8175DB14FD28F8DF3768F8F3" box="[678,793,1808,1833]" class="Insecta" family="Gryllidae" genus="Nisitrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="239" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vittatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B961CB7C8175DB14FD28F8DF3768F8F3" box="[678,793,1808,1833]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="239">N. vittatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BAA176E8175DB14FF49F8FC3085F807" blockId="8.[151,1437,1231,2014]" pageId="8" pageNumber="239">
|
||
Despite morphological similarities between
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C156CED8175DB14FD37F8FB3757F897" authorityName="Robillard & Tan" authorityYear="2021" box="[697,806,1843,1869]" class="Insecta" family="Gryllidae" genus="Nisitrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="239" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="danum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B961CB7C8175DB14FD37F8FB3757F897" box="[697,806,1843,1869]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="239">N. danum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C156CED8175DB14FCD0F8FB37ABF897" authorityName="Ingrisch" authorityYear="1987" box="[862,986,1844,1869]" class="Insecta" family="Gryllidae" genus="Nisitrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="239" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="musicus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B961CB7C8175DB14FCD0F8FB37ABF897" box="[862,986,1844,1869]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="239">N. musicus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(also from
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49D1D98C8175DB14FBD0F8FC30D4F897" box="[1118,1189,1843,1869]" country="Malaysia" name="Sabah" pageId="8" pageNumber="239">Sabah</collectingRegion>
|
||
, but specifically from Mount Kinabalu), there are also differences in their calling song. Both species have similar echeme structure made up of two syllables, but the echeme duration is distinctly longer in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C156CED8175DB14FCF2F8B33799F84F" authorityName="Robillard & Tan" authorityYear="2021" box="[892,1000,1915,1941]" class="Insecta" family="Gryllidae" genus="Nisitrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="239" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="danum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B961CB7C8175DB14FCF2F8B33799F84F" box="[892,1000,1915,1941]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="239">N. danum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
than in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C156CED8175DB14FBCFF8B330CAF84F" authorityName="Ingrisch" authorityYear="1987" box="[1089,1211,1916,1941]" class="Insecta" family="Gryllidae" genus="Nisitrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="239" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="muscius">
|
||
<emphasis id="B961CB7C8175DB14FBCFF8B330CAF84F" box="[1089,1211,1916,1941]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="239">N. muscius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(average duration = 41.3 ms
|
||
<emphasis id="B961CB7C8175DB14FF79F86F3567F863" box="[247,278,1952,1977]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="239">vs.</emphasis>
|
||
29.7 ms). While the durations of the first and second syllables in each echeme are somewhat similar in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C156CED8175DB14FF19F80B3575F807" authorityName="Robillard & Tan" authorityYear="2021" box="[151,260,1987,2013]" class="Insecta" family="Gryllidae" genus="Nisitrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="239" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="danum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B961CB7C8175DB14FF19F80B3575F807" box="[151,260,1987,2013]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="239">N. danum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(15.2 ms and 16.0 ms), those in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C156CED8175DB14FDFCF80B369CF807" authorityName="Ingrisch" authorityYear="1987" box="[626,749,1988,2013]" class="Insecta" family="Gryllidae" genus="Nisitrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="239" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="musicus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B961CB7C8175DB14FDFCF80B369CF807" box="[626,749,1988,2013]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="239">N. musicus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are drastically different (7.5 ms and 18.7 ms).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF6A47E68174DB15FF19FBF1304AFB8C" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8130525" ID-Zenodo-Dep="8130525" box="[151,1083,1086,1110]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8130525/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="240" startId="9.[151,250,1086,1110]" targetBox="[153,1433,183,1060]" targetPageId="9" targetType="figure">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BAA176E8174DB15FF19FBF1304AFB8C" blockId="9.[151,1083,1086,1110]" box="[151,1083,1086,1110]" pageId="9" pageNumber="240">
|
||
<emphasis id="B961CB7C8174DB15FF19FBF13562FB8C" bold="true" box="[151,275,1086,1110]" pageId="9" pageNumber="240">FIGURE 6.</emphasis>
|
||
Map of Sabah State showing the current known distribution of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C156CED8174DB15FC16FBF03046FB8C" authorityName="Robillard & Tan" authorityYear="2021" box="[920,1079,1086,1110]" class="Insecta" family="Gryllidae" genus="Nisitrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="240" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="danum">Nisitrus danum</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BAA176E8174DB15FF49FB4A376FFAAC" blockId="9.[151,1437,1156,1399]" pageId="9" pageNumber="240">
|
||
We found that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C156CED8174DB15FEFCFB4A3591FB44" authorityName="Robillard & Tan" authorityYear="2021" box="[370,480,1156,1182]" class="Insecta" family="Gryllidae" genus="Nisitrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="240" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="danum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B961CB7C8174DB15FEFCFB4A3591FB44" box="[370,480,1156,1182]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="240">N. danum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is also a diurnal species, similar to other
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C156CED8174DB15FC4FFB4A306BFB44" authorityName="Saussure" authorityYear="1878" box="[961,1050,1157,1182]" class="Insecta" family="Gryllidae" genus="Nisitrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="240" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B961CB7C8174DB15FC4FFB4A306BFB44" box="[961,1050,1157,1182]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="240">Nisitrus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="132E0BEB8174DB15FBA4FB4B3000FB44" box="[1066,1137,1156,1182]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="11.[151,250,953,977]" captionTargetBox="[157,1430,187,923]" captionTargetId="figure-22@11.[151,1436,181,929]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 8. Nisitrus danum J calling activity (amount of sound produced) over 24 hours. Smoothed lines were fitted using generalised additive mixed effects models with gaussian error structure. The grey area indicates dark hours; white areas indicates light hours." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8130531" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8130531/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="240">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
|
||
). The circadian rhythm of the calling activity was as follows: calling began at 6:00h in the morning and its activity increases to a maximum at 8h in the morning (amount of sound produced per hour = ca. 1683 s). This follows by a drop in calling activity. A second smaller peak in calling activity (amount of sound produced per hour = ca. 915 s) was detected in the afternoon around 16:00h. Most calling activity ceases at 19:00h in the evening. The two diurnal peaks were also observed in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C156CED8174DB15FE91FAF635E0FA88" box="[287,401,1337,1362]" class="Insecta" family="Gryllidae" genus="Nisitrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="240" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vittatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B961CB7C8174DB15FE91FAF635E0FA88" box="[287,401,1337,1362]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="240">N. vittatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(see
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF846A9F8174DB15FE45FAF636A7FA88" author="Tan, M. K. & Robillard, T." box="[459,726,1336,1363]" pageId="9" pageNumber="240" pagination="470 - 489" refId="ref6617" refString="Tan, M. K. & Robillard, T. (2021 b) Highly diversified circadian rhythms in the calling activity of eneopterine crickets (Orthoptera: Grylloidea: Gryllidae) from Southeast Asia. Bioacoustics, 31 (4), 470 - 489. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 09524622.2021.1973562" type="journal article" year="2021">Tan & Robillard, 2021b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) but they differ in that the highest peak for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C156CED8174DB15FB37FAF63154FA88" authorityName="Robillard & Tan" authorityYear="2021" box="[1209,1317,1336,1362]" class="Insecta" family="Gryllidae" genus="Nisitrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="240" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="danum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B961CB7C8174DB15FB37FAF63154FA88" box="[1209,1317,1336,1362]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="240">N. danum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was in the morning whereas that for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C156CED8174DB15FE36FA92365AFAAC" box="[440,555,1373,1398]" class="Insecta" family="Gryllidae" genus="Nisitrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="240" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vittatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B961CB7C8174DB15FE36FA92365AFAAC" box="[440,555,1373,1398]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="240">N. vittatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was in the afternoon.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |