261 lines
28 KiB
XML
261 lines
28 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.770.24908" ID-GBIF-Dataset="39143575-5dd7-49dd-a914-eeaf43060fb1" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970--137" ID-ZBK="63FDA225900E42A69FD18B02D8CD1F44" ModsDocAuthor="" ModsDocDate="2018" ModsDocID="1313-2970--137" ModsDocOrigin="ZooKeys " ModsDocTitle="Systematics of the ant genus Proceratium Roger (Hymenoptera, Formicidae, Proceratiinae) in China – with descriptions of three new species based on micro-CT enhanced next-generation-morphology" checkinTime="1555317040329" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Staab, Michael, Garcia, Francisco Hita, Liu, Cong, Xu, Zheng-Hui & Economo, Evan P." docDate="2018" docId="CEDFA03E5657C6DCE267DCC7F5F4FEA9" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 770: 137-192" docOrigin="ZooKeys 770" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.770.24908" docTitle="Proceratium bruelheidei Staab, Xu & Hita Garcia, sp. n." docType="treatment" docUuid="D5261D06-D21C-4149-B716-2347DC616BD5" docUuidSource="ZooBank" docVersion="5" lastPageNumber="137" masterDocId="0E3A8F7EF24EFFF1D203FF811E3EFFCD" masterDocTitle="Systematics of the ant genus Proceratium Roger (Hymenoptera, Formicidae, Proceratiinae) in China - with descriptions of three new species based on micro-CT enhanced next-generation-morphology" masterLastPageNumber="192" masterPageNumber="137" pageNumber="137" updateTime="1643549215339" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title>Systematics of the ant genus Proceratium Roger (Hymenoptera, Formicidae, Proceratiinae) in China - with descriptions of three new species based on micro-CT enhanced next-generation-morphology</mods:title>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Staab, Michael</mods:namePart>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Garcia, Francisco Hita</mods:namePart>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Liu, Cong</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Xu, Zheng-Hui</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Economo, Evan P.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>ZooKeys</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2018</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>770</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>137</mods:start>
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<mods:end>192</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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<mods:location>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.770.24908</mods:url>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.770.24908</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1313-2970--137</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ZBK">63FDA225900E42A69FD18B02D8CD1F44</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ZooBank">63FDA225900E42A69FD18B02D8CD1F44</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="156199953" LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:D5261D06-D21C-4149-B716-2347DC616BD5" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/CEDFA03E5657C6DCE267DCC7F5F4FEA9" lastPageNumber="137" pageId="0" pageNumber="137">
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="137" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="137">
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<taxonomicName LSID="http://zoobank.org/D5261D06-D21C-4149-B716-2347DC616BD5" authority="Staab, Xu & Hita Garcia" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Proceratium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Proceratium bruelheidei" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="137" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bruelheidei">Proceratium bruelheidei Staab, Xu & Hita Garcia</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel pageId="0" pageNumber="137">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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Figs 4B, 6B, 7B, 7D, 8, 9, 24
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="137" type="type material">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="137">Type material.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="137">
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Holotype. Pinned worker from CHINA, Jiangxi Province, near the village Xingangshan, ca. 15 km SE of Wuyuan,
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<geoCoordinate direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="15" value="29.123333">29°7'24"N</geoCoordinate>
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/
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<geoCoordinate direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="15" value="117.906944">117°54'25"E</geoCoordinate>
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, 158 m asl, early successional tree plantation of the BEF-China experiment, Winkler leaf litter extraction, 26-IV-2015, leg. Merle Noack, label
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<normalizedToken originalValue="“MN290”">"MN290"</normalizedToken>
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(CASENT0790023), deposited in SWFU.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="137">
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Paratypes. Seven pinned workers in total; one with same data as holotype except label
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<normalizedToken originalValue="“MN291”">"MN291"</normalizedToken>
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(CASENT0790025, in SWFU); one with same data as holotype except
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<geoCoordinate direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="15" value="29.123333">29°7'24"N</geoCoordinate>
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/
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<geoCoordinate direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="15" value="117.908615">117°54'31"E</geoCoordinate>
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, 204 m asl, 22-IV-2015, label
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<normalizedToken originalValue="“MN248”">"MN248"</normalizedToken>
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(CASENT0790024, in SWFU); one with same data as holotype except
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<geoCoordinate direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="15" value="29.125834">29°7'33"N</geoCoordinate>
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/
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<geoCoordinate direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="15" value="117.91139">117°54'41"E</geoCoordinate>
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, 246 m asl, 30-IV-2015, label
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<normalizedToken originalValue="“MN309”">"MN309"</normalizedToken>
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(CASENT0790029, in SWFU); one with same data as holotype except
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<geoCoordinate direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="15" value="29.125834">29°7'33"N</geoCoordinate>
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/
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<geoCoordinate direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="15" value="117.91111">117°54'40"E</geoCoordinate>
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, 239 m asl, 04-V-2015, label
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<normalizedToken originalValue="“MN371”">"MN371"</normalizedToken>
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(CASENT0790030, in SWFU); one with same data as holotype except
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<geoCoordinate direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="15" value="29.120834">29°7'15"N</geoCoordinate>
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/
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<geoCoordinate direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="15" value="117.90611">117°54'22"E</geoCoordinate>
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, 122 m asl, 12-V-2015, label
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<normalizedToken originalValue="“MN479”">"MN479"</normalizedToken>
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(CASENT0790028, in CASC); one with same data as holotype except
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<geoCoordinate direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="15" value="29.126945">29°7'37"N</geoCoordinate>
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/
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<geoCoordinate direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="15" value="117.906944">117°54'25"E</geoCoordinate>
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, 219 m asl, 20-V-2015, label
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<normalizedToken originalValue="“MN525”">"MN525"</normalizedToken>
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(CASENT0790026, in ZMBH); one from CHINA, Zhejiang Province, Gutianshan National Nature Reserve, ca. 35 km NW of Kaihua,
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<geoCoordinate direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="15" value="29.276945">29°16'37"N</geoCoordinate>
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/
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<geoCoordinate direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="15" value="118.09056">118°5'26"E</geoCoordinate>
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, 617 m asl, young secondary subtropical mixed forest, manual sifting of leaf litter, 11-VII-2008, leg. Andreas Schuldt, label "CSP 22" (CASENT0790027, in ZMBH).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="137">
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Cybertype. Volumetric raw data (in DICOM format), 3D rotation video (in.mp4 format, see Suppl. material 3: Video 1), still images of surface volume rendering, and 3D surface (in PLY format) of the physical holotype (CASENT0790023) in addition to montage photos illustrating head in full-face view, profile and dorsal views of the body. The data is deposited at Dryad (
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<bibRefCitation author="Staab, M" journalOrPublisher="American Naturalist" pageId="0" pageNumber="137" url="https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h6j0g4p" year="2018">Staab et al. 2018</bibRefCitation>
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, http://dx.doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h6j0g4p) and can be freely accessed as virtual representation of the type. In addition to the cybertype data at Dryad, we also provide a freely accessible 3D surface model of the holotype at Sketchfab (https://skfb.ly/6txMz).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="137" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="137">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="137">
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Proceratium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Proceratium bruelheidei" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="137" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bruelheidei">Proceratium bruelheidei</taxonomicName>
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differs from the other members of the
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<taxonomicName genus="P." lsidName="P. itoi" pageId="0" pageNumber="137" rank="species" species="itoi">P. itoi</taxonomicName>
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clade by the following character combination: relatively large species (TL 3.61-4.00); sides of head straight to very weakly convex, posterior sides only narrowing dorsally, vertex convex; frontal carinae well developed, with large lamellae that extend laterally above the antennal insertions; frontal furrow inconspicuous and of the same color as the surrounding anterior cephalic dorsum; posterodorsal corners of the propodeum broadly angular; propodeal declivity superficially punctured, but shiny; posterior face of petiolar node in profile as steep as anterior face and less than half as long as anterior face; apex of the petiolar node almost as long as broad in dorsal view; subpetiolar process roughly trapezoid and well developed (albeit with variable ventral outline); abdominal segment IV very strongly recurved (IGR 0.24-0.26); in addition to dense pubescence, abundant erect hairs present on scapes and dorsal surface of body, longest of those hairs longer than maximum dorsoventral diameter of metafemur.
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</paragraph>
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<caption pageId="0" pageNumber="137">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="137">
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Figure 8.
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Proceratium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Proceratium bruelheidei" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="137" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bruelheidei">Proceratium bruelheidei</taxonomicName>
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sp. n. holotype worker (CASENT0790023). A Body in profile B Body in dorsal view C Head in full-face view.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<caption pageId="0" pageNumber="137">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="137">
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Figure 9. Still images from surface display volume renderings of 3D model of
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Proceratium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Proceratium bruelheidei" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="137" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bruelheidei">Proceratium bruelheidei</taxonomicName>
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sp. n. holotype worker (CASENT0790023). A Body in profile B Body in dorsal view C Head in dorsal view D Head in anterodorsal view E Head in anterior view F Head in ventral view G Head in profile H Mesosoma in profile I Mesosoma in dorsal view J Propodeum in posterodorsal view K Abdominal segment II and parts of III in profile L Abdominal segment II and parts of III in dorsal view M Abdominal segments
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<normalizedToken originalValue="II–VII">II-VII</normalizedToken>
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in profile N Abdominal segment III and parts of II and IV in dorsal view O Abdominal segments
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<normalizedToken originalValue="II–VII">II-VII</normalizedToken>
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in ventral view.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="137" type="description">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="137">Worker measurements.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="137">Holotype.TL 3.94; EL 0.04; SL 0.50; HL 0.84; HLM 1.09; HW 0.79; WL 1.06; MFeL 0.69; MTiL 0.54; MBaL 0.40; PeL 0.39; PeW 0.32; LT3 0.56; LS4 0.21; LT4 0.84; OI 4; CI 93; SI 59; MFeI 87; MTiI 69; MBaI 51; DPeI 81; IGR 0.25; ASI 150.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="137">Paratypes (n = 7).TL 3.61-4.00; EL 0.03-0.04; SL 0.49-0.53; HL 0.79-0.86; HLM 0.96-1.08; HW 0.73-0.79; WL 1.03-1.10; MFeL 0.63-0.74; MTiL 0.54-0.58; MBaL 0.39-0.41; PeL 0.36-0.39; PeW 0.30-0.32; LT3 0.51-0.58; LS4 0.19-0.22; LT4 0.75-0.92; OI 4-5; CI 89-94; SI 60-63; MFeI 86-96; MTiI 69-74; MBaI 50-54; DPeI 82-84; IGR 0.24-0.26; ASI 145-159.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="137" type="description">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="137">Worker description.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="137">In full-face view, head slightly longer than broad (CI 89-94), anterior sides straight to very weakly convex, posterior sides narrowing dorsally, vertex convex. Clypeus reduced and narrow, with a broadly triangular median anterior projection. Frontal carinae relatively short, moderately separated, slightly covering antennal insertions, constantly diverging posteriorly, lateral expansions of anterior part of frontal carinae developed as broad lamellae, raised, conspicuously and broadly extending laterally above antennal insertions; frontal area convex; frontal furrow developed as a raised carina, starting at the clypeal projection and extending over the anterior 2/5 of the cephalic dorsum, with a short gap at the level where the lamellae of frontal carinae are broadest, frontal furrow less conspicuous after the gap. Eyes reduced, minute (OI 4-5), consisting of one to four ommatidia and located on midline of head. Antennae 12-segmented, scapes short (SI 59-63), not reaching posterior head margin and thickening apically. Mandibles elongate and triangular, relatively slender, masticatory margin with four teeth in total, apical tooth long and acute, the other teeth smaller and decreasing in size from second to fourth tooth, gap between second and third tooth larger than between other teeth.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="137">Mesosoma in profile slightly convex and as long as maximum head length including mandibles (WL 1.03-1.10 vs HLM 0.96-1.09). Lower mesopleurae (katepisterna) with well-demarcated sutures, upper mesopleurae (anepisterna) with inconspicuous sutures, no other sutures developed on lateral and dorsal mesosoma; lower mesopleurae weakly inflated posteriorly; posterodorsal corner of propodeum broadly angular, propodeal lobes weakly developed as bluntly rounded lamellae; propodeal declivity almost vertical, slightly inclined anteriorly; in posterodorsal view, sides of propodeum separated from declivity by distinct lamellate margins; in profile view, propodeal spiracle rounded, at mid height, opening of spiracle slightly facing posteriorly. Legs moderately long (MFeL 0.63-0.74, MTiL 0.54-0.58, MBaL 0.39-0.41); all tibiae with a pectinate spur; calcar of strigil without a basal spine; pretarsal claws simple; arolia present.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="137">
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Petiolar node in profile high, nodiform, with a straight and sloping anterior face, dorsum of node broadly rounded, posterior face as steep as anterior face and relatively short, less than half as long as anterior face; petiole in dorsal view longer than broad, apex of node almost as long as broad; ventral process of petiole well developed, with a roughly trapezoid projection of varying shape and ventral outline (see
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<normalizedToken originalValue="‘variation’">'variation'</normalizedToken>
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).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="137">
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In dorsal view abdominal segment III anteriorly much broader than petiole; its sides convex; abdominal sternite III anteriomedially with a conspicuous depression marked by a thin rim. Constriction between abdominal segments III and IV deep. Abdominal segment IV very large, strongly recurved (IGR 0.24-0.26) and posteriorly rounded, with a lamella on its anterior border around the constriction to abdominal segment III, this lamella thicker ventrally than dorsally; abdominal tergum IV 1.5
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<normalizedToken originalValue="–1.6×">-1.6x</normalizedToken>
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longer than abdominal tergum III (ASI 145-159), remaining abdominal tergites and sternites inconspicuous and projecting anteriorly. Sting large and extended.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="137">
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Whole body covered with dense mat of short, decumbent to suberect pubescent hairs; additionally, dorsal surfaces of body with abundant significantly longer suberect and erect hairs; such hairs also present on abdominal sterna III + IV, scapes (anterior faces of scapes with many hairs, posterior faces with fewer hairs) and legs (ventral faces of femora and tibiae with many hairs, dorsal faces with fewer hairs), the longest hairs on dorsal surface of body longer than the maximum dorsoventral diameter of metafemur. Mandibles striate; entire body densely punctate; on sides of pronotum punctures aligned in diffuse lines, appearing striate; punctures on antennae, legs, and abdominal segment IV finer than on rest of body; propodeal declivity shiny and at most superficially punctate; abdominal segments
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<normalizedToken originalValue="V–VII">V-VII</normalizedToken>
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very superficially reticulate and shiny. Body color uniformly orange brown to reddish brown, vertex of head slightly darker, legs, antennal funiculus, and abdominal segments
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<normalizedToken originalValue="V–VII">V-VII</normalizedToken>
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yellowish brown.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="137" type="etymology">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="137">Etymology.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="137">The species epithet is a patronym in honor of the German botanist Prof. Helge Bruelheide and his efforts in establishing and promoting the BEF-China project. All specimens of this species were collected on BEF-China field sites.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="137" type="distribution">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="137">Distribution and ecology.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="137">
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Most of the type series was collected during a leaf litter ant survey (
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<bibRefCitation author="Noack, M" journalOrPublisher="Stuttgart, Germany: University of Hohenheim" pageId="0" pageNumber="137" title="Leaf litter as template for ant communities in a tree diversity experiment. MSc Thesis." year="2016">Noack 2016</bibRefCitation>
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) in the experimental tree plantations of the BEF-China Main Experiment (
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<bibRefCitation author="Bruelheide, H" journalOrPublisher="Methods in Ecology and Evolution" pageId="0" pageNumber="137" pagination="74 - 89" title="Designing forest biodiversity experiments: general considerations illustrated by a new large experiment in subtropical China." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/2041-210x.12126" volume="5" year="2014">Bruelheide et al. 2014</bibRefCitation>
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). No direct observations of biology and natural history are available. The trees under which the Winkler samples yielding seven of eight type specimens were collected were just six years old and had a mean diameter at breast height of 5.6
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<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
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2.5 cm (n=7) (
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<bibRefCitation author="Noack, M" journalOrPublisher="Stuttgart, Germany: University of Hohenheim" pageId="0" pageNumber="137" title="Leaf litter as template for ant communities in a tree diversity experiment. MSc Thesis." year="2016">Noack 2016</bibRefCitation>
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). This may indicate that
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<taxonomicName genus="P." lsidName="P. bruelheidei" pageId="0" pageNumber="137" rank="species" species="bruelheidei">P. bruelheidei</taxonomicName>
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could prefer early successional forests with a relatively open soil, as the ground from which leaf litter was taken had a mean litter cover of 55
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<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
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24% (n=7). The single specimen (CASENT0790027) from the Gutianshan National Nature Reserve was likewise collected from an early successional forest stand that was clear-cut less than 20 years prior to the collection of the specimen. However, further sampling will be necessary to draw quantitative conclusions on habitat preferences.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="137" type="taxonomic notes">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="137">Taxonomic notes.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="137">
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Proceratium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Proceratium bruelheidei" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="137" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bruelheidei">Proceratium bruelheidei</taxonomicName>
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is most similar to
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<taxonomicName genus="P." lsidName="P. kepingmai" pageId="0" pageNumber="137" rank="species" species="kepingmai">P. kepingmai</taxonomicName>
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. From the other species of the
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<taxonomicName genus="P." lsidName="P. itoi" pageId="0" pageNumber="137" rank="species" species="itoi">P. itoi</taxonomicName>
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clade,
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<taxonomicName genus="P." lsidName="P. bruelheidei" pageId="0" pageNumber="137" rank="species" species="bruelheidei">P. bruelheidei</taxonomicName>
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can be separated by using the characters given in the 'taxonomic
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<normalizedToken originalValue="notes’">notes'</normalizedToken>
|
||
of
|
||
<taxonomicName genus="P." lsidName="P. kepingmai" pageId="0" pageNumber="137" rank="species" species="kepingmai">P. kepingmai</taxonomicName>
|
||
below. From this species,
|
||
<taxonomicName genus="P." lsidName="P. bruelheidei" pageId="0" pageNumber="137" rank="species" species="bruelheidei">P. bruelheidei</taxonomicName>
|
||
differs by the shape of the head in full-face view with straight sides and a convex vertex (sides convex, broadest at level of eyes and vertex almost straight in
|
||
<taxonomicName genus="P." lsidName="P. kepingmai" pageId="0" pageNumber="137" rank="species" species="kepingmai">P. kepingmai</taxonomicName>
|
||
), the shiny propodeal declivity that is only superficially punctured (densely punctured and mostly opaque in
|
||
<taxonomicName genus="P." lsidName="P. kepingmai" pageId="0" pageNumber="137" rank="species" species="kepingmai">P. kepingmai</taxonomicName>
|
||
), the inconspicuous frontal furrow that has the same color as the surrounding anterior cephalic dorsum (frontal furrow conspicuous and dark in
|
||
<taxonomicName genus="P." lsidName="P. kepingmai" pageId="0" pageNumber="137" rank="species" species="kepingmai">P. kepingmai</taxonomicName>
|
||
), the posterior face of petiolar node as steep as the anterior face of the node and less than half as long as the anterior face (posterior face steeper than anterior face and about half as long in
|
||
<taxonomicName genus="P." lsidName="P. kepingmai" pageId="0" pageNumber="137" rank="species" species="kepingmai">P. kepingmai</taxonomicName>
|
||
), the apex of the petiolar node that is little broader than long (clearly broader than long in
|
||
<taxonomicName genus="P." lsidName="P. kepingmai" pageId="0" pageNumber="137" rank="species" species="kepingmai">P. kepingmai</taxonomicName>
|
||
), and the more strongly recurved abdominal segment IV (IGR 0.24-0.26) (IGR 0.30-0.32 in
|
||
<taxonomicName genus="P." lsidName="P. kepingmai" pageId="0" pageNumber="137" rank="species" species="kepingmai">P. kepingmai</taxonomicName>
|
||
). Additionally,
|
||
<taxonomicName genus="P." lsidName="P. bruelheidei" pageId="0" pageNumber="137" rank="species" species="bruelheidei">P. bruelheidei</taxonomicName>
|
||
has distinctly more and longer erect hairs protruding from the dense pubescence on the dorsum of the body and the ventral abdomen. While the number of hairs may be a treacherous character as hairs can break during specimen processing, the length of hairs can reliably be quantified. In
|
||
<taxonomicName genus="P." lsidName="P. bruelheidei" pageId="0" pageNumber="137" rank="species" species="bruelheidei">P. bruelheidei</taxonomicName>
|
||
the longest erect hairs on the dorsum of the petiole and on abdominal sternum III are longer than the maximum dorsoventral diameter of the metafemur (as long as or shorter than maximum diameter of metafemur in
|
||
<taxonomicName genus="P." lsidName="P. kepingmai" pageId="0" pageNumber="137" rank="species" species="kepingmai">P. kepingmai</taxonomicName>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="137" type="variation">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="137">Variation.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="137">
|
||
The variation in body size is within the normal limits of other
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Proceratium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Proceratium" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="137" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Proceratium</taxonomicName>
|
||
species and the type specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName genus="P." lsidName="P. bruelheidei" pageId="0" pageNumber="137" rank="species" species="bruelheidei">P. bruelheidei</taxonomicName>
|
||
show, with the notable exception of the subpetiolar process, no observable intraspecific differences. While the process is well developed and roughly trapezoid in all available specimens, its size, exact shape, and ventral outline vary. In the holotype (CASENT0790023) and several paratypes (CASENT0790025, CASENT0790026, CASENT0790029) the subpetiolar process has a distinct notch, so that it almost looks like an upside-down volcano. This notch is absent in other specimens (CASENT0790027, CASENT0790028, CASENT0790030), where the ventral outline of the process is straight. In one specimen (CASENT0790024) the ventral outline is also straight but with a row of minute denticles. It thus appears that this character, which is often used to delimitate
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Proceratium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Proceratium" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="137" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Proceratium</taxonomicName>
|
||
species (e.g.
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Baroni Urbani, C" journalOrPublisher="Museo Regionale di Scienze Naturali Monografie (Turin)" pageId="0" pageNumber="137" pagination="1 - 492" title="The ant genus Proceratium in the extant and fossil record (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)." volume="36" year="2003">Baroni Urbani and de Andrade 2003</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Hita Garcia, F" journalOrPublisher="ZooKeys" pageId="0" pageNumber="137" pagination="47 - 86" title="Taxonomy of the ant genus Proceratium Roger (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) in the Afrotropical region with a revision of the P. arnoldi clade and description of four new species." url="https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.447.7766" volume="447" year="2014">Hita Garcia et al. 2014</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), may be less suitable for species in the
|
||
<taxonomicName genus="P." lsidName="P. itoi" pageId="0" pageNumber="137" rank="species" species="itoi">P. itoi</taxonomicName>
|
||
clade, as also indicated by the variation in the subpetiolar process within the type series of
|
||
<taxonomicName genus="P." lsidName="P. zhaoi" pageId="0" pageNumber="137" rank="species" species="zhaoi">P. zhaoi</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Xu, Z-H" journalOrPublisher="Acta Zootaxonomica Sinica" pageId="0" pageNumber="137" pagination="434 - 437" title="A systematic study of the ant genus Proceratium Roger from China (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)." volume="25" year="2000">Xu 2000</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |