298 lines
39 KiB
XML
298 lines
39 KiB
XML
<document id="27C64A566BFB60E1B9E2E3C6239B6653" ID-CLB-Dataset="4773" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.3746.2.7" ID-GBIF-Dataset="d0dc4743-44cc-4cb4-8d52-17c103711ec4" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5271579" ID-ZooBank="B0019B59-DADB-4B87-BBD4-9206F4A38ADF" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1629948542948" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Purushothaman, Jasmine, Kharusi, Lubna Al, Mills, Claudia E., Ghielani, Hamed & Marzouki, Mohammad Al" docDate="2013" docId="039087EBFFC3E2054BD455CB978DFEBB" docLanguage="en" docName="zt03746p382.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 3746 (2)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Timoides agassizii , Bigelow 1904" docType="treatment" docVersion="7" lastPageNumber="376" masterDocId="FFA9FF93FFC0E2004B43511E930BFFD8" masterDocTitle="Timoides agassizii Bigelow, 1904, little-known hydromedusa (Cnidaria), appears briefly in large numbers off Oman, March 2011, with additional notes about species of the genus Timoides" masterLastPageNumber="382" masterPageNumber="372" pageNumber="375" updateTime="1699145130080" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CLOSED">
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<mods:title id="C6F14AD575448D947D84FBD961C68613">Timoides agassizii Bigelow, 1904, little-known hydromedusa (Cnidaria), appears briefly in large numbers off Oman, March 2011, with additional notes about species of the genus Timoides</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="ED3E72C75BBD8B6E7647DC883147736A">Purushothaman, Jasmine</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="373DFE83DBE5763A7F3D83743F0AC2B7">Zoological Survey of India, New Alipore, Kolkata, India. E-mail: jasbose @ gmail. com & Marine Ecology / Biological Oceanography, Marine Science and Fisheries Centre (MSFC), Ministry of Fisheries Wealth (MoFW) Sultanate of Oman</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:roleTerm id="89031F62BD248711AD04E1ABDB2D457B">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="ED65C7A78F9C33BDCAAC071047FC3BB0">Kharusi, Lubna Al</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="AA5BE643E49996138A1BEF5A25B7ED2B">Marine Ecology / Biological Oceanography, Marine Science and Fisheries Centre (MSFC), Ministry of Fisheries Wealth (MoFW) Sultanate of Oman</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="A36C9F230B314C0E3F6E804B9B6FCFA2">Mills, Claudia E.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="DF537A2AAAE56384789F7EF52CFCF689">Friday Harbor Laboratories and Department of Biology, University of Washington, 620 University Road, Friday Harbor, Washington 98250, U. S. A. E-mail: cemills @ u. washington. edu</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="8F65E153901BB7B1EA64EFBB73910209">Ghielani, Hamed</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="1320084FF987FDDBAE5D2B70A306B839">Marine Ecology / Biological Oceanography, Marine Science and Fisheries Centre (MSFC), Ministry of Fisheries Wealth (MoFW) Sultanate of Oman</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="47E96C50A5CFE442789BBB431AD8764C">Marzouki, Mohammad Al</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="7083D4FC3D8731C3E1214FC7C4D26549">Marine Ecology / Biological Oceanography, Marine Science and Fisheries Centre (MSFC), Ministry of Fisheries Wealth (MoFW) Sultanate of Oman</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:date id="BD9711E96C855BDC8D50CC9E497E0D04">2013</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="ECBFD68032FF743A8757219F3C2FE845">2013-12-11</mods:number>
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<treatment id="039087EBFFC3E2054BD455CB978DFEBB" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5272071" ID-GBIF-Taxon="184963789" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5272071" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:039087EBFFC3E2054BD455CB978DFEBB" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/039087EBFFC3E2054BD455CB978DFEBB" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="376" pageId="3" pageNumber="375">
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<subSubSection id="C3236576FFC3E2034BD455CB9111FB36" box="[151,538,1237,1262]" pageId="3" pageNumber="375" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8B8636FDFFC3E2034BD455CB9111FB36" blockId="3.[151,538,1237,1262]" box="[151,538,1237,1262]" pageId="3" pageNumber="375">
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<heading id="D0CE8191FFC3E2034BD455CB9111FB36" bold="true" box="[151,538,1237,1262]" fontSize="10" level="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="375" reason="2">
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<taxonomicName id="4C394D7EFFC3E2034BD455CB9111FB36" ID-CoL="8ZXST" authority=", Bigelow, 1904" authorityName=", Bigelow" authorityYear="1904" box="[151,538,1237,1262]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Pandeidae" genus="Timoides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="3" pageNumber="375" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="agassizii">
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<emphasis id="B94DEAEFFFC3E2034BD455CB9111FB36" bold="true" box="[151,538,1237,1262]" pageId="3" pageNumber="375">
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<emphasis id="B94DEAEFFFC3E2034BD455CB9263FB36" bold="true" box="[151,360,1237,1262]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="375">Timoides agassizii</emphasis>
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="EFA84B0CFFC3E2034A3555CB9111FB36" author="Bigelow, H. B." box="[374,538,1237,1262]" pageId="3" pageNumber="375" pagination="243 - 270" refId="ref5620" refString="Bigelow, H. B. (1904) Medusae from the Maldive Islands. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard College, 39 (9), 243 - 270, 9 plates." type="book chapter" year="1904">Bigelow, 1904</bibRefCitation>
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="C3236576FFC3E2034BD4540397D5F9D6" pageId="3" pageNumber="375" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="8B8636FDFFC3E2034BD45403922FFAA6" blockId="3.[151,1436,1309,2018]" pageId="3" pageNumber="375">
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<emphasis id="B94DEAEFFFC3E2034BD454039288FAEE" bold="true" box="[151,387,1309,1334]" inLineHeading="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="375" reason="1">Material examined.</emphasis>
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<materialsCitation id="3B513CA0FFC3E2034ACF5403922BFAA6" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3338820301" collectingDate="February 2011 and March 2009" country="Oman" elevation="5" location="Several" municipality="Sohar" pageId="3" pageNumber="375" specimenCount="1">
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<location id="8EE66026FFC3E2034ACF540392EBFAEE" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:039087EBFFC3E2054BD455CB978DFEBB:8EE66026FFC3E2034ACF540392EBFAEE" box="[396,480,1309,1334]" country="Oman" municipality="Sohar" name="Several" pageId="3" pageNumber="375">Several</location>
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live medusae collected from the surface offshore
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<collectingMunicipality id="6BE2AC87FFC3E2034F675403976CFAEE" box="[1060,1127,1309,1334]" pageId="3" pageNumber="375">Sohar</collectingMunicipality>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="F32E766DFFC3E2034F37540397B0FAEE" box="[1140,1211,1309,1334]" name="Oman" pageId="3" pageNumber="375">Oman</collectingCountry>
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, and two preserved medusae collected by plankton tow
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<quantity id="4CC19B18FFC3E2034904545F91A9FA81" box="[583,674,1345,1370]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" metricValueMax="10.0" metricValueMin="0.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="375" unit="m" value="5.0" valueMax="10.0" valueMin="0.0">
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<elevation id="0014D1CEFFC3E2034904545F91A9FA81" box="[583,674,1345,1370]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" metricValueMax="10.0" metricValueMin="0.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="375" unit="m" value="5.0" valueMax="10.0" valueMin="0.0">0–10 m</elevation>
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</quantity>
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at the same location, all from
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||
<collectingDate id="EFC3E9D5FFC3E2034F61545F9697FA82" box="[1058,1436,1345,1370]" isEnumeration="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="375">
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<date id="FF87103DFFC3E2034F61545F97C0FA82" box="[1058,1227,1345,1370]" pageId="3" pageNumber="375" value="2011-02">February 2011</date>
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and
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<date id="FF87103DFFC3E2034E4D545F9697FA82" box="[1294,1436,1345,1370]" pageId="3" pageNumber="375" value="2009-03">March 2009</date>
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</collectingDate>
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respectively
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</materialsCitation>
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.
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||
</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B8636FDFFC3E2034B84549797D5F9D6" blockId="3.[151,1436,1309,2018]" pageId="3" pageNumber="375">
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Additional material: Photograph by Gustav Paulay, University of Florida, of damaged specimen collected by Y. and K. Paulay in water approximately
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<quantity id="4CC19B18FFC3E203492754B39184FA1D" box="[612,655,1453,1478]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="375" unit="m" value="1.0">1 m</quantity>
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deep in the Western Shoals portion of Apra Harbor,
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<collectingCountry id="F32E766DFFC3E2034F9F54B3962BFA1E" box="[1244,1312,1453,1478]" name="Guam" pageId="3" pageNumber="375">Guam</collectingCountry>
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on
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<date id="FF87103DFFC3E2034E0954B393C4FA32" pageId="3" pageNumber="375" value="2000-07-24">24 July 2000</date>
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(reported by
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||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA84B0CFFC3E2034A2F54CF91ADFA32" author="Kirkendale, L. & Calder, D. L." box="[364,678,1489,1514]" pageId="3" pageNumber="375" pagination="159 - 188" refId="ref6935" refString="Kirkendale, L. & Calder, D. L. (2003) Hydroids (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) from Guam and the Commonwealth of the Northern Marianas Islands (CNMI). Micronesica, 35 - 36, 159 - 188." type="journal article" year="2003">Kirkendale & Calder, 2003</bibRefCitation>
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||
). The description below is also based on the observations and two photographs in
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<bibRefCitation id="EFA84B0CFFC3E2034A0654E8913CF9D6" author="Iwanaga, S. & Oshiro, N. & Kubota, S." box="[325,567,1525,1550]" pageId="3" pageNumber="375" pagination="61 - 66" refId="ref6881" refString="Iwanaga, S., Oshiro, N. & Kubota, S. (2003) Hydromedusa Timoides agassizii (Anthomedusae, Pandeidae): a new record from Japan with notes on blooms and injuries. The Biological Magazine, Okinawa, 41, 61 - 66. [in Japanese]" type="journal article" year="2003">
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||
Iwanaga
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<emphasis id="B94DEAEFFFC3E2034AE854E892E8F9D6" box="[427,483,1525,1550]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="375">et al.</emphasis>
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(2003)
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</bibRefCitation>
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, who collected medusae twice as large as previously known.
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3236576FFC3E2044B84570792C1FDC0" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="376" pageId="3" pageNumber="375" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8B8636FDFFC3E2044B84570790C9FE2D" blockId="3.[151,1436,1309,2018]" lastBlockId="4.[151,1436,151,536]" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="376" pageId="3" pageNumber="375">
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<emphasis id="B94DEAEFFFC3E2034B84570792E6F9EA" box="[199,493,1561,1586]" inLineHeading="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="375" reason="1">
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<emphasis id="B94DEAEFFFC3E2034B8457079259F9EA" bold="true" box="[199,338,1561,1586]" pageId="3" pageNumber="375">Description</emphasis>
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(
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<figureCitation id="13022A78FFC3E2034A23570792A7F9EA" box="[352,428,1561,1586]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="4.[151,249,1357,1378]" captionTargetBox="[175,1411,592,1331]" captionTargetId="figure-486@4.[172,1414,589,1336]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 2. Timoides agassizii. a) Living specimens collected February 2011 in Sohar, Oman. b) Living specimen collected July 24, 2000 Apra Harbor, Guam, with slightly regenerating oral lips (photograph by Gustav Paulay, used with permission)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5271585" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5271585/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="375">Figs. 2</figureCitation>
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&
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||
<figureCitation id="13022A78FFC3E2034A8C570792D6F9EA" box="[463,477,1561,1586]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="5.[151,249,1415,1437]" captionTargetBox="[167,1422,415,1385]" captionTargetId="figure-367@5.[164,1424,411,1387]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 3. Timoides agassizii. a) to c) Details of the umbrella margin, with enlarged view of an interradial marginal bulb with tentaculae extended. d) Structural details of a mature gonad." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5271587" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5271587/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="375">3</figureCitation>
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).
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</emphasis>
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Medusa umbrella hemispherical, with rounded dome to
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||
<quantity id="4CC19B18FFC3E2034F21570797BAF9E9" box="[1122,1201,1561,1586]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.4" pageId="3" pageNumber="375" unit="mm" value="44.0">44 mm</quantity>
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||
diameter and
|
||
<quantity id="4CC19B18FFC3E2034E0D57079697F9E9" box="[1358,1436,1561,1586]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="375" unit="mm" value="20.0">20 mm</quantity>
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||
or more high, though more typically to
|
||
<quantity id="4CC19B18FFC3E2034912572391ABF98D" box="[593,672,1597,1622]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="375" unit="mm" value="20.0">20 mm</quantity>
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||
diameter and less tall, with slightly flaring sides (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13022A78FFC3E2034F8C57239636F98E" box="[1231,1341,1597,1622]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="4.[151,249,1357,1378]" captionTargetBox="[175,1411,592,1331]" captionTargetId="figure-486@4.[172,1414,589,1336]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 2. Timoides agassizii. a) Living specimens collected February 2011 in Sohar, Oman. b) Living specimen collected July 24, 2000 Apra Harbor, Guam, with slightly regenerating oral lips (photograph by Gustav Paulay, used with permission)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5271585" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5271585/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="375">Fig. 2a, b</figureCitation>
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||
). Apical jelly nearly as thick as subumbrella is deep, with thickness decreasing towards margin. With 4 straight, fairly broad radial canals (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13022A78FFC3E2034A7B579B9280F946" box="[312,395,1669,1694]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="5.[151,249,1415,1437]" captionTargetBox="[167,1422,415,1385]" captionTargetId="figure-367@5.[164,1424,411,1387]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 3. Timoides agassizii. a) to c) Details of the umbrella margin, with enlarged view of an interradial marginal bulb with tentaculae extended. d) Structural details of a mature gonad." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5271587" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5271587/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="375">Fig. 3b</figureCitation>
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||
) and a broad marginal ring canal (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13022A78FFC3E203485E579B9088F946" box="[797,899,1669,1694]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="5.[151,249,1415,1437]" captionTargetBox="[167,1422,415,1385]" captionTargetId="figure-367@5.[164,1424,411,1387]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 3. Timoides agassizii. a) to c) Details of the umbrella margin, with enlarged view of an interradial marginal bulb with tentaculae extended. d) Structural details of a mature gonad." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5271587" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5271587/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="375">Fig. 3b,c</figureCitation>
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) that gives off from 12 to as many as over 60 blindly-ending centripetal canals (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13022A78FFC3E203495757B79171F91A" box="[532,634,1705,1730]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="4.[151,249,1357,1378]" captionTargetBox="[175,1411,592,1331]" captionTargetId="figure-486@4.[172,1414,589,1336]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 2. Timoides agassizii. a) Living specimens collected February 2011 in Sohar, Oman. b) Living specimen collected July 24, 2000 Apra Harbor, Guam, with slightly regenerating oral lips (photograph by Gustav Paulay, used with permission)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5271585" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5271585/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="375">Fig. 2a,b</figureCitation>
|
||
); if there are 12 centripetal canals, the 4 interradial canals are about two thirds as long as the bell height and the 8 adradial canals only half this length. With as many as 62 tentacles, but if typically 32 tentacles, then 4 perradial, 4 interradial, 8 adradial and 16 intermediates. Each tentacle with a thick, conical, laterally-compressed bulb on the margin of umbrella; the largest tentacles may have a very short spur pointing apically (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13022A78FFC3E2034A25562792A0F88A" box="[358,427,1849,1874]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="4.[151,249,1357,1378]" captionTargetBox="[175,1411,592,1331]" captionTargetId="figure-486@4.[172,1414,589,1336]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 2. Timoides agassizii. a) Living specimens collected February 2011 in Sohar, Oman. b) Living specimen collected July 24, 2000 Apra Harbor, Guam, with slightly regenerating oral lips (photograph by Gustav Paulay, used with permission)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5271585" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5271585/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="375">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="13022A78FFC3E2034AFB562792F5F88A" box="[440,510,1849,1874]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="5.[151,249,1415,1437]" captionTargetBox="[167,1422,415,1385]" captionTargetId="figure-367@5.[164,1424,411,1387]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 3. Timoides agassizii. a) to c) Details of the umbrella margin, with enlarged view of an interradial marginal bulb with tentaculae extended. d) Structural details of a mature gonad." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5271587" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5271587/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="375">3a,b,c</figureCitation>
|
||
). The interradial and adradial tentacles are at the bases of interradial and adradial centripetal canals. The remaining intermediate tentacles alternate with the radial and centripetal canals and the total numbers of tentacles increases with bell size. All of the tentacles are exceedingly flexible and contractile; when expanded, the tentacles are at least
|
||
<quantity id="4CC19B18FFC3E203496E56BB9187F865" box="[557,652,1957,1982]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="375" unit="mm" value="400.0">400 mm</quantity>
|
||
long and when contracted they coil helically in places (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13022A78FFC3E2034E4C56BB9669F866" box="[1295,1378,1957,1982]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="4.[151,249,1357,1378]" captionTargetBox="[175,1411,592,1331]" captionTargetId="figure-486@4.[172,1414,589,1336]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 2. Timoides agassizii. a) Living specimens collected February 2011 in Sohar, Oman. b) Living specimen collected July 24, 2000 Apra Harbor, Guam, with slightly regenerating oral lips (photograph by Gustav Paulay, used with permission)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5271585" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5271585/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="375">Fig. 2b</figureCitation>
|
||
) and shorten in length. In addition to the tentacles, there are numerous cirri along the bell margin, but no cirri arise from the sides of the tentacle bulbs; it is possible that all cirri can develop into tentacles in very large medusae. The bell margin has no statocysts. The velum is well developed. A broad, conical peduncle as long as the depth of the bell cavity supports the barrel-shaped stomach, which is almost as long as the peduncle and bears 4 long, lancet-shaped lips with deeply crenulated margins (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13022A78FFC4E2044976501A918CFEC5" box="[565,647,260,285]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="4.[151,249,1357,1378]" captionTargetBox="[175,1411,592,1331]" captionTargetId="figure-486@4.[172,1414,589,1336]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 2. Timoides agassizii. a) Living specimens collected February 2011 in Sohar, Oman. b) Living specimen collected July 24, 2000 Apra Harbor, Guam, with slightly regenerating oral lips (photograph by Gustav Paulay, used with permission)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5271585" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5271585/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="376">Fig. 2a</figureCitation>
|
||
). These lips may be longer than the combined lengths of peduncle and stomach. The 8 gonads completely cover the manubrium; they consist of a great number of simple and branched papilliform, folded processes or reticulae (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13022A78FFC4E2044935505291C2FEBD" box="[630,713,332,357]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="5.[151,249,1415,1437]" captionTargetBox="[167,1422,415,1385]" captionTargetId="figure-367@5.[164,1424,411,1387]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 3. Timoides agassizii. a) to c) Details of the umbrella margin, with enlarged view of an interradial marginal bulb with tentaculae extended. d) Structural details of a mature gonad." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5271587" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5271587/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="376">Fig. 3d</figureCitation>
|
||
) on both sides of the 4 radial canals, thus forming 4 prominent, double ridges. In life, the jelly is transparent and colorless, the radial canals and tentacles are rose pink and there is a dark pink pigment spot at the base of each tentacle; the gonads vary from Indian yellow to a ruddy orange-brown and the long oral lips which trail below the gonad-covered manubrium are a deep violet-pink (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13022A78FFC4E2044FB650A9966BFE08" box="[1269,1376,439,464]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="4.[151,249,1357,1378]" captionTargetBox="[175,1411,592,1331]" captionTargetId="figure-486@4.[172,1414,589,1336]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 2. Timoides agassizii. a) Living specimens collected February 2011 in Sohar, Oman. b) Living specimen collected July 24, 2000 Apra Harbor, Guam, with slightly regenerating oral lips (photograph by Gustav Paulay, used with permission)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5271585" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5271585/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="376">Fig. 2a,b</figureCitation>
|
||
). All colored portions except the gonads turn a creamy white when preserved.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8636FDFFC4E2044B8450E192C1FDC0" blockId="4.[151,1436,151,536]" box="[199,458,511,536]" pageId="4" pageNumber="376">The polyp is unknown.</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<caption id="DF466675FFC4E2044BD45453968DFA5A" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5271585" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5271585" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5271585/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="376" startId="4.[151,249,1357,1378]" targetBox="[175,1411,592,1331]" targetPageId="4">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8636FDFFC4E2044BD45453968DFA5A" blockId="4.[151,1435,1357,1410]" pageId="4" pageNumber="376">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94DEAEFFFC4E2044BD45453921FFABA" bold="true" box="[151,276,1357,1378]" pageId="4" pageNumber="376">FIGURE 2.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C394D7EFFC4E2044A5F545392D2FABB" authorityName=", Bigelow" authorityYear="1904" box="[284,473,1357,1379]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Pandeidae" genus="Timoides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="4" pageNumber="376" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="agassizii">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94DEAEFFFC4E2044A5F545392D2FABB" box="[284,473,1357,1379]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="376">Timoides agassizii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. a) Living specimens collected February 2011 in Sohar, Oman. b) Living specimen collected July 24, 2000 Apra Harbor, Guam, with slightly regenerating oral lips (photograph by Gustav Paulay, used with permission).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3236576FFC4E2044B8454B792B8F98A" pageId="4" pageNumber="376" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8636FDFFC4E2044B8454B792B8F98A" blockId="4.[151,1436,1449,1618]" pageId="4" pageNumber="376">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94DEAEFFFC4E2044B8454B792DBFA1A" box="[199,464,1449,1474]" inLineHeading="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="376" reason="1">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94DEAEFFFC4E2044B8454B79252FA1A" bold="true" box="[199,345,1449,1474]" pageId="4" pageNumber="376">Distribution</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<tableCitation id="C6BB0346FFC4E2044A2A54B792B6FA1A" box="[361,445,1449,1474]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="6.[151,241,157,180]" captionText="TABLE 1. All known collections of hydromedusae in the genus Timoides. Timoides agassizii has been seen ten times since 1902, four of these times in great numbers. Timoides latistyla is known from a single specimen collected in Taiwan Strait." pageId="4" pageNumber="376">Table 1</tableCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C394D7EFFC4E2044A9A54B791A3FA19" authorityName=", Bigelow" authorityYear="1904" box="[473,680,1449,1474]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Pandeidae" genus="Timoides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="4" pageNumber="376" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="agassizii">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94DEAEFFFC4E2044A9A54B791A3FA19" box="[473,680,1449,1474]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="376">Timoides agassizii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has an Indo-Western Pacific range in surface waters, having been collected in the Gulf of
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F32E766DFFC4E2044AEA54D392E6FA3E" box="[425,493,1485,1510]" name="Oman" pageId="4" pageNumber="376">Oman</collectingCountry>
|
||
in the north Indian Ocean, the
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F32E766DFFC4E204481654D39701FA3E" box="[853,1034,1485,1510]" name="Maldives" pageId="4" pageNumber="376">Maldive Islands</collectingCountry>
|
||
near the base of
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F32E766DFFC4E2044F9254D39606FA3E" box="[1233,1293,1485,1510]" name="India" pageId="4" pageNumber="376">India</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F32E766DFFC4E2044E5954D093E0F9D2" name="Papua New Guinea" pageId="4" pageNumber="376">Papua New Guinea</collectingCountry>
|
||
, the
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F32E766DFFC4E2044A6054EF92EAF9D2" box="[291,481,1521,1546]" name="Marshall Islands" pageId="4" pageNumber="376">Marshall Islands</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F32E766DFFC4E2044AAC54EF913DF9D2" box="[495,566,1521,1546]" name="Guam" pageId="4" pageNumber="376">Guam</collectingCountry>
|
||
, and Okinawa in the Western Pacific, and Beibu Gulf in the northern South
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F32E766DFFC4E2044BD4570B93D1F9F6" box="[151,218,1557,1582]" name="China" pageId="4" pageNumber="376">China</collectingCountry>
|
||
Sea. Most specimens, including on the four occasions that this species has been recorded as abundant, have been collected nearshore.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3236576FFC4E2054B845798978DFEBB" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="377" pageId="4" pageNumber="376" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8636FDFFC4E2044B84579893F1F93F" blockId="4.[151,1436,1670,2019]" pageId="4" pageNumber="376">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94DEAEFFFC4E2044B8457989230F947" bold="true" box="[199,315,1670,1695]" inLineHeading="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="376" reason="1">Remarks.</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA84B0CFFC4E2044A0757999131F947" author="Iwanaga, S. & Oshiro, N. & Kubota, S." box="[324,570,1670,1695]" pageId="4" pageNumber="376" pagination="61 - 66" refId="ref6881" refString="Iwanaga, S., Oshiro, N. & Kubota, S. (2003) Hydromedusa Timoides agassizii (Anthomedusae, Pandeidae): a new record from Japan with notes on blooms and injuries. The Biological Magazine, Okinawa, 41, 61 - 66. [in Japanese]" type="journal article" year="2003">
|
||
Iwanaga
|
||
<emphasis id="B94DEAEFFFC4E2044AEF579992EDF947" box="[428,486,1670,1695]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="376">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2003)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
report that twelve people in
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49FDF81FFFC4E20448C9579890E4F947" box="[906,1007,1670,1695]" country="Japan" name="Okinawa" pageId="4" pageNumber="376">Okinawa</collectingRegion>
|
||
complained of jellyfish stings whose symptoms included itching and pain, presumably attributable to the large numbers of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C394D7EFFC4E2044F1A57B597DCF91A" authorityName=", Bigelow" authorityYear="1904" box="[1113,1239,1707,1730]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Pandeidae" genus="Timoides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="4" pageNumber="376" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="agassizii">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94DEAEFFFC4E2044F1A57B597DCF91A" box="[1113,1239,1707,1730]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="376">T. agassizii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
near the beach at the time.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8636FDFFC4E2054B8457EC978DFEBB" blockId="4.[151,1436,1670,2019]" lastBlockId="5.[151,1436,151,357]" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="377" pageId="4" pageNumber="376">
|
||
A second species,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C394D7EFFC4E2044AD957EC9169F8D3" box="[410,610,1778,1803]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Pandeidae" genus="Timoides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="4" pageNumber="376" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="latistyla">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94DEAEFFFC4E2044AD957EC9169F8D3" box="[410,610,1778,1803]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="376">Timoides latistyla</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, has been described from a single medusa collected in the
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F32E766DFFC4E2044E4657EC965CF8D3" box="[1285,1367,1778,1803]" name="Taiwan" pageId="4" pageNumber="376">Taiwan</collectingCountry>
|
||
Strait (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA84B0CFFC4E2044BDD56089243F8F7" author="Xu, Z. Z. & Huang, J. Q. & Guo, D. H." box="[158,328,1814,1839]" pageId="4" pageNumber="376" pagination="66 - 75" refId="ref7878" refString="Xu, Z. Z., Huang, J. Q. & Guo, D. H. (2007) A survey on Hydroidomedusae from the upwelling region of southern part of the Taiwan Strait of China. I. On new species and records of Anthomedusae. Acta Oceanologica Sinica, 26 (5), 66 - 75." type="journal article" year="2007">
|
||
Xu
|
||
<emphasis id="B94DEAEFFFC4E2044B89560993F7F8F7" box="[202,252,1814,1839]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="376">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2007
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C394D7EFFC4E2044A18560992DAF8F7" box="[347,465,1814,1839]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Pandeidae" genus="Timoides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="4" pageNumber="376" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="latistyla">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94DEAEFFFC4E2044A18560992DAF8F7" box="[347,465,1814,1839]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="376">T. latistyla</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is distinguished by its four short, fairly simple lips that emerge only slightly from the large, tightly-folded gonad-covered manubrium that is suspended from the peduncle of the mature specimen. We first believed the medusa (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13022A78FFC4E2044AFE56409105F8AF" box="[445,526,1886,1911]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="4.[151,249,1357,1378]" captionTargetBox="[175,1411,592,1331]" captionTargetId="figure-486@4.[172,1414,589,1336]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 2. Timoides agassizii. a) Living specimens collected February 2011 in Sohar, Oman. b) Living specimen collected July 24, 2000 Apra Harbor, Guam, with slightly regenerating oral lips (photograph by Gustav Paulay, used with permission)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5271585" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5271585/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="376">Fig. 2b</figureCitation>
|
||
) collected in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F32E766DFFC4E20449E6564091E2F8AF" box="[677,745,1886,1911]" name="Guam" pageId="4" pageNumber="376">Guam</collectingCountry>
|
||
(reported by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA84B0CFFC4E20448C3564097A1F8AF" author="Kirkendale, L. & Calder, D. L." box="[896,1194,1886,1911]" pageId="4" pageNumber="376" pagination="159 - 188" refId="ref6935" refString="Kirkendale, L. & Calder, D. L. (2003) Hydroids (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) from Guam and the Commonwealth of the Northern Marianas Islands (CNMI). Micronesica, 35 - 36, 159 - 188." type="journal article" year="2003">Kirkendale & Calder 2003</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) to be
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C394D7EFFC4E2044FB656419661F8AF" box="[1269,1386,1886,1911]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Pandeidae" genus="Timoides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="4" pageNumber="376" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="latistyla">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94DEAEFFFC4E2044FB656419661F8AF" box="[1269,1386,1886,1911]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="376">T. latistyla</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but upon closer examination, the short mouth of the
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F32E766DFFC4E20449F8569C91F4F843" box="[699,767,1922,1947]" name="Guam" pageId="4" pageNumber="376">Guam</collectingCountry>
|
||
specimen appears to be regenerating four new frilly lips. It appears identical to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C394D7EFFC4E2044AC156B99108F866" authorityName=", Bigelow" authorityYear="1904" box="[386,515,1959,1982]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Pandeidae" genus="Timoides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="4" pageNumber="376" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="agassizii">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94DEAEFFFC4E2044AC156B99108F866" box="[386,515,1959,1982]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="376">T. agassizii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in all other respects and we feel comfortable in assigning it to this species. In Friday Harbor, Washington, one of us (C.E.M.) has frequently observed hydromedusae with colored gonads that have been ravaged by predation, probably by fish, and the long, dangling lips of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C394D7EFFC5E2054F70518797B9FF77" authorityName=", Bigelow" authorityYear="1904" box="[1075,1202,152,176]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Pandeidae" genus="Timoides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="5" pageNumber="377" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="agassizii">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94DEAEFFFC5E2054F70518797B9FF77" box="[1075,1202,152,176]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="377">T. agassizii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
seem a conspicuous target for hungry predators in the surface waters. This lip-free
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F32E766DFFC5E205481251A2909EFF0D" box="[849,917,188,213]" name="Guam" pageId="5" pageNumber="377">Guam</collectingCountry>
|
||
medusa causes us to wonder if
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C394D7EFFC5E2054FBA51A39665FF0D" box="[1273,1390,188,213]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Pandeidae" genus="Timoides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="5" pageNumber="377" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="latistyla">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94DEAEFFFC5E2054FBA51A39665FF0D" box="[1273,1390,188,213]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="377">T. latistyla</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is a valid species, or if the single described specimen was another
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C394D7EFFC5E205482651FF90EEFF2F" authorityName=", Bigelow" authorityYear="1904" box="[869,997,224,248]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Pandeidae" genus="Timoides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="5" pageNumber="377" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="agassizii">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94DEAEFFFC5E205482651FF90EEFF2F" box="[869,997,224,248]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="377">T. agassizii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
damaged by predation; its geographic location falls between Okinawa and the South
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F32E766DFFC5E20549DC501A91E9FEC5" box="[671,738,260,285]" name="China" pageId="5" pageNumber="377">China</collectingCountry>
|
||
Sea, within the range for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C394D7EFFC5E2054F47501B978AFEC4" authorityName=", Bigelow" authorityYear="1904" box="[1028,1153,261,284]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Pandeidae" genus="Timoides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="5" pageNumber="377" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="agassizii">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94DEAEFFFC5E2054F47501B978AFEC4" box="[1028,1153,261,284]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="377">T. agassizii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. It should be noted that a typo in the original description of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C394D7EFFC5E205495D5037905EFE98" authority="(Xu et al. 2007)" baseAuthorityName="Xu" baseAuthorityYear="2007" box="[542,853,295,320]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Pandeidae" genus="Timoides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="5" pageNumber="377" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="latistyla">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94DEAEFFFC5E205495D5037919EFE98" box="[542,661,295,320]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="377">T. latistyla</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA84B0CFFC5E20549E650399046FE98" author="Xu, Z. Z. & Huang, J. Q. & Guo, D. H." box="[677,845,295,320]" pageId="5" pageNumber="377" pagination="66 - 75" refId="ref7878" refString="Xu, Z. Z., Huang, J. Q. & Guo, D. H. (2007) A survey on Hydroidomedusae from the upwelling region of southern part of the Taiwan Strait of China. I. On new species and records of Anthomedusae. Acta Oceanologica Sinica, 26 (5), 66 - 75." type="journal article" year="2007">
|
||
Xu
|
||
<emphasis id="B94DEAEFFFC5E20549925037900FFE98" box="[721,772,295,320]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="377">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2007
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
reports the medusa to be
|
||
<quantity id="4CC19B18FFC5E2054F3E503997DFFEE7" box="[1149,1236,295,320]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.2" pageId="5" pageNumber="377" unit="mm" value="2.2">2.2 mm</quantity>
|
||
wide and
|
||
<quantity id="4CC19B18FFC5E2054E0F50399697FEE7" box="[1356,1436,295,320]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="5" pageNumber="377" unit="mm" value="15.0">15 mm</quantity>
|
||
high, but the drawing indicates a medusa wider than tall, so the width should read
|
||
<quantity id="4CC19B18FFC5E2054F7350529789FEBB" box="[1072,1154,332,357]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.2" pageId="5" pageNumber="377" unit="mm" value="22.0">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94DEAEFFFC5E2054F7350529747FEBD" bold="true" box="[1072,1100,332,357]" pageId="5" pageNumber="377">22</emphasis>
|
||
mm
|
||
</quantity>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |