292 lines
38 KiB
XML
292 lines
38 KiB
XML
<document id="BD3A6D8071C3F2896EB35B9EF33AF3BA" ID-CLB-Dataset="178549" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.5200.5.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="58f68688-480d-45c7-bf1b-773e9dfd96a9" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7270877" ID-ZooBank="BF5F50EC-DD5D-4CEA-9A74-7EB4D55D9945" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1667300366230" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Wood, Timothy S." docDate="2022" docId="762C8786FFE8FFBE2390F907A39C5875" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.5200.5.1.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 5200 (2)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Fredericella indica : Annandale 1909" docType="treatment" docVersion="6" lastPageNumber="404" masterDocId="8A15FFFEFFE9FFBD2307FFEDA7375B4C" masterDocTitle="Phylactolaemate bryozoans at the Zoological Survey of India and a taxonomic key to Indian Phylactolaemata" masterLastPageNumber="435" masterPageNumber="401" pageNumber="402" updateTime="1699408751459" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CLOSED">
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<mods:title id="4EC87892397A748291B1D6D681185009">Phylactolaemate bryozoans at the Zoological Survey of India and a taxonomic key to Indian Phylactolaemata</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="FBDC795D30E35DA466BCBCF6F22E4509">Wood, Timothy S.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="C4A95FB95CF6FB7775CD0533120886B9">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="A3C576FE6C8099D4E47C8CFB0BE2BB26">
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<mods:date id="DF131648AF2B16A90E615F4C0F98339E">2022</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="CB0757CAC713F553BD3F4990BCA5FAFA">2022-11-01</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="2EEA1875BB1DA53321390702193CA1E0">5200</mods:number>
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<mods:identifier id="6378B33B95EE7E5023256EE5C452D405" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.5200.5.1</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="762C8786FFE8FFBE2390F907A39C5875" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7270861" ID-GBIF-Taxon="203932737" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7270861" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:762C8786FFE8FFBE2390F907A39C5875" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/762C8786FFE8FFBE2390F907A39C5875" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="404" pageId="1" pageNumber="402">
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<subSubSection id="B69F651BFFE8FFBC2390F907A5615C48" box="[151,598,1770,1797]" pageId="1" pageNumber="402" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="FE3A3690FFE8FFBC2390F907A5615C48" blockId="1.[151,598,1770,1833]" box="[151,598,1770,1797]" pageId="1" pageNumber="402">
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<heading id="A57281FCFFE8FFBC2390F907A5615C48" bold="true" box="[151,598,1770,1797]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="1" pageNumber="402" reason="1">
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<taxonomicName id="39854D13FFE8FFBC2390F907A5615C48" ID-CoL="6JLW9" authority="Annandale, 1909" authorityName=": Annandale" authorityYear="1909" box="[151,598,1770,1797]" class="Phylactolaemata" family="Fredericellidae" genus="Fredericella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plumatellida" pageId="1" pageNumber="402" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="indica">
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<emphasis id="CCF1EA82FFE8FFBC2390F907A5615C48" bold="true" box="[151,598,1770,1797]" pageId="1" pageNumber="402">
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<emphasis id="CCF1EA82FFE8FFBC2390F907A6495C49" bold="true" box="[151,382,1770,1797]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="402">Fredericella indica</emphasis>
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Annandale, 1909
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="B69F651BFFE8FFBC2390F8E2A4E95C3D" pageId="1" pageNumber="402" type="description">
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<paragraph id="FE3A3690FFE8FFBC2390F8E2A6195C65" blockId="1.[151,598,1770,1833]" box="[151,302,1807,1833]" pageId="1" pageNumber="402">
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(
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<figureCitation id="66BE2A15FFE8FFBC2398F8E2A6115C65" box="[159,294,1807,1833]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="2.[151,250,1345,1369]" captionTargetBox="[159,1427,561,1322]" captionTargetId="figure-159@2.[159,1427,561,1322]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 1. Fredericella statoblast valves with pitted exterior. (a) Fredericella indica statoblast valve showing a smooth surface at the ends, from Annandale’s type specimen, ZSI 3479, valve has curled upon drying; (b) Fredericella borealis showing pitted surface at the ends, from Magerøya Island, Norway; (c) Fredericella indica, lateral view showing smooth region near the suture, from NHMUK 1914.10.2.1, Colombo, Sri Lanka; (d) Enlargement of previous photo; (e) Enlarged view of suture area of F. borealis from Illinois, USA, showing reticulation extending to the suture. Scale bars for a–c = 100 µm, scale bars for d–e = 20 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7270881" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7270881/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="402">Fig. 1a, c, d</figureCitation>
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)
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="FE3A3690FFE8FFBC2390F8BBA4E95C3D" blockId="1.[151,1437,1878,2013]" box="[151,990,1878,1905]" pageId="1" pageNumber="402">
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<emphasis id="CCF1EA82FFE8FFBC2390F8BBA6A75C3C" bold="true" box="[151,400,1878,1904]" pageId="1" pageNumber="402">Original description.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="39854D13FFE8FFBC2290F8BAA4A85C3D" authority=": Annandale, 1909 b: p. 373" authorityName=": Annandale" authorityPageNumber="373" authorityYear="1909" box="[407,927,1879,1905]" class="Phylactolaemata" family="Fredericellidae" genus="Fredericella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plumatellida" pageId="1" pageNumber="402" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="indica">
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<emphasis id="CCF1EA82FFE8FFBC2290F8BAA5585C3D" box="[407,623,1879,1905]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="402">Fredericella indica</emphasis>
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:
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<bibRefCitation id="9A144B61FFE8FFBC217BF8BAA4795C3D" author="Annandale, N." box="[636,846,1879,1905]" pageId="1" pageNumber="402" pagination="373 - 374" refId="ref19320" refString="Annandale, N. (1909 b) A new species of Fredericella from Indian lakes. Records of the Indian Museum, 3, 373 - 374. https: // doi. org / 10.26515 / rzsi / v 3 / i 4 / 1909 / 163296" type="journal article" year="1909">Annandale, 1909b</bibRefCitation>
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: p. 373
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</taxonomicName>
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–374.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="B69F651BFFE8FFBF23C0F896A31C5A0D" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="403" pageId="1" pageNumber="402" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="FE3A3690FFE8FFBC23C0F896A4285CF5" blockId="1.[151,1437,1878,2013]" pageId="1" pageNumber="402">
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<emphasis id="CCF1EA82FFE8FFBC23C0F896A6475CD8" bold="true" box="[199,368,1914,1941]" pageId="1" pageNumber="402">Type material</emphasis>
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.
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<materialsCitation id="4EED3CCDFFE8FFBC2287F896A42C5CF5" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3960832317" collectionCode="ZSI" country="India" location="Sasthamkotta Lake" municipality="Annandale" pageId="1" pageNumber="402" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Kerala" typeStatus="lectotype">
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<collectionCode id="9894AE55FFE8FFBC2287F896A69D5CD9" box="[384,426,1915,1941]" pageId="1" pageNumber="402">ZSI</collectionCode>
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No. 3479/7 (
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<typeStatus id="213E8832FFE8FFBC2144F896A5995CD9" box="[579,686,1915,1941]" pageId="1" pageNumber="402" type="lectotype">lectotype</typeStatus>
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, chosen here) collected 1909 at
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<location id="FB5A604BFFE8FFBC2726F896A3CC5CD9" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:762C8786FFE8FFBE2390F907A39C5875:FB5A604BFFE8FFBC2726F896A3CC5CD9" box="[1057,1275,1915,1941]" country="India" municipality="Annandale" name="Sasthamkotta Lake" pageId="1" pageNumber="402" stateProvince="Kerala">Sasthamkotta Lake</location>
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,
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<locationDeviation id="EF882FB2FFE8FFBC260FF896A7DC5CF5" location="Kollam" pageId="1" pageNumber="402">
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<quantity id="397D9B75FFE8FFBC260FF896A2665CD9" box="[1288,1361,1915,1941]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.6" pageId="1" pageNumber="402" unit="km" value="16.0">16 km</quantity>
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NNW Kollam
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</locationDeviation>
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in what is now
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<collectingRegion id="3C41F872FFE8FFBC229AF872A51D5CF5" box="[413,554,1951,1977]" country="India" name="Kerala" pageId="1" pageNumber="402">Kerala State</collectingRegion>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="86927600FFE8FFBC2132F872A5465CF5" box="[565,625,1951,1977]" name="India" pageId="1" pageNumber="402">India</collectingCountry>
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, by
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<collectingMunicipality id="1E5EACEAFFE8FFBC2199F872A42C5CF5" box="[670,795,1951,1977]" pageId="1" pageNumber="402">Annandale</collectingMunicipality>
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</materialsCitation>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="FE3A3690FFE8FFBF23C0F82FA64E5BB5" blockId="1.[151,1437,1878,2013]" lastBlockId="2.[151,1436,151,537]" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="403" pageId="1" pageNumber="402">
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<emphasis id="CCF1EA82FFE8FFBC23C0F82FA6AD5C90" bold="true" box="[199,410,1986,2012]" pageId="1" pageNumber="402">Characterization.</emphasis>
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Colony matches the original description by
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<bibRefCitation id="9A144B61FFE8FFBC20AFF82EA3BE5C91" author="Annandale, N." box="[936,1161,1987,2013]" pageId="1" pageNumber="402" pagination="373 - 374" refId="ref19320" refString="Annandale, N. (1909 b) A new species of Fredericella from Indian lakes. Records of the Indian Museum, 3, 373 - 374. https: // doi. org / 10.26515 / rzsi / v 3 / i 4 / 1909 / 163296" type="journal article" year="1909">Annandale (1909b)</bibRefCitation>
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. Statoblasts bear a fine reticulation in which the lattice walls leave small, rounded depressions covering most of the surface except for a band along both side of the suture, which is smooth; reticulation is less strongly expressed on the basal valve than on the frontal valve.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="FE3A3690FFEBFFBF23C0FEEFA5345A51" blockId="2.[151,1436,151,537]" box="[199,515,258,285]" pageId="2" pageNumber="403">
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<emphasis id="CCF1EA82FFEBFFBF23C0FEEFA62E5A50" bold="true" box="[199,281,258,284]" pageId="2" pageNumber="403">Status.</emphasis>
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The species is valid.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="FE3A3690FFEBFFBF23C0FECBA31C5A0D" blockId="2.[151,1436,151,537]" box="[199,1067,294,321]" pageId="2" pageNumber="403">
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<emphasis id="CCF1EA82FFEBFFBF23C0FECBA6F85A0C" bold="true" box="[199,463,294,320]" pageId="2" pageNumber="403">Additional references.</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="9A144B61FFEBFFBF22D3FECAA5A75A0D" author="Annandale, N." box="[468,656,295,321]" pageId="2" pageNumber="403" pagination="37 - 57" refId="ref19369" refString="Annandale, N. (1910) Materials for a revision of the phylactolaematous Polyzoa of India. Records of the Indian Museum, 5, 37 - 57. https: // doi. org / 10.26515 / rzsi / v 5 / i 1 / 1910 / 163758" type="journal article" year="1910">Annandale 1910</bibRefCitation>
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: p. 39–40; 1911: p. 210, fig. 41A–C.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="B69F651BFFEBFFBF23C0FEA7A57A5A29" box="[199,589,330,357]" pageId="2" pageNumber="403" type="distribution">
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<paragraph id="FE3A3690FFEBFFBF23C0FEA7A57A5A29" blockId="2.[151,1436,151,537]" box="[199,589,330,357]" pageId="2" pageNumber="403">
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<emphasis id="CCF1EA82FFEBFFBF23C0FEA7A6565A28" bold="true" box="[199,353,330,356]" pageId="2" pageNumber="403">Distribution.</emphasis>
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<collectingCountry id="86927600FFEBFFBF2260FEA6A6965A29" box="[359,417,331,357]" name="India" pageId="2" pageNumber="403">India</collectingCountry>
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and
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<collectingCountry id="86927600FFEBFFBF22D0FEA6A57E5A29" box="[471,585,331,357]" name="Sri Lanka" pageId="2" pageNumber="403">Sri Lanka</collectingCountry>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="B69F651BFFEBFFBE23C0FE82A39C5875" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="404" pageId="2" pageNumber="403" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="FE3A3690FFEBFFBF23C0FE82A35D5955" blockId="2.[151,1436,151,537]" pageId="2" pageNumber="403">
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<emphasis id="CCF1EA82FFEBFFBF23C0FE82A60C5AC5" bold="true" box="[199,315,367,393]" pageId="2" pageNumber="403">Remarks.</emphasis>
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Several containers at ZSI are labelled
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<taxonomicName id="39854D13FFEBFFBF21EEFE82A4F65AC5" authorityName=": Annandale" authorityYear="1909" box="[745,961,367,393]" class="Phylactolaemata" family="Fredericellidae" genus="Fredericella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plumatellida" pageId="2" pageNumber="403" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="indica">
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<emphasis id="CCF1EA82FFEBFFBF21EEFE82A4F65AC5" box="[745,961,367,393]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="403">Fredericella indica</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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“type.” Essential statoblasts are lacking in ZEV 3637/7, ZEV 3759/7 and ZEV 4125/7. Specimen ZEV 3479/7 includes two vials, one of which contains only wood fibers. However, the other vial in ZEV 3479/7 has excellent material with good colony structure and about 22 statoblasts matching Annandale’s original description. Another good specimen closely resembling the
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<typeStatus id="213E8832FFEBFFBF261CFE36A2B55AB9" box="[1307,1410,475,501]" pageId="2" pageNumber="403" type="lectotype">lectotype</typeStatus>
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is NHMUK 1914.10.2.1 collected
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<date id="8A3B1050FFEBFFBF2107FE12A5995955" box="[512,686,511,537]" pageId="2" pageNumber="403" value="1914-10-01">
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1 October
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<quantity id="397D9B75FFEBFFBF2171FE12A5995955" box="[630,686,511,537]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.86156" pageId="2" pageNumber="403" unit="in" value="1914.0">1914</quantity>
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</date>
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in Columbo,
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<collectingCountry id="86927600FFEBFFBF204FFE12A4815955" box="[840,950,511,537]" name="Sri Lanka" pageId="2" pageNumber="403">Sri Lanka</collectingCountry>
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by L.F. Hincks.
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</paragraph>
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<caption id="AAFA6618FFEBFFBF2390FAACA7F75D42" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7270881" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7270881" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7270881/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="403" startId="2.[151,250,1345,1369]" targetBox="[159,1427,561,1322]" targetPageId="2">
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<paragraph id="FE3A3690FFEBFFBF2390FAACA7F75D42" blockId="2.[151,1437,1345,1550]" pageId="2" pageNumber="403">
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||
<emphasis id="CCF1EA82FFEBFFBF2390FAACA6255E15" bold="true" box="[151,274,1345,1369]" pageId="2" pageNumber="403">FIGURE 1.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="39854D13FFEBFFBF2210FAACA6A25E15" authorityName="Gervais" authorityYear="1838" box="[279,405,1345,1369]" class="Phylactolaemata" family="Fredericellidae" genus="Fredericella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plumatellida" pageId="2" pageNumber="403" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="CCF1EA82FFEBFFBF2210FAACA6A25E15" box="[279,405,1345,1369]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="403">Fredericella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
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statoblast valves with pitted exterior. (a)
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<taxonomicName id="39854D13FFEBFFBF2037FAACA4C55E15" authorityName=": Annandale" authorityYear="1909" box="[816,1010,1345,1369]" class="Phylactolaemata" family="Fredericellidae" genus="Fredericella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plumatellida" pageId="2" pageNumber="403" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="indica">
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<emphasis id="CCF1EA82FFEBFFBF2037FAACA4C55E15" box="[816,1010,1345,1369]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="403">Fredericella indica</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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statoblast valve showing a smooth surface at the ends, from Annandale’s type specimen, ZSI 3479, valve has curled upon drying; (b)
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<taxonomicName id="39854D13FFEBFFBF272DFA88A2375E31" authorityName="Wood" authorityYear="2022" box="[1066,1280,1381,1405]" class="Phylactolaemata" family="Fredericellidae" genus="Fredericella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plumatellida" pageId="2" pageNumber="403" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="borealis">
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<emphasis id="CCF1EA82FFEBFFBF272DFA88A2375E31" box="[1066,1280,1381,1405]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="403">Fredericella borealis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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showing pitted surface at the ends, from Magerøya Island, Norway; (c)
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<taxonomicName id="39854D13FFEBFFBF21CFFA64A4BD5EED" authorityName=": Annandale" authorityYear="1909" box="[712,906,1417,1441]" class="Phylactolaemata" family="Fredericellidae" genus="Fredericella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plumatellida" pageId="2" pageNumber="403" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="indica">
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<emphasis id="CCF1EA82FFEBFFBF21CFFA64A4BD5EED" box="[712,906,1417,1441]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="403">Fredericella indica</emphasis>
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||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, lateral view showing smooth region near the suture, from NHMUK 1914.10.2.1, Colombo, Sri Lanka; (d) Enlargement of previous photo; (e) Enlarged view of suture area of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="39854D13FFEBFFBF268DFA43A7DE5EA5" authorityName="Wood" authorityYear="2022" class="Phylactolaemata" family="Fredericellidae" genus="Fredericella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plumatellida" pageId="2" pageNumber="403" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="borealis">
|
||
<emphasis id="CCF1EA82FFEBFFBF268DFA43A7DE5EA5" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="403">F. borealis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from Illinois, USA, showing reticulation extending to the suture. Scale bars for a–c = 100 µm, scale bars for d–e = 20 µm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="FE3A3690FFEBFFBF23C0F9D1A31F5D8E" blockId="2.[151,1437,1596,2018]" pageId="2" pageNumber="403">
|
||
Two sites were listed by Annandale where
|
||
<taxonomicName id="39854D13FFEBFFBF21B0F9D1A42D5D1A" authorityName=": Annandale" authorityYear="1909" box="[695,794,1596,1622]" class="Phylactolaemata" family="Fredericellidae" genus="Fredericella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plumatellida" pageId="2" pageNumber="403" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="indica">
|
||
<emphasis id="CCF1EA82FFEBFFBF21B0F9D1A42D5D1A" box="[695,794,1596,1622]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="403">F. indica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
had been collected: Igatpuri Lake northeast of
|
||
<collectingCountry id="86927600FFEBFFBF263AF9D1A2AB5D1A" box="[1341,1436,1596,1622]" name="India" pageId="2" pageNumber="403">Mumbai</collectingCountry>
|
||
and Sasthamcotta Lake in
|
||
<collectingRegion id="3C41F872FFEBFFBF22C4F98DA5655D36" box="[451,594,1632,1658]" country="India" name="Kerala" pageId="2" pageNumber="403">Kerala State</collectingRegion>
|
||
. In
|
||
<date id="8A3B1050FFEBFFBF217BF98DA5F25D36" box="[636,709,1632,1658]" pageId="2" pageNumber="403" value="1987-01">1987 I</date>
|
||
had the opportunity to search for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="39854D13FFEBFFBF274DF98DA39B5D36" authorityName=": Annandale" authorityYear="1909" box="[1098,1196,1632,1658]" class="Phylactolaemata" family="Fredericellidae" genus="Fredericella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plumatellida" pageId="2" pageNumber="403" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="indica">
|
||
<emphasis id="CCF1EA82FFEBFFBF274DF98DA39B5D36" box="[1098,1196,1632,1658]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="403">F. indica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
at Igatpuri Lake, but found only
|
||
<taxonomicName id="39854D13FFEBFFBF2211F969A6B45DD2" baseAuthorityName="Wood & Backus" baseAuthorityYear="1992" box="[278,387,1668,1694]" class="Phylactolaemata" family="Fredericellidae" genus="Fredericella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plumatellida" pageId="2" pageNumber="403" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="sultana">
|
||
<emphasis id="CCF1EA82FFEBFFBF2211F969A6B45DD2" box="[278,387,1668,1694]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="403">F. sultana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
with smooth statoblasts. At the
|
||
<collectingCountry id="86927600FFEBFFBF21E4F969A4225DD2" box="[739,789,1668,1694]" name="United States of America" pageId="2" pageNumber="403">U.S.</collectingCountry>
|
||
National Museum a specimen from Igatpuri Lake labelled
|
||
<taxonomicName id="39854D13FFEBFFBF2390F945A6585D8E" authorityName=": Annandale" authorityYear="1909" box="[151,367,1704,1730]" class="Phylactolaemata" family="Fredericellidae" genus="Fredericella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plumatellida" pageId="2" pageNumber="403" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="indica">
|
||
<emphasis id="CCF1EA82FFEBFFBF2390F945A6585D8E" box="[151,367,1704,1730]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="403">Fredericella indica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
also is clearly
|
||
<taxonomicName id="39854D13FFEBFFBF2110F945A5B25D8E" baseAuthorityName="Wood & Backus" baseAuthorityYear="1992" box="[535,645,1704,1730]" class="Phylactolaemata" family="Fredericellidae" genus="Fredericella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plumatellida" pageId="2" pageNumber="403" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="sultana">
|
||
<emphasis id="CCF1EA82FFEBFFBF2110F945A5B25D8E" box="[535,645,1704,1730]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="403">F. sultana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(No. 5165, collected by R. Hodgart).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="FE3A3690FFEBFFBF23C0F921A4FF5C62" blockId="2.[151,1437,1596,2018]" pageId="2" pageNumber="403">Annandale saw the small depressions on the statoblast as “minute prominences” an understandable misinterpretation. He noted that the markings were “sometimes sparser in the middle than towards the edges,” although this was not confirmed in his material from Sasthamcotta Lake.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="FE3A3690FFEBFFBF23C0F8D5A3E75CF2" blockId="2.[151,1437,1596,2018]" pageId="2" pageNumber="403">
|
||
The textured statoblast surface in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="39854D13FFEBFFBF214CF8D5A5995C1E" authorityName=": Annandale" authorityYear="1909" box="[587,686,1848,1874]" class="Phylactolaemata" family="Fredericellidae" genus="Fredericella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plumatellida" pageId="2" pageNumber="403" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="indica">
|
||
<emphasis id="CCF1EA82FFEBFFBF214CF8D5A5995C1E" box="[587,686,1848,1874]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="403">F. indica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
contrasts sharply with the mirror-smooth surface of statoblasts in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="39854D13FFEBFFBF2390F8B1A5285C3A" authority="(Wood & Backus 1992)" baseAuthorityName="Wood & Backus" baseAuthorityYear="1992" box="[151,543,1884,1910]" class="Phylactolaemata" family="Fredericellidae" genus="Fredericella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plumatellida" pageId="2" pageNumber="403" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="sultana">
|
||
<emphasis id="CCF1EA82FFEBFFBF2390F8B1A6315C3A" box="[151,262,1884,1910]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="403">F. sultana</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="9A144B61FFEBFFBF2211F8B1A5205C3A" author="Wood, T. & Backus, B. T." box="[278,535,1884,1910]" pageId="2" pageNumber="403" pagination="185 - 193" refId="ref24100" refString="Wood, T. & Backus, B. T. (1992) Differentiation of North American and European forms of Fredericella sultana (Blumenbach) (Ectoprocta: Phylactolaemata). Hydrobiologia, 237, 185 - 193. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / BF 00005850" type="journal article" year="1992">Wood & Backus 1992</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. However, the distinction is not immediately obvious unless the statoblasts are viewed in a dry condition with reflected light. The statoblasts of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="39854D13FFEBFFBF2064F86DA4E75CD6" baseAuthorityName="Wood & Backus" baseAuthorityYear="1992" box="[867,976,1920,1946]" class="Phylactolaemata" family="Fredericellidae" genus="Fredericella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plumatellida" pageId="2" pageNumber="403" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="sultana">
|
||
<emphasis id="CCF1EA82FFEBFFBF2064F86DA4E75CD6" box="[867,976,1920,1946]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="403">F. sultana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are shiny, while those of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="39854D13FFEBFFBF27ECF86DA27C5CD6" authorityName=": Annandale" authorityYear="1909" box="[1259,1355,1920,1946]" class="Phylactolaemata" family="Fredericellidae" genus="Fredericella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plumatellida" pageId="2" pageNumber="403" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="indica">
|
||
<emphasis id="CCF1EA82FFEBFFBF27ECF86DA27C5CD6" box="[1259,1355,1920,1946]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="403">F. indica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
appear dull. Isolated frontal valves in water also show the difference very plainly with transmitted light.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="FE3A3690FFEBFFBE23C0F825A2465955" blockId="2.[151,1437,1596,2018]" lastBlockId="3.[151,1437,151,825]" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="404" pageId="2" pageNumber="403">
|
||
In a study of Lake Erie bryozoans
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="9A144B61FFEBFFBF215EF825A5C05CAE" author="Rogick, M. D." box="[601,759,1991,2018]" pageId="2" pageNumber="403" pagination="245 - 263" refId="ref22097" refString="Rogick, M. D. (1935) Studies on freshwater Bryozoa. II. The Bryozoa of Lake Erie. Transactions of the American Microscopical Society, 54 (3), 245 - 263. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 3222137" type="journal article" year="1935">Rogick (1935</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="9A144B61FFEBFFBF2002F825A4095CAE" author="Rogick, M. D." box="[773,830,1992,2018]" pageId="2" pageNumber="403" pagination="99 - 104" refId="ref22145" refString="Rogick, M. D. (1937) Studies on fresh-water Bryozoa. V. Some additions to Canadian fauna. Ohio Journal of Science, 37 (2), 99 - 104." type="journal article" year="1937">1937</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) noted a “roughened” surface in certain fredericellid statoblasts, and her 1937 illustration is remarkably similar to that of Annandale’s
|
||
<emphasis id="CCF1EA82FFEAFFBE2730FF7AA3955BFD" box="[1079,1186,151,177]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="404">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="39854D13FFEAFFBE2730FF7AA3AA5BFD" authorityName=": Annandale" authorityYear="1909" box="[1079,1181,151,177]" class="Phylactolaemata" family="Fredericellidae" genus="Fredericella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plumatellida" pageId="3" pageNumber="404" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="indica">F. indica</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Rogick suggested the rough texture occurred only in “old statoblasts.” When
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="9A144B61FFEAFFBE201AFF56A4E25B99" author="Bushnell, J. H." box="[797,981,186,213]" pageId="3" pageNumber="404" pagination="231 - 244" refId="ref19802" refString="Bushnell, J. H. (1965) On the taxonomy and distribution of freshwater Ectoprocta in Michigan. Part I. Transaction of the American Microscopical Society, 84 (2), 231 - 244. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 3224290" type="journal article" year="1965">Bushnell (1965)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
surveyed the nearby state of
|
||
<collectingRegion id="3C41F872FFEAFFBE2636FF56A2AB5B99" box="[1329,1436,187,213]" country="United States of America" name="Michigan" pageId="3" pageNumber="404">Michigan</collectingRegion>
|
||
he reported “reticulations” on the statoblasts to be “obscure to reasonably clear.” A re-examination of Bushnell’s collection at
|
||
<collectingRegion id="3C41F872FFEAFFBE222BFEEEA6EF5A51" box="[300,472,259,285]" country="United States of America" name="Michigan" pageId="3" pageNumber="404">Michigan State</collectingRegion>
|
||
University and Rogick’s Lake Erie collection at the
|
||
<collectingCountry id="86927600FFEAFFBE2730FEEEA35E5A51" box="[1079,1129,259,285]" name="United States of America" pageId="3" pageNumber="404">U.S.</collectingCountry>
|
||
National Museum showed that virtually every fredericellid specimen had strongly textured statoblasts (Wood, unpublished). Collections from 22 sites in
|
||
<collectingRegion id="3C41F872FFEAFFBE2215FEA6A67D5A29" box="[274,330,331,357]" country="United States of America" name="Ohio" pageId="3" pageNumber="404">Ohio</collectingRegion>
|
||
gave similar results (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="9A144B61FFEAFFBE213CFEA6A5F45A29" author="Wood, T." box="[571,707,331,357]" pageId="3" pageNumber="404" pagination="1 - 70" refId="ref23509" refString="Wood, T. (1989) Ectoproct bryozoans of Ohio. Bulletin of the Ohio Biological Survey, 8, 1 - 70." type="journal article" year="1989">Wood 1989</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), leading to the assumption that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="39854D13FFEAFFBE2736FEA6A3A45A29" authorityName=": Annandale" authorityYear="1909" box="[1073,1171,331,357]" class="Phylactolaemata" family="Fredericellidae" genus="Fredericella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plumatellida" pageId="3" pageNumber="404" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="indica">
|
||
<emphasis id="CCF1EA82FFEAFFBE2736FEA6A3A45A29" box="[1073,1171,331,357]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="404">F. indica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was a common species entrenched in North America, previously mistaken for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="39854D13FFEAFFBE200CFE82A3AE5AC5" authority="(Wood & Backus 1992)" baseAuthorityName="Wood & Backus" baseAuthorityYear="1992" box="[779,1177,367,393]" class="Phylactolaemata" family="Fredericellidae" genus="Fredericella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plumatellida" pageId="3" pageNumber="404" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="sultana">
|
||
<emphasis id="CCF1EA82FFEAFFBE200CFE82A44C5AC5" box="[779,891,367,393]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="404">F. sultana</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="9A144B61FFEAFFBE208BFE82A3A75AC5" author="Wood, T. & Backus, B. T." box="[908,1168,367,393]" pageId="3" pageNumber="404" pagination="185 - 193" refId="ref24100" refString="Wood, T. & Backus, B. T. (1992) Differentiation of North American and European forms of Fredericella sultana (Blumenbach) (Ectoprocta: Phylactolaemata). Hydrobiologia, 237, 185 - 193. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / BF 00005850" type="journal article" year="1992">Wood & Backus 1992</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The same species has since been reported from a site in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="86927600FFEAFFBE2109FE7EA5415AE1" box="[526,630,403,429]" name="Germany" pageId="3" pageNumber="404">Germany</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="9A144B61FFEAFFBE2183FE7EA4AA5AE1" author="Massard, J. A. & Geimer, G." box="[644,925,403,429]" pageId="3" pageNumber="404" pagination="187 - 192" refId="ref21243" refString="Massard, J. A. & Geimer, G. (1996) On the occurrence of Fredericella indica Annandale, 1909 (Phylactolaemata) in Europe. In: Gordon, D. P., Smith, A. M. & Grant-Mackie, J. A. (Eds.), Bryozoans in Space and Time: Proceedings of the 10 th International Bryozoology Conference. Wellington, New Zealand, 1995, pp. 187 - 192." type="journal article" year="1996">Massard & Geimer 1996</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). It was also collected from multiple locations in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="86927600FFEAFFBE23B0FE5AA6255A9D" box="[183,274,439,465]" name="Norway" pageId="3" pageNumber="404">Norway</collectingCountry>
|
||
, but only in cold water, mostly at 11–15°C and never warmer than 20°C. (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="9A144B61FFEAFFBE277DFE55A2A75A9D" author="Okland, K. & Okland, J." box="[1146,1424,439,467]" pageId="3" pageNumber="404" pagination="103 - 123" refId="ref21586" refString="Okland, K. & Okland, J. (2001) Freshwater bryozoans (Bryozoa) of Norway II: distribution and ecology of two species of Fredericella. Hydrobiologia, 459 (1 - 3), 103 - 123. https: // doi. org / 10.1023 / A: 1012558524160" type="journal article" year="2001">Økland & Økland 2001</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). This led to speculation that northern species might be a separate group undetected by morphology alone. It seemed inconceivable that the same species would thrive on the Indian subcontinent as well as above the Arctic Circle.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="FE3A3690FFEAFFBE23C0FDCEA39C5875" blockId="3.[151,1437,151,825]" pageId="3" pageNumber="404">
|
||
A closer examination of Annandale’s
|
||
<taxonomicName id="39854D13FFEAFFBE2173FDCEA5E05971" authorityName=": Annandale" authorityYear="1909" box="[628,727,547,573]" class="Phylactolaemata" family="Fredericellidae" genus="Fredericella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plumatellida" pageId="3" pageNumber="404" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="indica">
|
||
<emphasis id="CCF1EA82FFEAFFBE2173FDCEA5E05971" box="[628,727,547,573]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="404">F. indica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from the ZSI provides new insight. The pitted surface texture fades along the periphery of both valves, leaving the entire suture area relatively smooth (
|
||
<figureCitation id="66BE2A15FFEAFFBE27AFFDAAA20F592D" box="[1192,1336,583,609]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="2.[151,250,1345,1369]" captionTargetBox="[159,1427,561,1322]" captionTargetId="figure-159@2.[159,1427,561,1322]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 1. Fredericella statoblast valves with pitted exterior. (a) Fredericella indica statoblast valve showing a smooth surface at the ends, from Annandale’s type specimen, ZSI 3479, valve has curled upon drying; (b) Fredericella borealis showing pitted surface at the ends, from Magerøya Island, Norway; (c) Fredericella indica, lateral view showing smooth region near the suture, from NHMUK 1914.10.2.1, Colombo, Sri Lanka; (d) Enlargement of previous photo; (e) Enlarged view of suture area of F. borealis from Illinois, USA, showing reticulation extending to the suture. Scale bars for a–c = 100 µm, scale bars for d–e = 20 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7270881" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7270881/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="404">Fig. 1a, c, d</figureCitation>
|
||
). This is consistent with the specimen from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="86927600FFEAFFBE2129FD86A5A859C9" box="[558,671,619,645]" name="Sri Lanka" pageId="3" pageNumber="404">Sri Lanka</collectingCountry>
|
||
(NHMUK 1914.10.2.1), but such peripheral fading is not seen in material from North America or Europe. In fact, in the more northern material the densely pitted texture clearly extends uniformly across the entire statoblast surface, extending to the suture itself (
|
||
<figureCitation id="66BE2A15FFEAFFBE2729FD5EA3AC5981" box="[1070,1179,691,717]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="2.[151,250,1345,1369]" captionTargetBox="[159,1427,561,1322]" captionTargetId="figure-159@2.[159,1427,561,1322]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 1. Fredericella statoblast valves with pitted exterior. (a) Fredericella indica statoblast valve showing a smooth surface at the ends, from Annandale’s type specimen, ZSI 3479, valve has curled upon drying; (b) Fredericella borealis showing pitted surface at the ends, from Magerøya Island, Norway; (c) Fredericella indica, lateral view showing smooth region near the suture, from NHMUK 1914.10.2.1, Colombo, Sri Lanka; (d) Enlargement of previous photo; (e) Enlarged view of suture area of F. borealis from Illinois, USA, showing reticulation extending to the suture. Scale bars for a–c = 100 µm, scale bars for d–e = 20 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7270881" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7270881/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="404">Figs 1b, e</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="66BE2A15FFEAFFBE27A1FD5EA3E65981" box="[1190,1233,691,717]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="15.[151,250,1153,1177]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,705,1130]" captionTargetId="figure-254@15.[151,1436,705,1130]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="FIGURE 12. Fredericella borealis n. sp. (a) A fragment of the holotype colony showing free branches and several statoblasts, scale bar = 3 mm; (b) A pair of separated valves showing reticulation extending to the suture, scale bar = 100 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7270917" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7270917/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="404">12b</figureCitation>
|
||
) (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="9A144B61FFEAFFBE27E1FD5EA7E559BD" author="Wood, T. & Backus, B. T." pageId="3" pageNumber="404" pagination="185 - 193" refId="ref24100" refString="Wood, T. & Backus, B. T. (1992) Differentiation of North American and European forms of Fredericella sultana (Blumenbach) (Ectoprocta: Phylactolaemata). Hydrobiologia, 237, 185 - 193. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / BF 00005850" type="journal article" year="1992">Wood & Backus 1992</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="9A144B61FFEAFFBE23E6FD3AA53359BD" author="Geimer, G. & Massard, J." box="[225,516,727,753]" pageId="3" pageNumber="404" pagination="1 - 188" refId="ref20073" refString="Geimer, G. & Massard, J. (1986) Les bryozoaires du Grand-Duche de Luxembourg et des regions limitrophes. Travaux Scientifiques du Musee d'Histoire Naturelle de Luxembourg, No. 7, 1 - 188." type="book chapter" year="1986">Geimer & Massard 1986</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="9A144B61FFEAFFBE2114FD35A41E59BD" author="Okland, K. & Okland, J." box="[531,809,727,755]" pageId="3" pageNumber="404" pagination="103 - 123" refId="ref21586" refString="Okland, K. & Okland, J. (2001) Freshwater bryozoans (Bryozoa) of Norway II: distribution and ecology of two species of Fredericella. Hydrobiologia, 459 (1 - 3), 103 - 123. https: // doi. org / 10.1023 / A: 1012558524160" type="journal article" year="2001">Økland & Økland 2001</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). This morphological difference provides a distinction between Annandale’s
|
||
<taxonomicName id="39854D13FFEAFFBE2294FD16A5585859" authorityName=": Annandale" authorityYear="1909" box="[403,623,763,789]" class="Phylactolaemata" family="Fredericellidae" genus="Fredericella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plumatellida" pageId="3" pageNumber="404" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="indica">
|
||
<emphasis id="CCF1EA82FFEAFFBE2294FD16A5585859" box="[403,623,763,789]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="404">Fredericella indica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and the very similar species occurring in North America and Europe, which is now to be designated
|
||
<taxonomicName id="39854D13FFEAFFBE22F7FCF2A5EA5875" authorityName="Wood" authorityYear="2022" box="[496,733,799,825]" class="Phylactolaemata" family="Fredericellidae" genus="Fredericella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plumatellida" pageId="3" pageNumber="404" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="borealis">
|
||
<emphasis id="CCF1EA82FFEAFFBE22F7FCF2A5EA5875" box="[496,733,799,825]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="404">Fredericella borealis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and is described below as a new species.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |