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<subSubSection id="F682653EFFBA6F76A1FBA41F4F8BB726" box="[151,484,569,595]" pageId="88" pageNumber="89" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="BE2736B5FFBA6F76A1FBA41F4F8BB726" blockId="88.[151,484,569,595]" box="[151,484,569,595]" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">
<heading id="E56F81D9FFBA6F76A1FBA41F4F8BB726" bold="true" box="[151,484,569,595]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="88" pageNumber="89" reason="1">
<emphasis id="8CECEAA7FFBA6F76A1FBA41F4F8BB726" bold="true" box="[151,484,569,595]" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">
<taxonomicName id="79984D36FFBA6F76A1FBA41F4F5DB726" ID-CoL="8DYVB" ID-ENA="357444" authorityName="Friederichs" authorityYear="1920" box="[151,306,569,595]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="88" pageNumber="111" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="noelleri">NOELLERI</taxonomicName>
species-group
</emphasis>
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<paragraph id="BE2736B5FFBA6F76A1FBA4594FBEB7ED" blockId="88.[151,1437,639,2033]" box="[151,465,639,664]" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">
<taxonomicName id="79984D36FFBA6F76A1FBA4594FBEB7ED" authority="Walker" authorityName="Walker" authorityYear="1848" box="[151,465,639,664]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="88" pageNumber="89" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="decorum">
<emphasis id="8CECEAA7FFBA6F76A1FBA4594F13B7ED" bold="true" box="[151,380,639,664]" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">Simulium decorum</emphasis>
Walker
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="BE2736B5FFBA6F76A1ABA4824AE1B795" blockId="88.[151,1437,639,2033]" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">
<bibRefCitation id="DA094B44FFBA6F76A1ABA4824F00B7C8" author="Zimring" box="[199,367,676,701]" firstAuthor="Zimring" pageId="88" pageNumber="89" refId="ref121444" refString="Zimring, R. (1953) A comparative study of the salivary gland chromosomes of five related black fly species. M. A. thesis. University of Toronto. Toronto, Ontario, Canada, 32 pp. + 13 plates." type="book" year="1953">
Zimring (
<number id="08502492FFBA6F76A058A4824F00B7C8" box="[308,367,676,701]" pageId="88" pageNumber="89" value="1953.0">1953</number>
</bibRefCitation>
, description; idiogram; photos of centromere regions, low-magnification III, nucleolar region, and portions of all chromosomes; polytene chromosome relative lengths):
<collectingCountry id="C68F7625FFBA6F76A556A4E14AE1B795" box="[1082,1166,711,736]" name="Canada" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">Canada</collectingCountry>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="BE2736B5FFBA6F76A1ABA4CA4A68B670" blockId="88.[151,1437,639,2033]" box="[199,1031,748,773]" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">
Rothfels, Feraday &amp; Kaneps (
<number id="08502492FFBA6F76A379A4CA4C3FB671" box="[533,592,748,772]" pageId="88" pageNumber="89" value="1978.0">1978</number>
, note on IIS sequence): North
<collectingCountry id="C68F7625FFBA6F76A2CAA4CA4A68B670" box="[934,1031,748,773]" name="United States of America" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">America</collectingCountry>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="BE2736B5FFBA6F76A1ABA5294C9AB65D" blockId="88.[151,1437,639,2033]" box="[199,757,783,808]" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">
<bibRefCitation id="DA094B44FFBA6F76A1ABA5294F1EB65D" author="Rothfels" box="[199,369,783,808]" firstAuthor="Rothfels" pageId="88" pageNumber="89" pagination="507 - 539" refId="ref116206" refString="Rothfels, K. H. (1979) Cytotaxonomy of black flies (Simuliidae). Annual Review of Entomology, 24, 507 - 539. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1146 / annurev. en. 24.010179.002451" type="journal article" year="1979">
Rothfels (
<number id="08502492FFBA6F76A059A5364F1EB65D" box="[309,369,784,808]" pageId="88" pageNumber="89" value="1979.0">1979</number>
</bibRefCitation>
, cytodendrogram): North
<collectingCountry id="C68F7625FFBA6F76A3F8A5294C9AB65D" box="[660,757,783,808]" name="United States of America" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">America</collectingCountry>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="BE2736B5FFBA6F76A1ABA5124C96B638" blockId="88.[151,1437,639,2033]" box="[199,761,820,845]" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">
<bibRefCitation id="DA094B44FFBA6F76A1ABA5124F03B639" author="Feraday" box="[199,364,820,845]" firstAuthor="Feraday" pageId="88" pageNumber="89" pagination="1989" refId="ref97321" refString="Feraday, R. M. (1980) The polytene chromosomes of the Simulium ornatum-decorum lineage (Diptera: Simulidae). Master's thesis, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada. [Cited, inter alia, by the following authors: Feraday, Leonhardt &amp; Brockhouse 1989; Leonhardt &amp; Feraday 1989; Rothfels 1989. [Reference not seen; copies of this thesis are no longer available for public access.]" type="journal article" year="1980">
Feraday (
<number id="08502492FFBA6F76A05CA5124F03B639" box="[304,364,820,844]" pageId="88" pageNumber="89" value="1980.0">1980</number>
</bibRefCitation>
, reference not seen): North
<collectingCountry id="C68F7625FFBA6F76A3F7A5124C96B638" box="[667,761,820,845]" name="United States of America" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">America</collectingCountry>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="BE2736B5FFBA6F76A1ABA5714D94B6E1" blockId="88.[151,1437,639,2033]" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">
Feraday in
<bibRefCitation id="DA094B44FFBA6F76A022A5714C66B605" author="Rothfels" box="[334,521,855,880]" firstAuthor="Rothfels" pageId="88" pageNumber="89" pagination="19 - 29" refId="ref116320" refString="Rothfels, K. [H.] (1981 a) Cytotaxonomy: principles and their application to some northern species-complexes in Simulium. In: Laird, M. (Ed.), Blackflies: the Future for Biological Methods in Integrated Control. Academic Press, London, United Kingdom, pp. 19 - 29." type="book chapter" year="1981" yearSuffix="a">
Rothfels (
<number id="08502492FFBA6F76A0ADA57E4F93B605" box="[449,508,856,880]" pageId="88" pageNumber="89" value="1981.0">1981</number>
a
</bibRefCitation>
, notes on comparison with
<taxonomicName id="79984D36FFBA6F76A238A57E4DA4B605" authorityName="Friederichs" authorityYear="1920" box="[852,971,855,880]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="88" pageNumber="89" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="noelleri">
<emphasis id="8CECEAA7FFBA6F76A238A57E4DA4B605" box="[852,971,855,880]" italics="true" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">S. noelleri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
[as
<taxonomicName id="79984D36FFBA6F76A568A57E4ACAB605" authorityName="Meigen" box="[1028,1189,856,880]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="88" pageNumber="89" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="argyreatum">
<emphasis id="8CECEAA7FFBA6F76A568A57E4A7DB61A" box="[1028,1042,856,879]" italics="true" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">S</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="8CECEAA7FFBA6F76A548A57F4ACAB605" box="[1060,1189,857,880]" italics="true" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">argyreatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and ‘Fort Churchill’ sibling], geographic variation, and sex chromosomes):
<collectingCountry id="C68F7625FFBA6F76A20DA55A4DD7B6E0" box="[865,952,892,917]" name="Canada" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">Canada</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="C68F7625FFBA6F76A2AFA55A4D94B6E1" box="[963,1019,892,916]" name="United States of America" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">USA</collectingCountry>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="BE2736B5FFBA6F76A1ABA5B94D4EB6A8" blockId="88.[151,1437,639,2033]" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">
<bibRefCitation id="DA094B44FFBA6F76A1ABA5B94F02B6CD" author="Feraday" box="[199,365,927,952]" firstAuthor="Feraday" pageId="88" pageNumber="89" pagination="748 - 751" refId="ref97399" refString="Feraday, R. [M.] (1984) Weak male-determining genes and female heterogamety in Chironomus tentans. Canadian Journal of Genetics and Cytology, 26, 748 - 751. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1139 / g 84 - 118" type="journal article" year="1984">
Feraday (
<number id="08502492FFBA6F76A05DA5864F02B6CD" box="[305,365,928,952]" pageId="88" pageNumber="89" value="1984.0">1984</number>
</bibRefCitation>
, description of hybridization model with
<taxonomicName id="79984D36FFBA6F76A22DA5864DDBB6CD" authorityName="Friederichs" authorityYear="1920" box="[833,948,927,952]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="88" pageNumber="89" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="noelleri">
<emphasis id="8CECEAA7FFBA6F76A22DA5864DDBB6CD" box="[833,948,927,952]" italics="true" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">S. noelleri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
[as ‘Churchill’ sibling] to test evolution of female heterogamety, idiograms): North
<collectingCountry id="C68F7625FFBA6F76A3ADA5E24D4EB6A8" box="[705,801,964,989]" name="United States of America" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">America</collectingCountry>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="BE2736B5FFBA6F76A1ABA5C14FFCB151" blockId="88.[151,1437,639,2033]" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">
Feraday in
<bibRefCitation id="DA094B44FFBA6F76A022A5C14F92B175" author="Rothfels" box="[334,509,999,1024]" firstAuthor="Rothfels" pageId="88" pageNumber="89" pagination="500 - 509" refId="ref116531" refString="Rothfels, K. [H.] (1989) Speciation in black flies. Genome, 32, 500 - 509. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1139 / g 89 - 475" type="journal article" year="1989">
Rothfels (
<number id="08502492FFBA6F76A0ADA5CE4F92B175" box="[449,509,1000,1024]" pageId="88" pageNumber="89" value="1989.0">1989</number>
</bibRefCitation>
, notes on linkage disequilibrium and sex chromosomes; as ‘southern sibling’):
<collectingCountry id="C68F7625FFBA6F76A195A22A4F3FB150" box="[249,336,1036,1061]" name="Canada" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">Canada</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="C68F7625FFBA6F76A037A22A4FFCB151" box="[347,403,1036,1060]" name="United States of America" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">USA</collectingCountry>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="BE2736B5FFBA6F76A1ABA2094A95B13D" blockId="88.[151,1437,639,2033]" box="[199,1274,1071,1096]" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">
<bibRefCitation id="DA094B44FFBA6F76A1ABA2094C6CB13D" author="Feraday &amp; Leonhardt" box="[199,515,1071,1096]" firstAuthor="Feraday" pageId="88" pageNumber="89" pagination="543 - 549" refId="ref105781" refString="Leonhardt, K. G. &amp; Feraday, R. M. (1989) Sex chromosome evolution and population differentiation in the Eusimulium aureum group of black flies. Genome, 32, 543 - 549. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1139 / g 89 - 481" type="journal article" year="1989">
Feraday &amp; Leonhardt (
<number id="08502492FFBA6F76A0ABA2164C6CB13D" box="[455,515,1072,1096]" pageId="88" pageNumber="89" value="1989.0">1989</number>
</bibRefCitation>
, notes on geographic variation and linkage disequilibrium):
<collectingCountry id="C68F7625FFBA6F76A5CAA2094A95B13D" box="[1190,1274,1071,1096]" name="Canada" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">Canada</collectingCountry>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="BE2736B5FFBA6F76A1ABA2724A13B118" blockId="88.[151,1437,639,2033]" box="[199,1148,1108,1133]" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">
<bibRefCitation id="DA094B44FFBA6F76A1ABA2724C63B119" author="Adler, Currie &amp; Wood" box="[199,524,1108,1133]" firstAuthor="Adler" pageId="88" pageNumber="89" refId="ref85312" refString="Adler, P. H., Currie, D. C. &amp; Wood, D. M. (2004) The Black Flies (Simuliidae) of North America. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, NY, xv + 941 pp. + 24 color plates." type="book" year="2004">
Adler, Currie &amp; Wood (
<number id="08502492FFBA6F76A0BCA2724C63B119" box="[464,524,1108,1132]" pageId="88" pageNumber="89" value="2004.0">2004</number>
</bibRefCitation>
, chromosomal characters in larval key): North
<collectingCountry id="C68F7625FFBA6F76A570A2724A13B118" box="[1052,1148,1108,1133]" name="United States of America" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">America</collectingCountry>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="BE2736B5FFBA6F76A1FBA2514F9EB1E5" blockId="88.[151,1437,639,2033]" box="[151,497,1143,1168]" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">
<taxonomicName id="79984D36FFBA6F76A1FBA2514F9EB1E5" authority="Friederichs" authorityName="Friederichs" authorityYear="1920" box="[151,497,1143,1168]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="88" pageNumber="89" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="noelleri">
<emphasis id="8CECEAA7FFBA6F76A1FBA2514F02B1E5" bold="true" box="[151,365,1143,1168]" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">Simulium noelleri</emphasis>
Friederichs
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="BE2736B5FFBA6F76A1ABA2BA4A22B1C0" blockId="88.[151,1437,639,2033]" box="[199,1101,1180,1205]" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">
<bibRefCitation id="DA094B44FFBA6F76A1ABA2BA4C22B1C0" author="Chubareva, L. A. &amp; Shcherbakov, E. S." box="[199,589,1180,1205]" firstAuthor="Chubareva" journalOrPublisher="Akademiya Nauk SSSR, Leningrad [St. Petersburg,] Russia" pageId="88" pageNumber="89" pagination="66 - 67" refId="ref93561" refString="Chubareva, L. A. &amp; Shcherbakov, E. S. (1963 a) Some karyotypic data on polyploid populations in the family Simuliidae. In: Vtoroe Sovetshchanie po Poliploidii [Second Conference on Polyploidy], 14 - 18 Yanvarya [January] 1963 g. Tezisy Dokladov [Abstracts,] Akademiya Nauk SSSR, Leningrad [St. Petersburg,] Russia, pp. 66 - 67. [In Russian.]" title="Some karyotypic data on polyploid populations in the family Simuliidae" type="book chapter" volumeTitle="Vtoroe Sovetshchanie po Poliploidii [Second Conference on Polyploidy], 14 - 18 Yanvarya [January] 1963 g. Tezisy Dokladov [Abstracts,]" year="1963" yearSuffix="a">
Chubareva &amp; Shcherbakov (
<number id="08502492FFBA6F76A369A2BA4C2FB1C0" box="[517,576,1180,1205]" pageId="88" pageNumber="89" value="1963.0">1963</number>
a
</bibRefCitation>
, notes on general polytene features): [
<collectingCountry id="C68F7625FFBA6F76A29AA2BA4A29B1C0" box="[1014,1094,1180,1205]" name="Russia" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">Russia</collectingCountry>
]
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="BE2736B5FFBA6F76A1ABA2994C94B188" blockId="88.[151,1437,639,2033]" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">
<bibRefCitation id="DA094B44FFBA6F76A1ABA2994C09B1AD" author="Chubareva &amp; Shcherbakov" box="[199,614,1215,1240]" firstAuthor="Chubareva" pageId="88" pageNumber="89" pagination="1183 - 1185" refId="ref93642" refString="Chubareva, L. A. &amp; Shcherbakov, E. S. (1963 b) Study of karyotypes of some blackfly species (fam. Simuliidae). Doklady Akademii Nauk SSSR, 153, 1183 - 1185. [In Russian.]" type="journal article" year="1963" yearSuffix="b">
Chubareva &amp; Shcherbakov (
<number id="08502492FFBA6F76A371A2994C38B1AD" box="[541,599,1215,1240]" pageId="88" pageNumber="89" value="1963.0">1963</number>
b
</bibRefCitation>
, notes on general polytene features, photos of metaphase and lowmagnification polytene complements):
<collectingCountry id="C68F7625FFBA6F76A3DCA2C24C94B188" box="[688,763,1252,1277]" name="Russia" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">Russia</collectingCountry>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="BE2736B5FFBA6F76A1ABA3214ADFB055" blockId="88.[151,1437,639,2033]" box="[199,1200,1287,1312]" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">
<bibRefCitation id="DA094B44FFBA6F76A1ABA3214FDFB055" author="Shcherbakov" box="[199,432,1287,1312]" firstAuthor="Shcherbakov" pageId="88" pageNumber="89" pagination="653 - 666" refId="ref117709" refString="Shcherbakov, E. S. (1965 a) Seasonal dynamics of blackfly larvae (Simuliidae, Diptera) with different karyotypes and genome polymorphism. Zhurnal Obshchei Biologii, 26, 653 - 666. [In Russian with English summary.]" type="journal article" year="1965" yearSuffix="a">
Shcherbakov (
<number id="08502492FFBA6F76A004A3214FCCB055" box="[360,419,1287,1312]" pageId="88" pageNumber="89" value="1965.0">1965</number>
a
</bibRefCitation>
, photos of anaphase, metaphase, and prophase; as
<taxonomicName id="79984D36FFBA6F76A28AA32E4A22B055" authorityName="Friederichs" authorityYear="1920" box="[998,1101,1287,1312]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="88" pageNumber="89" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nolleri">
<emphasis id="8CECEAA7FFBA6F76A28AA32E4A22B055" box="[998,1101,1287,1312]" italics="true" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">S. nölleri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
):
<collectingCountry id="C68F7625FFBA6F76A509A3214ADFB055" box="[1125,1200,1287,1312]" name="Russia" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">Russia</collectingCountry>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="BE2736B5FFBA6F76A1ABA30A4B66B030" blockId="88.[151,1437,639,2033]" box="[199,1289,1324,1349]" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">
<bibRefCitation id="DA094B44FFBA6F76A1ABA30A4FDDB030" author="Shcherbakov" box="[199,434,1324,1349]" firstAuthor="Shcherbakov" pageId="88" pageNumber="89" pagination="154 - 155" refId="ref117754" refString="Shcherbakov, E. S. (1965 b) Spontaneous translocation of part of the nucleolar organizer in a natural population of Simulium nolleri Fried (Diptera). Vestnik Leningradskogo Universiteta (Biologiya), 21, 154 - 155. [In Russian with English summary, but latter consisting only of an English translation of the title.]" type="journal article" year="1965" yearSuffix="b">
Shcherbakov (
<number id="08502492FFBA6F76A004A30A4FCCB030" box="[360,419,1324,1349]" pageId="88" pageNumber="89" value="1965.0">1965</number>
b
</bibRefCitation>
, notes on and photos of secondary nucleolar organizer; as
<taxonomicName id="79984D36FFBA6F76A52CA30B4AC8B030" authorityName="Friederichs" authorityYear="1920" box="[1088,1191,1324,1349]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="88" pageNumber="89" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nolleri">
<emphasis id="8CECEAA7FFBA6F76A52CA30B4AC8B030" box="[1088,1191,1324,1349]" italics="true" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">S. nölleri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
):
<collectingCountry id="C68F7625FFBA6F76A5D2A30A4B66B030" box="[1214,1289,1324,1349]" name="Russia" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">Russia</collectingCountry>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="BE2736B5FFBA6F76A1ABA3694F8EB0F8" blockId="88.[151,1437,639,2033]" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">
<bibRefCitation id="DA094B44FFBA6F76A1ABA3694FDCB01D" author="Shcherbakov" box="[199,435,1359,1384]" firstAuthor="Shcherbakov" pageId="88" pageNumber="89" pagination="98 - 103" refId="ref117817" refString="Shcherbakov, E. S. (1965 c) Adaptive value of inversions in the karyopool of the species Simulium nolleri Fried. Genetika, 6, 98 - 103. [In Russian with English summary.]" type="journal article" year="1965" yearSuffix="c">
Shcherbakov (
<number id="08502492FFBA6F76A006A3694FCAB01D" box="[362,421,1359,1384]" pageId="88" pageNumber="89" value="1965.0">1965</number>
c
</bibRefCitation>
, frequencies of inversion polymorphisms, idiogram, photos of selected polymorphisms; as
<taxonomicName id="79984D36FFBA6F76A07BA3534F11B0F8" authorityName="Friederichs" authorityYear="1920" box="[279,382,1396,1421]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="88" pageNumber="89" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nolleri">
<emphasis id="8CECEAA7FFBA6F76A07BA3534F11B0F8" box="[279,382,1396,1421]" italics="true" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">S. nölleri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
):
<collectingCountry id="C68F7625FFBA6F76A0FAA3524F8EB0F8" box="[406,481,1396,1421]" name="Russia" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">Russia</collectingCountry>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="BE2736B5FFBA6F76A1ABA3B14A07B0A0" blockId="88.[151,1437,639,2033]" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">
<bibRefCitation id="DA094B44FFBA6F76A1ABA3B14FDBB0C5" author="Shcherbakov" box="[199,436,1431,1456]" firstAuthor="Shcherbakov" pageId="88" pageNumber="89" pagination="703 - 713" refId="ref117949" refString="Shcherbakov, E. S. (1966 c) The structure of the salivary gland polytene chromosomes of Simulium nolleri. Tsitologiya, 8, 703 - 713. [In Russian with English summary.]" type="journal article" year="1966" yearSuffix="c">
Shcherbakov (
<number id="08502492FFBA6F76A001A3B14FC6B0C5" box="[365,425,1431,1456]" pageId="88" pageNumber="89" value="1966.0">1966</number>
c
</bibRefCitation>
, characterization; interpretive drawing of heterozygous inversion; photos of all arms, inversions, and low-magnification polytene complement; as
<taxonomicName id="79984D36FFBA6F76A2F2A39B4A6AB0A0" authorityName="Friederichs" authorityYear="1920" box="[926,1029,1468,1493]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="88" pageNumber="89" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nolleri">
<emphasis id="8CECEAA7FFBA6F76A2F2A39B4A6AB0A0" box="[926,1029,1468,1493]" italics="true" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">S. nölleri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
):
<collectingCountry id="C68F7625FFBA6F76A571A39A4A07B0A0" box="[1053,1128,1468,1493]" name="Russia" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">Russia</collectingCountry>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="BE2736B5FFBA6F76A1ABA3F94DDAB368" blockId="88.[151,1437,639,2033]" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">
<bibRefCitation id="DA094B44FFBA6F76A1ABA3F94FDDB08D" author="Shcherbakov" box="[199,434,1503,1528]" firstAuthor="Shcherbakov" pageId="88" pageNumber="89" pagination="60 - 69" refId="ref118039" refString="Shcherbakov, E. S. (1968 a) On the problem of heterozygosity with respect to puffs and to the structure of separate bands in the giant chromosomes of two species of black-flies (Simuliidae, Diptera). Genetika, 4, 60 - 69. [In Russian with English summary.]" type="journal article" year="1968" yearSuffix="a">
Shcherbakov (
<number id="08502492FFBA6F76A006A3F94FCAB08D" box="[362,421,1503,1528]" pageId="88" pageNumber="89" value="1968.0">1968</number>
a
</bibRefCitation>
, description and diagrammatic model of euchromatic and heterochromatic puffs; photos of portions of chromosomes I, II, and III; as
<taxonomicName id="79984D36FFBA6F76A387A0234D3DB368" authorityName="Friederichs" authorityYear="1920" box="[747,850,1540,1565]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="88" pageNumber="89" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nolleri">
<emphasis id="8CECEAA7FFBA6F76A387A0234D3DB368" box="[747,850,1540,1565]" italics="true" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">S. nölleri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
):
<collectingCountry id="C68F7625FFBA6F76A206A0224DDAB368" box="[874,949,1540,1565]" name="Russia" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">Russia</collectingCountry>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="BE2736B5FFBA6F76A1ABA0014DE2B335" blockId="88.[151,1437,639,2033]" box="[199,909,1575,1600]" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">
<bibRefCitation id="DA094B44FFBA6F76A1ABA0014FDDB335" author="Shcherbakov" box="[199,434,1575,1600]" firstAuthor="Shcherbakov" pageId="88" pageNumber="89" pagination="182 - 184" refId="ref118096" refString="Shcherbakov, E. S. (1968 b) On the location of heterosis inversions in different chromosomes as a means of increasing the adaptedness of populations. Genetika, 4, 182 - 184. [In Russian with English summary.]" type="journal article" year="1968" yearSuffix="b">
Shcherbakov (
<number id="08502492FFBA6F76A004A0014FCCB335" box="[360,419,1575,1600]" pageId="88" pageNumber="89" value="1968.0">1968</number>
b
</bibRefCitation>
, adaptive value of heterozygosity):
<collectingCountry id="C68F7625FFBA6F76A22EA0014DE2B335" box="[834,909,1575,1600]" name="Russia" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">Russia</collectingCountry>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="BE2736B5FFBA6F76A1ABA06A4A5BB310" blockId="88.[151,1437,639,2033]" box="[199,1076,1612,1637]" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">
<bibRefCitation id="DA094B44FFBA6F76A1ABA06A4FDEB310" author="Shcherbakov" box="[199,433,1612,1637]" firstAuthor="Shcherbakov" pageId="88" pageNumber="89" pagination="395 - 400" refId="ref118141" refString="Shcherbakov, E. S. (1968 c) A contribution to the karyotypic diagnostics of phylogenetic relationships in blackflies (Diptera, Simuliidae). Zoologichesky Zhurnal, 47, 395 - 400 + 3 plates. [In Russian with English summary.]" type="book chapter" year="1968" yearSuffix="c">
Shcherbakov (
<number id="08502492FFBA6F76A004A06A4FCCB310" box="[360,419,1612,1637]" pageId="88" pageNumber="89" value="1968.0">1968</number>
c
</bibRefCitation>
, comparison with
<taxonomicName id="79984D36FFBA6F76A312A06B4C96B311" authorityName="Meigen" box="[638,761,1613,1636]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="88" pageNumber="89" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ornatum">
<emphasis id="8CECEAA7FFBA6F76A312A06B4C96B311" box="[638,761,1613,1636]" italics="true" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">S. ornatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, photos of all arms):
<collectingCountry id="C68F7625FFBA6F76A285A06A4A5BB310" box="[1001,1076,1612,1637]" name="Russia" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">Russia</collectingCountry>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="BE2736B5FFBA6F76A1ABA0494A54B3FD" blockId="88.[151,1437,639,2033]" box="[199,1083,1647,1672]" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">
<bibRefCitation id="DA094B44FFBA6F76A1ABA0494FDFB3FD" author="Shcherbakov" box="[199,432,1647,1672]" firstAuthor="Shcherbakov" pageId="88" pageNumber="89" pagination="96 - 103" refId="ref118236" refString="Shcherbakov, E. S. (1969 a) The heteropyknosis of supernumerary (B) chromosomes in simuliids (order Diptera) and genome homeostatis. Issledovaniia po Genetike, 3, 96 - 103. [In Russian.]" type="journal article" year="1969" yearSuffix="a">
Shcherbakov (
<number id="08502492FFBA6F76A004A0494FCCB3FD" box="[360,419,1647,1672]" pageId="88" pageNumber="89" value="1969.0">1969</number>
a
</bibRefCitation>
, photos of metaphase chromosomes; as
<taxonomicName id="79984D36FFBA6F76A21DA0564DB7B3FD" authorityName="Friederichs" authorityYear="1920" box="[881,984,1647,1672]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="88" pageNumber="89" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nolleri">
<emphasis id="8CECEAA7FFBA6F76A21DA0564DB7B3FD" box="[881,984,1647,1672]" italics="true" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">S. nölleri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
):
<collectingCountry id="C68F7625FFBA6F76A29CA0494A54B3FD" box="[1008,1083,1647,1672]" name="Russia" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">Russia</collectingCountry>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="BE2736B5FFBA6F76A1ABA0B24A83B3A5" blockId="88.[151,1437,639,2033]" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">
<bibRefCitation id="DA094B44FFBA6F76A1ABA0B24C42B3D9" author="Chubareva &amp; Petrukhina" box="[199,557,1684,1709]" firstAuthor="Chubareva" pageId="88" pageNumber="89" pagination="330 - 333" refId="ref93437" refString="Chubareva, L. A. &amp; Petrukhina, T. E. (1970) The relationships of the blackfly Boophthora erythrocephala De Geer with some other genera of Simuliidae (Diptera). Entomologicheskoe Obozrenie, 49, 541 - 544. [In Russian with English summary: English subtitle includes the words ' the family'; full English translation in Entomological Review, 49, 330 - 333 (1970).]" type="journal article" year="1970">
Chubareva &amp; Petrukhina (
<number id="08502492FFBA6F76A09DA0B24C42B3D9" box="[497,557,1684,1708]" pageId="88" pageNumber="89" value="1970.0">1970</number>
</bibRefCitation>
, note on comparison with
<taxonomicName id="79984D36FFBA6F76A230A0B34A57B3D8" baseAuthorityName="De Geer" baseAuthorityYear="1776" box="[860,1080,1684,1709]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="88" pageNumber="89" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="erythrocephalum">
<emphasis id="8CECEAA7FFBA6F76A230A0B34A57B3D8" box="[860,1080,1684,1709]" italics="true" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">S. erythrocephalum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; photos of centromere regions,
<collectingCountry id="C68F7625FFBA6F76A195A09E4F7BB3BA" box="[249,276,1720,1743]" name="Iceland" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">IL</collectingCountry>
and IIL ends, and low-magnification polytene complement; as
<taxonomicName id="79984D36FFBA6F76A2B6A09E4A18B3A5" authorityName="Meigen" box="[986,1143,1720,1744]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="88" pageNumber="89" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="argyreatum">
<emphasis id="8CECEAA7FFBA6F76A2B6A09E4A18B3A5" box="[986,1143,1720,1744]" italics="true" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">S. argyreatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
): [
<collectingCountry id="C68F7625FFBA6F76A5F9A0914A8AB3A5" box="[1173,1253,1719,1744]" name="Russia" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">Russia</collectingCountry>
]
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="BE2736B5FFBA6F76A1ABA0FA4DD5B26D" blockId="88.[151,1437,639,2033]" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">
<bibRefCitation id="DA094B44FFBA6F76A1ABA0FA4CF8B381" author="Chubareva, Petrova &amp; Petrukhina" box="[199,663,1756,1781]" firstAuthor="Chubareva" pageId="88" pageNumber="89" pagination="784 - 789" refId="ref93913" refString="Chubareva, L. A., Petrova, N. A. &amp; Petrukhina, T. E. (1971) Structural peculiarities of the polytene chromosomes in the taxonomy of bloodsucking black flies. Tsitologiya, 13, 784 - 789. [In Russian with English summary: title of the latter omits the word for ' bloodsucking' present in the Russian title.]" type="journal article" year="1971">
Chubareva, Petrova &amp; Petrukhina (
<number id="08502492FFBA6F76A330A0FA4CF8B381" box="[604,663,1756,1780]" pageId="88" pageNumber="89" value="1971.0">1971</number>
</bibRefCitation>
, notes on general polytene features, photos of CII region and lowmagnification polytene complement; as
<taxonomicName id="79984D36FFBA6F76A3D6A1264D38B26D" authorityName="Meigen" box="[698,855,1792,1816]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="88" pageNumber="89" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="argyreatum">
<emphasis id="8CECEAA7FFBA6F76A3D6A1264D38B26D" box="[698,855,1792,1816]" italics="true" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">S. argyreatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
):
<collectingCountry id="C68F7625FFBA6F76A203A0D94DD5B26D" box="[879,954,1791,1816]" name="Russia" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">Russia</collectingCountry>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="BE2736B5FFBA6F76A1ABA1024B56B248" blockId="88.[151,1437,639,2033]" box="[199,1337,1828,1853]" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">
<bibRefCitation id="DA094B44FFBA6F76A1ABA1024C1EB249" author="Fratello, Messori &amp; Rivosecchi" box="[199,625,1828,1853]" firstAuthor="Fratello" pageId="88" pageNumber="89" pagination="15" refId="ref97674" refString="Fratello, B., Messori, C. &amp; Rivosecchi, L. (1973) Cromosomi politenici e speciazione in Odagmia (Ditteri Simulidi). Atti dell'Associazione Genetica Italiana, 18, 15 - 16." type="journal article" year="1973">
Fratello, Messori &amp; Rivosecchi (
<number id="08502492FFBA6F76A35AA1024C1EB249" box="[566,625,1828,1852]" pageId="88" pageNumber="89" value="1973.0">1973</number>
</bibRefCitation>
, note on comparison with
<taxonomicName id="79984D36FFBA6F76A2F5A1034A7EB249" authorityName="Rivosecchi" authorityYear="1960" box="[921,1041,1829,1852]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="88" pageNumber="89" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pontium">
<emphasis id="8CECEAA7FFBA6F76A2F5A1034A7EB249" box="[921,1041,1829,1852]" italics="true" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">S. pontium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; as
<taxonomicName id="79984D36FFBA6F76A552A1034AB4B249" authorityName="Meigen" box="[1086,1243,1829,1852]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="88" pageNumber="89" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="argyreatum">
<emphasis id="8CECEAA7FFBA6F76A552A1034AB4B249" box="[1086,1243,1829,1852]" italics="true" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">S. argyreatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
): [
<collectingCountry id="C68F7625FFBA6F76A596A1024B5DB248" box="[1274,1330,1828,1853]" name="Italy" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">Italy</collectingCountry>
]
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="BE2736B5FFBA6F76A1ABA16E4D1EB2F0" blockId="88.[151,1437,639,2033]" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">
<bibRefCitation id="DA094B44FFBA6F76A1ABA16E4F93B215" author="Knoz &amp; Chubareva" box="[199,508,1863,1888]" firstAuthor="Knoz" pageId="88" pageNumber="89" pagination="101 - 113" refId="ref103876" refString="Knoz, J. &amp; Chubareva, L. A. (1974) Chromosomal characteristics of eight species of Czechoslovakian blackflies. Scripta Facultatis Scientiarum Naturalium Universitatis Purkynianae Brunensis (Biologia), (3) 4, 101 - 113. [In Russian with Czech summary.]" type="journal article" year="1974">
Knoz &amp; Chubareva (
<number id="08502492FFBA6F76A0ACA16E4F93B215" box="[448,508,1864,1888]" pageId="88" pageNumber="89" value="1974.0">1974</number>
</bibRefCitation>
, description, photos of all chromosomes and metaphase complement, polytene chromosome lengths; as
<taxonomicName id="79984D36FFBA6F76A362A14B4CC4B2F1" authorityName="Meigen" box="[526,683,1901,1924]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="88" pageNumber="89" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="argyreatum">
<emphasis id="8CECEAA7FFBA6F76A362A14B4CC4B2F1" box="[526,683,1901,1924]" italics="true" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">S. argyreatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
):
<collectingCountry id="C68F7625FFBA6F76A3AFA14A4D1EB2F0" box="[707,881,1900,1925]" name="Czech Republic" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">Czech Republic</collectingCountry>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="BE2736B5FFBA6F76A1ABA1A94B71B2DD" blockId="88.[151,1437,639,2033]" box="[199,1310,1935,1960]" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">
<bibRefCitation id="DA094B44FFBA6F76A1ABA1A94FB4B2DD" author="Skaer &amp; Whytock" box="[199,475,1935,1960]" firstAuthor="Skaer" pageId="88" pageNumber="89" pagination="1" refId="ref119506" refString="Skaer, R. J. &amp; Whytock, S. (1975) Interpretation of the three-dimensional structure of living nuclei by specimen tilt. Journal of Cell Science, 19, 1 - 10." type="journal article" year="1975">
Skaer &amp; Whytock (
<number id="08502492FFBA6F76A0CCA1A94FB4B2DD" box="[416,475,1935,1960]" pageId="88" pageNumber="89" value="1975.0">1975</number>
</bibRefCitation>
, thickness of polytene chromosomes; as
<taxonomicName id="79984D36FFBA6F76A2C9A1B64A2EB2DD" authorityName="Meigen" box="[933,1089,1936,1960]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="88" pageNumber="89" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="argyreatum">
<emphasis id="8CECEAA7FFBA6F76A2C9A1B64A2EB2DD" box="[933,1089,1936,1960]" italics="true" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">S. argyreatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
):
<collectingCountry id="C68F7625FFBA6F76A536A1A94AC7B2DD" box="[1114,1192,1935,1960]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">Britain</collectingCountry>
(
<collectingCountry id="C68F7625FFBA6F76A5DAA1A94B79B2DD" box="[1206,1302,1935,1960]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">England</collectingCountry>
)
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="BE2736B5FFBA6F76A1ABA1924F2BB284" blockId="88.[151,1437,639,2033]" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">
<bibRefCitation id="DA094B44FFBA6F76A1ABA1924C66B2B9" author="Chubareva, L. A. &amp; Petrova, N. A." box="[199,521,1972,1997]" editor="Skarlato, O. A." firstAuthor="Chubareva" journalOrPublisher="Leningrad [St. Petersburg,] Russia" pageId="88" pageNumber="89" pagination="58 - 95" refId="ref92299" refString="Chubareva, L. A. &amp; Petrova, N. A. (1979) Basic characteristics of blackfly karyotypes (Diptera, Simuliidae) in the world fauna. In: Skarlato, O. A. (Ed.), Kariosistematika Bespozvonochnykh Zhivotnykh [Karyosystematics of the Invertebrate Animals.] Akademiya Nauk SSSR, Leningrad [St. Petersburg,] Russia, pp. 58 - 95. [In Russian.]" title="Basic characteristics of blackfly karyotypes (Diptera, Simuliidae) in the world fauna" type="book chapter" volumeTitle="Kariosistematika Bespozvonochnykh Zhivotnykh [Karyosystematics of the Invertebrate Animals.] Akademiya Nauk SSSR" year="1979">
Chubareva &amp; Petrova (
<number id="08502492FFBA6F76A0A1A1924C3FB2B9" box="[461,592,1972,1996]" pageId="88" pageNumber="89" value="1979.2003">
1979,
<bibRefCitation id="DA094B44FFBA6F76A379A1924C3FB2B9" author="Chubareva &amp; Petrova" box="[533,592,1972,1996]" firstAuthor="Chubareva" pageId="88" pageNumber="89" pagination="149 - 204" refId="ref92914" refString="Chubareva, L. A. &amp; Petrova, N. A. (2003) Karyotypes of blackflies (Diptera, Simuliidae) of the world fauna. Entomologicheskoe Obozrenie, 82, 157 - 222. [In Russian with English summary; full English translation in Entomological Review, 83, 149 - 204 (2003).]" type="journal article" year="2003">2003</bibRefCitation>
</number>
</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="DA094B44FFBA6F76A331A1924CF7B2B9" author="Chubareva &amp; Petrova" box="[605,664,1972,1996]" firstAuthor="Chubareva" pageId="88" pageNumber="89" pagination="1341 - 1352" refId="ref92976" refString="Chubareva, L. A. &amp; Petrova, N. A. (2004) Characteristic features of karyotypes in common species of blackflies (Diptera, Simuliidae) from the northwestern region of Russia. Zoologichesky Zhurnal, 83, 1341 - 1352. [In Russian with English summary.]" type="journal article" year="2004">
<number id="08502492FFBA6F76A331A1924CF7B2B9" box="[605,664,1972,1996]" pageId="88" pageNumber="89" value="2004.0">2004</number>
</bibRefCitation>
, notes on general polytene features, polytene chromosome lengths):
<collectingCountry id="C68F7625FFBA6F76A195A1FE4F2BB284" box="[249,324,2008,2033]" name="Russia" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">Russia</collectingCountry>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="BE2736B5FFBB6F77A1ABA6B14D85B5C5" blockId="89.[199,1436,151,933]" box="[199,1002,151,176]" pageId="89" pageNumber="90">
<bibRefCitation id="DA094B44FFBB6F77A1ABA6B14F1EB5C5" author="Rothfels" box="[199,369,151,176]" firstAuthor="Rothfels" pageId="89" pageNumber="90" pagination="507 - 539" refId="ref116206" refString="Rothfels, K. H. (1979) Cytotaxonomy of black flies (Simuliidae). Annual Review of Entomology, 24, 507 - 539. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1146 / annurev. en. 24.010179.002451" type="journal article" year="1979">
Rothfels (
<number id="08502492FFBB6F77A059A6BE4F1EB5C5" box="[309,369,152,176]" pageId="89" pageNumber="90" value="1979.0">1979</number>
</bibRefCitation>
, cytodendrogram; as
<taxonomicName id="79984D36FFBB6F77A30DA6BE4C92B5C5" authorityName="Meigen" box="[609,765,152,176]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="89" pageNumber="90" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="argyreatum">
<emphasis id="8CECEAA7FFBB6F77A30DA6BE4C00B5DA" box="[609,623,152,175]" italics="true" pageId="89" pageNumber="90">S</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="8CECEAA7FFBB6F77A310A6BF4C92B5C5" box="[636,765,153,176]" italics="true" pageId="89" pageNumber="90">argyreatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
): [
<collectingCountry id="C68F7625FFBB6F77A277A6B14D1FB5C5" box="[795,880,151,176]" name="Austria" pageId="89" pageNumber="90">Austria</collectingCountry>
/
<collectingCountry id="C68F7625FFBB6F77A215A6B14D8BB5C5" box="[889,996,151,176]" name="Germany" pageId="89" pageNumber="90">Germany</collectingCountry>
]
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="BE2736B5FFBB6F77A1ABA69A4D3AB5A0" blockId="89.[199,1436,151,933]" box="[199,853,188,213]" pageId="89" pageNumber="90">
<bibRefCitation id="DA094B44FFBB6F77A1ABA69A4F03B5A1" author="Feraday" box="[199,364,188,213]" firstAuthor="Feraday" pageId="89" pageNumber="90" pagination="1989" refId="ref97321" refString="Feraday, R. M. (1980) The polytene chromosomes of the Simulium ornatum-decorum lineage (Diptera: Simulidae). Master's thesis, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada. [Cited, inter alia, by the following authors: Feraday, Leonhardt &amp; Brockhouse 1989; Leonhardt &amp; Feraday 1989; Rothfels 1989. [Reference not seen; copies of this thesis are no longer available for public access.]" type="journal article" year="1980">
Feraday (
<number id="08502492FFBB6F77A05CA69A4F03B5A1" box="[304,364,188,212]" pageId="89" pageNumber="90" value="1980.0">1980</number>
</bibRefCitation>
, reference not seen): Europe, North
<collectingCountry id="C68F7625FFBB6F77A39BA69A4D3AB5A0" box="[759,853,188,213]" name="United States of America" pageId="89" pageNumber="90">America</collectingCountry>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="BE2736B5FFBB6F77A1ABA6F94F10B435" blockId="89.[199,1436,151,933]" pageId="89" pageNumber="90">
Feraday in
<bibRefCitation id="DA094B44FFBB6F77A030A6F94C71B58D" author="Rothfels" box="[348,542,223,248]" firstAuthor="Rothfels" pageId="89" pageNumber="90" pagination="19 - 29" refId="ref116320" refString="Rothfels, K. [H.] (1981 a) Cytotaxonomy: principles and their application to some northern species-complexes in Simulium. In: Laird, M. (Ed.), Blackflies: the Future for Biological Methods in Integrated Control. Academic Press, London, United Kingdom, pp. 19 - 29." type="book chapter" year="1981" yearSuffix="a">
Rothfels (
<number id="08502492FFBB6F77A0BAA6C64C7EB58D" box="[470,529,224,248]" pageId="89" pageNumber="90" value="1981.0">1981</number>
a
</bibRefCitation>
, notes on comparison with
<taxonomicName id="79984D36FFBB6F77A2E0A6C64A79B58D" authorityName="Walker" authorityYear="1848" box="[908,1046,223,248]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="89" pageNumber="90" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="decorum">
<emphasis id="8CECEAA7FFBB6F77A2E0A6C64A79B58D" box="[908,1046,223,248]" italics="true" pageId="89" pageNumber="90">S. decorum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, geographic variation, and sex chromosomes; as
<taxonomicName id="79984D36FFBB6F77A0ADA7234C32B469" authorityName="Meigen" box="[449,605,261,284]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="89" pageNumber="90" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="argyreatum">
<emphasis id="8CECEAA7FFBB6F77A0ADA7234FA0B469" box="[449,463,261,284]" italics="true" pageId="89" pageNumber="90">S</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="8CECEAA7FFBB6F77A0B0A7234C32B469" box="[476,605,261,284]" italics="true" pageId="89" pageNumber="90">argyreatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and ‘Fort Churchill’ sibling):
<collectingCountry id="C68F7625FFBB6F77A2C3A7224A6DB468" box="[943,1026,260,285]" name="Austria" pageId="89" pageNumber="90">Austria</collectingCountry>
/
<collectingCountry id="C68F7625FFBB6F77A567A7224A1CB468" box="[1035,1139,260,285]" name="Germany" pageId="89" pageNumber="90">Germany</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="C68F7625FFBB6F77A512A7224AA0B468" box="[1150,1231,260,285]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="89" pageNumber="90">Britain</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="C68F7625FFBB6F77A5B5A7224B5EB468" box="[1241,1329,260,285]" name="Finland" pageId="89" pageNumber="90">Finland</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="C68F7625FFBB6F77A451A7234BF7B468" box="[1341,1432,261,285]" name="Norway" pageId="89" pageNumber="90">Norway</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="C68F7625FFBB6F77A195A7014F10B435" box="[249,383,295,320]" name="Switzerland" pageId="89" pageNumber="90">Switzerland</collectingCountry>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="BE2736B5FFBB6F77A1ABA76A4D54B4FD" blockId="89.[199,1436,151,933]" pageId="89" pageNumber="90">
<bibRefCitation id="DA094B44FFBB6F77A1ABA76A4FB7B411" author="Dubovy &amp; Knoz" box="[199,472,332,357]" firstAuthor="Dubovy" pageId="89" pageNumber="90" pagination="311 - 320" refId="ref95787" refString="Dubovy, P. &amp; Knoz, J. (1982) Study of the inverse polymorphism in the species Simulium argyreatum Meigen 1838 (Simuliidae, Diptera). Scripta Facultatis Scientiarum Naturalium Universitatis Purkynianae Brunensis (Biologia), 12 (7), 311 - 320." type="journal article" year="1982">
Dubovy &amp; Knoz (
<number id="08502492FFBB6F77A0F0A76A4FB7B411" box="[412,472,332,356]" pageId="89" pageNumber="90" value="1982.0">1982</number>
</bibRefCitation>
, frequencies of inversion polymorphisms, photos of all chromosomes and selected polymorphisms; as
<taxonomicName id="79984D36FFBB6F77A0B8A7564C1EB4FD" authorityName="Meigen" box="[468,625,368,392]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="89" pageNumber="90" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="argyreatum">
<emphasis id="8CECEAA7FFBB6F77A0B8A7564C1EB4FD" box="[468,625,368,392]" italics="true" pageId="89" pageNumber="90">S. argyreatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
):
<collectingCountry id="C68F7625FFBB6F77A3E5A7494D54B4FD" box="[649,827,367,392]" name="Czech Republic" pageId="89" pageNumber="90">Czech Republic</collectingCountry>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="BE2736B5FFBB6F77A1ABA7B24CBDB4A5" blockId="89.[199,1436,151,933]" pageId="89" pageNumber="90">
<bibRefCitation id="DA094B44FFBB6F77A1ABA7B24F01B4D9" author="Feraday" box="[199,366,404,429]" firstAuthor="Feraday" pageId="89" pageNumber="90" pagination="748 - 751" refId="ref97399" refString="Feraday, R. [M.] (1984) Weak male-determining genes and female heterogamety in Chironomus tentans. Canadian Journal of Genetics and Cytology, 26, 748 - 751. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1139 / g 84 - 118" type="journal article" year="1984">
Feraday (
<number id="08502492FFBB6F77A05EA7B24F01B4D9" box="[306,366,404,428]" pageId="89" pageNumber="90" value="1984.0">1984</number>
</bibRefCitation>
, description of hybridization model with
<taxonomicName id="79984D36FFBB6F77A228A7B34DACB4D8" authorityName="Walker" authorityYear="1848" box="[836,963,404,429]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="89" pageNumber="90" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="decorum">
<emphasis id="8CECEAA7FFBB6F77A228A7B34DACB4D8" box="[836,963,404,429]" italics="true" pageId="89" pageNumber="90">S. decorum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
to test evolution of female heterogamety, idiograms; as ‘Churchill’ sibling):
<collectingCountry id="C68F7625FFBB6F77A312A7914CBDB4A5" box="[638,722,439,464]" name="Canada" pageId="89" pageNumber="90">Canada</collectingCountry>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="BE2736B5FFBB6F77A1ABA7FA4AA0B480" blockId="89.[199,1436,151,933]" box="[199,1231,476,501]" pageId="89" pageNumber="90">
Feraday in
<bibRefCitation id="DA094B44FFBB6F77A029A7FA4F80B481" author="Rothfels" box="[325,495,476,501]" firstAuthor="Rothfels" pageId="89" pageNumber="90" pagination="500 - 509" refId="ref116531" refString="Rothfels, K. [H.] (1989) Speciation in black flies. Genome, 32, 500 - 509. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1139 / g 89 - 475" type="journal article" year="1989">
Rothfels (
<number id="08502492FFBB6F77A0DFA7FA4F80B481" box="[435,495,476,500]" pageId="89" pageNumber="90" value="1989.0">1989</number>
</bibRefCitation>
, note on sex chromosomes; as ‘northern sibling’): North
<collectingCountry id="C68F7625FFBB6F77A502A7FA4AA0B480" box="[1134,1231,476,501]" name="United States of America" pageId="89" pageNumber="90">America</collectingCountry>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="BE2736B5FFBB6F77A1ABA7D94FBDB748" blockId="89.[199,1436,151,933]" pageId="89" pageNumber="90">
Kachvoryan &amp;
<bibRefCitation id="DA094B44FFBB6F77A0EDA7D94C7DB76D" author="Adler" box="[385,530,511,536]" firstAuthor="Adler" pageId="89" pageNumber="90" pagination="361 - 382" refId="ref85252" refString="Adler, P. H., Malmqvist, B. &amp; Zhang, Y. (1999) Black flies (Diptera: Simuliidae) of northern Sweden: taxonomy, chromosomes, and bionomics. Entomologica Scandinavica, 29, 361 - 382. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1163 / 187631298 X 00014" type="journal article" year="1999">
Adler (
<number id="08502492FFBB6F77A0BAA4264C7DB76D" box="[470,530,512,536]" pageId="89" pageNumber="90" value="1999.0">1999</number>
</bibRefCitation>
, notes on sex chromosomes and resolution relative to
<taxonomicName id="79984D36FFBB6F77A5C7A7D94B7AB76D" authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1802" box="[1195,1301,511,536]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="89" pageNumber="90" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="8CECEAA7FFBB6F77A5C7A7D94B7AB76D" box="[1195,1301,511,536]" italics="true" pageId="89" pageNumber="90">Simulium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
subgeneric standard):
<collectingCountry id="C68F7625FFBB6F77A01CA4024FBDB748" box="[368,466,548,573]" name="Armenia" pageId="89" pageNumber="90">Armenia</collectingCountry>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="BE2736B5FFBB6F77A1ABA4614DCAB715" blockId="89.[199,1436,151,933]" box="[199,933,583,608]" pageId="89" pageNumber="90">
<bibRefCitation id="DA094B44FFBB6F77A1ABA4614F91B715" author="Kachvoryan &amp; Adler" box="[199,510,583,608]" firstAuthor="Kachvoryan" pageId="89" pageNumber="90" refId="ref102752" refString="Kachvoryan, E. A. &amp; Adler, P. H. (2000) Sex chromosomes of black flies (Diptera: Simuliidae) in Armenia. In: Hovnanyan, K. O. (Ed.), Armenian Electron Microscopy Society: Proceedings 9 th Annual Conference, 17 - 20 October, 2000, Yerevan, Armenia, p. 61. [Photo on p. 64 belongs with this article.]" type="journal volume" year="2000">
Kachvoryan &amp; Adler (
<number id="08502492FFBB6F77A0AEA46E4F91B715" box="[450,510,584,608]" pageId="89" pageNumber="90" value="2000.0">2000</number>
</bibRefCitation>
, note on sex chromosomes):
<collectingCountry id="C68F7625FFBB6F77A22FA4614DCAB715" box="[835,933,583,608]" name="Armenia" pageId="89" pageNumber="90">Armenia</collectingCountry>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="BE2736B5FFBB6F77A1ABA44A4A55B7B8" blockId="89.[199,1436,151,933]" pageId="89" pageNumber="90">
<bibRefCitation id="DA094B44FFBB6F77A1ABA44A4C73B7F1" author="Adler &amp; Kachvoryan" box="[199,540,620,645]" firstAuthor="Adler" pageId="89" pageNumber="90" pagination="411 - 418" refId="ref84328" refString="Adler, P. H. &amp; Belqat, B. (2001) Cytotaxonomy of the Prosimulium hirtipes species group (Diptera: Simuliidae) in Morocco. Insect Systematics &amp; Evolution, 32, 411 - 418. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1163 / 187631201 X 00281" type="journal article" year="2001">
Adler &amp; Kachvoryan (
<number id="08502492FFBB6F77A08CA44A4C73B7F1" box="[480,540,620,644]" pageId="89" pageNumber="90" value="2001.0">2001</number>
</bibRefCitation>
, characterization, inversions mapped, new cytoforms [‘A’, ‘B’, and ‘C’] recognized, photos of all arms, resolution relative to
<taxonomicName id="79984D36FFBB6F77A23EA4A94DD3B7DD" authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1802" box="[850,956,655,680]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="89" pageNumber="90" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="8CECEAA7FFBB6F77A23EA4A94DD3B7DD" box="[850,956,655,680]" italics="true" pageId="89" pageNumber="90">Simulium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
subgeneric standard and
<taxonomicName id="79984D36FFBB6F77A5B2A4B64B3DB7DD" authorityName="Friederichs" authorityYear="1920" box="[1246,1362,655,680]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="89" pageNumber="90" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="noelleri">
<emphasis id="8CECEAA7FFBB6F77A5B2A4B64B3DB7DD" box="[1246,1362,655,680]" italics="true" pageId="89" pageNumber="90">S. noelleri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
group standard):
<collectingCountry id="C68F7625FFBB6F77A01CA4924FBAB7B8" box="[368,469,692,717]" name="Armenia" pageId="89" pageNumber="90">Armenia</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="C68F7625FFBB6F77A08CA4924C41B7B8" box="[480,558,692,717]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="89" pageNumber="90">Britain</collectingCountry>
(
<collectingCountry id="C68F7625FFBB6F77A350A4924CF0B7B8" box="[572,671,692,717]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="89" pageNumber="90">England</collectingCountry>
),
<collectingCountry id="C68F7625FFBB6F77A3DFA4924D65B7B8" box="[691,778,692,717]" name="Canada" pageId="89" pageNumber="90">Canada</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="C68F7625FFBB6F77A279A4924D11B7B9" box="[789,894,692,716]" name="Germany" pageId="89" pageNumber="90">Germany</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="C68F7625FFBB6F77A2E5A4924DB8B7B8" box="[905,983,692,717]" name="Russia" pageId="89" pageNumber="90">Russia</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="C68F7625FFBB6F77A28DA4924A55B7B8" box="[993,1082,692,717]" name="Sweden" pageId="89" pageNumber="90">Sweden</collectingCountry>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="BE2736B5FFBB6F77A1ABA4F14AFBB785" blockId="89.[199,1436,151,933]" box="[199,1172,727,752]" pageId="89" pageNumber="90">
<bibRefCitation id="DA094B44FFBB6F77A1ABA4F14CF4B785" author="Kachvoryan, Petrova &amp; Chubareva" box="[199,667,727,752]" firstAuthor="Kachvoryan" pageId="89" pageNumber="90" pagination="89 - 102" refId="ref103642" refString="Kachvoryan, E. A., Petrova, N. A. &amp; Chubareva, L. A. (2003) The results of karyological study of the bloodsucking blackfly fauna (Diptera: Simuliidae) in Armenia. Parazitologiya, 37, 89 - 102. [In Russian with English summary; title of the latter is less complete than the Russian version, reading ' The results of karyological study of black flies (Diptera, Simuliidae) in Armenia'.]" type="journal article" year="2003">
Kachvoryan, Petrova &amp; Chubareva (
<number id="08502492FFBB6F77A333A4FE4CF4B785" box="[607,667,728,752]" pageId="89" pageNumber="90" value="2003.0">2003</number>
</bibRefCitation>
, note on general polytene features):
<collectingCountry id="C68F7625FFBB6F77A55EA4F14AFBB785" box="[1074,1172,727,752]" name="Armenia" pageId="89" pageNumber="90">Armenia</collectingCountry>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="BE2736B5FFBB6F77A1ABA4DA4A13B660" blockId="89.[199,1436,151,933]" box="[199,1148,764,789]" pageId="89" pageNumber="90">
<bibRefCitation id="DA094B44FFBB6F77A1ABA4DA4C63B661" author="Adler, Currie &amp; Wood" box="[199,524,764,789]" firstAuthor="Adler" pageId="89" pageNumber="90" refId="ref85312" refString="Adler, P. H., Currie, D. C. &amp; Wood, D. M. (2004) The Black Flies (Simuliidae) of North America. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, NY, xv + 941 pp. + 24 color plates." type="book" year="2004">
Adler, Currie &amp; Wood (
<number id="08502492FFBB6F77A0BCA4DA4C63B661" box="[464,524,764,788]" pageId="89" pageNumber="90" value="2004.0">2004</number>
</bibRefCitation>
, chromosomal characters in larval key): North
<collectingCountry id="C68F7625FFBB6F77A570A4DA4A13B660" box="[1052,1148,764,789]" name="United States of America" pageId="89" pageNumber="90">America</collectingCountry>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="BE2736B5FFBB6F77A1ABA5394C78B628" blockId="89.[199,1436,151,933]" pageId="89" pageNumber="90">
<bibRefCitation id="DA094B44FFBB6F77A1ABA5394C6CB64D" author="Chubareva &amp; Petrova" box="[199,515,799,824]" firstAuthor="Chubareva" pageId="89" pageNumber="90" pagination="253 - 263" refId="ref93097" refString="Chubareva, L. A. &amp; Petrova, N. A. (2006) B chromosome polymorphism of blackflies (Diptera, Simuliidae) from the northwestern region of Russia. Tsitologiya, 48, 253 - 263. [In Russian with English summary.]" type="journal article" year="2006">
Chubareva &amp; Petrova (
<number id="08502492FFBB6F77A0ABA5394C6CB64D" box="[455,515,799,824]" pageId="89" pageNumber="90" value="2006.0">2006</number>
</bibRefCitation>
, notes on B chromosomes, photos of B chromosomes and metaphase complement; as
<taxonomicName id="79984D36FFBB6F77A07BA5634FDCB629" authorityName="Meigen" box="[279,435,837,860]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="89" pageNumber="90" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="argyreatum">
<emphasis id="8CECEAA7FFBB6F77A07BA5634FDCB629" box="[279,435,837,860]" italics="true" pageId="89" pageNumber="90">S. argyreatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
):
<collectingCountry id="C68F7625FFBB6F77A0A0A5624C78B628" box="[460,535,836,861]" name="Russia" pageId="89" pageNumber="90">Russia</collectingCountry>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="BE2736B5FFBB6F77A1ABA5414FC8B6D0" blockId="89.[199,1436,151,933]" pageId="89" pageNumber="90">
<bibRefCitation id="DA094B44FFBB6F77A1ABA5414C69B6F5" author="Chubareva &amp; Petrova" box="[199,518,871,896]" firstAuthor="Chubareva" pageId="89" pageNumber="90" refId="ref93181" refString="Chubareva, L. A. &amp; Petrova, N. A. (2008 a) Tsitologicheskie Karty Politennykh Khromosom i Nekotorye Morfologicheskie Osobennosti Krovososushchikh Moshek Rossii i Sopredel'nykh Stran (Diptera: Simuliidae): Atlas [Cytological Maps of Polytene Chromosomes and Some Morphological Features of Bloodsucking Black Flies of Russia and Adjacent Countries (Diptera: Simuliidae): Atlas.] Tovarishchestvo Nauchnykh Izdanii KMK, St. Petersburg, Russia, 134 pp. + 218 plates. [In Russian.]" type="book" year="2008" yearSuffix="a">
Chubareva &amp; Petrova (
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a
</bibRefCitation>
, description, photos of metaphase and polytene complements, polytene chromosome lengths):
<collectingCountry id="C68F7625FFBB6F77A032A5AA4FC8B6D0" box="[350,423,908,933]" name="Russia" pageId="89" pageNumber="90">Russia</collectingCountry>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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