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<document id="11339FF4F26984677C7B3AAB54F39D0D" ID-DOI="10.1080/00222930500140629" ID-ISSN="1464-5262" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5219994" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1629350369910" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Bálint, Zsolt, Vértesy, Zofia &amp; Biró, László P." docDate="2005" docId="03A4CD19FF8D0D1BFDC1FB327AD9FB3A" docLanguage="en" docName="JNatHist.39.31.2935-2952.pdf" docOrigin="Journal of Natural History 39 (31)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222930500140629" docStyle="DocumentStyle:7E99CF6C63B49250F2A87C3AEDC82D8C.2:JNatHist.2005-2007.journal_article.2cover" docStyleId="7E99CF6C63B49250F2A87C3AEDC82D8C" docStyleName="JNatHist.2005-2007.journal_article.2cover" docStyleVersion="2" docTitle="Thecloxurina loxurina" docType="treatment" docVersion="3" lastPageNumber="2941" masterDocId="FF9DB561FF850D12FFC2FFC47B7EFFD7" masterDocTitle="Microstructures and nanostructures of high Andean Penaincisalia lycaenid butterfly scales (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae): descriptions and interpretations" masterLastPageNumber="2952" masterPageNumber="2935" pageNumber="2941" updateTime="1699069084240" updateUser="plazi" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-4.0" zenodo-license-figures="CC-BY-4.0">
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<mods:title id="9D9CB021FE74F7A03F7E1DD4CC7F1D5E">Microstructures and nanostructures of high Andean Penaincisalia lycaenid butterfly scales (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae): descriptions and interpretations</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="3761DE1FEE29FF787799D152774D73CA">Bálint, Zsolt</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="FAC3B258D864FC5B06BCBDBFC20B5342">Vértesy, Zofia</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="AEA67C1F8BFA0F430836531047DEE1CA">Biró, László P.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="D07117CD6B041A552C406A084E61BFBF">Journal of Natural History</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="65897B394A3F51DFCED7B5FDD48114B2">2005</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="A7DCD7CB6CBA66B1FE637B57CB23F8C7">2005-09-15</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="D3BF69D7D6462123FACA2E2EF5CF1449">39</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="07BA168E144C9B48A8E80FBEAE2255C2">31</mods:number>
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<mods:identifier id="A349AD8E99BF2DE1495F64FCECD0E3EC" type="ISSN">1464-5262</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="03A4CD19FF8D0D1BFDC1FB327AD9FB3A" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5220016" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5220016" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03A4CD19FF8D0D1BFDC1FB327AD9FB3A" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A4CD19FF8D0D1BFDC1FB327AD9FB3A" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="2941" pageId="8" pageNumber="2941">
<subSubSection id="C3172F84FF8D0D1AFDC1FB327856FAD9" box="[515,808,1270,1294]" pageId="8" pageNumber="2941" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8BB27C0FFF8D0D1AFDC1FB327856FAD9" blockId="8.[515,808,1270,1327]" box="[515,808,1270,1294]" pageId="8" pageNumber="2941">
<heading id="D0FACB63FF8D0D1AFDC1FB327856FAD9" box="[515,808,1270,1294]" centered="true" fontSize="10" level="2" pageId="8" pageNumber="2941" reason="2">
<taxonomicName id="4C0D078CFF8D0D1AFDC1FB327856FAD9" baseAuthorityName="Felder and Felder" baseAuthorityYear="1865" box="[515,808,1270,1294]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Thecloxurina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="2941" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="loxurina">
<emphasis id="B979A01DFF8D0D1AFDC1FB327856FAD9" bold="true" box="[515,808,1270,1294]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="2941">Thecloxurina loxurina</emphasis>
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<subSubSection id="C3172F84FF8D0D1BFDFEFAD37AD9FB3A" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="2942" pageId="8" pageNumber="2941" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BB27C0FFF8D0D1AFDFEFAD3798EFAF8" blockId="8.[515,808,1270,1327]" box="[572,752,1303,1327]" pageId="8" pageNumber="2941">
(
<figureCitation id="1336608AFF8D0D1AFD81FAD379B9FAF8" box="[579,711,1303,1327]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="5.[125,185,1025,1044]" captionTargetBox="[128,1173,163,986]" captionTargetId="figure-110@5.[125,1173,133,989]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 1. Lycaenid butterfly species investigated showing male dorsal wing surfaces. (A) Penaincisalia aurulenta Johnson, 1990 (Peru: PN Huascarán, Quebrada Demanda; HNHM); (B) Penaincisalia perezi Bálint, 2001 (Peru: PN Husacarán; Llanganuco; HNHM paratype); (C) Penaincisalia culminicola (Staudinger, 1894) (Peru: PNB Huascarán, Llanganuco; HNHM); (D) Thecloxurina loxurina (Felder and Felder, 1865) (Ecuador: Carchi, Res. Forest. Golondrinas; HNHM); (E) Thecloxurina atymna (Hewitson, 1870) (Ecuador: Zamora, Cord. Lagunillas; HNHM); (F) Thecloxurina atymna (Hewitson, 1870) (Ecuador: Azuay, Cuenca; HNHM)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5219996" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5219996/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="2941">Figures 1D</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="1336608AFF8D0D1AFD14FAD3799BFAF8" box="[726,741,1303,1327]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="10.[138,198,1266,1285]" captionTargetBox="[138,1186,133,1230]" captionTargetId="figure-62@10.[138,1187,133,1230]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Figure 5. Scanning electron micrographs of Thecloxurina loxurina scale microstructures. (A) Tile- or shovel-shaped scales with anterior dentation; (B) no anterior dentation; (C) moderate longitudinal ridges with flutes, curved cross ribs, pepper-pot layers; (D) deep-laying pepper-pot layers; (E) high longitudinal ridges, very closely set v-shaped cross ribs; (F) microcells with small circular opening in abyss." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5220004" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5220004/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="2941">5</figureCitation>
)
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB27C0FFF8D0D1BFF48FA9C7AD9FB3A" blockId="8.[138,1185,1368,1684]" lastBlockId="9.[125,1172,1075,1261]" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="2942" pageId="8" pageNumber="2941">
The dorsal colour is iridescent Lyons Blue (
<figureCitation id="1336608AFF8D0D1AFD61FA9C7863FAA7" box="[675,797,1368,1392]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="5.[125,185,1025,1044]" captionTargetBox="[128,1173,163,986]" captionTargetId="figure-110@5.[125,1173,133,989]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 1. Lycaenid butterfly species investigated showing male dorsal wing surfaces. (A) Penaincisalia aurulenta Johnson, 1990 (Peru: PN Huascarán, Quebrada Demanda; HNHM); (B) Penaincisalia perezi Bálint, 2001 (Peru: PN Husacarán; Llanganuco; HNHM paratype); (C) Penaincisalia culminicola (Staudinger, 1894) (Peru: PNB Huascarán, Llanganuco; HNHM); (D) Thecloxurina loxurina (Felder and Felder, 1865) (Ecuador: Carchi, Res. Forest. Golondrinas; HNHM); (E) Thecloxurina atymna (Hewitson, 1870) (Ecuador: Zamora, Cord. Lagunillas; HNHM); (F) Thecloxurina atymna (Hewitson, 1870) (Ecuador: Azuay, Cuenca; HNHM)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5219996" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5219996/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="2941">Figure 1D</figureCitation>
). The scales are tile- or shovelshaped with slight anterior dentation (
<figureCitation id="1336608AFF8D0D1AFD9CFABD79AAFA46" box="[606,724,1401,1425]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="10.[138,198,1266,1285]" captionTargetBox="[138,1186,133,1230]" captionTargetId="figure-62@10.[138,1187,133,1230]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Figure 5. Scanning electron micrographs of Thecloxurina loxurina scale microstructures. (A) Tile- or shovel-shaped scales with anterior dentation; (B) no anterior dentation; (C) moderate longitudinal ridges with flutes, curved cross ribs, pepper-pot layers; (D) deep-laying pepper-pot layers; (E) high longitudinal ridges, very closely set v-shaped cross ribs; (F) microcells with small circular opening in abyss." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5220004" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5220004/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="2941">Figure 5A</figureCitation>
) or are not dentate (
<figureCitation id="1336608AFF8D0D1AFC1CFABD7F28FA46" box="[990,1110,1401,1425]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="10.[138,198,1266,1285]" captionTargetBox="[138,1186,133,1230]" captionTargetId="figure-62@10.[138,1187,133,1230]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Figure 5. Scanning electron micrographs of Thecloxurina loxurina scale microstructures. (A) Tile- or shovel-shaped scales with anterior dentation; (B) no anterior dentation; (C) moderate longitudinal ridges with flutes, curved cross ribs, pepper-pot layers; (D) deep-laying pepper-pot layers; (E) high longitudinal ridges, very closely set v-shaped cross ribs; (F) microcells with small circular opening in abyss." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5220004" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5220004/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="2941">Figure 5B</figureCitation>
). The dentate tile-shaped scales are long with a length/width ratio of 3/1 (150/
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); the shovelshaped scales are wider with a length/width ratio of 5/3 (100/
<quantity id="4CF5D1EAFF8D0D1AFCB1FA7D78BEFA06" box="[883,960,1464,1490]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" pageId="8" pageNumber="2941" unit="mm" value="60.0">60 mm</quantity>
). The non-dentate scales are intermediate with a length/width ratio of 2/1 (120/
<quantity id="4CF5D1EAFF8D0D1AFC92FA1E78E0FA25" box="[848,926,1496,1522]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" pageId="8" pageNumber="2941" unit="mm" value="60.0">60 mm</quantity>
). The slightly toothed scales possess moderate longitudinal ridges with flutes. They merge with curved cross ribs with rectangular shaped microcells. The space between the cross ribs is approximately
<quantity id="4CF5D1EAFF8D0D1AFF48F9FF7BA3F984" box="[138,221,1593,1619]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="8" pageNumber="2941" unit="mm" value="0.5">0.5 mm</quantity>
, but slightly irregular. The microcells are widely open, nanostructured material fragments and the trabeculae, plus the reverse surface of the scale, can be clearly seen (
<figureCitation id="1336608AFF8D0D1AFF50F9B87A75F943" box="[146,267,1660,1684]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="10.[138,198,1266,1285]" captionTargetBox="[138,1186,133,1230]" captionTargetId="figure-62@10.[138,1187,133,1230]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Figure 5. Scanning electron micrographs of Thecloxurina loxurina scale microstructures. (A) Tile- or shovel-shaped scales with anterior dentation; (B) no anterior dentation; (C) moderate longitudinal ridges with flutes, curved cross ribs, pepper-pot layers; (D) deep-laying pepper-pot layers; (E) high longitudinal ridges, very closely set v-shaped cross ribs; (F) microcells with small circular opening in abyss." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5220004" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5220004/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="2941">Figure 5C</figureCitation>
). There are identically microstructured scales with pepper-pot nanostructures (
<figureCitation id="1336608AFF8C0D1BFF47FBF77A7FFB9C" box="[133,257,1075,1099]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="10.[138,198,1266,1285]" captionTargetBox="[138,1186,133,1230]" captionTargetId="figure-62@10.[138,1187,133,1230]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Figure 5. Scanning electron micrographs of Thecloxurina loxurina scale microstructures. (A) Tile- or shovel-shaped scales with anterior dentation; (B) no anterior dentation; (C) moderate longitudinal ridges with flutes, curved cross ribs, pepper-pot layers; (D) deep-laying pepper-pot layers; (E) high longitudinal ridges, very closely set v-shaped cross ribs; (F) microcells with small circular opening in abyss." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5220004" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5220004/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="2942">Figure 5D</figureCitation>
). The square-ended and non-dentate scales possess high longitudinal ridges with very closely set v-shaped cross ribs (
<figureCitation id="1336608AFF8C0D1BFDB8FB90798CFBBB" box="[634,754,1108,1132]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="10.[138,198,1266,1285]" captionTargetBox="[138,1186,133,1230]" captionTargetId="figure-62@10.[138,1187,133,1230]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Figure 5. Scanning electron micrographs of Thecloxurina loxurina scale microstructures. (A) Tile- or shovel-shaped scales with anterior dentation; (B) no anterior dentation; (C) moderate longitudinal ridges with flutes, curved cross ribs, pepper-pot layers; (D) deep-laying pepper-pot layers; (E) high longitudinal ridges, very closely set v-shaped cross ribs; (F) microcells with small circular opening in abyss." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5220004" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5220004/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="2942">Figure 5E</figureCitation>
). They form rectangular, but very narrow and almost completely closed, microcells. The spaces between the cross ribs are less than
<quantity id="4CF5D1EAFF8C0D1BFF00FB517A6CFB7A" box="[194,274,1171,1197]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="9" pageNumber="2942" unit="mm" value="0.3">0.3 mm</quantity>
wide; their sequence is regular. The microcells have a single circular nanostructure opening below their base. Pepper-pot nanostructures can be seen beneath the openings (
<figureCitation id="1336608AFF8C0D1BFEE1FB117AE7FB3A" box="[291,409,1237,1261]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="10.[138,198,1266,1285]" captionTargetBox="[138,1186,133,1230]" captionTargetId="figure-62@10.[138,1187,133,1230]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Figure 5. Scanning electron micrographs of Thecloxurina loxurina scale microstructures. (A) Tile- or shovel-shaped scales with anterior dentation; (B) no anterior dentation; (C) moderate longitudinal ridges with flutes, curved cross ribs, pepper-pot layers; (D) deep-laying pepper-pot layers; (E) high longitudinal ridges, very closely set v-shaped cross ribs; (F) microcells with small circular opening in abyss." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5220004" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5220004/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="2942">Figure 5F</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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