366 lines
54 KiB
XML
366 lines
54 KiB
XML
<document id="1419B69B7341EC75DDDAEFDCD4FD81B5" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.171956" ID-GBIF-Dataset="679c399b-1300-424b-a913-6f7f84265cc6" ID-ISSN="11755326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="171956" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1459761148850" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Morandini, André C., Da, Fábio L., Silveira & Cornelius, Paul F. S." docDate="2006" docId="03902B148929D76B6A1DF443F74AFE9A" docLanguage="en" docName="zt01135p048.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 1135" docStyle="DocumentStyle:FA7E419B012A62B0FC3AC15A186C3DAF.3:Zootaxa.2001-2006.journal_article" docStyleId="FA7E419B012A62B0FC3AC15A186C3DAF" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2001-2006.journal_article" docStyleVersion="3" docTitle="Chrysaora lactea Eschscholtz 1829" docType="treatment" docVersion="8" lastPageNumber="36" masterDocId="FFA9536C892BD7636B15F11DF502FFC4" masterDocTitle="Redescription of Chrysaora lactea Eschscholtz, 1829 (Cnidaria, Scyphozoa) from the Brazilian coast, with designation of a neotype" masterLastPageNumber="48" masterPageNumber="29" pageNumber="31" updateTime="1698215134316" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:title id="4E2752DA30E6736456E9305D8F4B0D59">Redescription of Chrysaora lactea Eschscholtz, 1829 (Cnidaria, Scyphozoa) from the Brazilian coast, with designation of a neotype</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="77F7DC4B147B0ADD1B48A6AAEFED7033">Morandini, André C.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="CF71C0870D999129D245293553B15806">Da, Fábio L.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="A6C13CBBAF286356493345F1F2FF9A6F">Silveira</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="270B8E2E0D04439F600B67C3727CA316">Cornelius, Paul F. S.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="79CC698E35EE7E132E5E30F6D1980066">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="BC99C035F2705A3017D1EAD4E67ACE0F">2006</mods:date>
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<treatment id="03902B148929D76B6A1DF443F74AFE9A" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6262547" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119344909" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6262547" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03902B148929D76B6A1DF443F74AFE9A" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03902B148929D76B6A1DF443F74AFE9A" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="36" pageId="2" pageNumber="31">
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<heading id="D0CE2D6E8929D7616A1DF443F7BBFABC" bold="true" box="[264,697,1374,1400]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="31" reason="1">
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<taxonomicName id="4C39E1818929D7616A1DF443F7BBFABC" ID-CoL="5YL27" authority="Eschscholtz, 1829" authorityName="Eschscholtz" authorityYear="1829" box="[264,697,1374,1400]" class="Scyphozoa" family="Pelagiidae" genus="Chrysaora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Semaeostomeae" pageId="2" pageNumber="31" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="lactea">
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<emphasis id="B94D46108929D7616A1DF443F7BBFABC" bold="true" box="[264,697,1374,1400]" pageId="2" pageNumber="31">
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<emphasis id="B94D46108929D7616A1DF443F4D7FABC" bold="true" box="[264,469,1374,1400]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="31">Chrysaora lactea</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFA8E7F38929D7616AC8F443F7BBFABC" author="Eschscholtz" box="[477,697,1374,1400]" pageId="2" pageNumber="44" refString="Eschscholtz, F. (1829) System der Acalephen. Eine ausfuhrliche Beschreibung aller Medusenartigen Strahltiere. Ferdinand Dummler, Berlin, 190 pp." type="book" year="1829">Eschscholtz, 1829</bibRefCitation>
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B869A028929D7616A1DF49CF4B0FA5F" blockId="2.[264,697,1374,1435]" box="[264,434,1409,1435]" pageId="2" pageNumber="31">
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(
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<figureCitation id="130286878929D7616A05F49CF4A8FA5F" box="[272,426,1409,1435]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 1" captionStart-1="FIGURE 2" captionStart-10="FIGURE 11" captionStart-11="FIGURE 12" captionStart-12="FIGURE 13" captionStart-2="FIGURE 3" captionStart-3="FIGURE 4" captionStart-4="FIGURE 5" captionStart-5="FIGURE 6" captionStart-6="FIGURE 7" captionStart-7="FIGURE 8" captionStart-8="FIGURE 9" captionStart-9="FIGURE 10" captionStartId-0="3.[264,368,1471,1495]" captionStartId-1="4.[264,368,1179,1203]" captionStartId-10="13.[264,367,959,983]" captionStartId-11="13.[264,367,1793,1817]" captionStartId-12="14.[264,368,1059,1083]" captionStartId-2="5.[264,368,1176,1200]" captionStartId-3="6.[264,367,1548,1572]" captionStartId-4="7.[264,368,1077,1101]" captionStartId-5="8.[264,368,1186,1210]" captionStartId-6="9.[264,368,1186,1210]" captionStartId-7="10.[264,368,1072,1096]" captionStartId-8="11.[264,368,1306,1330]" captionStartId-9="12.[264,368,1698,1722]" captionTargetBox-0="[531,1056,689,1445]" captionTargetBox-1="[464,1097,420,1156]" captionTargetBox-10="[297,1289,310,935]" captionTargetBox-11="[585,1001,1090,1775]" captionTargetBox-12="[321,1266,326,1034]" captionTargetBox-2="[415,1171,476,1151]" captionTargetBox-3="[432,1156,802,1536]" captionTargetBox-4="[596,979,321,1048]" captionTargetBox-5="[468,1118,406,1162]" captionTargetBox-6="[476,1111,406,1162]" captionTargetBox-7="[491,1095,310,1048]" captionTargetBox-8="[459,1127,550,1292]" captionTargetBox-9="[289,1298,554,1686]" captionTargetId-0="figure@3.[531,1056,689,1445]" captionTargetId-1="figure@4.[464,1122,400,1156]" captionTargetId-10="figure@13.[297,1291,309,936]" captionTargetId-11="figure@13.[585,1001,1088,1775]" captionTargetId-12="figure@14.[321,1267,326,1034]" captionTargetId-2="figure@5.[415,1171,476,1152]" captionTargetId-3="figure@6.[430,1157,786,1542]" captionTargetId-4="figure@7.[593,994,311,1067]" captionTargetId-5="figure@8.[468,1120,406,1162]" captionTargetId-6="figure@9.[476,1111,406,1162]" captionTargetId-7="figure@10.[491,1096,306,1048]" captionTargetId-8="figure@11.[459,1128,549,1292]" captionTargetId-9="figure@12.[289,1299,554,1688]" captionTargetPageId-0="3" captionTargetPageId-1="4" captionTargetPageId-10="13" captionTargetPageId-11="13" captionTargetPageId-12="14" captionTargetPageId-2="5" captionTargetPageId-3="6" captionTargetPageId-4="7" captionTargetPageId-5="8" captionTargetPageId-6="9" captionTargetPageId-7="10" captionTargetPageId-8="11" captionTargetPageId-9="12" captionText-0="FIGURE 1. Side view of an adult medusa (bell diameter 12 cm) of Chrysaora lactea. Note the shape of the umbrella, the colour pattern, and only 3 tentacles per octant. Specimen photographed in an aquarium." captionText-1="FIGURE 2. Diagrammatic exumbrellar view of adult medusa of Chrysaora lactea. Note the arrangement of the tentacles (5 per octant) and papillae on exumbrella." captionText-10="FIGURE 11. Oral view of a young medusa of Chrysaora lactea reared in laboratory, showing development of the secondary tentacles (arrows) on the subumbrellar portion of the marginal lappets. Scale = 0.5 mm." captionText-11="FIGURE 12. Side view of a young medusa (bell diameter 4 cm) of Chrysaora lactea. Note the length of the mouth arms (with some Artemia nauplii inside). Specimen reared in laboratory and photographed in aquarium." captionText-12="FIGURE 13. Oral view of a young medusa of Chrysaora lactea reared in laboratory, showing developed tertiary tentacle (arrow) between primary (central) and secondary (lateral, closer to the rhopalium). Scale = 1.5 cm." captionText-2="FIGURE 3. Side view of a medusa (bell diameter 9 cm) of Chrysaora lactea (with 3 tentacles per octant). Note the papillae on the exumbrella and damaged mouth arms, the colour pattern, and the exumbrellar sensory pit on the left side. Specimen photographed by Dr Alvaro E. Migotto (CEBIMarUSP) in aquarium." captionText-3="FIGURE 4. Diagrammatic subumbrellar view of a typical octant of an adult medusa of Chrysaora lactea. Note the shape of the tentacular pouches and arrangement of tentacles on the margin. Note also the pearshaped inner margins of the radial septa (white). The dark portion represents the gastrovascular cavity." captionText-4="FIGURE 5. Diagrammatic side view of an oral arm of an adult medusa of Chrysaora lactea. Note the Vsection, frilled edge and spiral distal portion." captionText-5="FIGURE 6. Exumbrellar view of some colour patterns observed in Chrysaora lactea. Scale = 10 cm." captionText-6="FIGURE 7. Side view of a polyp of Chrysaora lactea. Height approximately 2 mm." captionText-7="FIGURE 8. Side view of an advanced strobila of Chrysaora lactea, showing development of chain of ephyrae at different stages. Note that the tentacles of the polyp have already regenerated. Height approximately 1.5 mm." captionText-8="FIGURE 9. Oral view of an ephyra of Chrysaora lactea, 1.8 mm in diameter, showing development of the primary tentacles on the subumbrellar portion near the margin." captionText-9="FIGURE 10. Nematocyst complement of different stages in the life cycle of Chrysaora lactea. A – D: scyphistoma; E – H: ephyra; I – N: medusa (tentacle). A – B, E – F, G – H, K – L: undischarged and discharged holotrichous isorhizae; C – D, I – J, M – N: undischarged and discharged birhopaloids, type II (as heterotrichous microbasic euryteles in Morandini et al., 2004). I, K and M photographed in preserved specimen, all others in living ones. Scale = 15 µm." httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/171957/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/171958/files/figure.png" httpUri-10="https://zenodo.org/record/171967/files/figure.png" httpUri-11="https://zenodo.org/record/171968/files/figure.png" httpUri-12="https://zenodo.org/record/171969/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/171959/files/figure.png" httpUri-3="https://zenodo.org/record/171960/files/figure.png" httpUri-4="https://zenodo.org/record/171961/files/figure.png" httpUri-5="https://zenodo.org/record/171962/files/figure.png" httpUri-6="https://zenodo.org/record/171963/files/figure.png" httpUri-7="https://zenodo.org/record/171964/files/figure.png" httpUri-8="https://zenodo.org/record/171965/files/figure.png" httpUri-9="https://zenodo.org/record/171966/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="31">Figures 1–13</figureCitation>
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)
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C323C9898929D7616A1DF4CFF7E0F9AC" pageId="2" pageNumber="31" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="8B869A028929D7616A1DF4CFF7E0F9CC" blockId="2.[264,960,1489,1673]" pageId="2" pageNumber="31">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB29BD2C8929D7616A1DF4CFF7E0F9CC" pageId="2" pageNumber="31">
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<taxonomicName id="4C39E1818929D7616A1DF4CFF7B0FA2C" ID-CoL="5YL27" authority="Eschscholtz, 1829: 81" authorityName="Eschscholtz" authorityPageNumber="81" authorityYear="1829" box="[264,690,1489,1513]" class="Scyphozoa" family="Pelagiidae" genus="Chrysaora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Semaeostomeae" pageId="2" pageNumber="31" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="lactea">
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<emphasis id="B94D46108929D7616A1DF4CFF4C0FA2D" box="[264,450,1490,1513]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="31">Chrysaora lactea</emphasis>
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<treatmentCitation id="0A98BC138929D7616ADCF4CCF7B0FA2C" author="Eschscholtz" box="[457,690,1489,1512]" page="81" pageId="2" pageNumber="31" year="1829">
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<bibRefCitation id="EFA8E7F38929D7616ADCF4CCF78CFA2C" author="Eschscholtz" box="[457,654,1489,1512]" pageId="2" pageNumber="44" refString="Eschscholtz, F. (1829) System der Acalephen. Eine ausfuhrliche Beschreibung aller Medusenartigen Strahltiere. Ferdinand Dummler, Berlin, 190 pp." type="book" year="1829">Eschscholtz, 1829</bibRefCitation>
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: 81
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</treatmentCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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–82, Pl. VII fig. 3.
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<taxonomicName id="4C39E1818929D7616A1DF4EFF7DCF9CC" authority="L. Agassiz, 1862: 126" authorityName="L. Agassiz" authorityPageNumber="126" authorityYear="1862" box="[264,734,1521,1545]" class="Scyphozoa" family="Pelagiidae" genus="Dactylometra" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Semaeostomeae" pageId="2" pageNumber="31" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="lactea">
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<emphasis id="B94D46108929D7616A1DF4EFF4E0F9CD" box="[264,482,1522,1545]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="31">Dactylometra lactea</emphasis>
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:
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<treatmentCitation id="0A98BC138929D7616AE4F4ECF7DCF9CC" author="Agassiz" box="[497,734,1521,1544]" page="126" pageId="2" pageNumber="31" year="1862">
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<bibRefCitation id="EFA8E7F38929D7616AE4F4ECF7ABF9CC" author="Agassiz" box="[497,681,1521,1544]" pageId="2" pageNumber="44" refString="Agassiz, L. (1862) Contributions to the natural history of the United States of America, IV. Little, Brown & Company, Boston, 380 pp." type="book" year="1862">L. Agassiz, 1862</bibRefCitation>
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: 126
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</treatmentCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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.
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</treatmentCitationGroup>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B869A028929D7616A1DF70FF7D1F98C" blockId="2.[264,960,1489,1673]" pageId="2" pageNumber="31">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB29BD2C8929D7616A1DF70FF7D1F98C" pageId="2" pageNumber="31">
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<taxonomicName id="4C39E1818929D7616A1DF70FF7D8F9EC" ID-CoL="5YKQ7" authority="Vannucci, 1954: 123" authorityName="Vannucci" authorityPageNumber="123" authorityYear="1954" box="[264,730,1553,1577]" class="Scyphozoa" family="Pelagiidae" genus="Chrysaora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Semaeostomeae" pageId="2" pageNumber="31" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="hysoscella">
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<emphasis id="B94D46108929D7616A1DF70FF4F2F9ED" box="[264,496,1554,1577]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="31">Chrysaora hysoscella</emphasis>
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:
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<treatmentCitation id="0A98BC138929D7616AEBF70CF7D8F9EC" author="Vannucci" box="[510,730,1553,1576]" page="123" pageId="2" pageNumber="31" year="1954">
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<bibRefCitation id="EFA8E7F38929D7616AEBF70CF7A5F9EC" author="Vannucci" box="[510,679,1553,1576]" pageId="2" pageNumber="45" refString="Vannucci, M. (1954) Hydrozoa e Scyphozoa existentes no Instituto Oceanografico. II. Boletim do Instituto Oceanografico, 5, 95 - 149." type="journal article" year="1954">Vannucci, 1954</bibRefCitation>
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: 123
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</treatmentCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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–126, Pl. VI figs 1–2.
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<taxonomicName id="4C39E1818929D7616A1DF72FF7CDF98C" ID-CoL="5YKQ9" authority="Goy, 1979: 291" authorityName="Goy" authorityPageNumber="291" authorityYear="1979" box="[264,719,1585,1609]" class="Scyphozoa" family="Pelagiidae" genus="Chrysaora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Semaeostomeae" pageId="2" pageNumber="31" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="quinquecirrha">
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<emphasis id="B94D46108929D7616A1DF72FF71AF98D" box="[264,536,1586,1609]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="31">Chrysaora quinquecirrha</emphasis>
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:
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<treatmentCitation id="0A98BC138929D7616932F72CF7CDF98C" author="Goy" box="[551,719,1585,1608]" page="291" pageId="2" pageNumber="31" year="1979">
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||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA8E7F38929D7616932F72CF79BF98C" author="Goy" box="[551,665,1585,1608]" pageId="2" pageNumber="44" refString="Goy, J. (1979) Campagne de la Calypso au large des cotes atlantiques de l'Amerique du Sud (1961 - 1962) - 35. Meduses. Resultats Scientifiques des Campagnes de la Calypso, 11, 263 - 296." type="journal article" year="1979">Goy, 1979</bibRefCitation>
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||
: 291
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</treatmentCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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.
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</treatmentCitationGroup>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B869A028929D7616A1DF74CF7E0F9AC" blockId="2.[264,960,1489,1673]" box="[264,738,1617,1641]" pageId="2" pageNumber="31">
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non
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<taxonomicName id="4C39E1818929D7616A22F74FF7DCF9AC" ID-CoL="5YKQ7" authority="Linnaeus, 1767" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1767" box="[311,734,1617,1641]" class="Scyphozoa" family="Pelagiidae" genus="Chrysaora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Semaeostomeae" pageId="2" pageNumber="31" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="hysoscella">
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<emphasis id="B94D46108929D7616A22F74FF71DF9AD" box="[311,543,1618,1641]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="31">Chrysaora hysoscella</emphasis>
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(Linnaeus, 1767)
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</taxonomicName>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C323C9898929D7616A1DF76CF7EAF94C" box="[264,744,1649,1673]" pageId="2" pageNumber="31" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8B869A028929D7616A1DF76CF7EAF94C" blockId="2.[264,960,1489,1673]" box="[264,744,1649,1673]" pageId="2" pageNumber="31">
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non
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C39E1818929D7616A22F76FF7E6F94C" authority="Desor, 1848" authorityName="Desor" authorityYear="1848" box="[311,740,1649,1673]" class="Scyphozoa" family="Pelagiidae" genus="Chrysaora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Semaeostomeae" pageId="2" pageNumber="31" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="quinquecirrha">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94D46108929D7616A22F76FF745F94D" box="[311,583,1650,1673]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="31">Chrysaora quinquecirrha</emphasis>
|
||
(Desor, 1848)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C323C9898929D7616A1DF7A4F029F88E" pageId="2" pageNumber="31" type="materials_examined">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B869A028929D7616A1DF7A4F6E6F8E7" blockId="2.[264,1323,1721,1867]" pageId="2" pageNumber="31">
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED2802C78929D7616A1DF7A4F44DF917" box="[264,335,1721,1747]" pageId="2" pageNumber="31">
|
||
<typeStatus id="548224A08929D7616A1DF7A4F44DF917" box="[264,335,1721,1747]" pageId="2" pageNumber="31">TYPE</typeStatus>
|
||
</collectionCode>
|
||
MATERIAL.
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED2802C78929D7616913F7A4F76AF917" box="[518,616,1721,1747]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/6yx0-3nm7" name="Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de Sao Paulo" pageId="2" pageNumber="31">MZUSP</collectionCode>
|
||
897 (
|
||
<typeStatus id="548224A08929D76169A6F7A4F639F917" box="[691,827,1721,1747]" pageId="2" pageNumber="31" type="neotype">NEOTYPE</typeStatus>
|
||
SPECIMEN): São Sebastião, São Paulo state,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F32EDA928929D7616A5BF7FCF49BF93F" box="[334,409,1761,1787]" name="Brazil" pageId="2" pageNumber="31">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<date id="FF87BCC28929D7616AB2F7FCF725F93F" box="[423,551,1761,1787]" pageId="2" pageNumber="31" value="1998-11-17">17.xi.1998</date>
|
||
, on water surface, near oil terminal, J.M. Oliveira col.,
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D3F518B8929D7616FD6F7FCF029F93F" box="[1219,1323,1761,1787]" pageId="2" pageNumber="31" type="female">1 female</specimenCount>
|
||
specimen preserved in 4% formaldehyde solution in sea water.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B869A028929D7616A2DF62CF029F88E" blockId="2.[264,1323,1721,1867]" box="[312,1323,1841,1867]" pageId="2" pageNumber="31">
|
||
EXAMINED MATERIAL (see details in Appendix).
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED2802C78929D76168D8F62CF125F88F" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34988" box="[973,1063,1841,1867]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34988" name="Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle" pageId="2" pageNumber="31">MNHN</collectionCode>
|
||
Inv. M. 1715 (as
|
||
<emphasis id="B94D46108929D7616E05F62CF029F88E" box="[1296,1323,1841,1866]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="31">C.</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C323C9898928D7606A1DF001F7F1FDB2" pageId="3" pageNumber="32" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B869A028928D7606A1DF001F7F1FDB2" blockId="3.[264,1326,284,630]" pageId="3" pageNumber="32">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C39E1818928D7606A1DF001F480FEF1" box="[264,386,284,309]" class="Scyphozoa" family="Pelagiidae" genus="Chrysaora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Semaeostomeae" pageId="3" pageNumber="32" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="hysoscella">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94D46108928D7606A1DF001F480FEF1" box="[264,386,284,309]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="32">hysoscella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), 1716 (as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C39E1818928D760691BF001F7D8FEF1" box="[526,730,284,309]" class="Scyphozoa" family="Pelagiidae" genus="Chrysaora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Semaeostomeae" pageId="3" pageNumber="32" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="quinquecirrha">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94D46108928D760691BF001F7D8FEF1" box="[526,730,284,309]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="32">C. quinquecirrha</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
); MNRJ 181, 182, 961, 1027, 1028, 1030, 1032, 1033, 1034, 1035, 1221, 1361, 1668, 1673, 1674, 1675, 1676, 1677, 1678, 1681, 1694, 1941, 2791, 2793, 2794, 3237; MZUSP 340, 341, 342, 361, 362, 363, 364, 365, 474, 764, 778, 791, 797, 799, 802, 803, 804, 807, 809, 811, 822, 824, 825, 826, 828, 829, 830, 1125, 1126, 1127, 1129, 1130, 1133, 1150, 1151, 1152, 1153, 1154, 1155, 1156, 1157, 1158, 1161, 1164, 1175, 1182, 1187, 1188, 1189, 1190, 1192, 1230, 1241, 1258, 1260, 1261, 1265, 1266, 1267, 1271, 1275, 1277, 1283, 1287, 1288, 1289, 1290, 1297, 1298, 1300, 1303, 1304, 1305, 1308, 1311, 1312, 1313, 1314; NHM 1997.998, 1997.999, 1997.1000, 1997.1001; ZMH C11673, ZMH C11674.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<caption id="DF46CA8A8928D7606A1DF4A2F4ADF9D8" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/171957/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="32" targetBox="[531,1056,689,1445]" targetPageId="3">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B869A028928D7606A1DF4A2F4ADF9D8" blockId="3.[264,1323,1471,1564]" pageId="3" pageNumber="32">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94D46108928D7606A1DF4A2F48FFA13" bold="true" box="[264,397,1471,1495]" pageId="3" pageNumber="32">FIGURE 1.</emphasis>
|
||
Side view of an adult medusa (bell diameter 12 cm) of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C39E1818928D7606F15F4DDF1BFFA13" box="[1024,1213,1472,1495]" class="Scyphozoa" family="Pelagiidae" genus="Chrysaora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Semaeostomeae" pageId="3" pageNumber="32" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="lactea">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94D46108928D7606F15F4DDF1BFFA13" box="[1024,1213,1472,1495]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="32">Chrysaora lactea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Note the shape of the umbrella, the colour pattern, and only 3 tentacles per octant. Specimen photographed in an aquarium.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C323C9898928D7606A2DF765F6EDF956" box="[312,1007,1656,1682]" pageId="3" pageNumber="32" type="materials_examined">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B869A028928D7606A2DF765F6EDF956" blockId="3.[264,1324,1656,1882]" box="[312,1007,1656,1682]" pageId="3" pageNumber="32">
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED2802C78928D7606A2DF765F47DF956" box="[312,383,1656,1682]" pageId="3" pageNumber="32">
|
||
<typeStatus id="548224A08928D7606A2DF765F47DF956" box="[312,383,1656,1682]" pageId="3" pageNumber="32">TYPE</typeStatus>
|
||
</collectionCode>
|
||
LOCALITY. Guanabara Bay, Rio de Janeiro,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F32EDA928928D760688AF765F6E9F956" box="[927,1003,1656,1682]" name="Brazil" pageId="3" pageNumber="32">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C323C9898928D7676A2DF7BDF6F7FE9A" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="33" pageId="3" pageNumber="32" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B869A028928D7676A2DF7BDF6F7FE9A" blockId="3.[264,1324,1656,1882]" lastBlockId="4.[264,1323,284,350]" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="33" pageId="3" pageNumber="32">
|
||
DISTRIBUTION. Western Atlantic, from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F32EDA928928D760683DF7BDF684F97E" box="[808,902,1696,1722]" name="Jamaica" pageId="3" pageNumber="32">Jamaica</collectingCountry>
|
||
to the northern coast of
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F32EDA928928D7606FB1F7BDF01EF97E" box="[1188,1308,1696,1722]" name="Argentina" pageId="3" pageNumber="32">Argentina</collectingCountry>
|
||
. DIAGNOSIS. Live and preserved medusae average
|
||
<quantity id="4CC137E78928D76068BFF7D5F112F926" box="[938,1040,1736,1762]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.5" metricValueMax="11.0" metricValueMin="6.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="32" unit="cm" value="8.5" valueMax="11.0" valueMin="6.0">6–11 cm</quantity>
|
||
in diameter (maximum recorded size
|
||
<quantity id="4CC137E78928D7606AA2F7EDF704F8CE" box="[439,518,1776,1802]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" pageId="3" pageNumber="32" unit="cm" value="25.0">25 cm</quantity>
|
||
in diameter). Coloration: exumbrella background usually milkywhite, some specimens with small brown spots on exumbrella and oral arms, other specimens with a radial pattern of brownish triangles. Mature specimens varied in tentacle number, 3–5 tentacles per octant, the central one being the primary, the two peripheral ones the secondaries, and in the gaps between the two tertiaries.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<caption id="DF46CA8A892FD7676A1DF586F6FEFB11" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/171958/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="33" targetBox="[464,1097,420,1156]" targetPageId="4">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B869A02892FD7676A1DF586F6FEFB11" blockId="4.[264,1323,1179,1237]" pageId="4" pageNumber="33">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94D4610892FD7676A1DF586F492FB77" bold="true" box="[264,400,1179,1203]" pageId="4" pageNumber="33">FIGURE 2.</emphasis>
|
||
Diagrammatic exumbrellar view of adult medusa of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C39E181892FD76768E3F581F1B4FB77" box="[1014,1206,1180,1203]" class="Scyphozoa" family="Pelagiidae" genus="Chrysaora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Semaeostomeae" pageId="4" pageNumber="33" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="lactea">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94D4610892FD76768E3F581F1B4FB77" box="[1014,1206,1180,1203]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="33">Chrysaora lactea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Note the arrangement of the tentacles (5 per octant) and papillae on exumbrella.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C323C989892FD76B6A2DF414F74AFE9A" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="37" pageId="4" pageNumber="33" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B869A02892FD7666A2DF414F155FE6A" blockId="4.[264,1326,1289,1875]" lastBlockId="5.[264,1323,284,430]" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="34" pageId="4" pageNumber="33">
|
||
DESCRIPTION OF
|
||
<typeStatus id="548224A0892FD767695CF414F7CCFAE7" box="[585,718,1289,1315]" pageId="4" pageNumber="33" type="neotype">NEOTYPE</typeStatus>
|
||
SPECIMEN. Umbrella almost hemispherical, diameter
|
||
<quantity id="4CC137E7892FD7676A6FF42CF4CEFA8F" box="[378,460,1329,1355]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="4" pageNumber="33" unit="cm" value="10.0">10 cm</quantity>
|
||
. Exumbrellar surface finely granulated (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13028687892FD76768ACF42CF126FA8F" box="[953,1060,1329,1355]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="4.[264,368,1179,1203]" captionTargetBox="[464,1097,420,1156]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[464,1122,400,1156]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 2. Diagrammatic exumbrellar view of adult medusa of Chrysaora lactea. Note the arrangement of the tentacles (5 per octant) and papillae on exumbrella." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/171958/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="33">Figure 2</figureCitation>
|
||
), transparentwhitish. Mesoglea flexible, about
|
||
<quantity id="4CC137E7892FD7676925F444F768FAB7" box="[560,618,1369,1395]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="4" pageNumber="33" unit="cm" value="1.0">1 cm</quantity>
|
||
thick on central portion, thinning towards margin. Marginal lappets round, sharper at tip, 6 per octant (2 rhopalar and 4 tentacular); rhopalar lappets slightly longer and broader than tentacular ones. Rhopalia 8, without ocelli, in deep clefts; exumbrellar sensory pit deep, blindended (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13028687892FD7676830F4CCF693FA2F" box="[805,913,1489,1515]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="5.[264,368,1176,1200]" captionTargetBox="[415,1171,476,1151]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[415,1171,476,1152]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 3. Side view of a medusa (bell diameter 9 cm) of Chrysaora lactea (with 3 tentacles per octant). Note the papillae on the exumbrella and damaged mouth arms, the colour pattern, and the exumbrellar sensory pit on the left side. Specimen photographed by Dr Alvaro E. Migotto (CEBIMarUSP) in aquarium." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/171959/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="33">Figure 3</figureCitation>
|
||
). Tentacle clefts varied in depth (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13028687892FD7676A05F4E4F481F9D7" box="[272,387,1529,1555]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="4.[264,368,1179,1203]" captionTargetBox="[464,1097,420,1156]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[464,1122,400,1156]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 2. Diagrammatic exumbrellar view of adult medusa of Chrysaora lactea. Note the arrangement of the tentacles (5 per octant) and papillae on exumbrella." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/171958/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="33">Figures 2</figureCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<figureCitation id="13028687892FD7676AD7F4E4F4D6F9D7" box="[450,468,1529,1555]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="6.[264,367,1548,1572]" captionTargetBox="[432,1156,802,1536]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[430,1157,786,1542]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 4. Diagrammatic subumbrellar view of a typical octant of an adult medusa of Chrysaora lactea. Note the shape of the tentacular pouches and arrangement of tentacles on the margin. Note also the pearshaped inner margins of the radial septa (white). The dark portion represents the gastrovascular cavity." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/171960/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="33">4</figureCitation>
|
||
). Tentacles 40 (5 per octant), as long as bell diameter (longer in life); arranged as 23132 (central primary, secondaries laterally and tertiaries in the spaces between them) (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13028687892FD7676AC0F754F747F9A7" box="[469,581,1609,1635]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="6.[264,367,1548,1572]" captionTargetBox="[432,1156,802,1536]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[430,1157,786,1542]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 4. Diagrammatic subumbrellar view of a typical octant of an adult medusa of Chrysaora lactea. Note the shape of the tentacular pouches and arrangement of tentacles on the margin. Note also the pearshaped inner margins of the radial septa (white). The dark portion represents the gastrovascular cavity." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/171960/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="33">Figure 4</figureCitation>
|
||
). Subumbrellar and tentacular musculature not discernible. Mouthdisc circular, but with four evident corners, grooved. Evident pillars,
|
||
<quantity id="4CC137E7892FD7676F87F76CF1E1F94F" box="[1170,1251,1649,1675]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" pageId="4" pageNumber="33" unit="cm" value="2.5">2.5 cm</quantity>
|
||
wide, delimited by corners of insertion of manubrium. Subgenital ostia oval,
|
||
<quantity id="4CC137E7892FD7676F5FF784F199F977" box="[1098,1179,1689,1715]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="4" pageNumber="33" unit="cm" value="0.5">0.5 cm</quantity>
|
||
in diameter. Oral arms
|
||
<emphasis id="B94D4610892FD7676A93F7DCF4A0F91E" box="[390,418,1729,1754]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="33">ca</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<quantity id="4CC137E7892FD7676AA7F7DCF4EFF91F" box="[434,493,1729,1755]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.0" pageId="4" pageNumber="33" unit="cm" value="7.0">7 cm</quantity>
|
||
long, Vshaped in cross section, edges delicate and convoluted, distal portion slightly spiral, distal 1/3 with reduced Vshaped free edge in cross section (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13028687892FD7676FC9F7F4F415F8EF" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="7.[264,368,1077,1101]" captionTargetBox="[596,979,321,1048]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[593,994,311,1067]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 5. Diagrammatic side view of an oral arm of an adult medusa of Chrysaora lactea. Note the Vsection, frilled edge and spiral distal portion." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/171961/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="33">Figure 5</figureCitation>
|
||
). Central stomach circular, marginal region limited by insertion of radial septa. Stomach pouches 16, width uniform centrally; tentacular pouches enlarged distally.
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F32EDA92892FD7676F9DF624F1CBF897" box="[1160,1225,1849,1875]" name="Spain" pageId="4" pageNumber="33">Septa</collectingCountry>
|
||
narrow, wider at proximal end (pearshaped); outer 1/3 bending towards rhopalia (~ 45º) ending straight into the margin (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13028687892ED766693BF059F794FE9A" box="[558,662,324,350]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="6.[264,367,1548,1572]" captionTargetBox="[432,1156,802,1536]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[430,1157,786,1542]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 4. Diagrammatic subumbrellar view of a typical octant of an adult medusa of Chrysaora lactea. Note the shape of the tentacular pouches and arrangement of tentacles on the margin. Note also the pearshaped inner margins of the radial septa (white). The dark portion represents the gastrovascular cavity." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/171960/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="34">Figure 4</figureCitation>
|
||
), proximal region of the radial septa hard to see, due to enlarged mouthdisc. Gastric filaments in four interradial fields. Quadralinga absent. Gonads rimming gastric filaments, in semicircle, greatly folded; female.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF46CA8A892ED7666A1DF585F748FAD3" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/171959/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="34" targetBox="[415,1171,476,1151]" targetPageId="5">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B869A02892ED7666A1DF585F748FAD3" blockId="5.[264,1322,1176,1303]" pageId="5" pageNumber="34">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94D4610892ED7666A1DF585F489FB74" bold="true" box="[264,395,1176,1200]" pageId="5" pageNumber="34">FIGURE 3.</emphasis>
|
||
Side view of a medusa (bell diameter 9 cm) of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C39E181892ED766689BF584F14AFB74" box="[910,1096,1177,1200]" class="Scyphozoa" family="Pelagiidae" genus="Chrysaora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Semaeostomeae" pageId="5" pageNumber="34" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="lactea">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94D4610892ED766689BF584F14AFB74" box="[910,1096,1177,1200]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="34">Chrysaora lactea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(with 3 tentacles per octant). Note the papillae on the exumbrella and damaged mouth arms, the colour pattern, and the exumbrellar sensory pit on the left side. Specimen photographed by Dr Alvaro E. Migotto (CEBIMarUSP) in aquarium.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B869A02892ED7666A2DF45BF029F8AC" blockId="5.[264,1323,1350,1896]" pageId="5" pageNumber="34">
|
||
VARIATION FROM
|
||
<typeStatus id="548224A0892ED7666956F45BF7CAFAA4" box="[579,712,1350,1376]" pageId="5" pageNumber="34" type="neotype">NEOTYPE</typeStatus>
|
||
AND ADDITIONAL DATA. Medusa: Umbrella diameter up to
|
||
<quantity id="4CC137E7892ED7666AADF473F706FA4C" box="[440,516,1390,1416]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" pageId="5" pageNumber="34" unit="cm" value="25.0">25 cm</quantity>
|
||
, almost hemispherical, flat in young specimens (
|
||
<quantity id="4CC137E7892ED7666F2BF473F1ADFA4C" box="[1086,1199,1390,1416]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.75" metricValueMax="3.0" metricValueMin="0.5" pageId="5" pageNumber="34" unit="cm" value="1.75" valueMax="3.0" valueMin="0.5">0.5–3 cm</quantity>
|
||
), varied in preserved specimens. Some specimens with small irregular papillae on exumbrella and oral arms (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13028687892ED7666A9DF4A3F4F8FA1C" box="[392,506,1470,1496]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[264,368,1471,1495]" captionTargetBox="[531,1056,689,1445]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[531,1056,689,1445]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. Side view of an adult medusa (bell diameter 12 cm) of Chrysaora lactea. Note the shape of the umbrella, the colour pattern, and only 3 tentacles per octant. Specimen photographed in an aquarium." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/171957/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="34">Figures 1</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="13028687892ED766691FF4A3F71BFA1C" box="[522,537,1470,1496]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="4.[264,368,1179,1203]" captionTargetBox="[464,1097,420,1156]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[464,1122,400,1156]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 2. Diagrammatic exumbrellar view of adult medusa of Chrysaora lactea. Note the arrangement of the tentacles (5 per octant) and papillae on exumbrella." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/171958/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="34">2</figureCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<figureCitation id="13028687892ED7666940F4A3F767FA1C" box="[597,613,1470,1496]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="5.[264,368,1176,1200]" captionTargetBox="[415,1171,476,1151]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[415,1171,476,1152]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 3. Side view of a medusa (bell diameter 9 cm) of Chrysaora lactea (with 3 tentacles per octant). Note the papillae on the exumbrella and damaged mouth arms, the colour pattern, and the exumbrellar sensory pit on the left side. Specimen photographed by Dr Alvaro E. Migotto (CEBIMarUSP) in aquarium." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/171959/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="34">3</figureCitation>
|
||
). Coloration highly variable (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13028687892ED76668D2F4A3F12DFA1C" box="[967,1071,1470,1496]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="8.[264,368,1186,1210]" captionTargetBox="[468,1118,406,1162]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[468,1120,406,1162]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 6. Exumbrellar view of some colour patterns observed in Chrysaora lactea. Scale = 10 cm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/171962/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="34">Figure 6</figureCitation>
|
||
), transparentwhitish background with irregularly distributed small reddishbrown spots (warts); completely whitish; milky white background with a radial pattern of brownish triangles and irregularly distributed small reddishbrown spots (papillae) (see also
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA8E7F3892ED7666F4EF72BF444F9BC" author="Morandini" pageId="5" pageNumber="44" refString="Morandini, A. C., Ascher, D., Stampar, S. N. & Ferreira, J. F. V. (2005) Cubozoa e Scyphozoa (Cnidaria: Medusozoa) de aguas costeiras do Brasil. Iheringia, Serie Zoologia, 95, 281 - 294." type="journal article" year="2005">
|
||
Morandini
|
||
<emphasis id="B94D4610892ED7666FF6F72BF01EF98B" box="[1251,1308,1590,1615]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="34">et al</emphasis>
|
||
., 2005
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, fig. 8 for different colour patterns). Marginal lappets round, 2–6 per octant (young having 2 and reaching up to 6); rhopalar lappets slightly wider than tentacular. Rhopalia yellowish (
|
||
<emphasis id="B94D4610892ED7666A9AF7B3F4E0F903" box="[399,482,1710,1735]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="34">in vivo</emphasis>
|
||
). Tentacles up to 40 (5 per octant); arranged as 2nd3rd1st3rd2nd (central primary, secondaries laterally and tertiaries in the spaces between them). Pillars coloured in some specimens strongly reddishbrown or with irregularly distributed small reddishbrown spots. Colour of gonads variable: whitish, yellowishbrown to pale pink. Planula. Elongate, pearshaped;
|
||
<quantity id="4CC137E7892ED76669B2F653F64FF8AC" box="[679,845,1870,1896]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.7" metricValueMax="2.0" metricValueMin="1.4" pageId="5" pageNumber="34" unit="mm" value="0.17" valueMax="0.2" valueMin="0.14">0.14–0.2 mm</quantity>
|
||
long,
|
||
<quantity id="4CC137E7892ED76668A5F653F167F8AC" box="[944,1125,1870,1896]" metricMagnitude="-5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.5" metricValueMax="9.0" metricValueMin="6.0" pageId="5" pageNumber="34" unit="mm" value="0.075" valueMax="0.09" valueMin="0.06">0.06–0.09 mm</quantity>
|
||
wide; whitish.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B869A02892DD7656A1DF001F632FD2A" blockId="6.[264,1323,284,750]" pageId="6" pageNumber="35">
|
||
Scyphistoma (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13028687892DD7656AA5F001F715FEF2" box="[432,535,284,310]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="9.[264,368,1186,1210]" captionTargetBox="[476,1111,406,1162]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[476,1111,406,1162]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 7. Side view of a polyp of Chrysaora lactea. Height approximately 2 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/171963/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="35">Figure 7</figureCitation>
|
||
). Conical to gobletshaped, up to
|
||
<quantity id="4CC137E7892DD76568BFF001F104FEF2" box="[938,1030,284,310]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.2" pageId="6" pageNumber="35" unit="mm" value="2.2">2.2 mm</quantity>
|
||
high; oral disc up to
|
||
<quantity id="4CC137E7892DD7656E10F001F434FE9A" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.2" pageId="6" pageNumber="35" unit="mm" value="1.2">1.2 mm</quantity>
|
||
wide; tentacles of scyphistoma typically 16 (12–21), length up to 5 times polyp height; mouth cruciform, with prominent lips elevated from the oral disk; gastric septa 4; whitish to cream. Podocysts. Trapezoid, diameter
|
||
<quantity id="4CC137E7892DD765686AF089F114FE6A" box="[895,1046,404,430]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" metricValueMax="3.0" metricValueMin="2.0" pageId="6" pageNumber="35" unit="mm" value="0.25" valueMax="0.3" valueMin="0.2">0.2–0.3 mm</quantity>
|
||
, height
|
||
<quantity id="4CC137E7892DD7656F94F089F024FE6A" box="[1153,1318,404,430]" metricMagnitude="-5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.0" metricValueMax="10.0" metricValueMin="8.0" pageId="6" pageNumber="35" unit="mm" value="0.09" valueMax="0.1" valueMin="0.08">0.08–0.1 mm</quantity>
|
||
; yellowish brown. Strobila (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13028687892DD7656940F0A1F7BDFE12" box="[597,703,444,470]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="10.[264,368,1072,1096]" captionTargetBox="[491,1095,310,1048]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[491,1096,306,1048]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 8. Side view of an advanced strobila of Chrysaora lactea, showing development of chain of ephyrae at different stages. Note that the tentacles of the polyp have already regenerated. Height approximately 1.5 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/171964/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="35">Figure 8</figureCitation>
|
||
). Polydisc (2–10 ephyrae), whitish, lasts about 10 days. Ephyra (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13028687892DD7656AA5F0F9F715FE3A" box="[432,535,484,510]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="11.[264,368,1306,1330]" captionTargetBox="[459,1127,550,1292]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[459,1128,549,1292]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 9. Oral view of an ephyra of Chrysaora lactea, 1.8 mm in diameter, showing development of the primary tentacles on the subumbrellar portion near the margin." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/171965/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="35">Figure 9</figureCitation>
|
||
). Typically 8 arms (lobes); 16 pointed marginal lappets; 8 rhopalia, with light yellowish concretions; mouth cruciform; diameter
|
||
<quantity id="4CC137E7892DD76568FEF311F131FDE2" box="[1003,1075,524,550]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="6" pageNumber="35" unit="mm" value="1.0">1 mm</quantity>
|
||
just after liberation; transparent; with one nematocyst cluster on each side of rhopalium. Cnidome (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13028687892DD7656FB3F329F01FFD8A" box="[1190,1309,564,590]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="12.[264,368,1698,1722]" captionTargetBox="[289,1298,554,1686]" captionTargetId="figure@12.[289,1299,554,1688]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 10. Nematocyst complement of different stages in the life cycle of Chrysaora lactea. A – D: scyphistoma; E – H: ephyra; I – N: medusa (tentacle). A – B, E – F, G – H, K – L: undischarged and discharged holotrichous isorhizae; C – D, I – J, M – N: undischarged and discharged birhopaloids, type II (as heterotrichous microbasic euryteles in Morandini et al., 2004). I, K and M photographed in preserved specimen, all others in living ones. Scale = 15 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/171966/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="35">Figure 10</figureCitation>
|
||
). Holotrichous isorhizae present in medusae (tentacles and gastric filaments), ephyrae, and polyps; birhopaloids
|
||
<typeStatus id="548224A0892DD7656918F399F742FD5A" box="[525,576,644,670]" pageId="6" pageNumber="35">type</typeStatus>
|
||
II (quoted formerly as heterotrichous microbasic euryteles) present in medusae (tentacles and gastric filaments) and polyps (detailed measurements are presented in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA8E7F3892DD7656ADCF3C9F7D0FD2A" author="Morandini" box="[457,722,724,750]" pageId="6" pageNumber="44" refString="Morandini, A. C., Silveira, F. L. da & Jarms, G. (2004) The life cycle of Chrysaora lactea Eschscholtz, 1829 (Cnidaria, Scyphozoa, Discomedusae, Semaeostomeae, Pelagiidae) with notes on the scyphistoma stage of three other species. Hydrobiologia, 530 / 531, 347 - 354." type="journal article" year="2004">
|
||
Morandini
|
||
<emphasis id="B94D4610892DD7656959F3C9F77CFD29" box="[588,638,724,749]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="35">et al</emphasis>
|
||
., 2004
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, tab. 2).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF46CA8A892DD7656A1DF711F4F2F94F" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/171960/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="35" targetBox="[432,1156,802,1536]" targetPageId="6">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B869A02892DD7656A1DF711F4F2F94F" blockId="6.[264,1323,1548,1675]" pageId="6" pageNumber="35">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94D4610892DD7656A1DF711F488F9E0" bold="true" box="[264,394,1548,1572]" pageId="6" pageNumber="35">FIGURE 4.</emphasis>
|
||
Diagrammatic subumbrellar view of a typical octant of an adult medusa of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C39E181892DD7656FADF711F44BF982" class="Scyphozoa" family="Pelagiidae" genus="Chrysaora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Semaeostomeae" pageId="6" pageNumber="35" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="lactea">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94D4610892DD7656FADF711F44BF982" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="35">Chrysaora lactea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Note the shape of the tentacular pouches and arrangement of tentacles on the margin. Note also the pearshaped inner margins of the radial septa (white). The dark portion represents the gastrovascular cavity.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B869A02892DD7656A2DF7D2F6DFF8A5" blockId="6.[264,1323,1743,1889]" pageId="6" pageNumber="35">
|
||
SYSTEMATIC REMARKS. Some individuals remain in the threetentacled stage for the entire adult life span. The majority of the specimens collected in estuarine areas of São Paulo state had three tentacles per octant (from the
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D3F518B892DD7656863F602F127F8FD" box="[886,1061,1823,1849]" pageId="6" pageNumber="35" type="generic">175 specimens</specimenCount>
|
||
from estuarine areas, only 7 had more than 3 tentacles per octant — see Appendix).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF46CA8A892CD7646A1DF528F624FBB4" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/171961/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="36" targetBox="[596,979,321,1048]" targetPageId="7">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B869A02892CD7646A1DF528F624FBB4" blockId="7.[264,1322,1077,1136]" pageId="7" pageNumber="36">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94D4610892CD7646A1DF528F489FB89" bold="true" box="[264,395,1077,1101]" pageId="7" pageNumber="36">FIGURE 5.</emphasis>
|
||
Diagrammatic side view of an oral arm of an adult medusa of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C39E181892CD7646F3BF52BF1EBFB89" box="[1070,1257,1078,1101]" class="Scyphozoa" family="Pelagiidae" genus="Chrysaora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Semaeostomeae" pageId="7" pageNumber="36" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="lactea">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94D4610892CD7646F3BF52BF1EBFB89" box="[1070,1257,1078,1101]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="36">Chrysaora lactea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Note the Vsection, frilled edge and spiral distal portion.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B869A02892CD76B6A2DF583F74AFE9A" blockId="7.[264,1323,1182,1888]" lastBlockId="8.[264,1323,284,350]" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="37" pageId="7" pageNumber="36">
|
||
DEVELOPMENT. Eighttentacled medusa: in laboratory cultures, development of the first tentacles (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13028687892CD7646AADF5DBF71DFB24" box="[440,543,1222,1248]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="11.[264,368,1306,1330]" captionTargetBox="[459,1127,550,1292]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[459,1128,549,1292]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 9. Oral view of an ephyra of Chrysaora lactea, 1.8 mm in diameter, showing development of the primary tentacles on the subumbrellar portion near the margin." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/171965/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="36">Figure 9</figureCitation>
|
||
) occurs when ephyrae are
|
||
<quantity id="4CC137E7892CD7646876F5DBF6E5FB24" box="[867,999,1222,1248]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.5" metricValueMax="4.0" metricValueMin="3.0" pageId="7" pageNumber="36" unit="cm" value="0.35" valueMax="0.4" valueMin="0.3">0.3–0.4 cm</quantity>
|
||
wide, reaching up to
|
||
<quantity id="4CC137E7892CD7646FFBF5DBF028FB24" box="[1262,1322,1222,1248]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="7" pageNumber="36" unit="cm" value="2.0">2 cm</quantity>
|
||
bell diameter. 24tentacled medusa: specimens from the wild,
|
||
<quantity id="4CC137E7892CD76468F2F5F3F135FACC" box="[999,1079,1262,1288]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.3" pageId="7" pageNumber="36" unit="cm" value="1.3">1.3 cm</quantity>
|
||
in diameter, already had the buds of secondary tentacles. In laboratory cultures, development of the secondary tentacles (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13028687892CD7646A95F423F4F7FA9C" box="[384,501,1342,1368]" captionStart="FIGURE 11" captionStartId="13.[264,367,959,983]" captionTargetBox="[297,1289,310,935]" captionTargetId="figure@13.[297,1291,309,936]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURE 11. Oral view of a young medusa of Chrysaora lactea reared in laboratory, showing development of the secondary tentacles (arrows) on the subumbrellar portion of the marginal lappets. Scale = 0.5 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/171967/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="36">Figure 11</figureCitation>
|
||
) occurs in ephyrae 2–6 months after release from the strobila, when ephyrae range from
|
||
<quantity id="4CC137E7892CD7646914F47BF770FA44" box="[513,626,1382,1408]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.25" metricValueMax="6.0" metricValueMin="2.5" pageId="7" pageNumber="36" unit="cm" value="4.25" valueMax="6.0" valueMin="2.5">2.5–6 cm</quantity>
|
||
wide (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13028687892CD76469DFF47BF647FA44" box="[714,837,1382,1408]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="13.[264,367,1793,1817]" captionTargetBox="[585,1001,1090,1775]" captionTargetId="figure@13.[585,1001,1088,1775]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURE 12. Side view of a young medusa (bell diameter 4 cm) of Chrysaora lactea. Note the length of the mouth arms (with some Artemia nauplii inside). Specimen reared in laboratory and photographed in aquarium." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/171968/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="36">Figure 12</figureCitation>
|
||
). 40tentacled medusa: some specimens already have the maximum number of tentacles (40), apparently not related to size or maturity (one specimen
|
||
<quantity id="4CC137E7892CD7646939F4ABF775FA14" box="[556,631,1462,1488]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="7" pageNumber="36" unit="cm" value="10.0">10 cm</quantity>
|
||
in diameter already had 5 tentacles in every octant). The final pattern of arrangement of marginal tentacles in each octant is: a single long median, primary tentacle, then two secondary tentacles similar in size next to the rhopalia (edge of the gastric pouches), and finally two tertiary tentacles with one on each side between primary and secondaries, these being typically smaller. The development of the tertiary tentacles in the species occurs in the subumbrellar portion of the lappet between the primary and secondary tentacles, thus they develop on the subumbrella and the single lappet gradually ruptures to “be converted into” two separate lappets (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13028687892CD7646F2BF7D3F1B6F92C" box="[1086,1204,1742,1768]" captionStart="FIGURE 13" captionStartId="14.[264,368,1059,1083]" captionTargetBox="[321,1266,326,1034]" captionTargetId="figure@14.[321,1267,326,1034]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURE 13. Oral view of a young medusa of Chrysaora lactea reared in laboratory, showing developed tertiary tentacle (arrow) between primary (central) and secondary (lateral, closer to the rhopalium). Scale = 1.5 cm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/171969/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="36">Figure 13</figureCitation>
|
||
). In a few specimens, averaged
|
||
<quantity id="4CC137E7892CD7646905F7EBF778F8D4" box="[528,634,1782,1808]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.5" metricValueMax="11.0" metricValueMin="6.0" pageId="7" pageNumber="36" unit="cm" value="8.5" valueMax="11.0" valueMin="6.0">6–11 cm</quantity>
|
||
in bell diameter, 6–7 tentacles per octant were noted. Therefore, there is no direct correlation between size and number of tentacles. The beginnings of the gonads appear in specimens from
|
||
<quantity id="4CC137E7892CD764686CF65BF101F8A4" box="[889,1027,1862,1888]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.25" metricValueMax="6.0" metricValueMin="4.5" pageId="7" pageNumber="36" unit="cm" value="5.25" valueMax="6.0" valueMin="4.5">4.5 to 6 cm</quantity>
|
||
in diameter. Maturation, i.e. gonad development, is not directly proportional to observed size, nor is maximum tentacle number per octant.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |