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<document id="99348436D37CBD54127A7EEE3403D176" ID-CLB-Dataset="299614" ID-DOI="10.1653/024.101.0305" ID-GBIF-Dataset="82044832-837c-4682-a14b-c60f01a5942c" ID-ISSN="1938-5102" ID-Zenodo-Dep="12685619" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="juliana" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="juliana" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="juliana" IM.metadata_approvedBy="juliana" IM.tables_approvedBy="juliana" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="juliana" IM.treatments_approvedBy="juliana" checkinTime="1718826850535" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="García-Gómez, A., Figueroa-Brito, R., García Serrano, L. A. &amp; Jiménez-Pérez, A." docDate="2018" docId="03F4AB250C773152FC9BFD7ABA831812" docLanguage="en" docName="FlaEntomol.101.3.470-479.pdf" docOrigin="Florida Entomologist 101 (3)" docSource="http://www.bioone.org/doi/10.1653/024.101.0305" docStyle="DocumentStyle:C0CD22107794FB65089F701CBA118AA5.3:FlaEntomol.2015-.journal_article" docStyleId="C0CD22107794FB65089F701CBA118AA5" docStyleName="FlaEntomol.2015-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="3" docTitle="Trichilia americana ON" docType="treatment" docVersion="4" masterDocId="FFCDD35D0C743156FFB3FFBCB83A1E55" masterDocTitle="Trichilia (Meliaceae) plants: an important source of biomolecules with insecticidal properties" masterLastPageNumber="470" masterPageNumber="470" pageNumber="470" updateTime="1720448643433" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-4.0">
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<mods:title id="4E77898E25014134B2CFFB33205C0F69">Trichilia (Meliaceae) plants: an important source of biomolecules with insecticidal properties</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="F79BAB0D80406B9FC944DF28F80E4493">García-Gómez, A.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="654D99761761890C8D821CC2477B2418">Centro de Desarrollo de Productos Bióticos del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CEPROBI-IPN), Departamento de Interacción Planta-Insecto, Carretera Yautepec-Jojutla Km. 6, AP 24, CP. 62731, San Isidro, Yautepec, Morelos, Mexico, E-mail: agarciag 1400 @ alumno. ipn. mx (A. G. G.); rfigueroa @ ipn. mx (R. F. B.); aljimenez @ ipn. mx (A. J. P.)</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="3C512E20CC1FE6DE6CBED6AA6D5B43BF">Figueroa-Brito, R.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="9AC1FB210D59B59E2F3F7FEA555477B2">Centro de Desarrollo de Productos Bióticos del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CEPROBI-IPN), Departamento de Interacción Planta-Insecto, Carretera Yautepec-Jojutla Km. 6, AP 24, CP. 62731, San Isidro, Yautepec, Morelos, Mexico, E-mail: agarciag 1400 @ alumno. ipn. mx (A. G. G.); rfigueroa @ ipn. mx (R. F. B.); aljimenez @ ipn. mx (A. J. P.)</mods:affiliation>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="751EF1D30D5EFC9D1E166674A408F21A" type="email">rfigueroa@ipn.mx</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:namePart id="E5AA4E07771A008301F68607C0F90594">García Serrano, L. A.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="462768B2F3B07F82D0091438DEE77014">Centro Interdisciplinario de Investigaciones y Estudios sobre Medio Ambiente y Desarrollo (CIIEMAD-IPN), Departamento de Sociedad y Política, Calle 30 de Junio de 1520 s / n, Barrio la Laguna Ticomán C. P. 07340 Del. Gustavo A. Madero, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico, E-mail: lugarcias @ ipn. mx (L. A. G. S.)</mods:affiliation>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="7C532A2DBD709F2E7CF10BBCFC36E4E6" type="email">lugarcias@ipn.mx</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:namePart id="BAF08AFB28262E1760A3ADEDE3549494">Jiménez-Pérez, A.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="BFAD6E93E590CC3332D915F440C09891">Centro de Desarrollo de Productos Bióticos del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CEPROBI-IPN), Departamento de Interacción Planta-Insecto, Carretera Yautepec-Jojutla Km. 6, AP 24, CP. 62731, San Isidro, Yautepec, Morelos, Mexico, E-mail: agarciag 1400 @ alumno. ipn. mx (A. G. G.); rfigueroa @ ipn. mx (R. F. B.); aljimenez @ ipn. mx (A. J. P.)</mods:affiliation>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="9F76A494BB16B256AA29FAA5C5FE790A" type="email">aljimenez@ipn.mx</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:date id="4504A3199F46A5987AC2477450F701E9">2018</mods:date>
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<treatment id="03F4AB250C773152FC9BFD7ABA831812" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12685715" ID-GBIF-Taxon="234893551" ID-Zenodo-Dep="12685715" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03F4AB250C773152FC9BFD7ABA831812" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F4AB250C773152FC9BFD7ABA831812" lastPageId="4" pageId="3">
<subSubSection id="C34749B80C773155FC9BFD7ABCBE1CAB" pageId="3" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8BE21A330C773155FC9BFD7ABCBE1CAB" blockId="3.[808,1488,710,766]" pageId="3">
<heading id="D0AAAD5F0C773155FC9BFD7ABCBE1CAB" centered="true" fontSize="10" level="3" pageId="3" reason="9">
EFFECT OF THE EXTRACTS OF
<taxonomicName id="4C5D61B00C773155FBDEFD7ABD4F1C89" ID-CoL="588MF" authority="ON" authorityName="ON" box="[1133,1397,710,732]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Meliaceae" genus="Trichilia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sapindales" pageId="3" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="americana">
<emphasis id="B929C6210C773155FBDEFD7ABD4F1C89" box="[1133,1397,710,732]" italics="true" pageId="3">TRICHILIA AMERICANA</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
ON
<taxonomicName id="4C5D61B00C773155FA14FD7ABC291CAB" authority="SURVIVAL" authorityName="SURVIVAL" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Copitarsia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="decolora">
<emphasis id="B929C6210C773155FA14FD7ABBB51CAB" italics="true" pageId="3">COPITARSIA</emphasis>
<emphasis id="B929C6210C773155FC25FD54BC291CAB" box="[918,1043,744,766]" italics="true" pageId="3">DECOLORA</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
SURVIVAL
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C34749B80C773152FCFFFCAFBA831812" lastPageId="4" pageId="3" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BE21A330C773155FCFFFCAFBDEB1A7A" blockId="3.[808,1489,787,1130]" pageId="3">
<taxonomicName id="4C5D61B00C773155FCFFFCAFBC3D1D72" authority="larvae" authorityName="LARVAE" box="[844,1031,787,807]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Copitarsia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="decolora">
<emphasis id="B929C6210C773155FCFFFCAFBC3D1D72" box="[844,1031,787,807]" italics="true" pageId="3">Copitarsia decolora</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
larvae fed on a diet supplemented with hexane extracts of
<taxonomicName id="4C5D61B00C773155FC26FC8DBC2B1D10" box="[917,1041,817,837]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Meliaceae" genus="Trichilia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sapindales" pageId="3" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="americana">
<emphasis id="B929C6210C773155FC26FC8DBC2B1D10" box="[917,1041,817,837]" italics="true" pageId="3">T. americana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
displayed significantly reduced mean survival times (Log-Rank Test = 48.33; df = 4;
<emphasis id="B929C6210C773155FB39FCF2BCAC1D37" box="[1162,1174,846,866]" italics="true" pageId="3">P</emphasis>
&lt;0.001;
<tableCitation id="C6DF2F880C773155FB5CFCF2BD0E1D37" box="[1263,1332,846,866]" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="3.[96,143,1181,1199]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Table 1. Mean (± SEM) survival time, and larval, pupal, and cumulative mortality of Copitarsia decolora larvae fed with artificial diet supplemented with hexane, ethyl acetate, acetone, methanol, and aqueous extracts of Trichilia americana bark at 100, 500, 1,000, and 1,500 ppm." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF224ABB0C773155FFD3FB21BC651A92" pageId="3" tableUuid="DF224ABB0C773155FFD3FB21BC651A92">Table 1</tableCitation>
;
<figureCitation id="136606B60C773155FA8CFCF2BDBB1D37" box="[1343,1409,846,866]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="4.[156,184,847,865]" captionTargetBox="[181,1441,204,804]" captionTargetId="figure-787@4.[144,1536,189,820]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Fig. 2. Survival curves of Copitarsia decolora larvae fed on an artificial diet supplemented with extracts of Trichilia americana bark at 100, 500, 1,000, and 1,500 ppm: (a) hexane, (b) ethyl acetate." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12685623" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12685623/files/figure.png" pageId="3">Fig. 2a</figureCitation>
). Larvae fed the 1,500 ppm treatment had a significantly shorter mean survival time than the others, and all of them died as larvae. Larvae on the 100, 500, and 1,000 ppm treatments had similar survival times, but they were significantly shorter than the diet-only control treatment. Larval mortality was over 70% in all treatments except at 100, where larval mortality was 40%, and very few casualties were observed at the pupal stage. The cumulative mortality for the control diet treatment was 8%.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE21A330C773152FCFFFB85B9711A00" blockId="3.[808,1489,787,1130]" lastBlockId="4.[144,825,971,1607]" lastPageId="4" pageId="3">
Larvae fed the 1,500 ppm ethyl acetate-extract treatment had the shortest mean survival time (Log-Rank Test = 42.61; df = 4;
<emphasis id="B929C6210C773155FADDFBEABD401A3F" box="[1390,1402,1110,1130]" italics="true" pageId="3">P</emphasis>
&lt;0.001; Table 1; Fig. 2b). All treatments had significantly shorter mean survival times than the control diet treatment. Larval mortality increased as concentration increased. No larvae from the 500, 1,000, and 1,500 ppm treatments reached the adult stage, and at 100 ppm, cumulative mortality was 76%.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF224ABB0C773155FFD3FB21BC651A92" ID-Table-UUID="DF224ABB0C773155FFD3FB21BC651A92" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF224ABB0C773155FFD3FB21BC651A92" pageId="3" startId="3.[96,143,1181,1199]" targetBox="[96,1459,1260,1956]" targetIsTable="true" targetPageId="3" targetType="table">
<paragraph id="8BE21A330C773155FFD3FB21BC651A92" blockId="3.[96,1490,1181,1223]" pageId="3">
<emphasis id="B929C6210C773155FFD3FB21B89F1AFA" bold="true" box="[96,165,1181,1199]" pageId="3">Table 1.</emphasis>
Mean (± SEM) survival time, and larval, pupal, and cumulative mortality of
<taxonomicName id="4C5D61B00C773155FC84FB21BC231AFA" authority="larvae" authorityName="LARVAE" box="[823,1049,1181,1199]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Copitarsia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="decolora">
<emphasis id="B929C6210C773155FC84FB21BBE51AFA" box="[823,991,1181,1199]" italics="true" pageId="3">Copitarsia decolora</emphasis>
larvae
</taxonomicName>
fed with artificial diet supplemented with hexane, ethyl acetate, acetone, methanol, and aqueous extracts of
<taxonomicName id="4C5D61B00C773155FDEFFB09BB3A1A92" box="[604,768,1205,1223]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Meliaceae" genus="Trichilia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sapindales" pageId="3" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="americana">
<emphasis id="B929C6210C773155FDEFFB09BB3A1A92" box="[604,768,1205,1223]" italics="true" pageId="3">Trichilia americana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
bark at 100, 500, 1,000, and 1,500 ppm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BE21A330C773155FFD3FAB8BD5E19F1" pageId="3">
<table id="F95DE8930C77CEA9FFD3FB50BD8919F1" box="[96,1459,1260,1956]" gridcols="6" gridrows="22" pageId="3">
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<th id="76BC710D0C77CEA9FFD3FB50B8EB1B43" box="[96,209,1260,1302]" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="3">Treatment</th>
<th id="76BC710D0C77CEA9FEE9FB50B9EF1B43" box="[346,469,1260,1302]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="3">Concentration ppm</th>
<th id="76BC710D0C77CEA9FDA8FB50BACF1B43" box="[539,757,1260,1302]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="3">Mean larval survival time (d)</th>
<th id="76BC710D0C77CEA9FC87FB50BB811B43" box="[820,955,1260,1302]" gridcol="3" gridrow="0" pageId="3">Larval mortality (%)</th>
<th id="76BC710D0C77CEA9FB95FB50BC901B43" box="[1062,1194,1260,1302]" gridcol="4" gridrow="0" pageId="3">Pupal mortality (%)</th>
<th id="76BC710D0C77CEA9FB4EFB50BD891B43" box="[1277,1459,1260,1302]" gridcol="5" gridrow="0" pageId="3">Cumulative mortality (%)</th>
</tr>
<tr id="356D18710C77CEA9FFD3FA91BD891B6A" box="[96,1459,1325,1343]" gridrow="1" pageId="3">
<th id="76BC710D0C77CEA9FFD3FA91B8EB1B6A" box="[96,209,1325,1343]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="3">Control diet*</th>
<td id="76BC710D0C77CEA9FEE9FA91B9EF1B6A" box="[346,469,1325,1343]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="3">0</td>
<td id="76BC710D0C77CEA9FDA8FA91BACF1B6A" box="[539,757,1325,1343]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="3">33.6 ± 1.6 a</td>
<td id="76BC710D0C77CEA9FC87FA91BB811B6A" box="[820,955,1325,1343]" gridcol="3" gridrow="1" pageId="3">8</td>
<td id="76BC710D0C77CEA9FB95FA91BC901B6A" box="[1062,1194,1325,1343]" gridcol="4" gridrow="1" pageId="3">0</td>
<td id="76BC710D0C77CEA9FB4EFA91BD891B6A" box="[1277,1459,1325,1343]" gridcol="5" gridrow="1" pageId="3">8</td>
</tr>
<tr id="356D18710C77CEA9FFD3FAEFBD891B30" box="[96,1459,1363,1381]" gridrow="2" pageId="3">
<th id="76BC710D0C77CEA9FFD3FAEFB8EB1BEC" box="[96,209,1363,1465]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="3" rowspan="4" rowspanBelow="3">Hexane</th>
<td id="76BC710D0C77CEA9FEE9FAEFB9EF1B30" box="[346,469,1363,1381]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="3">100</td>
<td id="76BC710D0C77CEA9FDA8FAEFBACF1B30" box="[539,757,1363,1381]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="3">25.2 ± 2.6 b</td>
<td id="76BC710D0C77CEA9FC87FAEFBB811B30" box="[820,955,1363,1381]" gridcol="3" gridrow="2" pageId="3">40</td>
<td id="76BC710D0C77CEA9FB95FAEFBC901B30" box="[1062,1194,1363,1381]" gridcol="4" gridrow="2" pageId="3">4</td>
<td id="76BC710D0C77CEA9FB4EFAEFBD891B30" box="[1277,1459,1363,1381]" gridcol="5" gridrow="2" pageId="3">44</td>
</tr>
<tr id="356D18710C77CEA9FFD3FAD3BD891BD4" box="[96,1459,1391,1409]" gridrow="3" pageId="3">
<td id="76BC710D0C77CEA9FEE9FAD3B9EF1BD4" box="[346,469,1391,1409]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="3">500</td>
<td id="76BC710D0C77CEA9FDA8FAD3BACF1BD4" box="[539,757,1391,1409]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="3">23.8 ± 3.6 b</td>
<td id="76BC710D0C77CEA9FC87FAD3BB811BD4" box="[820,955,1391,1409]" gridcol="3" gridrow="3" pageId="3">72</td>
<td id="76BC710D0C77CEA9FB95FAD3BC901BD4" box="[1062,1194,1391,1409]" gridcol="4" gridrow="3" pageId="3">4</td>
<td id="76BC710D0C77CEA9FB4EFAD3BD891BD4" box="[1277,1459,1391,1409]" gridcol="5" gridrow="3" pageId="3">76</td>
</tr>
<tr id="356D18710C77CEA9FFD3FA37BD891BC8" box="[96,1459,1419,1437]" gridrow="4" pageId="3">
<td id="76BC710D0C77CEA9FEE9FA37B9EF1BC8" box="[346,469,1419,1437]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="3">1,000</td>
<td id="76BC710D0C77CEA9FDA8FA37BACF1BC8" box="[539,757,1419,1437]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="3">19.6 ± 3.4 b</td>
<td id="76BC710D0C77CEA9FC87FA37BB811BC8" box="[820,955,1419,1437]" gridcol="3" gridrow="4" pageId="3">76</td>
<td id="76BC710D0C77CEA9FB95FA37BC901BC8" box="[1062,1194,1419,1437]" gridcol="4" gridrow="4" pageId="3">0</td>
<td id="76BC710D0C77CEA9FB4EFA37BD891BC8" box="[1277,1459,1419,1437]" gridcol="5" gridrow="4" pageId="3">76</td>
</tr>
<tr id="356D18710C77CEA9FFD3FA1BBD891BEC" box="[96,1459,1447,1465]" gridrow="5" pageId="3">
<td id="76BC710D0C77CEA9FEE9FA1BB9EF1BEC" box="[346,469,1447,1465]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="3">1,500</td>
<td id="76BC710D0C77CEA9FDA8FA1BBACF1BEC" box="[539,757,1447,1465]" gridcol="2" gridrow="5" pageId="3">9.2 ± 1.1 c</td>
<td id="76BC710D0C77CEA9FC87FA1BBB811BEC" box="[820,955,1447,1465]" gridcol="3" gridrow="5" pageId="3">100</td>
<td id="76BC710D0C77CEA9FB95FA1BBC901BEC" box="[1062,1194,1447,1465]" gridcol="4" gridrow="5" pageId="3">**</td>
<td id="76BC710D0C77CEA9FB4EFA1BBD891BEC" box="[1277,1459,1447,1465]" gridcol="5" gridrow="5" pageId="3">100</td>
</tr>
<tr id="356D18710C77CEA9FFD3FA72BD891BB5" box="[96,1459,1486,1504]" gridrow="6" pageId="3">
<th id="76BC710D0C77CEA9FFD3FA72B8EB1861" box="[96,209,1486,1588]" gridcol="0" gridrow="6" pageId="3" rowspan="4" rowspanBelow="3">Ethyl acetate</th>
<td id="76BC710D0C77CEA9FEE9FA72B9EF1BB5" box="[346,469,1486,1504]" gridcol="1" gridrow="6" pageId="3">100</td>
<td id="76BC710D0C77CEA9FDA8FA72BACF1BB5" box="[539,757,1486,1504]" gridcol="2" gridrow="6" pageId="3">33.6 ± 3.4 b</td>
<td id="76BC710D0C77CEA9FC87FA72BB811BB5" box="[820,955,1486,1504]" gridcol="3" gridrow="6" pageId="3">56</td>
<td id="76BC710D0C77CEA9FB95FA72BC901BB5" box="[1062,1194,1486,1504]" gridcol="4" gridrow="6" pageId="3">20</td>
<td id="76BC710D0C77CEA9FB4EFA72BD891BB5" box="[1277,1459,1486,1504]" gridcol="5" gridrow="6" pageId="3">76</td>
</tr>
<tr id="356D18710C77CEA9FFD3FA56BD891BA9" box="[96,1459,1514,1532]" gridrow="7" pageId="3">
<td id="76BC710D0C77CEA9FEE9FA56B9EF1BA9" box="[346,469,1514,1532]" gridcol="1" gridrow="7" pageId="3">500</td>
<td id="76BC710D0C77CEA9FDA8FA56BACF1BA9" box="[539,757,1514,1532]" gridcol="2" gridrow="7" pageId="3">29.9 ± 3.9 bc</td>
<td id="76BC710D0C77CEA9FC87FA56BB811BA9" box="[820,955,1514,1532]" gridcol="3" gridrow="7" pageId="3">80</td>
<td id="76BC710D0C77CEA9FB95FA56BC901BA9" box="[1062,1194,1514,1532]" gridcol="4" gridrow="7" pageId="3">20</td>
<td id="76BC710D0C77CEA9FB4EFA56BD891BA9" box="[1277,1459,1514,1532]" gridcol="5" gridrow="7" pageId="3">100</td>
</tr>
<tr id="356D18710C77CEA9FFD3F9BABD89184D" box="[96,1459,1542,1560]" gridrow="8" pageId="3">
<td id="76BC710D0C77CEA9FEE9F9BAB9EF184D" box="[346,469,1542,1560]" gridcol="1" gridrow="8" pageId="3">1,000</td>
<td id="76BC710D0C77CEA9FDA8F9BABACF184D" box="[539,757,1542,1560]" gridcol="2" gridrow="8" pageId="3">26.2 ± 4.2 bc</td>
<td id="76BC710D0C77CEA9FC87F9BABB81184D" box="[820,955,1542,1560]" gridcol="3" gridrow="8" pageId="3">80</td>
<td id="76BC710D0C77CEA9FB95F9BABC90184D" box="[1062,1194,1542,1560]" gridcol="4" gridrow="8" pageId="3">20</td>
<td id="76BC710D0C77CEA9FB4EF9BABD89184D" box="[1277,1459,1542,1560]" gridcol="5" gridrow="8" pageId="3">100</td>
</tr>
<tr id="356D18710C77CEA9FFD3F99EBD891861" box="[96,1459,1570,1588]" gridrow="9" pageId="3">
<td id="76BC710D0C77CEA9FEE9F99EB9EF1861" box="[346,469,1570,1588]" gridcol="1" gridrow="9" pageId="3">1,500</td>
<td id="76BC710D0C77CEA9FDA8F99EBACF1861" box="[539,757,1570,1588]" gridcol="2" gridrow="9" pageId="3">20.2 ± 4.3 bc</td>
<td id="76BC710D0C77CEA9FC87F99EBB811861" box="[820,955,1570,1588]" gridcol="3" gridrow="9" pageId="3">92</td>
<td id="76BC710D0C77CEA9FB95F99EBC901861" box="[1062,1194,1570,1588]" gridcol="4" gridrow="9" pageId="3">8</td>
<td id="76BC710D0C77CEA9FB4EF99EBD891861" box="[1277,1459,1570,1588]" gridcol="5" gridrow="9" pageId="3">100</td>
</tr>
<tr id="356D18710C77CEA9FFD3F9F5BD89180E" box="[96,1459,1609,1627]" gridrow="10" pageId="3">
<th id="76BC710D0C77CEA9FFD3F9F5B8EB18FA" box="[96,209,1609,1711]" gridcol="0" gridrow="10" pageId="3" rowspan="4" rowspanBelow="3">Acetone</th>
<td id="76BC710D0C77CEA9FEE9F9F5B9EF180E" box="[346,469,1609,1627]" gridcol="1" gridrow="10" pageId="3">100</td>
<td id="76BC710D0C77CEA9FDA8F9F5BACF180E" box="[539,757,1609,1627]" gridcol="2" gridrow="10" pageId="3">44.8 ± 2.5 a</td>
<td id="76BC710D0C77CEA9FC87F9F5BB81180E" box="[820,955,1609,1627]" gridcol="3" gridrow="10" pageId="3">24</td>
<td id="76BC710D0C77CEA9FB95F9F5BC90180E" box="[1062,1194,1609,1627]" gridcol="4" gridrow="10" pageId="3">12</td>
<td id="76BC710D0C77CEA9FB4EF9F5BD89180E" box="[1277,1459,1609,1627]" gridcol="5" gridrow="10" pageId="3">36</td>
</tr>
<tr id="356D18710C77CEA9FFD3F9D8BD891823" box="[96,1459,1636,1654]" gridrow="11" pageId="3">
<td id="76BC710D0C77CEA9FEE9F9D8B9EF1823" box="[346,469,1636,1654]" gridcol="1" gridrow="11" pageId="3">500</td>
<td id="76BC710D0C77CEA9FDA8F9D8BACF1823" box="[539,757,1636,1654]" gridcol="2" gridrow="11" pageId="3">43.9 ± 2.6 a</td>
<td id="76BC710D0C77CEA9FC87F9D8BB811823" box="[820,955,1636,1654]" gridcol="3" gridrow="11" pageId="3">24</td>
<td id="76BC710D0C77CEA9FB95F9D8BC901823" box="[1062,1194,1636,1654]" gridcol="4" gridrow="11" pageId="3">20</td>
<td id="76BC710D0C77CEA9FB4EF9D8BD891823" box="[1277,1459,1636,1654]" gridcol="5" gridrow="11" pageId="3">44</td>
</tr>
<tr id="356D18710C77CEA9FFD3F93DBD8918C6" box="[96,1459,1665,1683]" gridrow="12" pageId="3">
<td id="76BC710D0C77CEA9FEE9F93DB9EF18C6" box="[346,469,1665,1683]" gridcol="1" gridrow="12" pageId="3">1,000</td>
<td id="76BC710D0C77CEA9FDA8F93DBACF18C6" box="[539,757,1665,1683]" gridcol="2" gridrow="12" pageId="3">43.1 ± 2.7 a</td>
<td id="76BC710D0C77CEA9FC87F93DBB8118C6" box="[820,955,1665,1683]" gridcol="3" gridrow="12" pageId="3">24</td>
<td id="76BC710D0C77CEA9FB95F93DBC9018C6" box="[1062,1194,1665,1683]" gridcol="4" gridrow="12" pageId="3">48</td>
<td id="76BC710D0C77CEA9FB4EF93DBD8918C6" box="[1277,1459,1665,1683]" gridcol="5" gridrow="12" pageId="3">72</td>
</tr>
<tr id="356D18710C77CEA9FFD3F921BD8918FA" box="[96,1459,1693,1711]" gridrow="13" pageId="3">
<td id="76BC710D0C77CEA9FEE9F921B9EF18FA" box="[346,469,1693,1711]" gridcol="1" gridrow="13" pageId="3">1,500</td>
<td id="76BC710D0C77CEA9FDA8F921BACF18FA" box="[539,757,1693,1711]" gridcol="2" gridrow="13" pageId="3">39.5 ± 2.9 a</td>
<td id="76BC710D0C77CEA9FC87F921BB8118FA" box="[820,955,1693,1711]" gridcol="3" gridrow="13" pageId="3">44</td>
<td id="76BC710D0C77CEA9FB95F921BC9018FA" box="[1062,1194,1693,1711]" gridcol="4" gridrow="13" pageId="3">40</td>
<td id="76BC710D0C77CEA9FB4EF921BD8918FA" box="[1277,1459,1693,1711]" gridcol="5" gridrow="13" pageId="3">84</td>
</tr>
<tr id="356D18710C77CEA9FFD3F978BD891883" box="[96,1459,1732,1750]" gridrow="14" pageId="3">
<th id="76BC710D0C77CEA9FFD3F978B8EB197F" box="[96,209,1732,1834]" gridcol="0" gridrow="14" pageId="3" rowspan="4" rowspanBelow="3">Methanol</th>
<td id="76BC710D0C77CEA9FEE9F978B9EF1883" box="[346,469,1732,1750]" gridcol="1" gridrow="14" pageId="3">100</td>
<td id="76BC710D0C77CEA9FDA8F978BACF1883" box="[539,757,1732,1750]" gridcol="2" gridrow="14" pageId="3">30.5 ± 1.9 a</td>
<td id="76BC710D0C77CEA9FC87F978BB811883" box="[820,955,1732,1750]" gridcol="3" gridrow="14" pageId="3">36</td>
<td id="76BC710D0C77CEA9FB95F978BC901883" box="[1062,1194,1732,1750]" gridcol="4" gridrow="14" pageId="3">12</td>
<td id="76BC710D0C77CEA9FB4EF978BD891883" box="[1277,1459,1732,1750]" gridcol="5" gridrow="14" pageId="3">48</td>
</tr>
<tr id="356D18710C77CEA9FFD3F963BD8918A4" box="[96,1459,1759,1777]" gridrow="15" pageId="3">
<td id="76BC710D0C77CEA9FEE9F963B9EF18A4" box="[346,469,1759,1777]" gridcol="1" gridrow="15" pageId="3">500</td>
<td id="76BC710D0C77CEA9FDA8F963BACF18A4" box="[539,757,1759,1777]" gridcol="2" gridrow="15" pageId="3">29.1 ± 2.1 a</td>
<td id="76BC710D0C77CEA9FC87F963BB8118A4" box="[820,955,1759,1777]" gridcol="3" gridrow="15" pageId="3">36</td>
<td id="76BC710D0C77CEA9FB95F963BC9018A4" box="[1062,1194,1759,1777]" gridcol="4" gridrow="15" pageId="3">12</td>
<td id="76BC710D0C77CEA9FB4EF963BD8918A4" box="[1277,1459,1759,1777]" gridcol="5" gridrow="15" pageId="3">48</td>
</tr>
<tr id="356D18710C77CEA9FFD3F947BD891958" box="[96,1459,1787,1805]" gridrow="16" pageId="3">
<td id="76BC710D0C77CEA9FEE9F947B9EF1958" box="[346,469,1787,1805]" gridcol="1" gridrow="16" pageId="3">1,000</td>
<td id="76BC710D0C77CEA9FDA8F947BACF1958" box="[539,757,1787,1805]" gridcol="2" gridrow="16" pageId="3">28.0 ± 2.3 a</td>
<td id="76BC710D0C77CEA9FC87F947BB811958" box="[820,955,1787,1805]" gridcol="3" gridrow="16" pageId="3">40</td>
<td id="76BC710D0C77CEA9FB95F947BC901958" box="[1062,1194,1787,1805]" gridcol="4" gridrow="16" pageId="3">8</td>
<td id="76BC710D0C77CEA9FB4EF947BD891958" box="[1277,1459,1787,1805]" gridcol="5" gridrow="16" pageId="3">48</td>
</tr>
<tr id="356D18710C77CEA9FFD3F8A4BD89197F" box="[96,1459,1816,1834]" gridrow="17" pageId="3">
<td id="76BC710D0C77CEA9FEE9F8A4B9EF197F" box="[346,469,1816,1834]" gridcol="1" gridrow="17" pageId="3">1,500</td>
<td id="76BC710D0C77CEA9FDA8F8A4BACF197F" box="[539,757,1816,1834]" gridcol="2" gridrow="17" pageId="3">26.1 ± 2.4 a</td>
<td id="76BC710D0C77CEA9FC87F8A4BB81197F" box="[820,955,1816,1834]" gridcol="3" gridrow="17" pageId="3">44</td>
<td id="76BC710D0C77CEA9FB95F8A4BC90197F" box="[1062,1194,1816,1834]" gridcol="4" gridrow="17" pageId="3">8</td>
<td id="76BC710D0C77CEA9FB4EF8A4BD89197F" box="[1277,1459,1816,1834]" gridcol="5" gridrow="17" pageId="3">52</td>
</tr>
<tr id="356D18710C77CEA9FFD3F882BD891905" box="[96,1459,1854,1872]" gridrow="18" pageId="3">
<th id="76BC710D0C77CEA9FFD3F882B8EB19F1" box="[96,209,1854,1956]" gridcol="0" gridrow="18" pageId="3" rowspan="4" rowspanBelow="3">Water</th>
<td id="76BC710D0C77CEA9FEE9F882B9EF1905" box="[346,469,1854,1872]" gridcol="1" gridrow="18" pageId="3">100</td>
<td id="76BC710D0C77CEA9FDA8F882BACF1905" box="[539,757,1854,1872]" gridcol="2" gridrow="18" pageId="3">31.9 ± 1.4 a</td>
<td id="76BC710D0C77CEA9FC87F882BB811905" box="[820,955,1854,1872]" gridcol="3" gridrow="18" pageId="3">36</td>
<td id="76BC710D0C77CEA9FB95F882BC901905" box="[1062,1194,1854,1872]" gridcol="4" gridrow="18" pageId="3">12</td>
<td id="76BC710D0C77CEA9FB4EF882BD891905" box="[1277,1459,1854,1872]" gridcol="5" gridrow="18" pageId="3">48</td>
</tr>
<tr id="356D18710C77CEA9FFD3F8E6BD891939" box="[96,1459,1882,1900]" gridrow="19" pageId="3">
<td id="76BC710D0C77CEA9FEE9F8E6B9EF1939" box="[346,469,1882,1900]" gridcol="1" gridrow="19" pageId="3">500</td>
<td id="76BC710D0C77CEA9FDA8F8E6BACF1939" box="[539,757,1882,1900]" gridcol="2" gridrow="19" pageId="3">30.2 ± 2.0 a</td>
<td id="76BC710D0C77CEA9FC87F8E6BB811939" box="[820,955,1882,1900]" gridcol="3" gridrow="19" pageId="3">36</td>
<td id="76BC710D0C77CEA9FB95F8E6BC901939" box="[1062,1194,1882,1900]" gridcol="4" gridrow="19" pageId="3">12</td>
<td id="76BC710D0C77CEA9FB4EF8E6BD891939" box="[1277,1459,1882,1900]" gridcol="5" gridrow="19" pageId="3">48</td>
</tr>
<tr id="356D18710C77CEA9FFD3F8CABD8919DD" box="[96,1459,1910,1928]" gridrow="20" pageId="3">
<td id="76BC710D0C77CEA9FEE9F8CAB9EF19DD" box="[346,469,1910,1928]" gridcol="1" gridrow="20" pageId="3">1,000</td>
<td id="76BC710D0C77CEA9FDA8F8CABACF19DD" box="[539,757,1910,1928]" gridcol="2" gridrow="20" pageId="3">28.6 ± 2.3 a</td>
<td id="76BC710D0C77CEA9FC87F8CABB8119DD" box="[820,955,1910,1928]" gridcol="3" gridrow="20" pageId="3">40</td>
<td id="76BC710D0C77CEA9FB95F8CABC9019DD" box="[1062,1194,1910,1928]" gridcol="4" gridrow="20" pageId="3">8</td>
<td id="76BC710D0C77CEA9FB4EF8CABD8919DD" box="[1277,1459,1910,1928]" gridcol="5" gridrow="20" pageId="3">48</td>
</tr>
<tr id="356D18710C77CEA9FFD3F82EBD8919F1" box="[96,1459,1938,1956]" gridrow="21" pageId="3">
<td id="76BC710D0C77CEA9FEE9F82EB9EF19F1" box="[346,469,1938,1956]" gridcol="1" gridrow="21" pageId="3">1,500</td>
<td id="76BC710D0C77CEA9FDA8F82EBACF19F1" box="[539,757,1938,1956]" gridcol="2" gridrow="21" pageId="3">26.3 ± 2.7 a</td>
<td id="76BC710D0C77CEA9FC87F82EBB8119F1" box="[820,955,1938,1956]" gridcol="3" gridrow="21" pageId="3">40</td>
<td id="76BC710D0C77CEA9FB95F82EBC9019F1" box="[1062,1194,1938,1956]" gridcol="4" gridrow="21" pageId="3">8</td>
<td id="76BC710D0C77CEA9FB4EF82EBD8919F1" box="[1277,1459,1938,1956]" gridcol="5" gridrow="21" pageId="3">48</td>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE21A330C773155FFCBF803B8E119B1" blockId="3.[96,1488,1983,2020]" pageId="3">
<tableNote id="76BB1BBD0C773155FFCBF803B8E119B1" pageId="3" targetBox="[96,1459,1260,1956]" targetPageId="3">
Means within the same solvent followed by the same letter are not significantly different (
<emphasis id="B929C6210C773155FCA9F803BB1E199A" box="[794,804,1983,1999]" italics="true" pageId="3">P</emphasis>
&gt; 0.05; Holm-Sidak test). *Control diet is the same for all the solvents.**No larvae reached the pupal stage.
</tableNote>
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF224ABB0C703152FF2FFCF3B9811D2C" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12685623" ID-Zenodo-Dep="12685623" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12685623/files/figure.png" pageId="4" startId="4.[156,184,847,865]" targetBox="[181,1441,204,804]" targetPageId="4" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="8BE21A330C703152FF2FFCF3B9811D2C" blockId="4.[144,1536,847,889]" pageId="4">
<emphasis id="B929C6210C703152FF2FFCF3B8EB1D34" bold="true" box="[156,209,847,865]" pageId="4">Fig. 2.</emphasis>
Survival curves of
<taxonomicName id="4C5D61B00C703152FEC1FCF3BA691D34" authority="larvae" authorityName="LARVAE" box="[370,595,847,865]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Copitarsia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="decolora">
<emphasis id="B929C6210C703152FEC1FCF3BA231D34" box="[370,537,847,865]" italics="true" pageId="4">Copitarsia decolora</emphasis>
larvae
</taxonomicName>
fed on an artificial diet supplemented with extracts of
<taxonomicName id="4C5D61B00C703152FB9DFCF3BCE91D34" box="[1070,1235,847,865]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Meliaceae" genus="Trichilia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sapindales" pageId="4" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="americana">
<emphasis id="B929C6210C703152FB9DFCF3BCE91D34" box="[1070,1235,847,865]" italics="true" pageId="4">Trichilia americana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
bark at 100, 500, 1,000, and 1,500 ppm: (a) hexane, (b) ethyl acetate.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BE21A330C703152FF07FBE2B99C1AB2" blockId="4.[144,825,971,1607]" pageId="4">
Mean larval survival times were similar in all the concentrations of acetone extract (Log-Rank Test = 6.26; df = 4;
<emphasis id="B929C6210C703152FDD5FBC7BA481ADA" box="[614,626,1147,1167]" italics="true" pageId="4">P</emphasis>
&lt;0.18; Table 1) and mean survival time for larvae fed acetone extract was the same as the control diet treatment. The highest cumulative mortality was obtained in the 1,500 ppm treatment.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE21A330C703152FF07FB4DBA831812" blockId="4.[144,825,971,1607]" pageId="4">
Mean survival times of
<taxonomicName id="4C5D61B00C703152FE12FB4DBA351B50" box="[417,527,1265,1285]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Copitarsia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="decolora">
<emphasis id="B929C6210C703152FE12FB4DBA351B50" box="[417,527,1265,1285]" italics="true" pageId="4">C. decolora</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
larvae were similar across all the concentrations of methanol extract (Log-Rank Test = 9.35; df = 4;
<emphasis id="B929C6210C703152FC9FFAB2BB021B77" box="[812,824,1294,1314]" italics="true" pageId="4">P</emphasis>
&lt;0.053) and aqueous extract (Log-Rank Test = 7.93; df = 4;
<emphasis id="B929C6210C703152FD63FA97BAE61B6A" box="[720,732,1323,1343]" italics="true" pageId="4">P</emphasis>
&lt;0.094). This varied from 26.1 ± 2.4 d for methanol extract at 1,500 ppm, to 30.5 ± 1.9 d at 100 ppm treatment. The highest level of mortality was 44% at 1,500 ppm and the shortest was 36% at 100 ppm. The highest cumulative mortality was 52% in the 1,500 ppm treatment. Mean larval survival time of the aqueous extracts ranged from 26.3 ± 2.7 d in the 1,500 ppm treatment to 31.9 ± 1.4 d in the 100 ppm treatment. The highest mortality was 40% in the 1,500 ppm treatment and the lowest mortality was 36% in the 100 ppm treatment. The highest level of cumulative mortality was 48% in the 1,500 ppm treatment.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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