463 lines
46 KiB
XML
463 lines
46 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.552.6475" ID-GBIF-Dataset="b854b22c-deac-4d4e-b974-e2b54d8e405d" ID-PMC="PMC4740849" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-552-49" ID-PubMed="26865815" ID-ZBK="A59255B378C14C059D356593322D179A" ModsDocAuthor="" ModsDocDate="2016" ModsDocID="1313-2970-552-49" ModsDocOrigin="ZooKeys 552" ModsDocTitle="Nylanderiadeceptrix sp. n., a new species of obligately socially parasitic formicine ant (Hymenoptera, Formicidae)" checkinTime="1452783022855" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Messer, Steven J., Cover, Stefan P. & LaPolla, John S." docDate="2016" docId="29611FBF81D252B1EFCBB43198657C38" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 552: 49-65" docOrigin="ZooKeys 552" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.552.6475" docTitle="Nylanderia deceptrix Messer, Cover & LaPolla, 2016, sp. n." docType="treatment" docUuid="B5A11117-4638-4B6D-9908-6208C05CF558" docUuidSource="ZooBank" docVersion="8" lastPageNumber="59" masterDocId="FF8AFFE32A7F93043609FFD3DD6B0029" masterDocTitle="Nylanderiadeceptrix sp. n., a new species of obligately socially parasitic formicine ant (Hymenoptera, Formicidae)" masterLastPageNumber="65" masterPageNumber="49" pageNumber="54" updateTime="1668162455756" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Nylanderiadeceptrix sp. n., a new species of obligately socially parasitic formicine ant (Hymenoptera, Formicidae)</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Messer, Steven J.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Cover, Stefan P.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>LaPolla, John S.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>ZooKeys</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2016</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>552</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>49</mods:start>
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<mods:end>65</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:location>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.552.6475</mods:url>
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</mods:location>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.552.6475</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1313-2970-552-49</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ZBK">A59255B378C14C059D356593322D179A</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ZooBank">A59255B378C14C059D356593322D179A</mods:identifier>
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||
</mods:mods>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="127884585" LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:B5A11117-4638-4B6D-9908-6208C05CF558" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/29611FBF81D252B1EFCBB43198657C38" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="59" pageId="5" pageNumber="54">
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<subSubSection pageId="5" pageNumber="54" type="multiple">
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<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="54">Taxon classification Animalia Hymenoptera Formicidae</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="5" pageNumber="54" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="54">
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<taxonomicName LSID="http://zoobank.org/B5A11117-4638-4B6D-9908-6208C05CF558" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Nylanderia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nylanderia deceptrix" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="54" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="deceptrix">Nylanderia deceptrix</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel pageId="5" pageNumber="54">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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Figs 2, 3 (queen); 4-11 (male)
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="5" pageNumber="54" type="materials_examined">
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<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1450581758" collectingDate="2013-06-06" collectionCode="MCZC" collectorName="S. Messer" country="United States of America" elevation="31 m" latitude="41.81867" location="Myles Standish State Forest" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-70.6625" specimenCount="1" specimenCount-queen="1" stateProvince="Massachusetts" typeStatus="holotype">
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<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="54">
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<typeStatus>Holotype</typeStatus>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="54">
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<specimenCount type="queen">queen</specimenCount>
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,
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<collectingCountry name="United States of America" value="United States of America">USA</collectingCountry>
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.
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<collectingRegion>Massachusetts</collectingRegion>
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:
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<collectingRegion>Plymouth County</collectingRegion>
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:
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<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:29611FBF81D252B1EFCBB43198657C38:F3D7E26D08533A1CCBCD263E75B3C41A" country="United States of America" latitude="41.81867" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-70.6625" name="Myles Standish State Forest" stateProvince="Massachusetts">Myles Standish State Forest</location>
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;
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<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:29611FBF81D252B1EFCBB43198657C38:A780D565F1FF72AB8538012ABE1E594E" country="United States of America" latitude="41.81867" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-70.6625" name="Southeast Line Road" stateProvince="Massachusetts">Southeast Line Road</location>
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;
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<geoCoordinate direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="41.81867">41°49.12'N</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="-70.6625">70°39.75'W</geoCoordinate>
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; elev.
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<quantity metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.1" unit="m" value="31.0">
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<elevation metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.1" unit="m" value="31.0">31 m</elevation>
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</quantity>
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; in
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Nylanderia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nylanderia parvula" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="54" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="parvula">Nylanderia parvula</taxonomicName>
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nest;
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<date value="2013-06-06">
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<collectingDate value="2013-06-06">06 June 2013</collectingDate>
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</date>
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(
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<collectorName>S. Messer</collectorName>
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) (
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<collectionCode collectionName="USA, Massachusetts, Cambridge, Harvard University, Museum of Comparative Zoology">MCZC</collectionCode>
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);
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<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1450581757" collectingDate="2016-01-01" collectingDateMax="2016-12-31" collectingDateMin="2016-01-01" collectionCode="MCZC, USNM" country="United States of America" specimenCount="19" specimenCount-male="9" specimenCount-queen="10" stateProvince="Massachusetts" typeStatus="paratype">
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<specimenCount>10</specimenCount>
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<typeStatus>paratype</typeStatus>
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<specimenCount type="queen">queens</specimenCount>
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and
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<specimenCount>7</specimenCount>
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<typeStatus>paratype</typeStatus>
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<specimenCount type="male">males</specimenCount>
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same locality information as holotype except different collection dates (
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<collectionCode collectionName="USA, Massachusetts, Cambridge, Harvard University, Museum of Comparative Zoology">MCZC</collectionCode>
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and
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<collectionCode collectionName="USA, Washington D.C., National Museum of Natural History, [formerly, United States National Museum]">USNM</collectionCode>
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)
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</materialsCitation>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</materialsCitation>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="55" pageId="5" pageNumber="54" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="54">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="54">
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Queen: smallest of Nearctic
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Nylanderia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nylanderia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="54" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Nylanderia</taxonomicName>
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(
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<collectionCode>TL</collectionCode>
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less than
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<quantity metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.5" unit="mm" value="35.0">3.5 mm</quantity>
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); mesosoma color mottled with areas of lighter and darker brown to yellowish-brown; Male: very small, nonfunctional wings present.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="54">QUEEN. Measurements (n=10): TL: 2.91-3.40; HW: 0.55-0.63; HL: 0.58-0.69; EL: 0.22-0.24; SL: 0.73-0.78; MW: 0.52-0.57; PW: 0.55-0.67; WL: 0.99-1.07; GL: 1.24-1.69; PDH: 0.35-0.42; PFL: 0.67-0.72; PFW: 0.15-0.17; SMC: 0-3; PMC: 4-5; MMC: 21-27; MtMC: 3-4.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="54">Indices: CI: 92-97; REL: 33-37; SI: 121-130; FI: 21-24.</paragraph>
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<paragraph lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="55" pageId="5" pageNumber="54">
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Overall brown to yellowish-brown; head and gaster darker brown with generally lighter mesosoma; mesosoma color mottled with areas of lighter and darker brown to yellowish-brown; antennae, mandibles and legs yellow; body covered with dense pubescence; macrosetae dark brown but usually with lighter yellowish-brown tips. Eyes bulge slightly beyond head outline in full-frontal view; three prominent ocelli present. Scapes long; yellow; exceed posterior margin of the head by the length of first 3 funicular segments; scapes with dense pubescence and sometimes with up to three short standing macrosetae, but often with none. Head with abundant macrosetae and
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<pageBreakToken pageId="6" pageNumber="55" start="start">layer</pageBreakToken>
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of pubescence; slightly longer than broad; becoming slightly wider at posterior of head. Mesosoma covered with erect macrosetae and pubescence; most macrosetae on mesonotum and metanotum show strong curvature. Gaster covered in pubescence and a large cluster of macrosetae on first gastral tergite.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="55">MALE. Measurements (n=5): TL: 1.91-2.05; HW: 0.45-0.46; HL: 0.48-0.53; EL: 0.17-0.18; SL:0.57-0.59; MW: 0.28-0.32; PW: 0.37-0.39; WL: 0.66-0.69; GL: 0.74-0.88; PDH: 0.24-0.26; PFL: 0.52-0.54; PFW: 0.11-0.13; PL: 0.20-0.24; SMC: 0; PMC: 0; MMC: 7-12; MtMC: 1-2.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="55">Indices: CI: 88-97; REL: 34-36; SI: 125-127; FI: 22-25.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="55">Overall color brown to brownish-yellow; head and gaster darker brown with generally lighter mesosoma; antennae, mandibles, legs, and parameres yellow; body covered with dense pubescence; macrosetae dark brown but usually with lighter yellowish-brown tips; cuticular surface dull, covered in a dense layer of appressed setae. Head longer than broad; eyes large and bulging beyond head outline in full-frontal view; three prominent ocelli present; scapes long, exceeding posterior margin of the head by length of first 3 funicular segments; scapes absent of macrosetae and with a dense layer of pubescence; clypeus roughly rectangular, with anterior margin emarginated; mandible broad, with 4 teeth; all but apical tooth are weakly developed; apical tooth distinct, curves in toward body midline. Mesosoma relatively small; very small nonfunctional wings present; mesosoma covered in pubescence, with erect setae of varying lengths dorsally and on legs. Pronotum collar-like; mesonotum offset from pronotum at sulcus; mesonotum rises sharply above height of pronotum; mesonotum flat dorsally with many erect setae of varying lengths; marcosetae on mesonotum and metanotum show strong curvature of about 90°; propodeum indistinct from remainder of mesosoma, but with steep declivity; petiole short, triangular, upright, with posterior face only slightly longer than anterior face. Gaster with a dense layer of pubescence and erect setae; parameres especially setose; parameres roughly triangular, turning slightly mesad posteriorly; long setae extend off of parameres; cuspi small and tubular, reaching digiti dorsally; digiti weakly anvil-shaped, with poorly developed point directed ventrally; volsellar lobes flat, slightly indented relative to digital margin.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="6" pageNumber="55" type="etymology">
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<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="55">Etymology.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="55">The species epithet deceptrix (Latin = deceiver) is attributed to the parasitic lifestyle, deceiving the host to allow cohabitation.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="56" pageId="6" pageNumber="55" type="notes">
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<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="55">Notes.</paragraph>
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<paragraph lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="56" pageId="6" pageNumber="55">
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Nylanderia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nylanderia deceptrix" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="55" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="deceptrix">Nylanderia deceptrix</taxonomicName>
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can be identified from other Nearctic species because it has the smallest queens of all Nearctic
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Nylanderia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nylanderia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="55" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Nylanderia</taxonomicName>
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, ranging between
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<quantity metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.155" metricValueMax="3.4" metricValueMin="2.91" unit="mm" value="315.5" valueMax="340.0" valueMin="291.0">2.91-3.40 mm</quantity>
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(
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<bibRefCitation author="Trager, JC" journalOrPublisher="Sociobiology" pageId="14" pageNumber="63" pagination="1 - 162" title="A revision of the genus Paratrechina (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of the Continental United States." volume="9" year="1984">Trager 1984</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation author="Kallal, RJ" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="12" pageNumber="61" pagination="1 - 64" title="Monograph of Nylanderia (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of the World, Part II: Nylanderia in the Nearctic." volume="3508" year="2012">Kallal and LaPolla 2012</bibRefCitation>
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). Compared to other Nearctic species with no macrosetae on the scape such as
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Nylanderia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nylanderia parvula" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="55" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="parvula">Nylanderia parvula</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Nylanderia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nylanderia trageri" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="55" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="trageri">Nylanderia trageri</taxonomicName>
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(
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<bibRefCitation author="Kallal, RJ" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="12" pageNumber="61" pagination="1 - 64" title="Monograph of Nylanderia (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of the World, Part II: Nylanderia in the Nearctic." volume="3508" year="2012">Kallal and LaPolla 2012</bibRefCitation>
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),
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Nylanderia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nylanderia deceptrix" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="55" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="deceptrix">Nylanderia deceptrix</taxonomicName>
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is the only species with queens showing bicoloration, with the head and gaster being darker in color than the mesosoma. Additionally the queens have a mottled coloration on the mesosoma with areas of darker brown and yellow-brown.
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Nylanderia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nylanderia deceptrix" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="55" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="deceptrix">Nylanderia deceptrix</taxonomicName>
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males are currently the only Nearctic
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Nylanderia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nylanderia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="55" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Nylanderia</taxonomicName>
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to display highly reduced wings. The male parameres display dense and very long macrosetae compared to those of other Nearctic species. The digitus displays a narrower area towards the base
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<pageBreakToken pageId="7" pageNumber="56" start="start">of</pageBreakToken>
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the structure that expands towards the tip and ends with a narrow point. The end of the digitus also has distinct foveolate (pitted) sculpturing. The head of both the queen and the male are worker-like in overall appearance (except for the presence of distinct, large ocelli; never strongly developed in workers), and are longer than wide, whereas
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Nylanderia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nylanderia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="56" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Nylanderia</taxonomicName>
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reproductives, especially queens, typically have wider than long heads. Additionally,
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Nylanderia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nylanderia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="56" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Nylanderia</taxonomicName>
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queens usually have heads covered in dense pubescence, and this is not the case in
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Nylanderia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nylanderia deceptrix" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="56" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="deceptrix">Nylanderia deceptrix</taxonomicName>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="7" pageNumber="56" type="prevalence of host species and parasitism rate">
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<paragraph pageId="7" pageNumber="56">Prevalence of host species and parasitism rate.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="7" pageNumber="56">
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Across the seven transects, the average
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Nylanderia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nylanderia parvula" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="56" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="parvula">Nylanderia parvula</taxonomicName>
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nest entrance density was 2.35 nest entrances/m2 (
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<collectionCode>SD</collectionCode>
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=0.15), ranging from 1.64-2.64 nest entrances/m2 for the individual transects. Transect 1 was excluded from all calculations because of inexperience in locating nest entrances and insufficient surveying effort resulting in a density 81.3% less than the average across all other transects.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="7" pageNumber="56">
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In total, 356
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Nylanderia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nylanderia parvula" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="56" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="parvula">Nylanderia parvula</taxonomicName>
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colonies were excavated and checked for the presence of
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Nylanderia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nylanderia deceptrix" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="56" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="deceptrix">Nylanderia deceptrix</taxonomicName>
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. Of those 356 colonies, nine had
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Nylanderia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nylanderia deceptrix" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="56" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="deceptrix">Nylanderia deceptrix</taxonomicName>
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present, resulting in a parasitism rate of 2.53%. The number of
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Nylanderia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nylanderia deceptrix" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="56" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="deceptrix">Nylanderia deceptrix</taxonomicName>
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queens found in a single colony ranged from 1-8 per colony.
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Nylanderia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nylanderia deceptrix" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="56" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="deceptrix">Nylanderia deceptrix</taxonomicName>
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males were only found in one of the nine parasitized colonies, and contained a total of nine males.
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Nylanderia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nylanderia deceptrix" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="56" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="deceptrix">Nylanderia deceptrix</taxonomicName>
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brood were found in two of the nine parasitized colonies. One colony contained only a single
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Nylanderia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nylanderia deceptrix" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="56" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="deceptrix">Nylanderia deceptrix</taxonomicName>
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queen pupa. The range for
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Nylanderia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nylanderia parvula" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="56" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="parvula">Nylanderia parvula</taxonomicName>
|
||
pupal length was
|
||
<quantity metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.6" metricValueMax="3.8899999999999997" metricValueMin="3.31" unit="mm" value="360.0" valueMax="389.0" valueMin="331.0">3.31-3.89 mm</quantity>
|
||
(n=84) and the range for
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Nylanderia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nylanderia deceptrix" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="56" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="deceptrix">Nylanderia deceptrix</taxonomicName>
|
||
pupal length was
|
||
<quantity metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.965" metricValueMax="3.2" metricValueMin="2.73" unit="mm" value="296.5" valueMax="320.0" valueMin="273.0">2.73-3.20 mm</quantity>
|
||
(n=30). On the other end of the spectrum one colony contained 74
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Nylanderia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nylanderia deceptrix" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="56" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="deceptrix">Nylanderia deceptrix</taxonomicName>
|
||
queen pupae and 4
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Nylanderia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nylanderia deceptrix" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="56" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="deceptrix">Nylanderia deceptrix</taxonomicName>
|
||
male pupae (male
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Nylanderia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nylanderia deceptrix" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="56" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="deceptrix">Nylanderia deceptrix</taxonomicName>
|
||
pupae could be determined by highly reduced wing buds and the presence of genitalia).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="7" pageNumber="56" type="reproductive cycle">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="7" pageNumber="56">Reproductive cycle.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="7" pageNumber="56">
|
||
All colonies that were found to have dealate queens (n=17) only possessed one queen and we are taking this as evidence of monogyny in
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Nylanderia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nylanderia parvula" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="56" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="parvula">Nylanderia parvula</taxonomicName>
|
||
. A total of 43 colonies were excavated and used for population census data collection. Among the 43 colonies, the average number of adult
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Nylanderia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nylanderia parvula" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="56" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="parvula">Nylanderia parvula</taxonomicName>
|
||
reproductives (alate queens and males) found in colonies was: 15.4 (
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
23.3) for May, 0 for June, 6.1 (
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
4.1) for July, and 20.4 (
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
11.77) for September (Fig. 12). Compared to the number of alates, the total brood (larvae and pupae combined) within colonies shows the opposite trend (Figs 12, 13). Counts were low in May (37
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
134.2) and September (15.8
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
209.6), moderate in July (177.6
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
65.2), and at the highest in June (722.7
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
116.1).
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Nylanderia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nylanderia parvula" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="56" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="parvula">Nylanderia parvula</taxonomicName>
|
||
reproductive pupae were only found in July, and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Nylanderia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nylanderia deceptrix" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="56" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="deceptrix">Nylanderia deceptrix</taxonomicName>
|
||
reproductive pupae were only observed in July as well.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption pageId="7" pageNumber="56">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="7" pageNumber="56">
|
||
Figure 12. Box-and-Whisker plot of within colony
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Nylanderia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nylanderia parvula" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="56" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="parvula">Nylanderia parvula</taxonomicName>
|
||
alate reproductive counts from May, June, July and September.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption pageId="7" pageNumber="56">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="7" pageNumber="56">
|
||
Figure 13. Box-and-Whisker plot of within colony
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Nylanderia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nylanderia parvula" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="56" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="parvula">Nylanderia parvula</taxonomicName>
|
||
brood counts from May, June, July and September.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="58" pageId="7" pageNumber="56" type="flight and dispersal">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="7" pageNumber="56">Flight and dispersal.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="57" pageId="7" pageNumber="56">
|
||
Forewing length (
|
||
<collectionCode>FWL</collectionCode>
|
||
) measurements were used along with
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Weber’s">Weber's</normalizedToken>
|
||
Length to determine a ratio of forewing to
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Weber’s">Weber's</normalizedToken>
|
||
length to examine if the wings of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Nylanderia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nylanderia deceptrix" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="56" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="deceptrix">Nylanderia deceptrix</taxonomicName>
|
||
were smaller in proportion to
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Nylanderia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nylanderia parvula" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="56" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="parvula">Nylanderia parvula</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The FWL:WL for
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Nylanderia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nylanderia parvula" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="56" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="parvula">Nylanderia parvula</taxonomicName>
|
||
ranged from 2.27-2.59, with an average of 2.47 (
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.018), and for
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Nylanderia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nylanderia deceptrix" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="56" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="deceptrix">Nylanderia deceptrix</taxonomicName>
|
||
the ration ranged from 2.07-2.31, averaging 2.18 (
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.014). Comparing the averages using a
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Student’s">Student's</normalizedToken>
|
||
t-test, the difference between the two was significant (
|
||
<collectionCode>P</collectionCode>
|
||
<0.00001, t=12.59 for a two-tailed test), meaning the wings of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Nylanderia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nylanderia deceptrix" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="56" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="deceptrix">Nylanderia deceptrix</taxonomicName>
|
||
were smaller in proportion to
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Weber’s">Weber's</normalizedToken>
|
||
length compared to
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Nylanderia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nylanderia parvula" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="56" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="parvula">Nylanderia parvula</taxonomicName>
|
||
. When examining
|
||
<pageBreakToken pageId="8" pageNumber="57" start="start">the</pageBreakToken>
|
||
scatter plot of
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Weber’s">Weber's</normalizedToken>
|
||
length to forewing length of all the
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Nylanderia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nylanderia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="57" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Nylanderia</taxonomicName>
|
||
species used (see material and methods for list),
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Nylanderia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nylanderia deceptrix" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="57" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="deceptrix">Nylanderia deceptrix</taxonomicName>
|
||
falls well below the trendline created from the data of the other species (Fig. 14). The R2 value of the trendline was significant with a P-value<0.00001 (
|
||
<collectionCode>F</collectionCode>
|
||
=98.12), indicating a true relationship between forewing length and
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Weber’s">Weber's</normalizedToken>
|
||
length for the non-obligately socially parasitic Nearctic
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Nylanderia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nylanderia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="57" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Nylanderia</taxonomicName>
|
||
species.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption pageId="8" pageNumber="57">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="8" pageNumber="57">
|
||
Figure 14. Scatter plot displaying mesosoma length (=
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Weber’s">Weber's</normalizedToken>
|
||
length) to forewing length and trendline fitting non-parasitic Nearctic
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Nylanderia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nylanderia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="57" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Nylanderia</taxonomicName>
|
||
:
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Nylanderia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nylanderia arenivaga" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="57" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="arenivaga">Nylanderia arenivaga</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Nylanderia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nylanderia austroccidua" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="57" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="austroccidua">Nylanderia austroccidua</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Nylanderia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nylanderia concinna" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="57" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="concinna">Nylanderia concinna</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Nylanderia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nylanderia faisonensis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="57" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="faisonensis">Nylanderia faisonensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Nylanderia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nylanderia parvula" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="57" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="parvula">Nylanderia parvula</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Nylanderia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nylanderia phantasma" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="57" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="phantasma">Nylanderia phantasma</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Nylanderia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nylanderia querna" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="57" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="querna">Nylanderia querna</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Nylanderia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nylanderia terricola" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="57" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="terricola">Nylanderia terricola</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Nylanderia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nylanderia vividula" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="57" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vividula">Nylanderia vividula</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Nylanderia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nylanderia wojciki" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="57" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="wojciki">Nylanderia wojciki</taxonomicName>
|
||
(diamonds) with added
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Nylanderia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nylanderia deceptrix" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="57" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="deceptrix">Nylanderia deceptrix</taxonomicName>
|
||
data (squares, not part of trendline data).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="58" pageId="8" pageNumber="57">
|
||
Both
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Nylanderia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nylanderia deceptrix" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="57" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="deceptrix">Nylanderia deceptrix</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Nylanderia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nylanderia parvula" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="57" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="parvula">Nylanderia parvula</taxonomicName>
|
||
queens were allowed to climb to the top of a pencil to see if they would use it as a location to take off and fly from. Five
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Nylanderia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nylanderia parvula" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="57" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="parvula">Nylanderia parvula</taxonomicName>
|
||
queens were tested and each of them flew off of the pencil tip within two trials, however, none of the five
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Nylanderia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nylanderia deceptrix" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="57" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="deceptrix">Nylanderia deceptrix</taxonomicName>
|
||
flew off of the pencil tip after five trials for each individual. In the lab, attempts at dropping two
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Nylanderia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nylanderia deceptrix" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="57" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="deceptrix">Nylanderia deceptrix</taxonomicName>
|
||
queens over a white surface to provoke flight while freefalling were conducted, but neither of them flew. As
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Nylanderia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nylanderia deceptrix" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="58" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="deceptrix">
|
||
<pageBreakToken pageId="9" pageNumber="58" start="start">Nylanderia</pageBreakToken>
|
||
deceptrix
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
individuals were hard to collect and maintain in a laboratory setting; only two drop trials were done per individual to avoid harming or losing individuals.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="59" pageId="9" pageNumber="58" type="aggression">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="9" pageNumber="58">Aggression.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="59" pageId="9" pageNumber="58">
|
||
The aggression tests between workers, the pairing of both
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Nylanderia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nylanderia parvula" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="58" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="parvula">Nylanderia parvula</taxonomicName>
|
||
workers from not parasitized colonies had an average score of 2.5 (n=6, range 1-3), from one parasitized and one not parasitized colony averaged 4.4 (n=5, range 3-5), and from both parasitized colonies averaged 2.67 (n=3, range 1-4) (here colony is always referring to
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Nylanderia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nylanderia parvula" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="58" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="parvula">Nylanderia parvula</taxonomicName>
|
||
colonies). Pairings with an
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Nylanderia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nylanderia deceptrix" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="58" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="deceptrix">Nylanderia deceptrix</taxonomicName>
|
||
queen and a
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Nylanderia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nylanderia parvula" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="58" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="parvula">Nylanderia parvula</taxonomicName>
|
||
worker from a not parasitized colony had an average of 5 (n=2), and with a
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Nylanderia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nylanderia parvula" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="parvula">
|
||
<pageBreakToken pageId="10" pageNumber="59" start="start">Nylanderia</pageBreakToken>
|
||
parvula
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
worker from a parasitized colony averaged 1 (n=2). Also, the average aggression between a
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Nylanderia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nylanderia deceptrix" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="deceptrix">Nylanderia deceptrix</taxonomicName>
|
||
queen and a
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Nylanderia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nylanderia parvula" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="parvula">Nylanderia parvula</taxonomicName>
|
||
queen was 1.88 (n=16, range 1-3). Introduction tests placing a
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Nylanderia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nylanderia parvula" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="parvula">Nylanderia parvula</taxonomicName>
|
||
worker from a parasitized colony into another parasitized colony had an average score of 3.33 (n=3, range 2-5), and introducing a
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Nylanderia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nylanderia deceptrix" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="deceptrix">Nylanderia deceptrix</taxonomicName>
|
||
queen to an already parasitized colony averaged 2.33 (n=3, range 1-5). Two of the three
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Nylanderia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nylanderia deceptrix" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="deceptrix">Nylanderia deceptrix</taxonomicName>
|
||
introductions into an already parasitized colony resulted in acceptance of the queen into the new colony (score=1), while the third was attacked and rejected (score=5). When taking
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Nylanderia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nylanderia deceptrix" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="deceptrix">Nylanderia deceptrix</taxonomicName>
|
||
queens or parasitized colony workers and introducing them to not parasitized colonies, the average score was 5 for each case (n=4 and 5, respectively). Similarly, workers from not parasitized colonies introduced to a parasitized colony resulted in an average score of 4.75 (n=4). The final set of introductions involved taking a
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Nylanderia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nylanderia parvula" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="parvula">Nylanderia parvula</taxonomicName>
|
||
worker from a not parasitized colony and introducing her to another not parasitized colony. The resulting average score for that case was 4.8 (n=5, range 4-5). See Table 1 for all the aggression and introduction test average scores.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption pageId="10" pageNumber="59">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="10" pageNumber="59">
|
||
Table 1. Average Aggression scores (see text for details) for aggression and introduction tests (n=sample size). W/W-Colony =
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Nylanderia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nylanderia parvula" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="parvula">Nylanderia parvula</taxonomicName>
|
||
worker to
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Nylanderia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nylanderia parvula" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="parvula">Nylanderia parvula</taxonomicName>
|
||
worker; Dec/W-Colony =
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Nylanderia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nylanderia deceptrix" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="deceptrix">Nylanderia deceptrix</taxonomicName>
|
||
queen to
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Nylanderia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nylanderia parvula" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="parvula">Nylanderia parvula</taxonomicName>
|
||
worker; Dec/Queen =
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Nylanderia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nylanderia deceptrix" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="deceptrix">Nylanderia deceptrix</taxonomicName>
|
||
queen to
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Nylanderia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nylanderia parvula" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="parvula">Nylanderia parvula</taxonomicName>
|
||
queen.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="10" pageNumber="59">
|
||
<table pageId="10" pageNumber="59">
|
||
<tr pageId="10" pageNumber="59">
|
||
<th colspan="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="59" rowspan="1">
|
||
<abbrev pageId="10" pageNumber="59">W/W-Colony</abbrev>
|
||
(
|
||
<collectionCode>N</collectionCode>
|
||
)
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th colspan="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="59" rowspan="1">
|
||
<abbrev pageId="10" pageNumber="59">Dec/W-Colony</abbrev>
|
||
(
|
||
<collectionCode>N</collectionCode>
|
||
)
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th colspan="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="59" rowspan="1">
|
||
<abbrev pageId="10" pageNumber="59">Dec/Queen</abbrev>
|
||
(
|
||
<collectionCode>N</collectionCode>
|
||
)
|
||
</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="10" pageNumber="59">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="59" rowspan="1">Parasitized to Parasitized</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="10" pageNumber="59">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="59" rowspan="1">Solo Aggression</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="10" pageNumber="59">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="59" rowspan="1">Introduction Test</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="10" pageNumber="59">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="59" rowspan="1">Parasitized to Not Parasitized</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="10" pageNumber="59">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="59" rowspan="1">Solo Aggression</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="10" pageNumber="59">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="59" rowspan="1">Introduction Test</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="10" pageNumber="59">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="59" rowspan="1">Not Parasitized to Not Parasitized</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="10" pageNumber="59">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="59" rowspan="1">Solo Aggression</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="10" pageNumber="59">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="59" rowspan="1">Introduction Test</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="10" pageNumber="59">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="59" rowspan="1">Not Parasitized to Parasitized</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="10" pageNumber="59">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="59" rowspan="1">Introduction Test</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</table>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |