708 lines
90 KiB
XML
708 lines
90 KiB
XML
<document id="FC3654281E6DEE65B7A01008E84EFED1" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.4033.3.2" ID-GBIF-Dataset="365888ec-6121-4616-9095-3ff1825e7be9" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="242036" ID-ZooBank="466BAA6D-61CF-4EFC-9936-EEC509BC293B" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1461297389651" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Skuhrovec, Jiří & Volovnik, Semyon" docDate="2015" docId="038E87824160FFFCC6BEFF3760CB61FB" docLanguage="en" docName="zt04033p362.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 4033 (3)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Lixus (Eulixus) canescens Steven 1829" docType="treatment" docVersion="7" lastPageNumber="356" masterDocId="FFB7FFFA4162FFFAC629FFEB613E6733" masterDocTitle="Biology and morphology of immature stages of Lixus canescens (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Lixinae)" masterLastPageNumber="362" masterPageNumber="350" pageNumber="352" updateTime="1698616721339" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:mods id="507806F9E3F7A5CC6CEB99B496C4AE28" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo id="C247239FE9EB36957AC2B00ACD50D4E6">
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<mods:title id="3A943A7BC0C176C048CD942154E138E8">Biology and morphology of immature stages of Lixus canescens (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Lixinae)</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name id="2A36FF184761072A1080156275F583F1" type="personal">
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<mods:role id="012523D784CCB4BCEA640D9544CD6B8C">
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<mods:roleTerm id="ECE5E459CF4EC81804F8BC2D4FB99E74">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart id="0222C2878C3D58DFEB9A82DA2936DCA1">Skuhrovec, Jiří</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name id="F662FBAD7289191290AE4A48DED09F4F" type="personal">
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<mods:role id="F6FE386864EE03CBE04AB60C96FD9C6F">
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<mods:roleTerm id="D7281A77BEAC1A76959E54A80E131443">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart id="F7D4736557953139B0384888FD14654B">Volovnik, Semyon</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="D2CAA67B3D35F4107D2999A485B0DF08">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:titleInfo id="5D87673092B4BA7D99D56DD59FD60ABC">
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<mods:title id="A23020DB9B33BFBBECE43AE824B80417">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part id="27EE966FBF64EE43941D29A359416281">
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<mods:date id="6370988E6FB5170ABEDCE84ACA2BCB57">2015</mods:date>
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<mods:detail id="19C9370B2300A0F0C71D6553F8856C95" type="volume">
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<mods:number id="8733AFF237764416A04C433E347E15FC">4033</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:detail id="2812D8B13F2B841BB072DD241B64F898" type="issue">
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<mods:number id="2D2AE848169E481E37DB3D7E6315C2D6">3</mods:number>
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<mods:extent id="1E731230BA9CC5EB47E7878C20620147" unit="page">
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<mods:start id="48280BDDD328512D8BD500411D5B3216">350</mods:start>
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<mods:end id="DCE7CF0281805C6E6176CB6C3DE54FC8">362</mods:end>
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<mods:classification id="6CC35C27AA9D2EADFD115971B7CE6F2D">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="975385CBE0F5983053A614A1C7D82ED2" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.4033.3.2</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="3B0F5B4E04B2C49B024EC4E390E6120E" type="GBIF-Dataset">365888ec-6121-4616-9095-3ff1825e7be9</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="43010C50869702E0B583AE1DDD1CFF11" type="ISSN">1175-5326</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="75BF3F0DC7CEF6BAB633D5EAB8E4978D" type="Zenodo-Dep">242036</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="742386FA658004CF403267404E365B99" type="ZooBank">466BAA6D-61CF-4EFC-9936-EEC509BC293B</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment id="038E87824160FFFCC6BEFF3760CB61FB" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6113343" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119642895" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6113343" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:038E87824160FFFCC6BEFF3760CB61FB" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/038E87824160FFFCC6BEFF3760CB61FB" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="356" pageId="2" pageNumber="352">
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<subSubSection id="C33D651F4160FFF8C6BEFF37634667C4" box="[151,632,220,247]" pageId="2" pageNumber="352" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8B9836944160FFF8C6BEFF37634667C4" blockId="2.[151,632,220,247]" box="[151,632,220,247]" pageId="2" pageNumber="352">
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<heading id="D0D081F84160FFF8C6BEFF37634667C4" bold="true" box="[151,632,220,247]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="352" reason="1">
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<taxonomicName id="4C274D174160FFF8C6BEFF37634667C4" ID-CoL="6QKH5" authority="Steven, 1829" authorityName="Steven" authorityYear="1829" box="[151,632,220,247]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Lixus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="352" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="canescens" subGenus="Eulixus">
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<emphasis id="B953EA864160FFF8C6BEFF37634667C4" bold="true" box="[151,632,220,247]" pageId="2" pageNumber="352">
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<emphasis id="B953EA864160FFF8C6BEFF3761E267C5" bold="true" box="[151,220,220,246]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="352">Lixus</emphasis>
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(
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<emphasis id="B953EA864160FFF8C6C5FF37607467C5" bold="true" box="[236,330,220,246]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="352">Eulixus</emphasis>
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)
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<emphasis id="B953EA864160FFF8C775FF3760E867C5" bold="true" box="[348,470,220,246]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="352">canescens</emphasis>
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Steven, 1829
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C33D651F4160FFF8C6BEFECF627F66B6" pageId="2" pageNumber="352" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="8B9836944160FFF8C6BEFECF627F66B6" blockId="2.[151,1437,292,2009]" pageId="2" pageNumber="352">
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<emphasis id="B953EA864160FFF8C6BEFECF631B660E" bold="true" box="[151,549,292,317]" pageId="2" pageNumber="352">
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Material examined.
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<collectingCountry id="F33076044160FFF8C7BEFECF6321660E" box="[407,543,292,317]" name="Ukraine" pageId="2" pageNumber="352">UKRAINE</collectingCountry>
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:
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</emphasis>
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SE of Fedotova Spit located between Sea of Azov and Utlyuk Estuary (
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<geoCoordinate id="EE1350534160FFF8C6B6FEAC60186653" box="[159,294,327,352]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="2" pageNumber="352" precision="15" value="46.298054">46°17'53"N</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate id="EE1350534160FFF8C714FEAC60FF6653" box="[317,449,327,352]" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="2" pageNumber="352" precision="15" value="35.30361">35°18'13"E</geoCoordinate>
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); part of Priazovskyi National Nature Park,
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<date id="FF9910544160FFF8C5D4FEA365536653" box="[1021,1133,328,352]" pageId="2" pageNumber="352" value="2014-05-11">11.v.2014</date>
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,
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<date id="FF9910544160FFF8C2AAFEAC65C86653" box="[1155,1270,327,352]" pageId="2" pageNumber="352" value="2014-07-02">2.vii.2014</date>
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,
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<date id="FF9910544160FFF8C327FEAC64A96653" box="[1294,1431,327,352]" pageId="2" pageNumber="352" value="2014-08-10">10.viii.2014</date>
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,
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<date id="FF9910544160FFF8C6BEFE87602066B6" box="[151,286,364,389]" pageId="2" pageNumber="352" value="2014-08-15">15.viii.2014</date>
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(
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<specimenCount id="9D21FD1D4160FFF8C707FE8760B566B6" box="[302,395,364,389]" pageId="2" pageNumber="352" type="larva">9 larvae</specimenCount>
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,
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<specimenCount id="9D21FD1D4160FFF8C7BFFE8760C266B7" box="[406,508,364,389]" pageId="2" pageNumber="352" type="pupa">15 pupae</specimenCount>
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(
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<specimenCount id="9D21FD1D4160FFF8C425FE87630666B7" box="[524,568,364,388]" pageId="2" pageNumber="352" type="generic">8 ♂</specimenCount>
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, 7 ♀), leg. S. Volovnik.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C33D651F4160FFFCC6EEFE6460CB61FB" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="356" pageId="2" pageNumber="352" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8B9836944160FFF8C6EEFE64627566C3" blockId="2.[151,1437,292,2009]" pageId="2" pageNumber="352">
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<emphasis id="B953EA864160FFF8C6EEFE646323669B" bold="true" box="[199,541,399,424]" pageId="2" pageNumber="352">Description of mature larva.</emphasis>
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COLOURATION. Head light brown or brown with a pale distinct pattern around the frontal suture (Fig. 5C). All thoracic and abdominal segments are white, only the dorsum of the pronotum with light brown elongate stripe (Fig. 5C). Cuticle finely spiculate.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B9836944160FFF8C6EEFE176205644F" blockId="2.[151,1437,292,2009]" pageId="2" pageNumber="352">
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HEAD CAPSULE AND MOUTH PARTS. Head width:
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<quantity id="4CDF9B714160FFF8C522FE1762AB6527" box="[779,917,508,532]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.45" metricValueMax="2.7" metricValueMin="2.2" pageId="2" pageNumber="352" unit="mm" value="2.45" valueMax="2.7" valueMin="2.2">2.2–2.7 mm</quantity>
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(mean
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<quantity id="4CDF9B714160FFF8C5D8FE1765716527" box="[1009,1103,508,533]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" pageId="2" pageNumber="352" unit="mm" value="2.5">2.5 mm</quantity>
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), suboval, flattened laterally, endocarinal line long exceeded to half of frons. Frontal sutures distinct, extended to antennae. Single stemma (st), in the form of a dark pigmented spot, located on each side anterolaterally.
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<emphasis id="B953EA864160FFF8C5CDFDAF6520656F" box="[996,1054,580,604]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="352">Des1</emphasis>
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and
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<emphasis id="B953EA864160FFF8C27EFDAF65B4656E" box="[1111,1162,580,605]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="352">des2</emphasis>
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located in upper part of the central part of epicranium,
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<emphasis id="B953EA864160FFF8C7C4FD8C631E65B3" box="[493,544,615,640]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="352">des1</emphasis>
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near to the middle part of epicranium, and
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<emphasis id="B953EA864160FFF8C229FD8C650D65B3" box="[1024,1075,615,640]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="352">des2</emphasis>
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near to side of epicranium,
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<emphasis id="B953EA864160FFF8C340FD8C64A265B3" box="[1385,1436,615,640]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="352">des3</emphasis>
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located anterially near to frontal suture,
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<emphasis id="B953EA864160FFF8C471FD6763B56596" box="[600,651,652,677]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="352">des4</emphasis>
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located in the central part of epicranium,
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<emphasis id="B953EA864160FFF8C249FD6765AD6596" box="[1120,1171,652,677]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="352">des5</emphasis>
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located anterolaterally; all
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<emphasis id="B953EA864160FFF8C694FD4461DC65FB" box="[189,226,687,712]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="352">des</emphasis>
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long, almost all equal in length (
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<figureCitation id="131C2A114160FFF8C443FD44639365FB" box="[618,685,687,712]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1737,1759]" captionTargetBox="[178,1414,223,1689]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[170,1417,217,1696]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. Lixus canescens mature larva head, antenna and mouth parts: A—dorsal view (des — dorsal epicranial s., fs — frontal epicranial s., les — lateral epicranial s., ves — ventral epicranial s., st—stemmata, at—antenna); B—right maxilla, dorsal view (dms — dorsal malar s., vms — ventral malar s., mpxs — maxillary palps s., mbs — basioventral s., pfs — palpiferal s., stps — stipital s.), prementum and postmentum, ventral view (prms — premental s., pms — postmental s., ligs — ligular s.); C—right mandible (mds — mandible dorsal s.); D—antenna; E—labrum and clypeus (cls — clypeal s., lms — labral s.); F—epipharynx (ams — anteromedial s., als — anterolateral s., mes — median s., lr—labral rods)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/242037/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="352">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
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A).
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<emphasis id="B953EA864160FFF8C4F6FD5B623765FB" box="[735,777,688,712]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="352">Fs1</emphasis>
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and
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<emphasis id="B953EA864160FFF8C56FFD5B625965FB" box="[838,871,688,712]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="352">fs2</emphasis>
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placed medially,
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<emphasis id="B953EA864160FFF8C21FFD5B656865FB" box="[1078,1110,688,712]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="352">fs3</emphasis>
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located anteriomedially,
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<emphasis id="B953EA864160FFF8C352FD5B64A265FB" box="[1403,1436,688,712]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="352">fs4</emphasis>
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located anterolaterally, and
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<emphasis id="B953EA864160FFF8C7E6FD3F60CE65DF" box="[463,496,724,748]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="352">fs5</emphasis>
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located laterally, close to the epistoma; all setae relatively long,
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<emphasis id="B953EA864160FFF8C2E6FD3F65CE65DF" box="[1231,1264,724,748]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="352">fs4</emphasis>
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slightly longer than the remaining three setae and
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<emphasis id="B953EA864160FFF8C433FD1363056423" box="[538,571,760,784]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="352">fs5</emphasis>
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slightly longer than
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<emphasis id="B953EA864160FFF8C509FD13627F6423" box="[800,833,760,784]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="352">fs4</emphasis>
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(
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<figureCitation id="131C2A114160FFF8C579FD1C62B16423" box="[848,911,759,784]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1737,1759]" captionTargetBox="[178,1414,223,1689]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[170,1417,217,1696]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. Lixus canescens mature larva head, antenna and mouth parts: A—dorsal view (des — dorsal epicranial s., fs — frontal epicranial s., les — lateral epicranial s., ves — ventral epicranial s., st—stemmata, at—antenna); B—right maxilla, dorsal view (dms — dorsal malar s., vms — ventral malar s., mpxs — maxillary palps s., mbs — basioventral s., pfs — palpiferal s., stps — stipital s.), prementum and postmentum, ventral view (prms — premental s., pms — postmental s., ligs — ligular s.); C—right mandible (mds — mandible dorsal s.); D—antenna; E—labrum and clypeus (cls — clypeal s., lms — labral s.); F—epipharynx (ams — anteromedial s., als — anterolateral s., mes — median s., lr—labral rods)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/242037/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="352">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
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A).
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<emphasis id="B953EA864160FFF8C595FD1365306423" box="[956,1038,760,784]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="352">Les1–2</emphasis>
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as long as
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<emphasis id="B953EA864160FFF8C2A1FD1C65856423" box="[1160,1211,759,784]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="352">des1</emphasis>
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; and
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<emphasis id="B953EA864160FFF8C2D1FD1364786423" box="[1272,1350,760,784]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="352">ves1–2</emphasis>
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as long as
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<emphasis id="B953EA864160FFF8C69FFCF761E96407" box="[182,215,796,820]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="352">fs3</emphasis>
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. Epicranial area without pores. Antennae located at the end of the frontal suture on each side, membranous and slightly convex basal article bearing conical triangular sensorium, relatively long; basal membranous article with 3 sensillae different in both shape and length (
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<figureCitation id="131C2A114160FFF8C4FDFC8F622D644F" box="[724,787,868,893]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1737,1759]" captionTargetBox="[178,1414,223,1689]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[170,1417,217,1696]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. Lixus canescens mature larva head, antenna and mouth parts: A—dorsal view (des — dorsal epicranial s., fs — frontal epicranial s., les — lateral epicranial s., ves — ventral epicranial s., st—stemmata, at—antenna); B—right maxilla, dorsal view (dms — dorsal malar s., vms — ventral malar s., mpxs — maxillary palps s., mbs — basioventral s., pfs — palpiferal s., stps — stipital s.), prementum and postmentum, ventral view (prms — premental s., pms — postmental s., ligs — ligular s.); C—right mandible (mds — mandible dorsal s.); D—antenna; E—labrum and clypeus (cls — clypeal s., lms — labral s.); F—epipharynx (ams — anteromedial s., als — anterolateral s., mes — median s., lr—labral rods)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/242037/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="352">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
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D).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B9836944160FFF8C6EEFC6C60F26114" blockId="2.[151,1437,292,2009]" pageId="2" pageNumber="352">
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Clypeus (
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<figureCitation id="131C2A114160FFF8C71BFC6C604E6493" box="[306,368,903,928]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1737,1759]" captionTargetBox="[178,1414,223,1689]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[170,1417,217,1696]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. Lixus canescens mature larva head, antenna and mouth parts: A—dorsal view (des — dorsal epicranial s., fs — frontal epicranial s., les — lateral epicranial s., ves — ventral epicranial s., st—stemmata, at—antenna); B—right maxilla, dorsal view (dms — dorsal malar s., vms — ventral malar s., mpxs — maxillary palps s., mbs — basioventral s., pfs — palpiferal s., stps — stipital s.), prementum and postmentum, ventral view (prms — premental s., pms — postmental s., ligs — ligular s.); C—right mandible (mds — mandible dorsal s.); D—antenna; E—labrum and clypeus (cls — clypeal s., lms — labral s.); F—epipharynx (ams — anteromedial s., als — anterolateral s., mes — median s., lr—labral rods)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/242037/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="352">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
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E) approx. 2.5 times as wide as long with 2 relatively long
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<emphasis id="B953EA864160FFF8C22CFC6C651A6493" box="[1029,1060,903,928]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="352">cls</emphasis>
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, almost equal in length, localized posteriolaterally and 1 sensillum; anterior margin rounded to the inside; median part covered by thorn-shaped cuticular processes. Labrum (
|
||
<figureCitation id="131C2A114160FFF8C7C2FC24631364DB" box="[491,557,975,1000]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1737,1759]" captionTargetBox="[178,1414,223,1689]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[170,1417,217,1696]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. Lixus canescens mature larva head, antenna and mouth parts: A—dorsal view (des — dorsal epicranial s., fs — frontal epicranial s., les — lateral epicranial s., ves — ventral epicranial s., st—stemmata, at—antenna); B—right maxilla, dorsal view (dms — dorsal malar s., vms — ventral malar s., mpxs — maxillary palps s., mbs — basioventral s., pfs — palpiferal s., stps — stipital s.), prementum and postmentum, ventral view (prms — premental s., pms — postmental s., ligs — ligular s.); C—right mandible (mds — mandible dorsal s.); D—antenna; E—labrum and clypeus (cls — clypeal s., lms — labral s.); F—epipharynx (ams — anteromedial s., als — anterolateral s., mes — median s., lr—labral rods)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/242037/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="352">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
E) approximately 3 times as wide as long, with 3 pairs of hairform
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EA864160FFF8C365FC24644D64DB" box="[1356,1395,975,1000]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="352">lms</emphasis>
|
||
, of different length;
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EA864160FFF8C778FC1F60B8633E" box="[337,390,1012,1037]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="352">lms3</emphasis>
|
||
distinctly shorter than very long
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EA864160FFF8C4DFFC1F6215633E" box="[758,811,1012,1037]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="352">lms1</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EA864160FFF8C549FC1F62AA633E" box="[864,916,1012,1037]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="352">lms2</emphasis>
|
||
;
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EA864160FFF8C58AFC1F62E6633E" box="[931,984,1012,1037]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="352">lms1</emphasis>
|
||
placed close to the margin with clypeus,
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EA864160FFF8C6BEFBFC61F56303" box="[151,203,1047,1072]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="352">lms2</emphasis>
|
||
located anteriomedially and
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EA864160FFF8C435FBFC636C6303" box="[540,594,1047,1072]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="352">lms3</emphasis>
|
||
located anterolaterally; anterior margin double sinuate. Epipharynx (
|
||
<figureCitation id="131C2A114160FFF8C346FBFC619F6367" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1737,1759]" captionTargetBox="[178,1414,223,1689]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[170,1417,217,1696]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. Lixus canescens mature larva head, antenna and mouth parts: A—dorsal view (des — dorsal epicranial s., fs — frontal epicranial s., les — lateral epicranial s., ves — ventral epicranial s., st—stemmata, at—antenna); B—right maxilla, dorsal view (dms — dorsal malar s., vms — ventral malar s., mpxs — maxillary palps s., mbs — basioventral s., pfs — palpiferal s., stps — stipital s.), prementum and postmentum, ventral view (prms — premental s., pms — postmental s., ligs — ligular s.); C—right mandible (mds — mandible dorsal s.); D—antenna; E—labrum and clypeus (cls — clypeal s., lms — labral s.); F—epipharynx (ams — anteromedial s., als — anterolateral s., mes — median s., lr—labral rods)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/242037/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="352">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
F) with 3 pairs of blunt, finger-like
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EA864160FFF8C413FBD763656366" box="[570,603,1084,1109]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="352">als</emphasis>
|
||
, unequal in length; 3 pairs of
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EA864160FFF8C59BFBD662E16367" box="[946,991,1085,1108]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="352">ams</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EA864160FFF8C5C7FBD765176367" box="[1006,1065,1084,1108]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="352">ams1</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EA864160FFF8C24BFBD765A36367" box="[1122,1181,1084,1108]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="352">ams2</emphasis>
|
||
distinctly shorter than
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EA864160FFF8C6BEFB8B61EC634B" box="[151,210,1120,1144]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="352">ams3</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EA864160FFF8C6C9FB8B6025634B" box="[224,283,1120,1144]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="352">ams1</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EA864160FFF8C77BFB8B60B3634B" box="[338,397,1120,1144]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="352">ams3</emphasis>
|
||
hair-form, and
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EA864160FFF8C414FB8B6346634B" box="[573,632,1120,1144]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="352">ams2</emphasis>
|
||
blunt, finger-like; 2 pairs of short, blunt
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EA864160FFF8C26DFB8A654E634B" box="[1092,1136,1121,1144]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="352">mes</emphasis>
|
||
; labral rods (lr) elongated, converging anterially. Mandibles (
|
||
<figureCitation id="131C2A114160FFF8C432FB6F636563AF" box="[539,603,1156,1181]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1737,1759]" captionTargetBox="[178,1414,223,1689]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[170,1417,217,1696]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. Lixus canescens mature larva head, antenna and mouth parts: A—dorsal view (des — dorsal epicranial s., fs — frontal epicranial s., les — lateral epicranial s., ves — ventral epicranial s., st—stemmata, at—antenna); B—right maxilla, dorsal view (dms — dorsal malar s., vms — ventral malar s., mpxs — maxillary palps s., mbs — basioventral s., pfs — palpiferal s., stps — stipital s.), prementum and postmentum, ventral view (prms — premental s., pms — postmental s., ligs — ligular s.); C—right mandible (mds — mandible dorsal s.); D—antenna; E—labrum and clypeus (cls — clypeal s., lms — labral s.); F—epipharynx (ams — anteromedial s., als — anterolateral s., mes — median s., lr—labral rods)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/242037/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="352">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
C) relatively broad, bifid, tooth of unequal height; slightly truncate; both
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EA864160FFF8C6BEFB4C61FA63F3" box="[151,196,1191,1216]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="352">mds</emphasis>
|
||
relatively short, hairform. Maxilla (
|
||
<figureCitation id="131C2A114160FFF8C44DFB4C639863F3" box="[612,678,1191,1216]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1737,1759]" captionTargetBox="[178,1414,223,1689]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[170,1417,217,1696]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. Lixus canescens mature larva head, antenna and mouth parts: A—dorsal view (des — dorsal epicranial s., fs — frontal epicranial s., les — lateral epicranial s., ves — ventral epicranial s., st—stemmata, at—antenna); B—right maxilla, dorsal view (dms — dorsal malar s., vms — ventral malar s., mpxs — maxillary palps s., mbs — basioventral s., pfs — palpiferal s., stps — stipital s.), prementum and postmentum, ventral view (prms — premental s., pms — postmental s., ligs — ligular s.); C—right mandible (mds — mandible dorsal s.); D—antenna; E—labrum and clypeus (cls — clypeal s., lms — labral s.); F—epipharynx (ams — anteromedial s., als — anterolateral s., mes — median s., lr—labral rods)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/242037/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="352">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
B) stipes with 1
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EA864160FFF8C540FB4262AB63F3" box="[873,917,1193,1216]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="352">stps</emphasis>
|
||
, 2
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EA864160FFF8C595FB4362E363F3" box="[956,989,1192,1216]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="352">pfs</emphasis>
|
||
and 1
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EA864160FFF8C219FB4C656363F3" box="[1072,1117,1191,1216]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="352">mbs</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EA864160FFF8C244FB4265A763F3" box="[1133,1177,1193,1216]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="352">stps</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EA864160FFF8C2FDFB43642163F3" box="[1236,1311,1192,1216]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="352">pfs1–2</emphasis>
|
||
very long, equal in length,
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EA864160FFF8C765FB27604763D6" box="[332,377,1228,1253]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="352">mbs</emphasis>
|
||
very short; mala with 12 bacilliform
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EA864160FFF8C535FB27627763D6" box="[796,841,1228,1253]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="352">dms</emphasis>
|
||
in two different lengths (6 very long and 6 relatively long); 5 short
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EA864160FFF8C710FB1A605B623B" box="[313,357,1265,1288]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="352">vms</emphasis>
|
||
, almost equal in length;
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EA864160FFF8C4A9FB1A6392623B" box="[640,684,1265,1288]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="352">vms</emphasis>
|
||
distinctly shorter than
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EA864160FFF8C59AFB0462DE623B" box="[947,992,1263,1288]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="352">dms</emphasis>
|
||
. Maxillary palpi with two palpomeres; basal palpomere with 1 very short
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EA864160FFF8C40EFAFE635F621F" box="[551,609,1301,1324]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="352">mxps</emphasis>
|
||
and two pores; length ratio of basal and distal palpomeres: 1:0.8; distal palpomere with one pore and a group of conical, cuticular apical processes. Praelabium (
|
||
<figureCitation id="131C2A114160FFF8C251FADC65866263" box="[1144,1208,1335,1360]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1737,1759]" captionTargetBox="[178,1414,223,1689]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[170,1417,217,1696]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. Lixus canescens mature larva head, antenna and mouth parts: A—dorsal view (des — dorsal epicranial s., fs — frontal epicranial s., les — lateral epicranial s., ves — ventral epicranial s., st—stemmata, at—antenna); B—right maxilla, dorsal view (dms — dorsal malar s., vms — ventral malar s., mpxs — maxillary palps s., mbs — basioventral s., pfs — palpiferal s., stps — stipital s.), prementum and postmentum, ventral view (prms — premental s., pms — postmental s., ligs — ligular s.); C—right mandible (mds — mandible dorsal s.); D—antenna; E—labrum and clypeus (cls — clypeal s., lms — labral s.); F—epipharynx (ams — anteromedial s., als — anterolateral s., mes — median s., lr—labral rods)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/242037/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="352">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
B) heart-shaped and distinctly elongated, with 1 relatively short
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EA864160FFF8C4ABFAB663846247" box="[642,698,1373,1396]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="352">prms</emphasis>
|
||
; ligula with sinuate margin and 3 hairform micro
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EA864160FFF8C2C6FAB764296246" box="[1263,1303,1372,1397]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="352">ligs</emphasis>
|
||
, unequal in length; premental sclerite well visible. Labial palpi with two palpomeres; length ratio of basal and distal palpomeres: 1:0.6; distal palpomere with one pore and short, cuticular apical processes; basal palpomere with 1 dorsal pore. Postlabium (
|
||
<figureCitation id="131C2A114160FFF8C79EFA2C60C762D3" box="[439,505,1479,1504]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1737,1759]" captionTargetBox="[178,1414,223,1689]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[170,1417,217,1696]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. Lixus canescens mature larva head, antenna and mouth parts: A—dorsal view (des — dorsal epicranial s., fs — frontal epicranial s., les — lateral epicranial s., ves — ventral epicranial s., st—stemmata, at—antenna); B—right maxilla, dorsal view (dms — dorsal malar s., vms — ventral malar s., mpxs — maxillary palps s., mbs — basioventral s., pfs — palpiferal s., stps — stipital s.), prementum and postmentum, ventral view (prms — premental s., pms — postmental s., ligs — ligular s.); C—right mandible (mds — mandible dorsal s.); D—antenna; E—labrum and clypeus (cls — clypeal s., lms — labral s.); F—epipharynx (ams — anteromedial s., als — anterolateral s., mes — median s., lr—labral rods)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/242037/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="352">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
B) with 3
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EA864160FFF8C45DFA22639F62D3" box="[628,673,1481,1504]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="352">pms</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EA864160FFF8C49BFA2363D362D3" box="[690,749,1480,1504]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="352">pms1</emphasis>
|
||
located anteriorly, remaining two pairs laterally; very long, almost of equal length,
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EA864160FFF8C799FA0760D56137" box="[432,491,1516,1540]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="352">pms3</emphasis>
|
||
slightly shorter than
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EA864160FFF8C4C2FA0762186137" box="[747,806,1516,1540]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="352">pms1</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EA864160FFF8C54CFA07629F6137" box="[869,929,1516,1540]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="352">pms2</emphasis>
|
||
; surface of postlabium densely covered by distinct cuticular processes.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9836944160FFF8C6EEF9DF639B6074" blockId="2.[151,1437,292,2009]" pageId="2" pageNumber="352">
|
||
THORAX AND ABDOMEN. Body length: 12.0–16.0 mm (mean
|
||
<quantity id="4CDF9B714160FFF8C5B9F9DF62C7617F" box="[912,1017,1588,1613]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.45" pageId="2" pageNumber="352" unit="mm" value="14.5">14.5 mm</quantity>
|
||
) stocky, slightly curved, rounded in cross section (
|
||
<figureCitation id="131C2A114160FFF8C710F9BC60436143" box="[313,381,1623,1648]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1868,1890]" captionTargetBox="[171,1428,517,1837]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[158,1428,517,1847]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 2. Lixus canescens mature larva habitus: A—shape of the body (lateral view), B – lateral view of thoracic segments, C—lateral view of abdominal segment II., D—lateral view of abdominal segments VII – X (prns — pronotal s., prs — prodorsal s., pds — postdorsal s., as — alar s., ss — spiracular s., eps — epipleural s., ps — pleural s., pda — pedal s., lsts — laterosternal s., eus — eusternal s., ds — dorsal s., sts — sternal s., ts — terminal s., Th 1 – 3, Ab 1 – 10 — number of segments)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/242038/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="352">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
A). The widest place in the body (metathorax and abdominal segments I–II) measuring up to
|
||
<quantity id="4CDF9B714160FFF8C6BEF99761CD61A7" box="[151,243,1660,1685]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.5" pageId="2" pageNumber="352" unit="mm" value="5.5">5.5 mm</quantity>
|
||
. Prothorax distinctly smaller than meso- and metathorax. Metathorax and abdominal segments I–III of almost equal length, next abdominal segments decreasing gradually to the terminal parts of the body. Abdominal segment X reduced to four anal lobes of unequal size, the dorsal lobe being distinctly the largest, the lateral pair equal in size, and the ventral lobe very small. Anus located terminally. Spiracles (9 pairs) bicameral, the first placed between the pro- and mesothorax (see Material and methods), the abdominal spiracles located laterally, close to the anterior margin of abdominal segments I–VIII.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9836944160FFFEC6EEF8BF650A66E3" blockId="2.[151,1437,292,2009]" lastBlockId="4.[151,1437,151,464]" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="354" pageId="2" pageNumber="352">
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EA864160FFF8C6EEF8BF6327605E" bold="true" box="[199,537,1876,1901]" pageId="2" pageNumber="352">Chaetotaxy of mature larva.</emphasis>
|
||
Setae thin, relatively long, light yellow or orange.
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EA864160FFF8C271F8BF65896058" bold="true" box="[1112,1207,1876,1901]" pageId="2" pageNumber="352">Thorax.</emphasis>
|
||
Prothorax (
|
||
<figureCitation id="131C2A114160FFF8C314F8BF64BF605F" box="[1341,1409,1876,1901]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1868,1890]" captionTargetBox="[171,1428,517,1837]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[158,1428,517,1847]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 2. Lixus canescens mature larva habitus: A—shape of the body (lateral view), B – lateral view of thoracic segments, C—lateral view of abdominal segment II., D—lateral view of abdominal segments VII – X (prns — pronotal s., prs — prodorsal s., pds — postdorsal s., as — alar s., ss — spiracular s., eps — epipleural s., ps — pleural s., pda — pedal s., lsts — laterosternal s., eus — eusternal s., ds — dorsal s., sts — sternal s., ts — terminal s., Th 1 – 3, Ab 1 – 10 — number of segments)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/242038/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="352">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
B) with 10
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EA864160FFF8C6D0F892601560A3" box="[249,299,1913,1936]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="352">prns</emphasis>
|
||
unequal in length, 7 of them on weakly pigmented dorsal sclerite, this sclerite subdivided in two triangular plates medially; 2
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EA864160FFF8C7FFF87660D16087" box="[470,495,1949,1972]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="352">ps</emphasis>
|
||
and 1
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EA864160FFF8C411F87663636087" box="[568,605,1949,1972]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="352">eus</emphasis>
|
||
. Mesothorax (
|
||
<figureCitation id="131C2A114160FFF8C4D6F877627C6087" box="[767,834,1948,1973]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1868,1890]" captionTargetBox="[171,1428,517,1837]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[158,1428,517,1847]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 2. Lixus canescens mature larva habitus: A—shape of the body (lateral view), B – lateral view of thoracic segments, C—lateral view of abdominal segment II., D—lateral view of abdominal segments VII – X (prns — pronotal s., prs — prodorsal s., pds — postdorsal s., as — alar s., ss — spiracular s., eps — epipleural s., ps — pleural s., pda — pedal s., lsts — laterosternal s., eus — eusternal s., ds — dorsal s., sts — sternal s., ts — terminal s., Th 1 – 3, Ab 1 – 10 — number of segments)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/242038/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="352">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
B) with 1
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EA864160FFF8C586F87662EC6087" box="[943,978,1949,1972]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="352">prs</emphasis>
|
||
; 4
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EA864160FFF8C5DFF87765236086" box="[1014,1053,1948,1973]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="352">pds</emphasis>
|
||
almost of equal length; 1 short
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EA864160FFF8C352F87664AA6087" box="[1403,1428,1949,1972]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="352">as</emphasis>
|
||
; 2 short
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EA864160FFF8C6C2F82A603F60EB" box="[235,257,1985,2008]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="352">ss</emphasis>
|
||
; 1
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EA864160FFF8C70DF82A607760EB" box="[292,329,1985,2008]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="352">eps</emphasis>
|
||
; 1
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EA864160FFF8C744F82A60B860EB" box="[365,390,1985,2008]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="352">ps</emphasis>
|
||
and 1
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EA864160FFF8C7FBF82A60C960EB" box="[466,503,1985,2008]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="352">eus</emphasis>
|
||
. Chaetotaxy of metathorax (
|
||
<figureCitation id="131C2A114160FFF8C51EF82B624560EB" box="[823,891,1984,2009]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1868,1890]" captionTargetBox="[171,1428,517,1837]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[158,1428,517,1847]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 2. Lixus canescens mature larva habitus: A—shape of the body (lateral view), B – lateral view of thoracic segments, C—lateral view of abdominal segment II., D—lateral view of abdominal segments VII – X (prns — pronotal s., prs — prodorsal s., pds — postdorsal s., as — alar s., ss — spiracular s., eps — epipleural s., ps — pleural s., pda — pedal s., lsts — laterosternal s., eus — eusternal s., ds — dorsal s., sts — sternal s., ts — terminal s., Th 1 – 3, Ab 1 – 10 — number of segments)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/242038/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="352">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
B) identical to mesothorax. Each pedal area of thoracic segments well separated, with 7 long
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EA864166FFFEC4E0FF7C63CD6783" box="[713,755,151,176]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="354">pda</emphasis>
|
||
, 4 of them on pigmented pedal area, unequal in length.
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EA864166FFFEC6BEFF57602D67E0" bold="true" box="[151,275,188,213]" pageId="4" pageNumber="354">Abdomen.</emphasis>
|
||
Abdominal segments I–VII (
|
||
<figureCitation id="131C2A114166FFFEC449FF57639667E7" box="[608,680,188,213]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1868,1890]" captionTargetBox="[171,1428,517,1837]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[158,1428,517,1847]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 2. Lixus canescens mature larva habitus: A—shape of the body (lateral view), B – lateral view of thoracic segments, C—lateral view of abdominal segment II., D—lateral view of abdominal segments VII – X (prns — pronotal s., prs — prodorsal s., pds — postdorsal s., as — alar s., ss — spiracular s., eps — epipleural s., ps — pleural s., pda — pedal s., lsts — laterosternal s., eus — eusternal s., ds — dorsal s., sts — sternal s., ts — terminal s., Th 1 – 3, Ab 1 – 10 — number of segments)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/242038/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="354">Figs 2</figureCitation>
|
||
C–D) with 1
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EA864166FFFEC516FF56625C67E7" box="[831,866,189,212]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="354">prs</emphasis>
|
||
; 6
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EA864166FFFEC5A3FF57628E67E6" box="[906,944,188,213]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="354">pds</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EA864166FFFEC5E9FF57652F67E6" box="[960,1041,188,213]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="354">pds5–6</emphasis>
|
||
the longest one,
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EA864166FFFEC2FDFF57643467E6" box="[1236,1290,188,213]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="354">pds3</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EA864166FFFEC36AFF57644967E6" box="[1347,1399,188,213]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="354">pds5</emphasis>
|
||
on abdominal segment VII less than half of length of the four remaining setae which are twice as long as
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EA864166FFFEC30FFF34647267CB" box="[1318,1356,223,248]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="354">pds</emphasis>
|
||
on the previous six abdominal segments; 2
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EA864166FFFEC41EFEEE6373662F" box="[567,589,261,284]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="354">ss</emphasis>
|
||
of unequal length,
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EA864166FFFEC505FEEF626E662F" box="[812,848,260,284]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="354">ss1</emphasis>
|
||
very short,
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EA864166FFFEC5F2FEEF62C1662F" box="[987,1023,260,284]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="354">ss2</emphasis>
|
||
long as
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EA864166FFFEC24BFEEF65A9662E" box="[1122,1175,260,285]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="354">pds6</emphasis>
|
||
; 2
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EA864166FFFEC297FEEE65DD662F" box="[1214,1251,261,284]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="354">eps</emphasis>
|
||
of almost equal length; 2 relatively short
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EA864166FFFEC79BFEC260F56673" box="[434,459,297,320]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="354">ps</emphasis>
|
||
of equal length; 1
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EA864166FFFEC489FECC63FB6673" box="[672,709,295,320]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="354">lsts</emphasis>
|
||
and 2
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EA864166FFFEC53BFEC262096673" box="[786,823,297,320]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="354">eus</emphasis>
|
||
. Abdominal segment VIII (
|
||
<figureCitation id="131C2A114166FFFEC246FECC658C6673" box="[1135,1202,295,320]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1868,1890]" captionTargetBox="[171,1428,517,1837]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[158,1428,517,1847]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 2. Lixus canescens mature larva habitus: A—shape of the body (lateral view), B – lateral view of thoracic segments, C—lateral view of abdominal segment II., D—lateral view of abdominal segments VII – X (prns — pronotal s., prs — prodorsal s., pds — postdorsal s., as — alar s., ss — spiracular s., eps — epipleural s., ps — pleural s., pda — pedal s., lsts — laterosternal s., eus — eusternal s., ds — dorsal s., sts — sternal s., ts — terminal s., Th 1 – 3, Ab 1 – 10 — number of segments)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/242038/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="354">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
D) with 1
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EA864166FFFEC30CFEC264766673" box="[1317,1352,297,320]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="354">prs</emphasis>
|
||
; 5
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EA864166FFFEC347FECC61F26656" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="354">pds, pds1</emphasis>
|
||
lacking,
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EA864166FFFEC71CFEA760546656" box="[309,362,332,357]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="354">pds3</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EA864166FFFEC78AFEA760E96656" box="[419,471,332,357]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="354">pds5</emphasis>
|
||
less than half of length of the three remaining setae; 2
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EA864166FFFEC265FEA6655C6657" box="[1100,1122,333,356]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="354">ss</emphasis>
|
||
of unequal length,
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EA864166FFFEC317FEA7645C6657" box="[1342,1378,332,356]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="354">ss1</emphasis>
|
||
very short,
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EA864166FFFEC6C8FE9B603B66BB" box="[225,261,368,392]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="354">ss2</emphasis>
|
||
long as
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EA864166FFFEC758FE84609B66BB" box="[369,421,367,392]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="354">pds6</emphasis>
|
||
; 2
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EA864166FFFEC7FAFE9A60C666BB" box="[467,504,369,392]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="354">eps</emphasis>
|
||
of almost equal length, 2 relatively short
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EA864166FFFEC5D9FE9A653766BB" box="[1008,1033,369,392]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="354">ps</emphasis>
|
||
of equal length, 1
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EA864166FFFEC2D8FE84642866BB" box="[1265,1302,367,392]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="354">lsts</emphasis>
|
||
and 2
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EA864166FFFEC346FE9A64AA66BB" box="[1391,1428,369,392]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="354">eus</emphasis>
|
||
. Abdominal segment IX (
|
||
<figureCitation id="131C2A114166FFFEC79AFE7F60C6669F" box="[435,504,404,429]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1868,1890]" captionTargetBox="[171,1428,517,1837]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[158,1428,517,1847]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 2. Lixus canescens mature larva habitus: A—shape of the body (lateral view), B – lateral view of thoracic segments, C—lateral view of abdominal segment II., D—lateral view of abdominal segments VII – X (prns — pronotal s., prs — prodorsal s., pds — postdorsal s., as — alar s., ss — spiracular s., eps — epipleural s., ps — pleural s., pda — pedal s., lsts — laterosternal s., eus — eusternal s., ds — dorsal s., sts — sternal s., ts — terminal s., Th 1 – 3, Ab 1 – 10 — number of segments)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/242038/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="354">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
D) with 4
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EA864166FFFEC459FE7F63B7669E" box="[624,649,404,429]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="354">ds</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EA864166FFFEC4B2FE7F63E0669F" box="[667,734,404,429]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="354">ds1–2</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EA864166FFFEC530FE7F6201669E" box="[793,831,404,429]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="354">ds4</emphasis>
|
||
long,
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EA864166FFFEC5A2FE7F628C669E" box="[907,946,404,429]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="354">ds3</emphasis>
|
||
short); 3 very short
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EA864166FFFEC289FE7E6587669F" box="[1184,1209,405,428]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="354">ps</emphasis>
|
||
and 2 very short to micro
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EA864166FFFEC6F6FE5261C266E3" box="[223,252,441,464]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="354">sts</emphasis>
|
||
. Each anal lobe on abdominal segment X (
|
||
<figureCitation id="131C2A114166FFFEC4F7FE5C621F66E3" box="[734,801,439,464]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1868,1890]" captionTargetBox="[171,1428,517,1837]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[158,1428,517,1847]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 2. Lixus canescens mature larva habitus: A—shape of the body (lateral view), B – lateral view of thoracic segments, C—lateral view of abdominal segment II., D—lateral view of abdominal segments VII – X (prns — pronotal s., prs — prodorsal s., pds — postdorsal s., as — alar s., ss — spiracular s., eps — epipleural s., ps — pleural s., pda — pedal s., lsts — laterosternal s., eus — eusternal s., ds — dorsal s., sts — sternal s., ts — terminal s., Th 1 – 3, Ab 1 – 10 — number of segments)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/242038/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="354">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
D) with 1 microseta (
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EA864166FFFEC239FE52651D66E3" box="[1040,1059,441,464]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="354">ts</emphasis>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF58661C4161FFF9C6BEF922628D604A" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/242037/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="353" targetBox="[178,1414,223,1689]" targetPageId="3">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9836944161FFF9C6BEF922628D604A" blockId="3.[151,1436,1737,1913]" pageId="3" pageNumber="353">
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EA864161FFF9C6BEF922602E61ED" bold="true" box="[151,272,1737,1759]" pageId="3" pageNumber="353">FIGURE 1</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C274D174161FFF9C736F92160FB61EC" box="[287,453,1738,1759]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Lixus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="353" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="canescens">
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EA864161FFF9C736F92160FB61EC" box="[287,453,1738,1759]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="353">Lixus canescens</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
mature larva head, antenna and mouth parts: A—dorsal view (
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EA864161FFF9C24BF92265BA61EC" box="[1122,1156,1737,1759]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="353">des</emphasis>
|
||
—dorsal epicranial s.,
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EA864161FFF9C35BF92264BD61EC" box="[1394,1411,1737,1759]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="353">fs</emphasis>
|
||
— frontal epicranial s.,
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EA864161FFF9C740F90360BB61CD" box="[361,389,1768,1790]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="353">les</emphasis>
|
||
—lateral epicranial s.,
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EA864161FFF9C445F90263B261CD" box="[620,652,1769,1790]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="353">ves</emphasis>
|
||
—ventral epicranial s., st—stemmata, at—antenna); B—right maxilla, dorsal view (
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EA864161FFF9C6F1F8EC603F602E" box="[216,257,1799,1821]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="353">dms</emphasis>
|
||
—dorsal malar s.,
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EA864161FFF9C797F8E360DB602E" box="[446,485,1800,1821]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="353">vms</emphasis>
|
||
—ventral malar s.,
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EA864161FFF9C482F8E363E1602E" box="[683,735,1800,1821]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="353">mpxs</emphasis>
|
||
—maxillary palps s.,
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EA864161FFF9C592F8EC62DA602E" box="[955,996,1799,1821]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="353">mbs</emphasis>
|
||
—basioventral s.,
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EA864161FFF9C2B7F8EC6585602E" box="[1182,1211,1799,1821]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="353">pfs</emphasis>
|
||
—palpiferal s.,
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EA864161FFF9C372F8E364BC602E" box="[1371,1410,1800,1821]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="353">stps</emphasis>
|
||
— stipital s.), prementum and postmentum, ventral view (
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EA864161FFF9C4F0F8CC6235600F" box="[729,779,1831,1852]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="353">prms</emphasis>
|
||
—premental s.,
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EA864161FFF9C59DF8CC62E3600F" box="[948,989,1831,1852]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="353">pms</emphasis>
|
||
—postmental s.,
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EA864161FFF9C2A6F8CE658D6008" box="[1167,1203,1829,1851]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="353">ligs</emphasis>
|
||
—ligular s.); C—right mandible (
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EA864161FFF9C72EF8AF600E6069" box="[263,304,1860,1882]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="353">mds</emphasis>
|
||
—mandible dorsal s.); D—antenna; E—labrum and clypeus (
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EA864161FFF9C59BF8AF62F06069" box="[946,974,1860,1882]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="353">cls</emphasis>
|
||
—clypeal s.,
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EA864161FFF9C273F8AF65436069" box="[1114,1149,1860,1882]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="353">lms</emphasis>
|
||
—labral s.); F—epipharynx (
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EA864161FFF9C6B6F88F61F9604A" box="[159,199,1892,1913]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="353">ams</emphasis>
|
||
—anteromedial s.,
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EA864161FFF9C7A0F8886098604A" box="[393,422,1891,1913]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="353">als</emphasis>
|
||
—anterolateral s.,
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EA864161FFF9C448F88F63B6604A" box="[609,648,1892,1913]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="353">mes</emphasis>
|
||
—median s., lr—labral rods).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="DF58661C4166FFFEC6BEF8A7646A608D" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/242038/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="354" targetBox="[171,1428,517,1837]" targetPageId="4">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9836944166FFFEC6BEF8A7646A608D" blockId="4.[151,1436,1868,1983]" pageId="4" pageNumber="354">
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EA864166FFFEC6BEF8A760246052" bold="true" box="[151,282,1868,1890]" pageId="4" pageNumber="354">FIGURE 2.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C274D174166FFFEC701F8A660EA6051" box="[296,468,1869,1890]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Lixus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="354" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="canescens">
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EA864166FFFEC701F8A660EA6051" box="[296,468,1869,1890]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="354">Lixus canescens</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
mature larva habitus: A—shape of the body (lateral view), B–lateral view of thoracic segments,C—lateral view of abdominal segment II., D—lateral view of abdominal segments VII–X (
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EA864166FFFEC28AF88765EE60B2" box="[1187,1232,1900,1921]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="354">prns</emphasis>
|
||
—pronotal s.,
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EA864166FFFEC34BF88764BC60B2" box="[1378,1410,1900,1921]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="354">prs</emphasis>
|
||
— prodorsal s.,
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EA864166FFFEC70EF86160746093" box="[295,330,1930,1952]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="354">pds</emphasis>
|
||
—postdorsal s.,
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EA864166FFFEC7D5F860632C6093" box="[508,530,1931,1952]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="354">as</emphasis>
|
||
—alar s.,
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EA864166FFFEC4ABF86063A86093" box="[642,662,1931,1952]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="354">ss</emphasis>
|
||
—spiracular s.,
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EA864166FFFEC56AF860625B6093" box="[835,869,1931,1952]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="354">eps</emphasis>
|
||
—epipleural s.,
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EA864166FFFEC23DF86065146093" box="[1044,1066,1931,1952]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="354">ps</emphasis>
|
||
—pleural s.,
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EA864166FFFEC293F86165DE6093" box="[1210,1248,1930,1952]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="354">pda</emphasis>
|
||
—pedal s.,
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EA864166FFFEC348F86164BC6093" box="[1377,1410,1930,1952]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="354">lsts</emphasis>
|
||
— laterosternal s.,
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EA864166FFFEC71EF8416067608C" box="[311,345,1962,1983]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="354">eus</emphasis>
|
||
—eusternal s.,
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EA864166FFFEC7D8F8436339608D" box="[497,519,1960,1982]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="354">ds</emphasis>
|
||
—dorsal s.,
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EA864166FFFEC4A8F84163A5608C" box="[641,667,1962,1983]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="354">sts</emphasis>
|
||
—sternal s.,
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EA864166FFFEC535F8416213608C" box="[796,813,1962,1983]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="354">ts</emphasis>
|
||
—terminal s., Th1–3, Ab1–10—number of segments).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="DF58661C4167FFFFC6BEF9D16021619F" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/242039/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="355" targetBox="[156,1434,193,1572]" targetPageId="5">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9836944167FFFFC6BEF9D16021619F" blockId="5.[151,1436,1594,1708]" pageId="5" pageNumber="355">
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EA864167FFFFC6BEF9D16024617C" bold="true" box="[151,282,1594,1616]" pageId="5" pageNumber="355">FIGURE 3.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C274D174167FFFFC70EF9D060EC6163" box="[295,466,1595,1616]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Lixus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="355" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="canescens">
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EA864167FFFFC70EF9D060EC6163" box="[295,466,1595,1616]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="355">Lixus canescens</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
pupa habitus: A—ventral view, B—dorsal view, C—lateral view (
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EA864167FFFFC29FF9D065F56163" box="[1206,1227,1595,1616]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="355">vs</emphasis>
|
||
—vertical s.,
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EA864167FFFFC34BF9D064BC6163" box="[1378,1410,1595,1616]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="355">sos</emphasis>
|
||
— superorbital s.,
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EA864167FFFFC71BF9B16076615C" box="[306,328,1626,1647]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="355">os</emphasis>
|
||
—orbital s.,
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EA864167FFFFC7EFF9B160D7615C" box="[454,489,1626,1647]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="355">pas</emphasis>
|
||
—postantennal s.,
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EA864167FFFFC48DF9B16386615C" box="[676,696,1626,1647]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="355">rs</emphasis>
|
||
—rostral s.,
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EA864167FFFFC51DF9B16274615C" box="[820,842,1626,1647]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="355">as</emphasis>
|
||
—apical s.,
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EA864167FFFFC5EAF9B262EA615C" box="[963,980,1625,1647]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="355">ls</emphasis>
|
||
—lateral s.,
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EA864167FFFFC267F9B2655A615C" box="[1102,1124,1625,1647]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="355">ds</emphasis>
|
||
—discal s.,
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EA864167FFFFC2F2F9B265C6615C" box="[1243,1272,1625,1647]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="355">pls</emphasis>
|
||
—posterolateral s.,
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EA864167FFFFC692F99261EE61BD" box="[187,208,1657,1678]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="355">cs</emphasis>
|
||
—coxal s.,
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EA864167FFFFC778F99C605361BE" box="[337,365,1655,1677]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="355">fes</emphasis>
|
||
—femoral s.,
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EA864167FFFFC42FF99C632D61BE" box="[518,531,1655,1677]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="355">d</emphasis>
|
||
—dorsal s.,
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EA864167FFFFC4B2F99C639C61BE" box="[667,674,1655,1677]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="355">l</emphasis>
|
||
—lateral s.,
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EA864167FFFFC505F992620961BD" box="[812,823,1657,1678]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="355">v</emphasis>
|
||
—ventral s., Th1–3, Ab1–9—number of segments, pcpseudocerci).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9836944167FFFCC6EEF93262CA67E6" blockId="5.[151,1437,1753,2032]" lastBlockId="6.[151,1437,151,1736]" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="356" pageId="5" pageNumber="355">
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EA864167FFFFC6EEF932608161C1" bold="true" box="[199,447,1753,1778]" pageId="5" pageNumber="355">Description of pupa.</emphasis>
|
||
COLOURATION. Body yellow. MORPHOLOGY (
|
||
<figureCitation id="131C2A114167FFFFC5FCF932652261C2" box="[981,1052,1753,1778]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1594,1616]" captionTargetBox="[156,1434,193,1572]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[150,1437,193,1573]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 3. Lixus canescens pupa habitus: A—ventral view, B—dorsal view, C—lateral view (vs — vertical s., sos — superorbital s., os — orbital s., pas — postantennal s., rs — rostral s., as — apical s., ls — lateral s., ds — discal s., pls — posterolateral s., cs — coxal s., fes — femoral s., d — dorsal s., l — lateral s., v — ventral s., Th 1 – 3, Ab 1 – 9 — number of segments, pcpseudocerci)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/242039/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="355">Figs 3</figureCitation>
|
||
A–C, 5D–E). Body length:
|
||
<quantity id="4CDF9B714167FFFFC374F93261C26026" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.59" metricValueMax="1.73" metricValueMin="1.45" pageId="5" pageNumber="355" unit="mm" value="15.9" valueMax="17.3" valueMin="14.5">14.5– 17.3 mm</quantity>
|
||
(♂ 14.5–16.0 mm; ♀
|
||
<quantity id="4CDF9B714167FFFFC7D0F916639F6025" box="[505,673,1789,1814]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.64" metricValueMax="1.73" metricValueMin="1.55" pageId="5" pageNumber="355" unit="mm" value="16.4" valueMax="17.3" valueMin="15.5">15.5–17.3 mm</quantity>
|
||
), at the widest region:
|
||
<quantity id="4CDF9B714167FFFFC58AF91665116026" box="[931,1071,1789,1814]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.2" metricValueMax="4.5" metricValueMin="3.9" pageId="5" pageNumber="355" unit="mm" value="4.2" valueMax="4.5" valueMin="3.9">3.9–4.5 mm</quantity>
|
||
. The widest place in the body is commonly between the apex of the meso- or metafemora. Body stocky, elongated, white or yellowish. Cuticle smooth. Rostrum relatively short, approximately 2.4 to 3.3 times as long as wide, extended beyond mesocoxae; females with thiner rostrum than males. Antennae relatively long and stout. Pronotum from 1.3 to 1.5 times as wide as long. Mesonotum and metanotum of almost equal length. Abdominal segments I–V of almost equal length; abdominal segment VI semicircular, next abdominal segments diminish gradually to the end of the body. Abdominal segments VII–IX distinctly smaller than other abdominal segments. Gonotheca (abdominal segment IX) in females (
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D21FD1D4164FFFCC77FFF7360D86783" box="[342,486,151,176]" pageId="6" pageNumber="356" type="generic">7 specimens</specimenCount>
|
||
) divided. Sexual dimorphism in weevils visible mainly in length of rostrum and structure of abdominal segment IX: gonotheca of ♂ undivided, of ♀ divided.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9836944164FFFCC6EEFF0A606E65C6" blockId="6.[151,1437,151,1736]" pageId="6" pageNumber="356">
|
||
CHAETOTAXY (
|
||
<figureCitation id="131C2A114164FFFCC75FFF0B608067CA" box="[374,446,224,249]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1594,1616]" captionTargetBox="[156,1434,193,1572]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[150,1437,193,1573]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 3. Lixus canescens pupa habitus: A—ventral view, B—dorsal view, C—lateral view (vs — vertical s., sos — superorbital s., os — orbital s., pas — postantennal s., rs — rostral s., as — apical s., ls — lateral s., ds — discal s., pls — posterolateral s., cs — coxal s., fes — femoral s., d — dorsal s., l — lateral s., v — ventral s., Th 1 – 3, Ab 1 – 9 — number of segments, pcpseudocerci)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/242039/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="356">Figs 3</figureCitation>
|
||
A–C). Setae relatively long, unequal in length, light yellow or orange, some setae on abdominal segments II–VIII distinctly stronger and located on protuberances. Setae well visible. Head capsule includes 1
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EA864164FFFCC73BFEC160176672" box="[274,297,298,321]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="356">vs</emphasis>
|
||
, 3
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EA864164FFFCC767FEC1604C6672" box="[334,370,298,321]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="356">sos</emphasis>
|
||
, 1
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EA864164FFFCC7BFFEC160916672" box="[406,431,298,321]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="356">os</emphasis>
|
||
and 4
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EA864164FFFCC7D4FEC1631A6672" box="[509,548,298,321]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="356">pas</emphasis>
|
||
. Rostrum with 2
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EA864164FFFCC4C2FEC1623F6672" box="[747,769,298,321]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="356">rs</emphasis>
|
||
, located on the anterior margin. Setae on head capsule and rostrum straight,
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EA864164FFFCC74AFEA560476656" box="[355,377,334,357]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="356">rs</emphasis>
|
||
and all
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EA864164FFFCC7CDFEA563356656" box="[484,523,334,357]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="356">pas</emphasis>
|
||
distinctly shorter than the remaining setae on head, thoracic and abdominal segments. Pronotum with 2
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EA864164FFFCC7E7FE9960D966BA" box="[462,487,370,393]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="356">as</emphasis>
|
||
, 2
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EA864164FFFCC420FE9A631C66B9" box="[521,546,369,394]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="356">ds</emphasis>
|
||
, 2
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EA864164FFFCC46DFE9A636966B9" box="[580,599,369,394]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="356">ls</emphasis>
|
||
and 4
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EA864164FFFCC488FE9A63FC66B9" box="[673,706,369,394]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="356">pls</emphasis>
|
||
, and 1 short seta on ventral side. Dorsal parts of mesothorax with 1 seta located posteromedially, 1 seta located posterolaterally and 4 setae located along its anterior margin. Chaetotaxy of metathorax identical to mesothoracal. Coxa with 1 very short seta. Each apex of femora with groups of 2
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EA864164FFFCC6E7FE3561D366C5" box="[206,237,478,502]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="356">fes</emphasis>
|
||
. Dorsal parts of abdominal segments I–VIII each with 2 pairs of setae located posteriorly (
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EA864164FFFCC32AFE35642166C4" box="[1283,1311,478,503]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="356">d1</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EA864164FFFCC307FE35647466C4" box="[1326,1354,478,503]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="356">d9</emphasis>
|
||
) and 7 pairs (
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EA864164FFFCC6F6FDE960296528" box="[223,279,514,539]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="356">d2–8</emphasis>
|
||
) located along theirs anterior margins. Setae
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EA864164FFFCC535FDE962BE6528" box="[796,896,514,539]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="356">d2–3, d5</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EA864164FFFCC590FDE962EB6528" box="[953,981,514,539]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="356">d7</emphasis>
|
||
(on abdominal segments III–VII) short, thorn-like, located on protuberances. Remaining setae relatively long, hair-like. Abdominal segments I–VII with groups of 2 lateral setae and 5 pairs of ventral setae. Dorsal part of abdominal segment VIII with 1 seta located posteriorly (
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EA864164FFFCC70EFD84607D65BB" box="[295,323,623,648]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="356">d9</emphasis>
|
||
) and 5 pairs (
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EA864164FFFCC7D0FD84630F65B4" box="[505,561,623,648]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="356">d3–7</emphasis>
|
||
) located along its anterior margin;
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EA864164FFFCC5CDFD84650E65BB" box="[996,1072,623,648]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="356">d3, d5</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EA864164FFFCC25DFD8465AE65BB" box="[1140,1168,623,648]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="356">d7</emphasis>
|
||
thorn-like, located on protuberances; remaining setae elongated. Abdominal segment VIII with groups of 2 lateral setae and 5 short ventral setae. Abdominal segment IX with 2 pairs of ventral microsetae and 1 pair of short, thin setae. Pseudocerci short, triangular.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9836944164FFFCC6EEFCEB62BC64B5" blockId="6.[151,1437,151,1736]" pageId="6" pageNumber="356">
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EA864164FFFCC6EEFCEB623D642A" bold="true" box="[199,771,768,793]" pageId="6" pageNumber="356">
|
||
Comparison with larvae of other
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C274D174164FFFCC476FCEB639E642B" box="[607,672,768,792]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Lixus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="356" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EA864164FFFCC476FCEB639E642B" bold="true" box="[607,672,768,792]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="356">Lixus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Larvae of 19
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C274D174164FFFCC580FCEA62D8642B" box="[937,998,769,792]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Lixus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="356" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EA864164FFFCC580FCEA62D8642B" box="[937,998,769,792]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="356">Lixus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and two
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C274D174164FFFCC27DFCEB65FB642A" box="[1108,1221,768,793]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Hypolixus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="356" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EA864164FFFCC27DFCEB65FB642A" box="[1108,1221,768,793]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="356">Hypolixus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species have been described so far (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB64B654164FFFCC771FCCF60D8640E" author="Scherf" box="[344,486,804,829]" pageId="6" pageNumber="356" refString="Scherf, H. (1964) Die Entwicklungsstadien der mitteleuropaischen Curculioniden (Morphologie, Bionomie, Okologie). Abhandlungen der Senckenbergischen Naturforschenden Gesellschaft, 506, 1 - 335." type="journal article" year="1964">Scherf 1964</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB64B654164FFFCC7DBFCCE63CB640E" author="Lee" box="[498,757,804,829]" pageId="6" pageNumber="356" refString="Lee, C. Y. & Morimoto, K. (1988) Larvae of the family Curculionidae of Japan. Part 2. Hyperinae to Cioninae (Insecta: Coleoptera). Journal of the Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, 33 (1 - 2), 131 - 152." type="journal article" year="1988">Lee & Morimoto 1988</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB64B654164FFFCC528FCCF6298640E" author="Nikulina" box="[769,934,804,829]" pageId="6" pageNumber="356" refString="Nikulina, O. N. (2001) Larval morphology of the weevil genus Lixus (Coleoptera, Curculionidae) from Middle Asia. Entomological Review, 81, 809 - 823. [Original text published in Russian in Zoologicheskiy Zhurnal, 80 (10), 183 - 195]" type="journal article" year="2001">Nikulina 2001</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB64B654164FFFCC598FCCE62D3640E" author="Nikulina" box="[945,1005,805,829]" pageId="6" pageNumber="356" refString="Nikulina, O. N. (2007) New data on larvae of weevils of the genus Lixus (Coleoptera, Curculionidae) from Central Asia. Entomological Review, 87, 750 - 756. [Original text published in Russian in Zoologicheskiy Zhurnal, 86 (9), 1086 - 1092] http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1134 / s 0013873807060103" type="journal article" year="2007">2007</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB64B654164FFFCC5D0FCCE65B4640E" author="Zotov" box="[1017,1162,805,829]" pageId="6" pageNumber="356" refString="Zotov, A. A. (2009 a) Morphology of the preimaginal stages of three species of weevil of the Lixini (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Caucasian Entomological Bulletin, 5 (1), 81 - 90. [Original text published in Russian in Kavkazskiy Entomologicheskiy Byulleten, 5 (1), 81 - 90]" type="journal article" year="2009" yearSuffix="a">Zotov 2009a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB64B654164FFFCC2BFFCCF6599640E" author="Zotov" box="[1174,1191,804,829]" pageId="6" pageNumber="356" refString="Zotov, A. A. (2009 b) Morphology of the preimaginal stages of weevil Lixus iridis Olivier, 1807 (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Caucasian Entomological Bulletin, 5 (2), 249 - 252. [Original text published in Russian in Kavkazskiy Entomologicheskiy Byulleten, 5 (2), 249 - 252]" type="journal article" year="2009" yearSuffix="b">b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB64B654164FFFCC29AFCCF61EF6452" author="Nikulina" pageId="6" pageNumber="356" refString="Nikulina, O. N. & Gultekin, L. (2011) Larval morphology of Lixus cardui Olivier and Lixus filiformis (Fabricius) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae): biological control agents for Scotch and musk thistles. Australian Journal of Entomology, 50, 253 - 257." type="journal article" year="2011">Nikulina & Gültekin 2011</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB64B654164FFFCC6F5FCA260F36452" author="Gosik" box="[220,461,841,866]" pageId="6" pageNumber="356" refString="Gosik, R. & Wanat, M. (2014) Descriptions of immature stages of the weevil Lixus punctiventris Boheman, 1835 (Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Lixini). Zootaxa, 3754 (2), 159 - 172. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3754.2.5" type="journal article" year="2014">Gosik & Wanat 2014</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), but a detailed description of the pupa is known for only 7
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C274D174164FFFCC24EFCA1659A6452" box="[1127,1188,842,865]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Lixus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="356" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EA864164FFFCC24EFCA1659A6452" box="[1127,1188,842,865]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="356">Lixus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB64B654164FFFCC323FCA264A96451" author="Scherf" box="[1290,1431,841,866]" pageId="6" pageNumber="356" refString="Scherf, H. (1964) Die Entwicklungsstadien der mitteleuropaischen Curculioniden (Morphologie, Bionomie, Okologie). Abhandlungen der Senckenbergischen Naturforschenden Gesellschaft, 506, 1 - 335." type="journal article" year="1964">Scherf 1964</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB64B654164FFFCC6BEFC85601664B5" author="Zotov" box="[151,296,878,902]" pageId="6" pageNumber="356" refString="Zotov, A. A. (2009 a) Morphology of the preimaginal stages of three species of weevil of the Lixini (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Caucasian Entomological Bulletin, 5 (1), 81 - 90. [Original text published in Russian in Kavkazskiy Entomologicheskiy Byulleten, 5 (1), 81 - 90]" type="journal article" year="2009" yearSuffix="a">Zotov 2009a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB64B654164FFFCC71AFC86607A64B5" author="Zotov" box="[307,324,877,902]" pageId="6" pageNumber="356" refString="Zotov, A. A. (2009 b) Morphology of the preimaginal stages of weevil Lixus iridis Olivier, 1807 (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Caucasian Entomological Bulletin, 5 (2), 249 - 252. [Original text published in Russian in Kavkazskiy Entomologicheskiy Byulleten, 5 (2), 249 - 252]" type="journal article" year="2009" yearSuffix="b">b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB64B654164FFFCC779FC86634764B5" author="Nikulina" box="[336,633,877,902]" pageId="6" pageNumber="356" refString="Nikulina, O. N. & Gultekin, L. (2011) Larval morphology of Lixus cardui Olivier and Lixus filiformis (Fabricius) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae): biological control agents for Scotch and musk thistles. Australian Journal of Entomology, 50, 253 - 257." type="journal article" year="2011">Nikulina & Gültekin 2011</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB64B654164FFFCC4ACFC86624864B5" author="Gosik" box="[645,886,877,902]" pageId="6" pageNumber="356" refString="Gosik, R. & Wanat, M. (2014) Descriptions of immature stages of the weevil Lixus punctiventris Boheman, 1835 (Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Lixini). Zootaxa, 3754 (2), 159 - 172. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3754.2.5" type="journal article" year="2014">Gosik & Wanat 2014</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9836944164FFFCC6EEFC7960746227" blockId="6.[151,1437,151,1736]" pageId="6" pageNumber="356">
|
||
At this time,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB64B654164FFFCC74AFC7A63246499" author="Nikulina" box="[355,538,913,938]" pageId="6" pageNumber="356" refString="Nikulina, O. N. (2001) Larval morphology of the weevil genus Lixus (Coleoptera, Curculionidae) from Middle Asia. Entomological Review, 81, 809 - 823. [Original text published in Russian in Zoologicheskiy Zhurnal, 80 (10), 183 - 195]" type="journal article" year="2001">Nikulina (2001)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
has presented the most precise general larval description of the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C274D174164FFFCC371FC7964AA649A" box="[1368,1428,914,937]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Lixus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="356" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EA864164FFFCC371FC7964AA649A" box="[1368,1428,914,937]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="356">Lixus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, which can be summarised by 19 character sets (for details see
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB64B654164FFFCC565FC5E62D364FD" author="Nikulina" box="[844,1005,949,974]" pageId="6" pageNumber="356" refString="Nikulina, O. N. (2001) Larval morphology of the weevil genus Lixus (Coleoptera, Curculionidae) from Middle Asia. Entomological Review, 81, 809 - 823. [Original text published in Russian in Zoologicheskiy Zhurnal, 80 (10), 183 - 195]" type="journal article" year="2001">Nikulina 2001</bibRefCitation>
|
||
or
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB64B654164FFFCC238FC5E643C64FD" author="Gosik" box="[1041,1282,949,974]" pageId="6" pageNumber="356" refString="Gosik, R. & Wanat, M. (2014) Descriptions of immature stages of the weevil Lixus punctiventris Boheman, 1835 (Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Lixini). Zootaxa, 3754 (2), 159 - 172. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3754.2.5" type="journal article" year="2014">Gosik & Wanat 2014</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The larva of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C274D174164FFFCC6BEFC30601864C1" box="[151,294,987,1010]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Lixus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="356" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="canescens">
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EA864164FFFCC6BEFC30601864C1" box="[151,294,987,1010]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="356">L. canescens</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
fits all of these characters, with just a few exceptions, partly resulting from differences in terminology (for details see
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB64B654164FFFCC761FC1563016324" author="Gosik" box="[328,575,1022,1047]" pageId="6" pageNumber="356" refString="Gosik, R. & Wanat, M. (2014) Descriptions of immature stages of the weevil Lixus punctiventris Boheman, 1835 (Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Lixini). Zootaxa, 3754 (2), 159 - 172. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3754.2.5" type="journal article" year="2014">Gosik & Wanat 2014</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB64B654164FFFCC47DFC1562376324" author="Nikulina" box="[596,777,1022,1047]" pageId="6" pageNumber="356" refString="Nikulina, O. N. (2001) Larval morphology of the weevil genus Lixus (Coleoptera, Curculionidae) from Middle Asia. Entomological Review, 81, 809 - 823. [Original text published in Russian in Zoologicheskiy Zhurnal, 80 (10), 183 - 195]" type="journal article" year="2001">Nikulina (2001)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
also published the only comprehensive and known larval key available in this genus. The larva of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C274D174164FFFCC455FBCF62316308" box="[636,783,1060,1083]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Lixus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="356" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="canescens">
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EA864164FFFCC455FBCF62316308" box="[636,783,1060,1083]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="356">L. canescens</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
fits most affinities to the larva of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C274D174164FFFCC283FBCF64A26308" authority="Faust, 1888" authorityName="Faust" authorityYear="1888" box="[1194,1436,1058,1083]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Lixus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="356" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="linnei">
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EA864164FFFCC283FBCF64356308" box="[1194,1291,1058,1083]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="356">L. linnei</emphasis>
|
||
Faust, 1888
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(abdominal segment X with only one seta on dorsal side, mainly on lateral lobes). The differences are as follows: prothoracic tergite with only 7
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EA864164FFFCC42DFB87631563B0" box="[516,555,1132,1155]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="356">prn</emphasis>
|
||
on sclerotised area (vs. 8
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EA864164FFFCC54CFB8762B263B0" box="[869,908,1132,1155]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="356">prn</emphasis>
|
||
); clypeus less than twice as wide as labrum; maxilla stipes with short 1
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EA864164FFFCC7E1FB6460CB639B" box="[456,501,1167,1192]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="356">mbs</emphasis>
|
||
(vs. without
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EA864164FFFCC4A2FB646386639B" box="[651,696,1167,1192]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="356">mbs</emphasis>
|
||
(it could be also easily overlooked because it very often minute); prodorsum on abdominal segment IX with only 4
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EA864164FFFCC4E1FB5863DE63FF" box="[712,736,1203,1228]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="356">ds</emphasis>
|
||
(vs. 5
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EA864164FFFCC507FB58627963FF" box="[814,839,1203,1228]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="356">ds</emphasis>
|
||
), and 3 very short
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EA864164FFFCC232FB5E650A63FF" box="[1051,1076,1205,1228]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="356">ps</emphasis>
|
||
(vs. 1 long
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EA864164FFFCC293FB5E65ED63FF" box="[1210,1235,1205,1228]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="356">ps</emphasis>
|
||
). The precise key and detailed subgeneric study in the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C274D174164FFFCC454FB32638463C3" box="[637,698,1241,1264]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Lixus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="356" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EA864164FFFCC454FB32638463C3" box="[637,698,1241,1264]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="356">Lixus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is currently not possible because our knowledge of the immature stages is scarce.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9836944164FFFCC6EEFACA60CB61FB" blockId="6.[151,1437,151,1736]" pageId="6" pageNumber="356">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB64B654164FFFCC6EEFACA6072620A" author="May" box="[199,332,1313,1337]" pageId="6" pageNumber="356" refString="May, B. M. (1993) Fauna of New Zealand, 28. Larvae of Curculionoidea (Insecta: Coleoptera): a systematic overview." type="book chapter" year="1993">May (1993)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
considered the increased number of
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EA864164FFFCC4C0FACB622E620A" box="[745,784,1312,1337]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="356">pds</emphasis>
|
||
on meso- and metathorax and abdominal segments I–VII, and the increased number of epipharyngeal lining setae (
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EA864164FFFCC538FAAF620F626E" box="[785,817,1348,1373]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="356">als</emphasis>
|
||
) (i.e., higher than the most frequent number of setae in weevils) as diagnostic for the mature larva of the subfamily
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C274D174164FFFCC56DFA8262A362B1" box="[836,925,1385,1410]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="356" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Lixinae">Lixinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Descriptions of mature larvae from the tribe
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C274D174164FFFCC6BEFA6661E56295" box="[151,219,1421,1446]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="356" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Lixini">Lixini</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C274D174164FFFCC6DBFA6560776296" box="[242,329,1422,1445]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Larinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="356" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EA864164FFFCC6DBFA6560776296" box="[242,329,1422,1445]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="356">Larinus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species:
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB64B654164FFFCC794FA65636B6295" author="Zotov" box="[445,597,1422,1446]" pageId="6" pageNumber="356" refString="Zotov, A. A. (2009 a) Morphology of the preimaginal stages of three species of weevil of the Lixini (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Caucasian Entomological Bulletin, 5 (1), 81 - 90. [Original text published in Russian in Kavkazskiy Entomologicheskiy Byulleten, 5 (1), 81 - 90]" type="journal article" year="2009" yearSuffix="a">Zotov 2009a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB64B654164FFFCC44EFA65639C6295" author="Zotov" box="[615,674,1422,1446]" pageId="6" pageNumber="356" refString="Zotov, A. A. (2010) Morphology of preimaginal stages of the genus Larinus Dejean, 1821 (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Part I. Caucasian Entomological Bulletin, 6 (2), 171 - 178." type="journal article" year="2010">2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB64B654164FFFCC49DFA6662D66295" author="Gosik" box="[692,1000,1421,1446]" pageId="6" pageNumber="356" refString="Gosik, R. & Skuhrovec, J. (2011) Descriptions of mature larvae and pupae of the genus Larinus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae, Lixinae). Zootaxa, 3019, 1 - 25." type="journal article" year="2011">Gosik & Skuhrovec 2011</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C274D174164FFFCC5D3FA6565086296" box="[1018,1078,1422,1445]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Lixus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="356" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EA864164FFFCC5D3FA6565086296" box="[1018,1078,1422,1445]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="356">Lixus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species:
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB64B654164FFFCC283FA6664036295" author="Scherf" box="[1194,1341,1421,1446]" pageId="6" pageNumber="356" refString="Scherf, H. (1964) Die Entwicklungsstadien der mitteleuropaischen Curculioniden (Morphologie, Bionomie, Okologie). Abhandlungen der Senckenbergischen Naturforschenden Gesellschaft, 506, 1 - 335." type="journal article" year="1964">Scherf 1964</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB64B654164FFFCC367FA65606C62F9" author="Lee" pageId="6" pageNumber="356" refString="Lee, C. Y. & Morimoto, K. (1988) Larvae of the family Curculionidae of Japan. Part 2. Hyperinae to Cioninae (Insecta: Coleoptera). Journal of the Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, 33 (1 - 2), 131 - 152." type="journal article" year="1988">Lee & Morimoto 1988</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB64B654164FFFCC74CFA5A632E62F9" author="Nikulina" box="[357,528,1457,1482]" pageId="6" pageNumber="356" refString="Nikulina, O. N. (2001) Larval morphology of the weevil genus Lixus (Coleoptera, Curculionidae) from Middle Asia. Entomological Review, 81, 809 - 823. [Original text published in Russian in Zoologicheskiy Zhurnal, 80 (10), 183 - 195]" type="journal article" year="2001">Nikulina 2001</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB64B654164FFFCC40AFA59636062F9" author="Nikulina" box="[547,606,1458,1482]" pageId="6" pageNumber="356" refString="Nikulina, O. N. (2007) New data on larvae of weevils of the genus Lixus (Coleoptera, Curculionidae) from Central Asia. Entomological Review, 87, 750 - 756. [Original text published in Russian in Zoologicheskiy Zhurnal, 86 (9), 1086 - 1092] http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1134 / s 0013873807060103" type="journal article" year="2007">2007</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB64B654164FFFCC458FA59623762F9" author="Zotov" box="[625,777,1458,1482]" pageId="6" pageNumber="356" refString="Zotov, A. A. (2009 a) Morphology of the preimaginal stages of three species of weevil of the Lixini (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Caucasian Entomological Bulletin, 5 (1), 81 - 90. [Original text published in Russian in Kavkazskiy Entomologicheskiy Byulleten, 5 (1), 81 - 90]" type="journal article" year="2009" yearSuffix="a">Zotov 2009a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB64B654164FFFCC535FA5A621362F9" author="Zotov" box="[796,813,1457,1482]" pageId="6" pageNumber="356" refString="Zotov, A. A. (2009 b) Morphology of the preimaginal stages of weevil Lixus iridis Olivier, 1807 (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Caucasian Entomological Bulletin, 5 (2), 249 - 252. [Original text published in Russian in Kavkazskiy Entomologicheskiy Byulleten, 5 (2), 249 - 252]" type="journal article" year="2009" yearSuffix="b">b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB64B654164FFFCC569FA5A654162F9" author="Nikulina" box="[832,1151,1457,1482]" pageId="6" pageNumber="356" refString="Nikulina, O. N. & Gultekin, L. (2011) Larval morphology of Lixus cardui Olivier and Lixus filiformis (Fabricius) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae): biological control agents for Scotch and musk thistles. Australian Journal of Entomology, 50, 253 - 257." type="journal article" year="2011">Nikulina & Gültekin 2011</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB64B654164FFFCC2BBFA5A64A962F9" author="Gosik" box="[1170,1431,1457,1482]" pageId="6" pageNumber="356" refString="Gosik, R. & Wanat, M. (2014) Descriptions of immature stages of the weevil Lixus punctiventris Boheman, 1835 (Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Lixini). Zootaxa, 3754 (2), 159 - 172. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3754.2.5" type="journal article" year="2014">Gosik & Wanat 2014</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C274D174164FFFCC6BEFA3E60C362DD" authority="May 1994" authorityName="May" authorityYear="1994" box="[151,509,1493,1519]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Rhinocyllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="356" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="conicus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EA864164FFFCC6BEFA3E604662DD" box="[151,376,1493,1518]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="356">Rhinocyllus conicus</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB64B654164FFFCC7A1FA3C60C362DD" author="May" box="[392,509,1494,1519]" pageId="6" pageNumber="356" refString="May, B. M. (1994) An introduction to the immature stages of Australian Curculionoidea, subfamily Bagoinae. In: Zimmerman, E. C. (Ed.), Australian weevils (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Vol, 2. CSIRO, Melbourne, pp. 533 - 535." type="journal article" year="1994">May 1994</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) fit this diagnosis, as do all known species from the tribe
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C274D174164FFFCC2B8FA3E65CC62DD" box="[1169,1266,1493,1518]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="356" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Cleonini">Cleonini</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB64B654164FFFCC328FA3E61EC6121" author="Stejskal" pageId="6" pageNumber="356" refString="Stejskal, R., Trnka, F. & Skuhrovec, J. (2014) Biology and morphology of immature stages of Coniocleonus nigrosuturatus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Lixinae). Acta Entomologica Musei Nationalis Pragae, 54 (1), 337 - 354." type="journal article" year="2014">
|
||
Stejskal
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EA864164FFFCC34AFA3C64A262DD" box="[1379,1436,1493,1518]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="356">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2014
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB64B654164FFFCC6F4FA11609C6120" author="Trnka" box="[221,418,1530,1555]" pageId="6" pageNumber="356" refString="Trnka, F., Stejskal, R. & Skuhrovec, J. (2015) Biology and morphology of immature stages of Adosomus roridus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Lixinae). Zootaxa, 4021 (3), 433 - 446. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4021.3.3" type="journal article" year="2015">
|
||
Trnka
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EA864164FFFCC70FFA1060616120" box="[294,351,1530,1555]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="356">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2015
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB64B654164FFFCC79CFA11638B6121" author="Gosik" box="[437,693,1530,1555]" pageId="6" pageNumber="356" refString="Gosik, R. & Wanat, M. (2014) Descriptions of immature stages of the weevil Lixus punctiventris Boheman, 1835 (Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Lixini). Zootaxa, 3754 (2), 159 - 172. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3754.2.5" type="journal article" year="2014">Gosik & Wanat (2014)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
compared the larva and pupa of the genera
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C274D174164FFFCC28BFA1065E06121" box="[1186,1246,1531,1554]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Lixus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="356" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EA864164FFFCC28BFA1065E06121" box="[1186,1246,1531,1554]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="356">Lixus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C274D174164FFFCC33CFA1064526121" box="[1301,1388,1531,1554]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Larinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="356" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EA864164FFFCC33CFA1064526121" box="[1301,1388,1531,1554]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="356">Larinus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and determined their differential characters. Currently, the comparison of both tribes including key and detailed generic studies are impossible because of our limited knowledge of immature stages. The main problem is that we are unable to divide the morphological characteristics in this group into (i) characteristics useful for phylogenetics and (ii) characteristics useful for species identification. Once this categorisation is complete, it will be possible to use it for future phylogenetic studies.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |