527 lines
58 KiB
XML
527 lines
58 KiB
XML
<document id="279258376C1F4E3215A19CB2EEADDBB1" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.273913" ID-GBIF-Dataset="f6b846c4-a8ce-4b1e-b682-b56007097672" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="273913" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1459899285535" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Kirkendall, Lawrence R. & Ødegaard, Frode" docDate="2007" docId="0396878AD02DFFE19388F9F2BE86F9A0" docLanguage="en" docName="zt01588p062.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 1588" docStyle="DocumentStyle:6581673A57F01A3145754A1E615EDFF0.4:Zootaxa.2007-2008.journal_article" docStyleId="6581673A57F01A3145754A1E615EDFF0" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2007-2008.journal_article" docStyleVersion="4" docTitle="Xylosandrus crassiusculus Motschulsky" docType="treatment" docVersion="6" lastPageNumber="57" masterDocId="FFAFFFF2D02CFFE5931FFFBDBC3DFFA2" masterDocTitle="Ongoing invasions of old-growth tropical forests: establishment of three incestuous beetle species in southern Central America (Curculionidae: Scolytinae)" masterLastPageNumber="62" masterPageNumber="53" pageNumber="54" updateTime="1698228653734" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:titleInfo id="DDD5E811B0DC4BE7C07F7B4430239A49">
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<mods:title id="DD1760ADF7B88988E6E35D6CC4B95244">Ongoing invasions of old-growth tropical forests: establishment of three incestuous beetle species in southern Central America (Curculionidae: Scolytinae)</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name id="1130F13EDB6D98A1C6EF01660AFA2B64" type="personal">
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<mods:role id="5EC917E6CFC679085534BDE62F5CB784">
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<mods:roleTerm id="743886164AA62F0251177F7F61BA2095">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart id="FC4E1AD4F2ABD291CD2B684781C9BA71">Kirkendall, Lawrence R.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:roleTerm id="0180709F0F55A24473F467340501B570">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart id="AE8F246E0EBA208C80269E34D174A583">Ødegaard, Frode</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="389AAE7346FDA3EAB7A23C5AF388E2E4">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:titleInfo id="E85B1051CD22464CCB3FFD1A47F7B450">
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<mods:title id="AE728C7228BCE453C2CDD954411F35D9">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part id="32E6764FBF78DE38EE69EC381DBBB4DC">
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<mods:date id="75A42F0E71C06A4210A19635B04B1B9E">2007</mods:date>
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<mods:detail id="2C5C4297E23AF71D37F6E637F36481CE" type="volume">
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<mods:number id="7CE30DAA58D1DB4414C4196BF6EFC99C">1588</mods:number>
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<mods:start id="7A446C0EF37EE23714D478DB5589D1F1">53</mods:start>
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<mods:end id="8B9B9C3AC0EECE02B32A3B91C7A089AC">62</mods:end>
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<mods:classification id="5400518A11CFAB65B8D3E1CE1DD9F703">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="AD61372F4D0EDDD0B55A00AA0B05B411" type="DOI">10.5281/zenodo.273913</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="6D4A5CEDD0DBBC724C32E4DC065F65D1" type="ISSN">1175-5326</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="8EF003FD3DAB3889806478581EA3D198" type="Zenodo-Dep">273913</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="0396878AD02DFFE19388F9F2BE86F9A0" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6246932" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119372753" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6246932" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:0396878AD02DFFE19388F9F2BE86F9A0" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/0396878AD02DFFE19388F9F2BE86F9A0" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="57" pageId="1" pageNumber="54">
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<subSubSection id="C3256517D02DFFE49388F9F2BD2AF92E" pageId="1" pageNumber="54" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8B80369CD02DFFE49388F9F2BEAEF9CB" blockId="1.[151,659,1615,1676]" box="[151,659,1615,1641]" pageId="1" pageNumber="54">
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<heading id="D0C881F0D02DFFE49388F9F2BEAEF9CB" bold="true" box="[151,659,1615,1641]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="1" pageNumber="54" reason="1">
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<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D1FD02DFFE49388F9F2BEAEF9CB" ID-CoL="5CMJB" authority="Motschulsky" authorityName="Motschulsky" box="[151,659,1615,1641]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Xylosandrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="54" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="crassiusculus">
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<emphasis id="B94BEA8ED02DFFE49388F9F2BEAEF9CB" bold="true" box="[151,659,1615,1641]" pageId="1" pageNumber="54">
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<emphasis id="B94BEA8ED02DFFE49388F9F2BDE5F9CB" bold="true" box="[151,472,1615,1641]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="54">Xylosandrus crassiusculus</emphasis>
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(Motschulsky)
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B80369CD02DFFE49388F9CFBD2AF92E" blockId="1.[151,659,1615,1676]" box="[151,279,1650,1676]" pageId="1" pageNumber="54">
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(
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<figureCitation id="13042A19D02DFFE49380F9CFBCDDF92E" box="[159,224,1650,1676]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,255,1882,1906]" captionTargetBox="[198,1394,192,1840]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[155,1440,169,1884]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. Invasive Asian xyleborine ambrosia beetles in Central American forests. (a – c) Xylosandrus crassiusculus: the shape (a), size (2.2 – 2.5 mm), and dull declivity with dense long setae and dense, scattered granules (c) are characteristic. (d) Xyleborinus exiguus: note the plain, convex declivity with a distinctive border of large teeth at the apex. (e – h) Euwallacea fornicatus: arrow (g) indicates suture on the posterior face of the antennal club (upper antenna in figure shows anterior face)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/273914/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="54">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
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a–c)
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3256517D02DFFE79388F97FBEB2FB85" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="55" pageId="1" pageNumber="54" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8B80369CD02DFFE79388F97FB895FCAD" blockId="1.[151,1436,1730,2002]" lastBlockId="2.[151,1437,152,2024]" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="55" pageId="1" pageNumber="54">
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<emphasis id="B94BEA8ED02DFFE49388F97FBD38F97E" bold="true" box="[151,261,1730,1756]" pageId="1" pageNumber="54">Records.</emphasis>
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New to Neotropics, recently established in North
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<collectingCountry id="F328760CD02DFFE49099F97FBFD2F97E" box="[902,1007,1730,1756]" name="United States of America" pageId="1" pageNumber="54">America</collectingCountry>
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.
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<emphasis id="B94BEA8ED02DFFE4971FF97FB881F97E" bold="true" box="[1024,1212,1730,1756]" pageId="1" pageNumber="54">
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<collectingCountry id="F328760CD02DFFE4971FF97FB881F97E" box="[1024,1212,1730,1756]" name="Costa Rica" pageId="1" pageNumber="54">COSTA RICA</collectingCountry>
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</emphasis>
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, Heredia, Cariari, Pocosí, Finca Prima Vera,
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<quantity id="4CC79B79D02DFFE492C2F951BE77F8A4" box="[477,586,1772,1798]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" metricValueMax="10.0" metricValueMin="0.0" pageId="1" pageNumber="54" unit="m" value="50.0" valueMax="100.0" valueMin="0.0">0–100 m</quantity>
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,
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<date id="FF81105CD02DFFE49147F951BEE8F8A4" box="[600,725,1772,1798]" pageId="1" pageNumber="54" value="1996-03">Mar. 1996</date>
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, trunk of standing
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<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D1FD02DFFE490A6F951B845F8A7" box="[953,1144,1772,1797]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Lamiaceae" genus="Tectona" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="1" pageNumber="54" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="grandis">
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<emphasis id="B94BEA8ED02DFFE490A6F951B845F8A7" box="[953,1144,1772,1797]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="54">Tectona grandis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(teak,
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<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D1FD02DFFE497D3F951B958F8A4" box="[1228,1381,1772,1798]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Verbenaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="1" pageNumber="54" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Verbenaceae</taxonomicName>
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), M. Arguedas (2 beetles),
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<date id="FF81105CD02DFFE49289F8A8BE0DF88D" box="[406,560,1813,1839]" pageId="1" pageNumber="54" value="1997-07-29">29 July 1997</date>
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, 15–
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<quantity id="4CC79B79D02DFFE49179F8A8BE8DF88D" box="[614,688,1813,1839]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="1" pageNumber="54" unit="cm" value="20.0">20 cm</quantity>
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dbh 6 years-old standing teak killed by
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<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D1FD02DFFE4979CF8A8B959F88C" box="[1155,1380,1813,1838]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Nectria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="1" pageNumber="54" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="nauriticola">
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<emphasis id="B94BEA8ED02DFFE4979CF8A8B959F88C" box="[1155,1380,1813,1838]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="54">Nectria nauriticola</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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fungus, L. R. Kirkendall (1); Heredia, La Selva Biological Station
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<geoCoordinate id="EE0B505BD02DFFE4909EF8FDBFC8F8F8" box="[897,1013,1853,1882]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="1" pageNumber="54" precision="925" value="10.433333">10o 26’ N</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate id="EE0B505BD02DFFE4971DF8FDB847F8F8" box="[1026,1146,1853,1882]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="1" pageNumber="54" precision="925" value="-84.01667">84o 01’ W</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<quantity id="4CC79B79D02DFFE49799F8FDB8C1F8F8" box="[1158,1276,1856,1882]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" metricValueMax="1.5" metricValueMin="0.5" pageId="1" pageNumber="54" unit="m" value="100.0" valueMax="150.0" valueMin="50.0">50–150 m</quantity>
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elevation,
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<date id="FF81105CD02DFFE49660F8FDBD32F820" pageId="1" pageNumber="54" value="1996-07-26">26 July 1996</date>
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, trunk of felled
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<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D1FD02DFFE492CBF8D5BF43F820" box="[468,894,1896,1922]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Vochysiaceae" genus="Vochysia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Myrtales" pageId="1" pageNumber="54" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="ferruginea">
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<emphasis id="B94BEA8ED02DFFE492CBF8D5BEFCF823" box="[468,705,1896,1921]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="54">Vochysia ferruginea</emphasis>
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||
(Vochysiaceae)
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</taxonomicName>
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L. R. Kirkendall (1); La Selva, ground-level UV light traps in second growth forest,
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<date id="FF81105CD02DFFE49178F82DBE8AF808" box="[615,695,1936,1962]" pageId="1" pageNumber="54">4 Aug.</date>
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||
(1) and
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<date id="FF81105CD02DFFE49006F82DBF47F808" box="[793,890,1936,1962]" pageId="1" pageNumber="54" value="1924-09">24 Sept.</date>
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||
(2),
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<date id="FF81105CD02DFFE490AEF82DB830F808" box="[945,1037,1936,1962]" pageId="1" pageNumber="54" value="1911-11">11 Nov.</date>
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||
(1), 1998, and
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||
<date id="FF81105CD02DFFE497A0F82DBCEFF870" pageId="1" pageNumber="54" value="1999-02-08" valueMax="1999-03-29" valueMin="1999-02-08">8 Feb. and 29 Mar. 1999</date>
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(1 each); La Selva, canopy UV light trap in old-growth forest,
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<date id="FF81105CD02DFFE490AAF805B87EF870" box="[949,1091,1976,2002]" pageId="1" pageNumber="54" value="1999-02-02">2 Feb. 1999</date>
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||
,
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<collectingCountry id="F328760CD02DFFE49750F805B8A1F870" box="[1103,1180,1976,2002]" name="Kazakhstan" pageId="1" pageNumber="54">ALAS</collectingCountry>
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project (1); La Selva, Malaise traps near treefalls not far from a forest edge,
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<date id="FF81105CD02EFFE7900CFF25BFB0FF10" box="[787,909,152,178]" pageId="2" pageNumber="55" value="1998-11">Nov. 1998</date>
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and
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<date id="FF81105CD02EFFE790D9FF25B879FF10" box="[966,1092,152,178]" pageId="2" pageNumber="55" value="1999-08">Aug. 1999</date>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="F328760CD02EFFE7974FFF25B8A1FF10" box="[1104,1180,152,178]" name="Kazakhstan" pageId="2" pageNumber="55">ALAS</collectingCountry>
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project (1 each date); La Selva,
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<date id="FF81105CD02EFFE7920FFF7DBDA3FF78" box="[272,414,192,218]" pageId="2" pageNumber="55" value="1999-07-07">
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7 July
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<quantity id="4CC79B79D02EFFE7927EFF7DBDA3FF78" box="[353,414,192,218]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.9997999999999998" pageId="2" pageNumber="55" unit="cm" value="1999.8">1999</quantity>
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</date>
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, 8 cm dia. broken branch of
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<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D1FD02EFFE791E6FF7DB856FF78" box="[761,1131,192,218]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Urticaceae" genus="Pourouma" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="2" pageNumber="55" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="bicolor">
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||
<emphasis id="B94BEA8ED02EFFE791E6FF7DBFECFF7B" box="[761,977,192,217]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="55">Pourouma bicolor</emphasis>
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||
(Urticaceae)
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||
</taxonomicName>
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(1) and
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<quantity id="4CC79B79D02EFFE797CDFF7DB930FF78" box="[1234,1293,192,218]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="2" pageNumber="55" unit="cm" value="1.0">1 cm</quantity>
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dia. broken branch of
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<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D1FD02EFFE79210FF55BE49FEA0" box="[271,628,232,258]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Burseraceae" genus="Protium" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sapindales" pageId="2" pageNumber="55" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="pittieri">
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||
<emphasis id="B94BEA8ED02EFFE79210FF55BDFBFEA3" box="[271,454,232,257]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="55">Protium pittieri</emphasis>
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||
(Burseraceae)
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||
</taxonomicName>
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||
, L. R. Kirkendall (1); La Selva, 8, 17 &
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||
<date id="FF81105CD02EFFE79749FF55B8C5FEA0" box="[1110,1272,232,258]" pageId="2" pageNumber="55" value="2003-12-19">19 Dec. 2003</date>
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||
,
|
||
<date id="FF81105CD02EFFE7961AFF55B9A5FEA0" box="[1285,1432,232,258]" pageId="2" pageNumber="55" value="2004-03-08">8 Mar. 2004</date>
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||
, woody petiole of fallen leaf of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D1FD02EFFE79111FEADBEE3FE8B" box="[526,734,272,297]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Urticaceae" genus="Cecropia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="2" pageNumber="55" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="insignis">
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||
<emphasis id="B94BEA8ED02EFFE79111FEADBEE3FE8B" box="[526,734,272,297]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="55">Cecropia insignis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
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||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D1FD02EFFE791EFFEADBF4EFE88" box="[752,883,272,298]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Urticaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="2" pageNumber="55" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Urticaceae</taxonomicName>
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||
; not breeding), old growth forest, Justin Calabrese (1 each date); La Selva,
|
||
<date id="FF81105CD02EFFE7911AFE85BEEBFEF0" box="[517,726,312,338]" pageId="2" pageNumber="55" value="2004-03-26" valueMax="2004-03-27" valueMin="2004-03-26">26–27 Mar. 2004</date>
|
||
, canopy UV light
|
||
<quantity id="4CC79B79D02EFFE790ABFE85BFCFFEF0" box="[948,1010,312,338]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="2" pageNumber="55" unit="m" value="30.0">30 m</quantity>
|
||
up
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D1FD02EFFE7973EFE85B9A1FEF0" box="[1057,1436,312,338]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Lecythidaceae" genus="Lecythis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Ericales" pageId="2" pageNumber="55" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="ampla">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94BEA8ED02EFFE7973EFE85B8E8FEF3" box="[1057,1237,312,337]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="55">Lecythis ampla</emphasis>
|
||
(Lecythidaceae)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
tree at CCL
|
||
<quantity id="4CC79B79D02EFFE7923AFEDDBD52FED8" box="[293,367,352,378]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.89" pageId="2" pageNumber="55" unit="in" value="350.0">350 in</quantity>
|
||
old-growth forest ca.
|
||
<quantity id="4CC79B79D02EFFE7916EFEDDBE86FED8" box="[625,699,352,378]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="2" pageNumber="55" unit="m" value="300.0">300 m</quantity>
|
||
from secondary forest (abandoned plantation), Gunther Brehm (1); La Selva,
|
||
<date id="FF81105CD02EFFE79221FE35BE36FE00" box="[318,523,392,418]" pageId="2" pageNumber="55" value="2004-03-27" valueMax="2004-03-28" valueMin="2004-03-27">27–28 Mar. 2004</date>
|
||
, ground-level UV light at SUR
|
||
<quantity id="4CC79B79D02EFFE79060FE35BFF4FE00" box="[895,969,392,418]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.286" pageId="2" pageNumber="55" unit="in" value="900.0">900 in</quantity>
|
||
old-growth forest near border with secondary-growth forest, Gunther Brehm (1); La Selva,
|
||
<date id="FF81105CD02EFFE7901FFE0DBF9DFE68" box="[768,928,432,458]" pageId="2" pageNumber="55" value="2004-03-27">27 Mar. 2004</date>
|
||
, 1.5 cm branch with green leaves of cut-up, fallen
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||
<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D1FD02EFFE793FCFE65BF16FE50" box="[227,811,472,498]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Melastomataceae" genus="Topobea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" order="Myrtales" pageId="2" pageNumber="55" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="maurofernandeziana">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94BEA8ED02EFFE793FCFE65BE7EFE53" box="[227,579,472,497]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="55">Topobea maurofernandeziana</emphasis>
|
||
(Melastomataceae)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
at CEN 565, L. R. Kirkendall (2); La Selva (
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F328760CD02EFFE79651FE65B9A1FE50" box="[1358,1436,472,498]" name="Kazakhstan" pageId="2" pageNumber="55">ALAS</collectingCountry>
|
||
project), 16 Feb.–18
|
||
<date id="FF81105CD02EFFE79295FDBDBE1BFDB8" box="[394,550,512,538]" pageId="2" pageNumber="55" value="2004-04-05">April 2004, 5</date>
|
||
combined Malaise/flight intercept traps, secondary forest (402); same place and period, 5 combined Malaise/flight intercept traps, primary forest (134); La Selva,
|
||
<date id="FF81105CD02EFFE7978CFD95B9A5FDE0" box="[1171,1432,552,578]" pageId="2" pageNumber="55" value="2006-06-24" valueMax="2006-07-11" valueMin="2006-06-24">24 June–11 July 2006</date>
|
||
, secondary forest and forest edges, 21 collections from 13 thin, fallen
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D1FD02EFFE790DDFDEDB932FDC8" box="[962,1295,592,618]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Moraceae" genus="Castilla" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="2" pageNumber="55" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="elastica">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94BEA8ED02EFFE790DDFDEDB8BCFDCB" box="[962,1153,592,617]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="55">Castilla elastica</emphasis>
|
||
(Moraceae)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
branches, 1 from fallen
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D1FD02EFFE7923FFDC5BDB1FD33" box="[288,396,632,657]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Urticaceae" genus="Cecropia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="2" pageNumber="55" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94BEA8ED02EFFE7923FFDC5BDB1FD33" box="[288,396,632,657]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="55">Cecropia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
leaf, Hanne Andersen; Prov. Alajeula, Canõ Negro,
|
||
<quantity id="4CC79B79D02EFFE790F0FDC5B810FD30" box="[1007,1069,632,658]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.9" pageId="2" pageNumber="55" unit="m" value="49.0">49 m</quantity>
|
||
,
|
||
<date id="FF81105CD02EFFE79727FDC5B8D7FD30" box="[1080,1258,632,658]" pageId="2" pageNumber="55" value="2005-09-01" valueMax="2005-09-05" valueMin="2005-09-01">1–5 Sept. 2005</date>
|
||
, J. Azofeifa,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F328760CD02EFFE7969CFDC5B9A5FD30" box="[1411,1432,632,658]" name="Italy" pageId="2" pageNumber="55">Y</collectingCountry>
|
||
. Cárdenas, M. Moraga, ecotono, INBio collection #84533 (1); Prov. Limón, La Suerte Biological Station,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE0B505BD02EFFE79669FD1FBD2CFD45" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="2" pageNumber="55" precision="15" value="10.441667">10o 26’ 30” N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE0B505BD02EFFE79202FD70BDF3FD45" box="[285,462,715,743]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="2" pageNumber="55" precision="15" value="-83.770836">83 o 46’ 15” W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, pitfall traps in secondary forest and a grove of exotic bamboo,
|
||
<date id="FF81105CD02EFFE797DBFD70B95EFD45" box="[1220,1379,717,743]" pageId="2" pageNumber="55" value="2005-05-14">14 May 2005</date>
|
||
(22) and
|
||
<date id="FF81105CD02EFFE793D7FD48BD56FCAD" box="[200,363,757,783]" pageId="2" pageNumber="55" value="2006-09-16">16 Sept. 2006</date>
|
||
(10), light trap in secondary forest
|
||
<date id="FF81105CD02EFFE79016FD48BF93FCAD" box="[777,942,757,783]" pageId="2" pageNumber="55" value="2006-04-12">12 April 2006</date>
|
||
(1), Erica McAlister.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B80369CD02EFFE793D8FCA0BEB2FB85" blockId="2.[151,1437,152,2024]" pageId="2" pageNumber="55">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94BEA8ED02EFFE793D8FCA0BD78FC95" bold="true" box="[199,325,797,823]" pageId="2" pageNumber="55">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F328760CD02EFFE793D8FCA0BD78FC95" box="[199,325,797,823]" name="Panama" pageId="2" pageNumber="55">PANAMA</collectingCountry>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
, Colon Prov. San Lorenzo Protected Area, 917’N
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE0B505BD02EFFE7908FFCA0BFC5FC95" box="[912,1016,797,823]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="2" pageNumber="55" precision="925" value="-79.96667">79º58’W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
<quantity id="4CC79B79D02EFFE790E0FCA0B874FC95" box="[1023,1097,797,823]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.3" pageId="2" pageNumber="55" unit="m" value="130.0">130 m</quantity>
|
||
elevation, old-growth forest,
|
||
<date id="FF81105CD02EFFE79388FCF8BD00FCFD" box="[151,317,837,863]" pageId="2" pageNumber="55" value="2003-09-22">22 Sept. 2003</date>
|
||
to
|
||
<date id="FF81105CD02EFFE7927AFCF8BE38FCFD" box="[357,517,837,863]" pageId="2" pageNumber="55" value="2004-10-30">30 Oct. 2004</date>
|
||
, ground level UV light traps, R. Kitching (149), ground level flight intercept traps, A. Tishechkin (76), flight intercept traps at different heights, R. K. Didham, L. L. Fagan & M. Rapp, 0 m (136), 1.3 m (61),
|
||
<quantity id="4CC79B79D02EFFE79290FC28BD80FC0D" box="[399,445,917,943]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.0" pageId="2" pageNumber="55" unit="m" value="7.0">7 m</quantity>
|
||
(119),
|
||
<quantity id="4CC79B79D02EFFE7910DFC28BE73FC0D" box="[530,590,917,943]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.4" pageId="2" pageNumber="55" unit="m" value="14.0">14 m</quantity>
|
||
(27),
|
||
<quantity id="4CC79B79D02EFFE79189FC28BEEFFC0D" box="[662,722,917,943]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.1" pageId="2" pageNumber="55" unit="m" value="21.0">21 m</quantity>
|
||
(3),
|
||
<quantity id="4CC79B79D02EFFE79014FC28BF7AFC0D" box="[779,839,917,943]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.8" pageId="2" pageNumber="55" unit="m" value="28.0">28 m</quantity>
|
||
(1), pit fall traps, E. Medianero (7), Malaise traps, S. Pinzon & N. D. Springate (2); same site, beating
|
||
<quantity id="4CC79B79D02EFFE79039FC00BF58FC75" box="[806,869,957,983]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="2" pageNumber="55" unit="cm" value="2.0">2 cm</quantity>
|
||
dia. recently dead branches of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D1FD02EFFE797F1FC03B952FC75" box="[1262,1391,958,983]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Calliandra" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="2" pageNumber="55" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94BEA8ED02EFFE797F1FC03B952FC75" box="[1262,1391,958,983]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="55">Calliandra</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D1FD02EFFE79380FC58BD2DFC5D" box="[159,272,997,1023]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="2" pageNumber="55" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Fabaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
)
|
||
<date id="FF81105CD02EFFE7923DFC58BDF8FC5D" box="[290,453,997,1023]" pageId="2" pageNumber="55" value="2003-10-15">15 Oct. 2003</date>
|
||
, F. Ødegaard (1), beating
|
||
<quantity id="4CC79B79D02EFFE79018FC58BF79FC5D" box="[775,836,997,1023]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="2" pageNumber="55" unit="cm" value="3.0">3 cm</quantity>
|
||
dia. recently dead branches of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D1FD02EFFE797D8FC5BBD23FB85" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Moraceae" genus="Poulsenia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="2" pageNumber="55" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="armata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94BEA8ED02EFFE797D8FC5BB9A1FC5D" box="[1223,1436,998,1023]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="55">Poulsenia armata</emphasis>
|
||
(Moraceae)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<date id="FF81105CD02EFFE7923AFBB0BDF8FB85" box="[293,453,1037,1063]" pageId="2" pageNumber="55" value="2004-05-28">28 May 2004</date>
|
||
, F. Ødegaard (1).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3256517D02EFFE793D9FB88BCDEFB6A" pageId="2" pageNumber="55" type="diagnosis">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B80369CD02EFFE793D9FB88BCDEFB6A" blockId="2.[151,1437,152,2024]" pageId="2" pageNumber="55">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94BEA8ED02EFFE793D9FB88BD7BFBED" bold="true" box="[198,326,1077,1103]" pageId="2" pageNumber="55">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
|
||
Among xyleborine ambrosia beetles,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D1FD02EFFE79015FB8BB87EFBED" box="[778,1091,1078,1103]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Xylosandrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="55" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="crassiusculus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94BEA8ED02EFFE79015FB8BB87EFBED" box="[778,1091,1078,1103]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="55">Xylosandrus crassiusculus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is easily recognizable by the combination of shape (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13042A19D02EFFE792BEFBE3BDDFFBDA" box="[417,482,1118,1144]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,255,1882,1906]" captionTargetBox="[198,1394,192,1840]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[155,1440,169,1884]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. Invasive Asian xyleborine ambrosia beetles in Central American forests. (a – c) Xylosandrus crassiusculus: the shape (a), size (2.2 – 2.5 mm), and dull declivity with dense long setae and dense, scattered granules (c) are characteristic. (d) Xyleborinus exiguus: note the plain, convex declivity with a distinctive border of large teeth at the apex. (e – h) Euwallacea fornicatus: arrow (g) indicates suture on the posterior face of the antennal club (upper antenna in figure shows anterior face)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/273914/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="55">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
a,b), separated procoxae (placing it in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D1FD02EFFE790BCFBE3B80BFBD5" box="[931,1078,1118,1143]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Xylosandrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="55" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94BEA8ED02EFFE790BCFBE3B80BFBD5" box="[931,1078,1118,1143]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="55">Xylosandrus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), size (2.2–2.5 mm), and characteristic declivity with its dull surface and dense, scattered fine granules (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13042A19D02EFFE79707FB3BB863FB02" box="[1048,1118,1158,1184]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,255,1882,1906]" captionTargetBox="[198,1394,192,1840]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[155,1440,169,1884]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. Invasive Asian xyleborine ambrosia beetles in Central American forests. (a – c) Xylosandrus crassiusculus: the shape (a), size (2.2 – 2.5 mm), and dull declivity with dense long setae and dense, scattered granules (c) are characteristic. (d) Xyleborinus exiguus: note the plain, convex declivity with a distinctive border of large teeth at the apex. (e – h) Euwallacea fornicatus: arrow (g) indicates suture on the posterior face of the antennal club (upper antenna in figure shows anterior face)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/273914/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="55">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
c; see also
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE4B6DD02EFFE797F9FB3BBCEAFB6A" author="Rabaglia" pageId="2" pageNumber="62" refString="Rabaglia, R. J., Dole, S. A. & Cognato, A. I. (2006) Review of American Xyleborina (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) occurring North of Mexico, with an illustrated key. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 99, 1034 - 1056." type="journal article" year="2006">
|
||
Rabaglia
|
||
<emphasis id="B94BEA8ED02EFFE79647FB3BB9A8FB3D" box="[1368,1429,1158,1183]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="55">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2006
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3256517D02EFFE193D9FB68BE86F9A0" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="57" pageId="2" pageNumber="55" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B80369CD02EFFE793D9FB68BE52F84A" blockId="2.[151,1437,152,2024]" pageId="2" pageNumber="55">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94BEA8ED02EFFE793D9FB68BD68FB4D" bold="true" box="[198,341,1237,1263]" pageId="2" pageNumber="55">Comments.</emphasis>
|
||
Like many other xyleborines, this stout, medium-sized Oriental species has been transported through commerce to many parts of the world (CAB International, 2005b). First detected in North
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F328760CD02EFFE79607FB43B940FABA" box="[1304,1405,1278,1304]" name="United States of America" pageId="2" pageNumber="55">America</collectingCountry>
|
||
in 1974, it has rapidly spread throughout the southeastern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F328760CD02EFFE7903FFA9BBF60FAE2" box="[800,861,1318,1344]" name="United States of America" pageId="2" pageNumber="55">U. S.</collectingCountry>
|
||
, westwards as far as Texas and northwards as far as Maryland (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE4B6DD02EFFE79228FAF3BE0FFACA" author="Atkinson" box="[311,562,1358,1384]" pageId="2" pageNumber="61" refString="Atkinson, T. H., Foltz, J. L. & Wilkinson, R. C. (1988) Xylosandrus crassiusculus (Moltschultsky), an Asian ambrosia beetle recently introduced into Florida (Coleoptera: Scolytidae). Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, Division of Plant Industry, Entomology Circular, 310, 1 - 4." type="journal article" year="1988">
|
||
Atkinson
|
||
<emphasis id="B94BEA8ED02EFFE792B4FAF3BDDBFAC5" box="[427,486,1358,1383]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="55">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 1988
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE4B6DD02EFFE79122FAF3BF51FACA" author="Bright" box="[573,876,1358,1384]" pageId="2" pageNumber="61" refString="Bright, D. E. & Skidmore, R. E. (2002) A Catalog of Scolytidae and Platypodidae (Coleoptera), Supplement 2 (1995 - 1999). NRC Research Press, Ottawa, 523 pp." type="book chapter" year="2002">Bright & Skidmore, 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE4B6DD02EFFE79068FAF3B811FACA" author="Rabaglia" box="[887,1068,1358,1384]" pageId="2" pageNumber="62" refString="Rabaglia, R. J. (2003) Annotated list of the bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) of Maryland, with new distributional records. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 105, 373 - 379." type="journal article" year="2003">Rabaglia, 2003</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE4B6DD02EFFE79728FAF3B910FACA" author="Rabaglia" box="[1079,1325,1358,1384]" pageId="2" pageNumber="62" refString="Rabaglia, R. J., Dole, S. A. & Cognato, A. I. (2006) Review of American Xyleborina (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) occurring North of Mexico, with an illustrated key. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 99, 1034 - 1056." type="journal article" year="2006">
|
||
Rabaglia
|
||
<emphasis id="B94BEA8ED02EFFE797B9FAF3B8DCFAC5" box="[1190,1249,1358,1383]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="55">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2006
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE4B6DD02EFFE79626FAF3BD0FFA32" author="Wood" pageId="2" pageNumber="62" refString="Wood, S. L. & Bright, D. E. (1992) A Catalog of Scolytidae and Platypodidae (Coleoptera), Part 2: Taxonomic Index. Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs, 13, 1 - 1553." type="journal article" year="1992">Wood & Bright, 1992</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Small populations have recently become established in Oregon as well, introduced via hardwood railroad ties (CAB International, 2005b;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE4B6DD02EFFE791DDFA23BF87FA1A" author="LaBonte" box="[706,954,1438,1464]" pageId="2" pageNumber="62" refString="LaBonte, J. R., Mudge, A. D. & Johnson, K. J. R. (2005) Nonindigenous woodboring coleoptera (Cerambycidae, Curculionidae: Scolytinae) new to Oregon and Washington, 1999 - 2002: Consequences of the intracontinental movement of raw wood products and solid wood packing materials. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 107, 554 - 564." type="journal article" year="2005">
|
||
LaBonte
|
||
<emphasis id="B94BEA8ED02EFFE79030FA23BF57FA15" box="[815,874,1438,1463]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="55">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2005
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). This aggressive species is considered a high-risk quarantine pest, and is recorded as killing otherwise healthy nursery stock and saplings (especially transplants) where it has been introduced in Africa and the
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F328760CD02EFFE79048FA53BFB6F9AA" box="[855,907,1518,1544]" name="United States of America" pageId="2" pageNumber="55">U.S.</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE4B6DD02EFFE79084FA53B8A6F9AA" author="Atkinson" box="[923,1179,1518,1544]" pageId="2" pageNumber="61" refString="Atkinson, T. H., Foltz, J. L. & Wilkinson, R. C. (1988) Xylosandrus crassiusculus (Moltschultsky), an Asian ambrosia beetle recently introduced into Florida (Coleoptera: Scolytidae). Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, Division of Plant Industry, Entomology Circular, 310, 1 - 4." type="journal article" year="1988">
|
||
Atkinson
|
||
<emphasis id="B94BEA8ED02EFFE7970EFA53B870F9A5" box="[1041,1101,1518,1543]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="55">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 1988
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE4B6DD02EFFE797B7FA53B96FF9AA" author="Browne" box="[1192,1362,1518,1544]" pageId="2" pageNumber="61" refString="Browne, F. G. (1963) Notes on the habits and distribution of some Ghanaian bark beetles and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae). Bulletin Of Entomological Research, 54, 229 - 266." type="journal article" year="1963">Browne, 1963</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; CAB International, 2005b;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE4B6DD02EFFE79286F9ABBE79F992" author="Roberts" box="[409,580,1558,1584]" pageId="2" pageNumber="62" refString="Roberts, H. (1969) Forest insects of Nigeria with notes on their biology and distribution. Commonwealth Forestry Institute Paper, 44, 1 - 206." type="journal article" year="1969">Roberts, 1969</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE4B6DD02EFFE7914CF9ABBECEF992" author="Schedl" box="[595,755,1558,1584]" pageId="2" pageNumber="62" refString="Schedl, K. E. (1962) Scolytidae und Platypodidae Afrikas. Band 2. Familie Scolytidae. Rev. Entomol. Moambique, 5, 1 - 594." type="journal article" year="1962">Schedl, 1962</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). For example,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D1FD02EFFE790AEF9ABB84EF98D" box="[945,1139,1558,1583]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Xylosandrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="55" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="crassiusculus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94BEA8ED02EFFE790AEF9ABB84EF98D" box="[945,1139,1558,1583]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="55">X. crassiusculus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has caused considerable mortality to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D1FD02EFFE79236F983BDA6F9F5" box="[297,411,1598,1623]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rubiaceae" genus="Cinchona" kingdom="Plantae" order="Gentianales" pageId="2" pageNumber="55" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94BEA8ED02EFFE79236F983BDA6F9F5" box="[297,411,1598,1623]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="55">Cinchona</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
planted in Java (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE4B6DD02EFFE7917BF983BF0CF9FA" author="Kalshoven" box="[612,817,1598,1624]" pageId="2" pageNumber="62" refString="Kalshoven, L. G. E. (1924) Een geval van aantasting van kina door boeboek-keertjes (Xyleborus sp. div). [An attack of Cinchona by shothole borers (Xyleborus spp.)]. Mededeelingen van het Instituut voor Plantenziekten, 65, 25." type="journal article" year="1924">Kalshoven, 1924</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D1FD02EFFE79079F983B86AF9F5" box="[870,1111,1598,1623]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Burseraceae" genus="Aucoumea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sapindales" pageId="2" pageNumber="55" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="kleiniana">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94BEA8ED02EFFE79079F983B86AF9F5" box="[870,1111,1598,1623]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="55">Aucoumea kleiniana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D1FD02EFFE7978EF983B965F9F5" box="[1169,1368,1598,1623]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Meliaceae" genus="Khaya" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sapindales" pageId="2" pageNumber="55" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="ivoriensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94BEA8ED02EFFE7978EF983B965F9F5" box="[1169,1368,1598,1623]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="55">Khaya ivoriensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
plantations in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F328760CD02EFFE79215F9DBBD6AF922" box="[266,343,1638,1664]" name="Ghana" pageId="2" pageNumber="55">Ghana</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE4B6DD02EFFE79279F9DBBE2DF922" author="Browne" box="[358,528,1638,1664]" pageId="2" pageNumber="61" refString="Browne, F. G. (1963) Notes on the habits and distribution of some Ghanaian bark beetles and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae). Bulletin Of Entomological Research, 54, 229 - 266." type="journal article" year="1963">Browne, 1963</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), to peach orchards in South Carolina (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE4B6DD02EFFE790C8F9DBB934F922" author="Kovach" box="[983,1289,1638,1664]" pageId="2" pageNumber="62" refString="Kovach, J. & Gorsuch, C. S. (1985) Survey of the ambrosia beetle species infesting South Carolina peach orchards and a taxonomic key for the most common species. Journal of Agricultural Entomology, 2, 238 - 247." type="journal article" year="1985">Kovach & Gorsuch, 1985</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), and to potted
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D1FD02EFFE793DDF933BD9FF905" box="[194,418,1678,1703]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Quercus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="2" pageNumber="55" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="shumardii">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94BEA8ED02EFFE793DDF933BD9FF905" box="[194,418,1678,1703]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="55">Quercus shumardii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D1FD02EFFE792C5F933BE98F905" box="[474,677,1678,1703]" class="Insecta" family="Tingidae" genus="Ulmus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="55" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="parviflora">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94BEA8ED02EFFE792C5F933BE98F905" box="[474,677,1678,1703]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="55">Ulmus parviflora</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in a nursery in Florida (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE4B6DD02EFFE790DFF933B883F90A" author="Atkinson" box="[960,1214,1678,1704]" pageId="2" pageNumber="61" refString="Atkinson, T. H., Foltz, J. L., Wilkinson, R. C. & Mizell, R. F. (2005) Featured creature: granulate or Asian ambrosia beetle Xylosandrus crassiusculus (Motschulsky). University of Florida Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, and Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services. http: // creatures. ifas. ufl. edu / trees / asian _ ambrosia _ beetle. htm (accessed 6 June 2007)." type="journal article" year="2005">
|
||
Atkinson
|
||
<emphasis id="B94BEA8ED02EFFE7972AF933B84DF905" box="[1077,1136,1678,1703]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="55">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2005
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). It is not known if the species can kill healthy plants or branches in natural forests. Local populations are known to have spread successfully into native tropical forests on Hawaii (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE4B6DD02EFFE791E2F963BFF1F95A" author="Samuelson" box="[765,972,1758,1784]" pageId="2" pageNumber="62" refString="Samuelson, G. A. (1981) A synopsis of Hawaiian Xyleborini (Coleoptera: Scolytidae). Pacific Insects, 23, 50 - 92." type="journal article" year="1981">Samuelson, 1981</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and in peninsular
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F328760CD02EFFE797ABF963B922F95A" box="[1204,1311,1758,1784]" name="Malaysia" pageId="2" pageNumber="55">Malaysia</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE4B6DD02EFFE7962EF963BD3EF882" author="Maeto" pageId="2" pageNumber="62" refString="Maeto, K., Fukuyama, K. & Kirkon, L. K. (1999) Edge effects on ambrosia beetle assemblages in a lowland rain forest, bordering oil palm plantations, in Peninsula Malaysia. Journal of Tropical Forest Science, 11, 537 - 547." type="journal article" year="1999">
|
||
Maeto
|
||
<emphasis id="B94BEA8ED02EFFE79698F963BC88F8BD" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="55">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 1999
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The species normally breeds in smaller diameter stems or branches of a wide variety of host plant families; in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F328760CD02EFFE79237F893BD97F8EA" box="[296,426,1838,1864]" name="Costa Rica" pageId="2" pageNumber="55">Costa Rica</collectingCountry>
|
||
it has been also collected several times from the woody petioles of fallen
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D1FD02EFFE7962FF893B9A1F8E5" box="[1328,1436,1838,1863]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Urticaceae" genus="Cecropia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="2" pageNumber="55" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94BEA8ED02EFFE7962FF893B9A1F8E5" box="[1328,1436,1838,1863]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="55">Cecropia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
leaves, though no breeding activity has been observed in them. Although common in small diameter breeding material,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D1FD02EFFE79219F8C3BDF8F835" box="[262,453,1918,1943]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Xylosandrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="55" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="crassiusculus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94BEA8ED02EFFE79219F8C3BDF8F835" box="[262,453,1918,1943]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="55">X. crassiusculus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has also been collected from larger trunks and from timber (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE4B6DD02EFFE7978FF8C3B9B2F83A" author="Atkinson" box="[1168,1423,1918,1944]" pageId="2" pageNumber="61" refString="Atkinson, T. H., Foltz, J. L. & Wilkinson, R. C. (1988) Xylosandrus crassiusculus (Moltschultsky), an Asian ambrosia beetle recently introduced into Florida (Coleoptera: Scolytidae). Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, Division of Plant Industry, Entomology Circular, 310, 1 - 4." type="journal article" year="1988">
|
||
Atkinson
|
||
<emphasis id="B94BEA8ED02EFFE7961AF8C3B97CF835" box="[1285,1345,1918,1943]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="55">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 1988
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The stratification data from flight intercept traps in the
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F328760CD02EFFE7903CF81BBFBDF862" box="[803,896,1958,1984]" name="Panama" pageId="2" pageNumber="55">Panama</collectingCountry>
|
||
study, suggest that this species normally flies at heights under
|
||
<quantity id="4CC79B79D02EFFE79246F873BDA8F84A" box="[345,405,1998,2024]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="2" pageNumber="55" unit="m" value="10.0">10 m</quantity>
|
||
above the ground.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF406614D02FFFE69388F8E7BD4BF853" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/273914/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="56" targetBox="[198,1394,192,1840]" targetPageId="3">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B80369CD02FFFE69388F8E7BD4BF853" blockId="3.[151,1436,1882,2033]" pageId="3" pageNumber="56">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94BEA8ED02FFFE69388F8E7BD27F8D0" bold="true" box="[151,282,1882,1906]" pageId="3" pageNumber="56">FIGURE 1.</emphasis>
|
||
Invasive Asian xyleborine ambrosia beetles in Central American forests. (a–c)
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D1FD02FFFE69767F8E7B9A8F8D3" box="[1144,1429,1882,1905]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Xylosandrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="56" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="crassiusculus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94BEA8ED02FFFE69767F8E7B9A8F8D3" box="[1144,1429,1882,1905]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="56">Xylosandrus crassiusculus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
: the shape (a), size (2.2–2.5 mm), and dull declivity with dense long setae and dense, scattered granules (c) are characteristic. (d)
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D1FD02FFFE693E7F827BDECF813" box="[248,465,1946,1969]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Xyleborinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="56" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="exiguus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94BEA8ED02FFFE693E7F827BDECF813" box="[248,465,1946,1969]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="56">Xyleborinus exiguus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
: note the plain, convex declivity with a distinctive border of large teeth at the apex. (e–h)
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D1FD02FFFE69388F807BDB7F873" box="[151,394,1978,2001]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Euwallacea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="56" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fornicatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94BEA8ED02FFFE69388F807BDB7F873" box="[151,394,1978,2001]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="56">Euwallacea fornicatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
: arrow (g) indicates suture on the posterior face of the antennal club (upper antenna in figure shows anterior face).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B80369CD028FFE193D9FF25BE81FED8" blockId="4.[151,1437,152,1538]" pageId="4" pageNumber="57">
|
||
The earliest neotropical records are from a teak plantation and from La Selva Biological Research Station, both near the Caribbean port of Limón, northeast
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F328760CD028FFE191FBFF7DBF54FF78" box="[740,873,192,218]" name="Costa Rica" pageId="4" pageNumber="57">Costa Rica</collectingCountry>
|
||
. The specimens from teak were taken from one of several trees which had apparently been initially weakened or killed by a lightning strike. The ambrosia beetles attacking the affected trees were primarily
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D1FD028FFE191E0FEADB8ADFE88" authority="Fabricius" authorityName="Fabricius" box="[767,1168,272,298]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Euplatypus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="57" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="parallelus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94BEA8ED028FFE191E0FEADB838FE8B" box="[767,1029,272,297]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="57">Euplatypus parallelus</emphasis>
|
||
(Fabricius)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D1FD028FFE197CEFEADBCC0FEF0" authority="Eichhoff" authorityName="Eichhoff" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Xyleborus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="57" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="affinis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94BEA8ED028FFE197CEFEADB9A1FE8B" box="[1233,1436,272,297]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="57">Xyleborus affinis</emphasis>
|
||
Eichhoff
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and included
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D1FD028FFE192B5FE85BEE7FEF0" authority="Fabricius" authorityName="Fabricius" box="[426,730,312,338]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Xyleborus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="57" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ferrugineus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94BEA8ED028FFE192B5FE85BE6FFEF3" box="[426,594,312,337]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="57">X. ferrugineus</emphasis>
|
||
(Fabricius)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D1FD028FFE191F6FE85BFC9FEF0" authority="Fabricius" authorityName="Fabricius" box="[745,1012,312,338]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Xyleborus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="57" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="volvulus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94BEA8ED028FFE191F6FE85BF56FEF3" box="[745,875,312,337]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="57">X. volvulus</emphasis>
|
||
(Fabricius)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and the platypodines
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D1FD028FFE197E9FE85BD48FED8" authority="Chapuis" authorityName="Chapuis" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Megaplatypus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="57" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="latreillei">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94BEA8ED028FFE197E9FE85BCC6FEDB" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="57">Megaplatypus latreillei</emphasis>
|
||
(Chapuis)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D1FD028FFE192B1FEDDBE85FED8" authority="Blandford" authorityName="Blandford" box="[430,696,352,378]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Megaplatypus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="57" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="liratus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94BEA8ED028FFE192B1FEDDBE1EFEDB" box="[430,547,352,377]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="57">M. liratus</emphasis>
|
||
(Blandford)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B80369CD028FFE193D9FE35B919FE50" blockId="4.[151,1437,152,1538]" pageId="4" pageNumber="57">
|
||
La Suerte Biological Station is located
|
||
<quantity id="4CC79B79D028FFE1918AFE35BEDDFE00" box="[661,736,392,418]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.2" pageId="4" pageNumber="57" unit="km" value="22.0">22 km</quantity>
|
||
E of La Selva, and less than
|
||
<quantity id="4CC79B79D028FFE19725FE35B8B9FE00" box="[1082,1156,392,418]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="4" pageNumber="57" unit="km" value="10.0">10 km</quantity>
|
||
NW of the teak plantations. The pitfall traps were baited with feces (monkey, human, cow, or chicken) and contained ethanol as a preservative. (Many scolytine beetles were found in the traps, presumably attracted by the ethanol.)
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B80369CD028FFE193D8FDBDB8AAFD18" blockId="4.[151,1437,152,1538]" pageId="4" pageNumber="57">
|
||
If
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D1FD028FFE193FDFDBDBD9FFDBB" box="[226,418,512,537]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Xylosandrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="57" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="crassiusculus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94BEA8ED028FFE193FDFDBDBD9FFDBB" box="[226,418,512,537]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="57">X. crassiusculus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
had been established much earlier in northeast
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F328760CD028FFE190CDFDBDB86BFDB8" box="[978,1110,512,538]" name="Costa Rica" pageId="4" pageNumber="57">Costa Rica</collectingCountry>
|
||
, specimens would certainly have been collected. Before 1996, no
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D1FD028FFE19152FD95BF31FDE3" box="[589,780,552,577]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Xylosandrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="57" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="crassiusculus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94BEA8ED028FFE19152FD95BF31FDE3" box="[589,780,552,577]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="57">X. crassiusculus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
were collected by J. Saunders in the 1960s during thesis research on a cacao farm only about
|
||
<quantity id="4CC79B79D028FFE19156FDEDBEA8FDC8" box="[585,661,592,618]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="4" pageNumber="57" unit="km" value="40.0">40 km</quantity>
|
||
SE of La Selva; at La Selva in Malaise traps run by P. E. Hanson and helpers (
|
||
<date id="FF81105CD028FFE1922EFDC5BD84FD30" box="[305,441,632,658]" pageId="4" pageNumber="57" value="1991" valueMax="1993">1991–1993</date>
|
||
, as part of a country-wide Malaise trap network); or during extensive trapping and hand-sampling associated with the
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F328760CD028FFE1912DFD1DBE42FD18" box="[562,639,672,698]" name="Kazakhstan" pageId="4" pageNumber="57">ALAS</collectingCountry>
|
||
arthropod survey in the early and mid-1990s.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B80369CD028FFE193D8FD75B910FC70" blockId="4.[151,1437,152,1538]" pageId="4" pageNumber="57">
|
||
Some of the above records are from old-growth (primary) forest, though all of these are from sites less than
|
||
<quantity id="4CC79B79D028FFE193CAFD4DBD28FCA8" box="[213,277,752,778]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="4" pageNumber="57" unit="km" value="1.0">1 km</quantity>
|
||
from secondary-growth forest and almost all were sampled along or very close to established trails.This species is now the second most frequently collected scolytine breeding in small branches at La Selva Biological Station, after
|
||
<emphasis id="B94BEA8ED028FFE1911EFCFDBF10FCFB" box="[513,813,832,857]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="57">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D1FD028FFE1911EFCFDBEA9FCFB" box="[513,660,832,857]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Xylosandrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="57" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Xylosandrus</taxonomicName>
|
||
morigerus—
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
another well-established Asian exotic. Curiously, the two native central American congeners [
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D1FD028FFE1919EFCD5BFB1FC20" authority="Eichhoff" authorityName="Eichhoff" box="[641,908,872,898]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Xylosandrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="57" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="curtulus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94BEA8ED028FFE1919EFCD5BF39FC23" box="[641,772,872,897]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="57">X. curtulus</emphasis>
|
||
(Eichhoff)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D1FD028FFE19085FCD5B8DCFC20" authority="Hopkins" authorityName="Hopkins" box="[922,1249,872,898]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Xylosandrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="57" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="zimmermanni">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94BEA8ED028FFE19085FCD5B860FC23" box="[922,1117,872,897]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="57">X. zimmermanni</emphasis>
|
||
(Hopkins)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
] are rarely collected by hand or in traps in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F328760CD028FFE192F1FC2DBE4DFC08" box="[494,624,912,938]" name="Costa Rica" pageId="4" pageNumber="57">Costa Rica</collectingCountry>
|
||
–
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F328760CD028FFE19160FC2DBEE3FC08" box="[639,734,912,938]" name="Panama" pageId="4" pageNumber="57">Panama</collectingCountry>
|
||
, and native genera of ambrosia beetles specialized to small branches, such as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D1FD028FFE19275FC05BDC8FC73" box="[362,501,952,977]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Coptoborus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="57" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94BEA8ED028FFE19275FC05BDC8FC73" box="[362,501,952,977]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="57">Coptoborus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis id="B94BEA8ED028FFE19132FC05BE8FFC73" box="[557,690,952,977]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="57">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D1FD028FFE19132FC05BE90FC73" box="[557,685,952,977]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Theoborus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="57" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Theoborus</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
are infrequently encountered and uncommon in traps.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B80369CD028FFE193D8FC5DB89AFB38" blockId="4.[151,1437,152,1538]" pageId="4" pageNumber="57">
|
||
Many hundreds of individuals of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D1FD028FFE19149FC5DBF2AFC5B" box="[598,791,992,1017]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Xylosandrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="57" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="crassiusculus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94BEA8ED028FFE19149FC5DBF2AFC5B" box="[598,791,992,1017]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="57">X. crassiusculus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
have been collected from La Selva Biological Station since 1996. The single specimen found by the nation-wide insect inventory being conducted by INBio is from Caño Negro Wildlife Refuge, located approximately
|
||
<quantity id="4CC79B79D028FFE19018FB8DBF6FFBE8" box="[775,850,1072,1098]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.0" pageId="4" pageNumber="57" unit="km" value="90.0">90 km</quantity>
|
||
NW of La Selva and ca
|
||
<quantity id="4CC79B79D028FFE19768FB8DB8FFFBE8" box="[1143,1218,1072,1098]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="4" pageNumber="57" unit="km" value="15.0">15 km</quantity>
|
||
S of Lake
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F328760CD028FFE1965BFB8DBCF8FBD0" name="Nicaragua" pageId="4" pageNumber="57">Nicaragua</collectingCountry>
|
||
. Taken together, these finds suggest that the species is now well established and widespread in the north and east of
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F328760CD028FFE19202FB3DBD9DFB38" box="[285,416,1152,1178]" name="Costa Rica" pageId="4" pageNumber="57">Costa Rica</collectingCountry>
|
||
; it is also likely that it has spread into southern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F328760CD028FFE190D2FB3DB87BFB38" box="[973,1094,1152,1178]" name="Nicaragua" pageId="4" pageNumber="57">Nicaragua</collectingCountry>
|
||
as well.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B80369CD028FFE193D8FB15BE86F9A0" blockId="4.[151,1437,152,1538]" pageId="4" pageNumber="57">
|
||
The large numbers of this species collected in the old growth forest in the Colón region of
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F328760CD028FFE197E0FB15B961FB60" box="[1279,1372,1192,1218]" name="Panama" pageId="4" pageNumber="57">Panama</collectingCountry>
|
||
indicate a well-established population there as well, but lack of earlier research in the region means that the age of the population is unknown. Since there has not been any other intensive collecting of wood-breeding insects along the Caribbean coast of southern Central
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F328760CD028FFE191A1FA9DBF1BFA98" box="[702,806,1312,1338]" name="United States of America" pageId="4" pageNumber="57">America</collectingCountry>
|
||
, we cannot say whether the collections from Heredia and Colón represent separate introductions or two samples from one continuous population. However, there are no specimens from southeastern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F328760CD028FFE19159FACDBEFAFA28" box="[582,711,1392,1418]" name="Costa Rica" pageId="4" pageNumber="57">Costa Rica</collectingCountry>
|
||
in the country-wide general insect collections of the national biodiversity institute INBio. Nor has the species been found in flight intercept trap, Malaise, or UV light collections from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F328760CD028FFE19223FA7DBDBAFA78" box="[316,391,1472,1498]" name="Belize" pageId="4" pageNumber="57">Belize</collectingCountry>
|
||
or
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F328760CD028FFE192AEFA7DBE14FA78" box="[433,553,1472,1498]" name="Nicaragua" pageId="4" pageNumber="57">Nicaragua</collectingCountry>
|
||
conducted in the 1990s (Kirkendall, unpublished data). The species is not yet known from South
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F328760CD028FFE192BAFA55BE37F9A0" box="[421,522,1512,1538]" name="United States of America" pageId="4" pageNumber="57">America</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE4B6DD028FFE19106FA55BE92F9A0" author="Wood" box="[537,687,1512,1538]" pageId="4" pageNumber="62" refString="Wood, S. L. (2007) The Bark and Ambrosia Beetles of South America (Coleoptera, Scolytidae). Monte L. Bean Life Science Museum, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, USA, 900 pp + 230 plates pp." type="book" year="2007">Wood, 2007</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |