298 lines
61 KiB
XML
298 lines
61 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="794088ED84A9DBFEB4957B1217B00D10">On the genus Tylorida Simon, 1894 with the first record of the genus Atelidea Simon, 1895 from India (Araneae: Tetragnathidae, Leucauginae)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="17149FB673945E7641AEC4BF2C095E6C">Sankaran, Pradeep M.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="161738B4386E2135950EDD12A31D5C3F">Malamel, Jobi J.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="94E6167CD9406229D9985BE238167B09">Joseph, Mathew M.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="EDB87D5E44BB7409CA1FA7668F1432BF">Sebastian, Pothalil A.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="14C6A28B2FB4A7444C72F37D304044E0">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="4871BD9E5EF2E0CD4B8F95493569FB99">2017</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="73B65432379E93F6596209EB17ED7388">2017-11-23</mods:number>
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<treatment id="03D7A552F403082DADC45EC6C9CCB3C1" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6051862" ID-GBIF-Taxon="137541616" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6051862" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03D7A552F403082DADC45EC6C9CCB3C1" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D7A552F403082DADC45EC6C9CCB3C1" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="296" pageId="1" pageNumber="295">
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<subSubSection id="C36447CFF403082EADC45EC6CBC3B2FA" box="[151,413,1409,1435]" pageId="1" pageNumber="295" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BC11444F403082EADC45EC6CBC3B2FA" blockId="1.[151,413,1409,1435]" box="[151,413,1409,1435]" pageId="1" pageNumber="295">
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<heading id="D089A328F403082EADC45EC6CBC3B2FA" bold="true" box="[151,413,1409,1435]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="1" pageNumber="295" reason="1">
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<taxonomicName id="4C7E6FC7F403082EADC45EC6CBC3B2FA" ID-CoL="844C" ID-ENA="473179" authority="Simon, 1894" authorityName="Simon" authorityYear="1894" box="[151,413,1409,1435]" class="Arachnida" family="Tetragnathidae" genus="Tylorida" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="1" pageNumber="295" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B90AC856F403082EADC45EC6CBC3B2FA" bold="true" box="[151,413,1409,1435]" pageId="1" pageNumber="295">
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<emphasis id="B90AC856F403082EADC45EC6CAA2B2FA" bold="true" box="[151,252,1409,1435]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="295">Tylorida</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFEF69B5F403082EAC575EC6CBC3B2FA" author="Simon" box="[260,413,1409,1435]" pageId="1" pageNumber="295" refString="Simon, E. (1894) Histoire naturelle des araignees. Tome 1. Roret, Paris, 272 pp. [pp. 489 - 760]" type="book chapter" year="1894">Simon, 1894</bibRefCitation>
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C36447CFF403082EADC45E81CBB2B19E" pageId="1" pageNumber="295" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="8BC11444F403082EADC45E81CE81B2BE" blockId="1.[151,1436,1478,2007]" box="[151,1247,1478,1503]" pageId="1" pageNumber="295">
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<emphasis id="B90AC856F403082EADC45E81CB6AB2BE" bold="true" box="[151,308,1478,1503]" pageId="1" pageNumber="295">Type species:</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="4C7E6FC7F403082EAC685E81C8C0B2BE" authority="(Thorell, 1877)" authorityName="" authorityYear="1877" baseAuthorityName="Thorell" baseAuthorityYear="1877" box="[315,670,1478,1503]" class="Arachnida" family="Tetragnathidae" genus="Tylorida" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="1" pageNumber="295" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="striata">
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<emphasis id="B90AC856F403082EAC685E81CBB4B2BE" box="[315,490,1478,1503]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="295">Tylorida striata</emphasis>
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="EFEF69B5F403082EACAB5E81C8CBB2BE" author="Thorell" box="[504,661,1478,1503]" pageId="1" pageNumber="295" refString="Thorell, T. (1877) Studi sui Ragni Malesi e Papuani. I. Ragni di Selebes raccolti nel 1874 dal Dott. O. Beccari. Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Genova, 10, 341 - 637." type="journal article" year="1877">Thorell, 1877</bibRefCitation>
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)
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</taxonomicName>
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, originally described as
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<taxonomicName id="4C7E6FC7F403082EAEFD5E8FCE84B2BE" authority="Thorell, 1877" authorityName="Thorell" authorityYear="1877" box="[942,1242,1478,1503]" class="Arachnida" family="Tetragnathidae" genus="Meta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="1" pageNumber="295" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="striata">
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<emphasis id="B90AC856F403082EAEFD5E8FCE66B2BE" box="[942,1080,1480,1503]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="295">Meta striata</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFEF69B5F403082EA96C5E81CE84B2BE" author="Thorell" box="[1087,1242,1478,1503]" pageId="1" pageNumber="295" refString="Thorell, T. (1877) Studi sui Ragni Malesi e Papuani. I. Ragni di Selebes raccolti nel 1874 dal Dott. O. Beccari. Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Genova, 10, 341 - 637." type="journal article" year="1877">Thorell, 1877</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BC11444F403082EAD945EADCBB2B19E" blockId="1.[151,1436,1478,2007]" pageId="1" pageNumber="295">
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<emphasis id="B90AC856F403082EAD945EADCB03B162" bold="true" box="[199,349,1514,1539]" pageId="1" pageNumber="295">Rediagnosis.</emphasis>
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Genus
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<taxonomicName id="4C7E6FC7F403082EACEF5EADC846B162" authorityName="Simon" authorityYear="1894" box="[444,536,1514,1539]" class="Arachnida" family="Tetragnathidae" genus="Tylorida" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="1" pageNumber="295" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B90AC856F403082EACEF5EADC846B162" box="[444,536,1514,1539]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="295">Tylorida</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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can be separated from other described tetragnathid genera by the following combination of characters: femora IV with smooth trichobothrial shaft, cymbial dorso-basal process shorter than half the cymbial width and perpendicular to the cymbium longitudinal axis, short, acute embolus with a broad, twisted embolic base, short, lamelliform conductor lying dorsal to embolus, ventrally swollen tegulum with a distomedian triangular process, long, tubular fertilization ducts connected to both copulatory ducts and spermathecal bulb, copulatory and fertilization ducts running parallel before entering into spermathecal bulb (
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<bibRefCitation id="EFEF69B5F403082EA99E5DD9CB81B19E" author="Alvarez-Padilla" pageId="1" pageNumber="295" refString="Alvarez-Padilla, F. & Hormiga, G. (2011) Morphological and phylogenetic atlas of the orb-weaving spider family Tetragnathidae (Araneae: Araneoidea). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 162, 713 - 879. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.2011.00692. x" type="journal article" year="2011">
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Álvarez-Padilla & Hormiga 2011: figs 115F, 116C, 117A, B, F; present data:
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<figureCitation id="134508C1F403082EAE785D85C9D9B1BA" box="[811,903,1730,1755]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1880,1902]" captionTargetBox="[199,1406,209,1844]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[177,1421,193,1869]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 4A–H. Tylorida flava sp. nov.. A Subadult male prosoma, retrolateral; B Female prosoma, retrolateral; C Subadult male left chelicera, prolateral; D Female left chelicera, prolateral; E–F Epigynum, ventral; G–H Internal female genitalia, dorsal.Abbreviations:CD copulatory duct, EP epigynal plate,FD fertilization duct,ll lateral lobeof thepostero-median lobeof epigynal plate, ml median lobe of the postero-median lobe of epigynal plate, pEP postero-median lobe of epigynal plate, SB spermathecal bulb.Scale bars A–B, 1 mm; C–D, 0.5 mm; E–H 0.2 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1065174/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="295">Figs 4H</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="134508C1F403082EAEC05D84C984B1BA" box="[915,986,1731,1755]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="12.[151,250,1600,1622]" captionTargetBox="[166,1418,221,1564]" captionTargetId="figure@12.[151,1436,193,1579]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 8A–H. Tylorida marmorea (Pocock, 1901) comb. nov., male left pedipalp. A–D Specimen from Ponmudi (High altitude form): A prolateral; B ventral; C retrolateral; D dorsal; E–H Specimen from Akambadam (Low altitude form): E prolateral; F ventral; G retrolateral; H dorsal.Scale bar A–H, 1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1065182/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="295">8A–H</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="134508C1F403082EAEB55D84CE65B1BA" box="[998,1083,1731,1755]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="14.[151,250,1562,1584]" captionTargetBox="[218,1381,203,1547]" captionTargetId="figure@14.[206,1392,185,1553]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURE 10A–I. Tylorida marmorea (Pocock, 1901) comb. nov., male left pedipalp. A–D Specimen from Ponmudi (High altitude form): A prolateral; B ventral; C retrolateral; D dorsal; E–I Specimen from Akambadam (Low altitude form): E prolateral; F ventral; G & I retrolateral; H dorsal.Abbreviations: C conductor,CDBP cymbial dorso-basal process, dmtT distomediantriangular process of tegulum, E embolus,EB embolicbase, P paracymbium, ST subtegulum, T tegulum, Tr trochanter. Scale bar A–I, 1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1065186/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="295">10A–H</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="134508C1F403082EA9145D84CE88B1BB" box="[1095,1238,1731,1755]" captionStart="FIGURE 11" captionStartId="15.[151,250,1919,1941]" captionTargetBox="[226,1370,666,1886]" captionTargetId="figure@15.[204,1392,647,1902]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="FIGURE 11A–F. Tylorida marmorea (Pocock, 1901) comb. nov., female genitalia. A–B, E Specimen from Ponmudi (High altitude form): A Epigynum, ventral; B & E Internal genitalia, dorsal; C–D, F Specimen from Akambadam (Low altitude form): C Epigynum, ventral; D & F Internal genitalia, dorsal. Abbreviations: CD copulatory duct, EP epigynal plate, FD fertilization duct, pEP postero-median lobe of epigynal plate, SB spermathecal bulb.Scale bar A–F, 1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1065188/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="295">11B, D, E–F</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="134508C1F403082EA9B25D84CF0CB1BB" box="[1249,1362,1731,1755]" captionStart="FIGURE 14" captionStartId="19.[151,250,1904,1926]" captionTargetBox="[182,1408,202,1866]" captionTargetId="figure@19.[173,1417,193,1886]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="FIGURE 14A–F. Tylorida striata (Thorell, 1877) from Thalacode, Ernakulam. A–D Male left pedipalp: A prolateral; B ventral; C retrolateral; D dorsal; E–F Female genitalia: E Epigynum, ventral; F Internal genitalia, dorsal; G Original drawings of Tylorida nicobarensis (Tikader,1977) (=Tylorida striata (Thorell, 1877)) adopted from Tikader(1977) without modification. Scale bars A–D, 0.5 mm; E–F, 0.2 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1065194/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="295">14A–D, F</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="134508C1F403082EA80D5D84CB79B19E" captionStart="FIGURE 17" captionStartId="22.[151,250,1841,1863]" captionTargetBox="[191,1395,529,1822]" captionTargetId="figure@22.[186,1410,519,1831]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="FIGURE 17A–O. Tylorida ventralis (Thorell, 1877): male left pedipalp illustrating intraspecific variations and left chelicerae. A–E variety I from Edappady, Kottayam:A–D Left pedipalp:A prolateral; B ventral; C retrolateral; D dorsal; E Left chelicera, prolateral; F–J variety II from Pathiramanal Island, Alappuzha: F–I Left pedipalp: F prolateral; G ventral; H retrolateral; I dorsal; J Left chelicera, prolateral; variety III from Perumbalam, Alappuzha: K–N Left pedipalp: K prolateral; L ventral; M retrolateral; N dorsal; O Left chelicera, prolateral. Scale bars A–D, 0.5 mm; E, 1 mm;F–O, 0.5 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1065200/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="295">17A– D, F–I, K–N</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="134508C1F403082EAC615DA0CB81B19E" box="[306,479,1767,1791]" captionStart="FIGURE 18" captionStartId="23.[151,250,1845,1867]" captionTargetBox="[312,1268,209,1815]" captionTargetId="figure@23.[290,1301,193,1828]" captionTargetPageId="23" captionText="FIGURE 18A–O. Tylorida ventralis (Thorell, 1877): female genitalia illustrating intraspecific variations. A–F variety II, female with distinct caudal tubercle (A–C from Kumarakom, Kottayam and D–F from Kulathupuzha, Kollam): A–B, D–E Epigyna, ventral; C, F Internal female genitalia, dorsal; G–I, M–O variety III, female without caudal tubercle (G–I another female from Kulathupuzha, Kollam and M–O from Perumbalam, Alappuzha): G–H, M–N Epigyna, ventral; I, O Internal female genitalia, dorsal; J–L variety I, female with indistinct caudal tubercle (from Edappady, Kottayam): J–K Epigyna, ventral; L Internal female genitalia, dorsal. Scale bars A–C, J–L, 0.2 mm; D–I, M–O, 0.5 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1065202/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="295">18 C, F, I, L, O</figureCitation>
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</bibRefCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C36447CFF403082DAD945C4DC9CCB3C1" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="296" pageId="1" pageNumber="295" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BC11444F403082DAD945C4DC89EB799" blockId="1.[151,1436,1478,2007]" lastBlockId="2.[151,1436,151,1184]" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="296" pageId="1" pageNumber="295">
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<emphasis id="B90AC856F403082EAD945C4DCB3BB042" bold="true" box="[199,357,1802,1827]" pageId="1" pageNumber="295">Relationship.</emphasis>
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Genus
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<taxonomicName id="4C7E6FC7F403082EACED5C4DC844B042" authorityName="Simon" authorityYear="1894" box="[446,538,1802,1827]" class="Arachnida" family="Tetragnathidae" genus="Tylorida" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="1" pageNumber="295" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B90AC856F403082EACED5C4DC844B042" box="[446,538,1802,1827]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="295">Tylorida</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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is closely allied to the genus
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<taxonomicName id="4C7E6FC7F403082EAE265C4CC9BDB043" authorityName="Thorell" authorityYear="1890" box="[885,995,1803,1826]" class="Arachnida" family="Tetragnathidae" genus="Orsinome" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="1" pageNumber="295" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B90AC856F403082EAE265C4CC9BDB043" box="[885,995,1803,1826]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="295">Orsinome</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEF69B5F403082EAEA75C4DCF72B042" author="Alvarez-Padilla" box="[1012,1324,1802,1827]" pageId="1" pageNumber="295" refString="Alvarez-Padilla, F., Dimitrov, D., Giribet, G., Hormiga, G. (2009) Phylogenetic relationships of the spider family Tetragnathidae (Araneae, Araneoidea) based on morphological and DNA sequence data. Cladistics, 25, 109 - 146. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 0031.2008.00242. x" type="journal article" year="2009">
|
||
Álvarez-Padilla
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AC856F403082EA9FD5C4BCEB6B042" box="[1198,1256,1802,1827]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="295">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2009
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Álvarez-
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEF69B5F403082EADC45C69CB9AB026" author="Padilla" box="[151,452,1838,1863]" pageId="1" pageNumber="295" refString="Alvarez-Padilla, F. & Hormiga, G. (2011) Morphological and phylogenetic atlas of the orb-weaving spider family Tetragnathidae (Araneae: Araneoidea). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 162, 713 - 879. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.2011.00692. x" type="journal article" year="2011">Padilla & Hormiga 2011</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEF69B5F403082EAC845C69C940B026" author="Dimitrov" box="[471,798,1838,1863]" pageId="1" pageNumber="295" refString="Dimitrov, D. & Hormiga, G. (2011) An extraordinary new genus of spiders from Western Australia with an expanded hypothesis on the phylogeny of Tetragnathidae (Araneae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 161, 735 - 768. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.2010.00662. x" type="journal article" year="2011">Dimitrov & Hormiga 2011</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Members of both these genera are similar in size, colouration (compare
|
||
<figureCitation id="134508C1F403082EACC55C15C84CB00A" box="[406,530,1874,1899]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="9.[151,250,1967,1989]" captionTargetBox="[233,1353,204,1937]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[219,1372,193,1949]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 5A–F. Tylorida marmorea (Pocock, 1901) comb. nov. from Ponmudi (High altitude form). A–C Male habitus: A dorsal; B ventral; C prolateral; D–F Female habitus:D dorsal; E ventral; F prolateral.Scale bar A–F,2 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1065176/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="295">Figs 5A–F</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="134508C1F403082EAF715C15C837B00A" box="[546,617,1874,1899]" captionStart="FIGURE6" captionStartId="10.[151,250,1773,1795]" captionTargetBox="[163,1423,966,1735]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[151,1436,949,1752]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE6A–D. Tylorida marmorea (Pocock,1901) comb.nov. from Akambadam (Low altitude form).A–B Male habitus:A dorsal; B prolateral; C–D Femalehabitus:C dorsal; D retrolateral. Scale bar A–D, 2 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1065178/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="295">6A–D</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="134508C1F403082EAF2B5C15C898B00A" box="[632,710,1874,1899]" captionStart="FIGURE 15" captionStartId="20.[151,250,1941,1963]" captionTargetBox="[316,1273,460,1916]" captionTargetId="figure@20.[297,1290,450,1925]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="FIGURE 15A–F. Tylorida ventralis (Thorell, 1877): variety I, female with indistinct caudal tubercle from Edappady, Kottayam.A–C Male habitus: A dorsal; B ventral; C retrolateral; D–F Female habitus:D dorsal; E ventral, F retrolateral.Scale bar A–F, 2 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1065196/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="295">15A–F</figureCitation>
|
||
with 20A–F) and web building behaviour (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEF69B5F403082EA9995C15CBE3B0EE" author="Alvarez-Padilla" pageId="1" pageNumber="295" refString="Alvarez-Padilla, F. & Hormiga, G. (2011) Morphological and phylogenetic atlas of the orb-weaving spider family Tetragnathidae (Araneae: Araneoidea). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 162, 713 - 879. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.2011.00692. x" type="journal article" year="2011">Álvarez-Padilla & Hormiga 2011: fig. 5C, E</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), making them misplaced within both the genera. Females of both genera share similar cheliceral dentition: three promarginal and four retromarginal teeth (compare
|
||
<figureCitation id="134508C1F403082EA9725CDDCEB5B0D3" box="[1057,1259,1946,1971]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="16.[151,250,1073,1095]" captionTargetBox="[168,1421,214,1028]" captionTargetId="figure@16.[151,1436,193,1052]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIGURE 12A–K. Left chelicerae of Tylorida spp. and Orsinome cf. vethi (Hasselt, 1882). A–E Left chelicerae of Tylorida marmorea (Pocock, 1901) comb. nov.: A Male (High altitude form), prolateral; B Female (High altitude form), prolateral; C Male (Low altitude form), prolateral; D Female (Low altitude form), prolateral; E Orginal drawings of male and female cheliceraeadopted from Gravely(1921) without modification; F–G Left chelicerae of Tylorida striata (Thorell, 1877):F Male, retrolateral; G Female, prolateral; H–I Left chelicerae of Tylorida ventralis (Thorell, 1877): H Male, prolateral, arrow indicates tiny tubercle; I Female,ventro-retrolateral;J–K Left cheliceraeof Orsinome cf.vethi: J Male, retrolateral; K Female,prolateral. Scale bars A–B, H–I, 1 mm; C–D, 0.5 mm; F–G, 0.2 mm; J–K, 0.5 mm; E, not to scale." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1065190/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="295">Fig. 12B, D, G, I</figureCitation>
|
||
with K). Male chelicerae of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7E6FC7F403082EAC6B5CF8CBF8B0B7" authorityName="Thorell" authorityYear="1890" box="[312,422,1983,2006]" class="Arachnida" family="Tetragnathidae" genus="Orsinome" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="1" pageNumber="295" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AC856F403082EAC6B5CF8CBF8B0B7" box="[312,422,1983,2006]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="295">Orsinome</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
spp., however, significantly differ from that of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7E6FC7F403082EAEB05CF9CE61B0B6" authorityName="Simon" authorityYear="1894" box="[995,1087,1982,2007]" class="Arachnida" family="Tetragnathidae" genus="Tylorida" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="1" pageNumber="295" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AC856F403082EAEB05CF9CE61B0B6" box="[995,1087,1982,2007]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="295">Tylorida</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
spp. In the former, the male chelicerae are massive, nearly as wide as long with cheliceral apophysis and less number of teeth, while in the latter, it is longer than wide with numerous teeth and without any apophysis (compare
|
||
<figureCitation id="134508C1F400082DA9335BFBCF7CB7B5" box="[1120,1314,188,213]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="16.[151,250,1073,1095]" captionTargetBox="[168,1421,214,1028]" captionTargetId="figure@16.[151,1436,193,1052]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIGURE 12A–K. Left chelicerae of Tylorida spp. and Orsinome cf. vethi (Hasselt, 1882). A–E Left chelicerae of Tylorida marmorea (Pocock, 1901) comb. nov.: A Male (High altitude form), prolateral; B Female (High altitude form), prolateral; C Male (Low altitude form), prolateral; D Female (Low altitude form), prolateral; E Orginal drawings of male and female cheliceraeadopted from Gravely(1921) without modification; F–G Left chelicerae of Tylorida striata (Thorell, 1877):F Male, retrolateral; G Female, prolateral; H–I Left chelicerae of Tylorida ventralis (Thorell, 1877): H Male, prolateral, arrow indicates tiny tubercle; I Female,ventro-retrolateral;J–K Left cheliceraeof Orsinome cf.vethi: J Male, retrolateral; K Female,prolateral. Scale bars A–B, H–I, 1 mm; C–D, 0.5 mm; F–G, 0.2 mm; J–K, 0.5 mm; E, not to scale." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1065190/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="296">Fig. 12A, C, F, H</figureCitation>
|
||
with J and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEF69B5F400082DADC45B98C84EB799" author="Alvarez-Padilla" box="[151,528,223,248]" pageId="2" pageNumber="296" refString="Alvarez-Padilla, F. & Hormiga, G. (2011) Morphological and phylogenetic atlas of the orb-weaving spider family Tetragnathidae (Araneae: Araneoidea). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 162, 713 - 879. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.2011.00692. x" type="journal article" year="2011">Álvarez-Padilla & Hormiga 2011</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: fig. 101D, H).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC11444F400082DAD945A43CE0BB5E5" blockId="2.[151,1436,151,1184]" pageId="2" pageNumber="296">
|
||
Members of both the genera differ significantly in male and female genitalia. Whereas in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7E6FC7F400082DA9875A43CF6EB67C" authorityName="Simon" authorityYear="1894" box="[1236,1328,260,285]" class="Arachnida" family="Tetragnathidae" genus="Tylorida" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="2" pageNumber="296" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AC856F400082DA9875A43CF6EB67C" box="[1236,1328,260,285]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="296">Tylorida</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
spp., the pedipalp possesses a short embolus, short, lamelliform conductor, that clearly separated from embolus, distomedian triangular process of tegulum and basally placed cymbial dorso-basal process, the pedipalp of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7E6FC7F400082DA87E5A0ACFC5B605" authorityName="Thorell" authorityYear="1890" box="[1325,1435,333,356]" class="Arachnida" family="Tetragnathidae" genus="Orsinome" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="2" pageNumber="296" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AC856F400082DA87E5A0ACFC5B605" box="[1325,1435,333,356]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="296">Orsinome</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
spp. share features such as long embolus, long conductor, which appears contiguous to embolus, tegulum without disto-median triangular process and a more or less distally placed cymbial dorso-basal process (compare
|
||
<figureCitation id="134508C1F400082DA8745AD3CAFCB6AE" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="14.[151,250,1562,1584]" captionTargetBox="[218,1381,203,1547]" captionTargetId="figure@14.[206,1392,185,1553]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURE 10A–I. Tylorida marmorea (Pocock, 1901) comb. nov., male left pedipalp. A–D Specimen from Ponmudi (High altitude form): A prolateral; B ventral; C retrolateral; D dorsal; E–I Specimen from Akambadam (Low altitude form): E prolateral; F ventral; G & I retrolateral; H dorsal.Abbreviations: C conductor,CDBP cymbial dorso-basal process, dmtT distomediantriangular process of tegulum, E embolus,EB embolicbase, P paracymbium, ST subtegulum, T tegulum, Tr trochanter. Scale bar A–I, 1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1065186/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="296">Figs 10A– I</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="134508C1F400082DADE15AFFCB59B6B1" box="[178,263,440,464]" captionStart="FIGURE 14" captionStartId="19.[151,250,1904,1926]" captionTargetBox="[182,1408,202,1866]" captionTargetId="figure@19.[173,1417,193,1886]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="FIGURE 14A–F. Tylorida striata (Thorell, 1877) from Thalacode, Ernakulam. A–D Male left pedipalp: A prolateral; B ventral; C retrolateral; D dorsal; E–F Female genitalia: E Epigynum, ventral; F Internal genitalia, dorsal; G Original drawings of Tylorida nicobarensis (Tikader,1977) (=Tylorida striata (Thorell, 1877)) adopted from Tikader(1977) without modification. Scale bars A–D, 0.5 mm; E–F, 0.2 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1065194/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="296">14A–D</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="134508C1F400082DAC455AFFCBB5B6AE" box="[278,491,440,464]" captionStart="FIGURE 17" captionStartId="22.[151,250,1841,1863]" captionTargetBox="[191,1395,529,1822]" captionTargetId="figure@22.[186,1410,519,1831]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="FIGURE 17A–O. Tylorida ventralis (Thorell, 1877): male left pedipalp illustrating intraspecific variations and left chelicerae. A–E variety I from Edappady, Kottayam:A–D Left pedipalp:A prolateral; B ventral; C retrolateral; D dorsal; E Left chelicera, prolateral; F–J variety II from Pathiramanal Island, Alappuzha: F–I Left pedipalp: F prolateral; G ventral; H retrolateral; I dorsal; J Left chelicera, prolateral; variety III from Perumbalam, Alappuzha: K–N Left pedipalp: K prolateral; L ventral; M retrolateral; N dorsal; O Left chelicera, prolateral. Scale bars A–D, 0.5 mm; E, 1 mm;F–O, 0.5 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1065200/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="296">17A–D, F–I, K–N</figureCitation>
|
||
, with 21A–E,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEF69B5F400082DAFCB5AF0CE45B6B1" author="Alvarez-Padilla" box="[664,1051,439,464]" pageId="2" pageNumber="296" refString="Alvarez-Padilla, F. & Hormiga, G. (2011) Morphological and phylogenetic atlas of the orb-weaving spider family Tetragnathidae (Araneae: Araneoidea). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 162, 713 - 879. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.2011.00692. x" type="journal article" year="2011">Álvarez-Padilla & Hormiga 2011</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: fig. 103A, F). In contrast to the epigyna of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7E6FC7F400082DAC485A9BCB29B694" authorityName="Simon" authorityYear="1894" box="[283,375,476,501]" class="Arachnida" family="Tetragnathidae" genus="Tylorida" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="2" pageNumber="296" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AC856F400082DAC485A9BCB29B694" box="[283,375,476,501]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="296">Tylorida</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
spp., which have prominent epigynal plate, widely separated copulatory openings and very long, tubular fertilization ducts, the epigyna of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7E6FC7F400082DAFE35947C941B576" authorityName="Thorell" authorityYear="1890" box="[688,799,512,535]" class="Arachnida" family="Tetragnathidae" genus="Orsinome" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="2" pageNumber="296" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AC856F400082DAFE35947C941B576" box="[688,799,512,535]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="296">Orsinome</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
spp. are characterised by less prominent epigynal plate, short, thick fertilization ducts and having closely placed/contiguous copulatory openings placed in a common chamber (genital opening) at the centre of the epigynal plate (compare
|
||
<figureCitation id="134508C1F400082DAEE65900CE64B501" box="[949,1082,583,608]" captionStart="FIGURE 11" captionStartId="15.[151,250,1919,1941]" captionTargetBox="[226,1370,666,1886]" captionTargetId="figure@15.[204,1392,647,1902]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="FIGURE 11A–F. Tylorida marmorea (Pocock, 1901) comb. nov., female genitalia. A–B, E Specimen from Ponmudi (High altitude form): A Epigynum, ventral; B & E Internal genitalia, dorsal; C–D, F Specimen from Akambadam (Low altitude form): C Epigynum, ventral; D & F Internal genitalia, dorsal. Abbreviations: CD copulatory duct, EP epigynal plate, FD fertilization duct, pEP postero-median lobe of epigynal plate, SB spermathecal bulb.Scale bar A–F, 1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1065188/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="296">Figs 11A–F</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="134508C1F400082DA915590FCECFB501" box="[1094,1169,584,608]" captionStart="FIGURE 14" captionStartId="19.[151,250,1904,1926]" captionTargetBox="[182,1408,202,1866]" captionTargetId="figure@19.[173,1417,193,1886]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="FIGURE 14A–F. Tylorida striata (Thorell, 1877) from Thalacode, Ernakulam. A–D Male left pedipalp: A prolateral; B ventral; C retrolateral; D dorsal; E–F Female genitalia: E Epigynum, ventral; F Internal genitalia, dorsal; G Original drawings of Tylorida nicobarensis (Tikader,1977) (=Tylorida striata (Thorell, 1877)) adopted from Tikader(1977) without modification. Scale bars A–D, 0.5 mm; E–F, 0.2 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1065194/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="296">14E–F</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="134508C1F400082DA9CF590FCEB1B501" box="[1180,1263,584,608]" captionStart="FIGURE 18" captionStartId="23.[151,250,1845,1867]" captionTargetBox="[312,1268,209,1815]" captionTargetId="figure@23.[290,1301,193,1828]" captionTargetPageId="23" captionText="FIGURE 18A–O. Tylorida ventralis (Thorell, 1877): female genitalia illustrating intraspecific variations. A–F variety II, female with distinct caudal tubercle (A–C from Kumarakom, Kottayam and D–F from Kulathupuzha, Kollam): A–B, D–E Epigyna, ventral; C, F Internal female genitalia, dorsal; G–I, M–O variety III, female without caudal tubercle (G–I another female from Kulathupuzha, Kollam and M–O from Perumbalam, Alappuzha): G–H, M–N Epigyna, ventral; I, O Internal female genitalia, dorsal; J–L variety I, female with indistinct caudal tubercle (from Edappady, Kottayam): J–K Epigyna, ventral; L Internal female genitalia, dorsal. Scale bars A–C, J–L, 0.2 mm; D–I, M–O, 0.5 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1065202/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="296">18A–O</figureCitation>
|
||
with
|
||
<figureCitation id="134508C1F400082DA87C5900CAF5B5E5" captionStart="FIGURE 21" captionStartId="26.[151,250,1564,1586]" captionTargetBox="[192,1388,214,1533]" captionTargetId="figure@26.[166,1419,187,1548]" captionTargetPageId="26" captionText="FIGURE 21A–G. Orsinome cf. vethi (Hasselt, 1882). A–E Male left pedipalp: A prolateral; B ventral; C, E retrolateral; D dorsal; F–G Female genitalia: F Epigynum, ventral; G Internal genitalia, dorsal. Abbreviations: C conductor, CD copulatory duct, CDBP cymbial dorso-basal process, CO copulatory opening, E embolus, EB embolic base, FD fertilization duct, GO genital opening, P paracymbium, SB spermathecal bulb, ST subtegulum, T tegulum, Tr trochanter.Scale bar A–G 0.5 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1065208/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="296">Fig. 21F– G</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEF69B5F400082DADE5592BCB3BB5E5" author="Zhu" box="[182,357,620,645]" pageId="2" pageNumber="296" refString="Zhu, M. S., Song, D. X. & Zhang, J. X. (2003) Fauna Sinica: Invertebrata. Vol. 35. Arachnida: Araneae: Tetragnathidae. Science Press, Beijing, vii + 418 pp." type="book" year="2003">
|
||
Zhu
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AC856F400082DADB9592ACB7CB5E4" box="[234,290,620,645]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="296">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2003
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: fig. 164D, E,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEF69B5F400082DAF5B592BC9DCB5E5" author="Alvarez-Padilla" box="[520,898,620,645]" pageId="2" pageNumber="296" refString="Alvarez-Padilla, F. & Hormiga, G. (2011) Morphological and phylogenetic atlas of the orb-weaving spider family Tetragnathidae (Araneae: Araneoidea). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 162, 713 - 879. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.2011.00692. x" type="journal article" year="2011">Álvarez-Padilla & Hormiga 2011</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: figs 102A, 104E).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC11444F400082DAD9459C8C9CCB3C1" blockId="2.[151,1436,151,1184]" pageId="2" pageNumber="296">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AC856F400082DAD9459C8C92DB5C9" bold="true" box="[199,883,655,680]" pageId="2" pageNumber="296">
|
||
Taxonomic significance of male chelicerae of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7E6FC7F400082DAE5F59C8C933B5C9" authorityName="Simon" authorityYear="1894" box="[780,877,655,680]" class="Arachnida" family="Tetragnathidae" genus="Tylorida" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="2" pageNumber="296" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AC856F400082DAE5F59C8C933B5C9" bold="true" box="[780,877,655,680]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="296">Tylorida</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Most tetragnathid males are characterised by conspicuously enlarged chelicerae, often armoured with numerous teeth and specialized cheliceral apophyses, which are used for
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AC856F400082DAC275990C876B591" box="[372,552,727,752]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="296">cheliceral clasp</emphasis>
|
||
during courtship and mating (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEF69B5F400082DAED05990CE70B591" author="Bristowe" box="[899,1070,727,752]" pageId="2" pageNumber="296" refString="Bristowe, W. S. (1958) The World of Spiders. Collins, London, xii + 304 pp." type="book" year="1958">Bristowe 1958</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEF69B5F400082DA9685990CF0DB591" author="Eberhard" box="[1083,1363,727,752]" pageId="2" pageNumber="296" refString="Eberhard, W. G., Huber, B. A. (1998) Courtship, copulation and sperm transfer in Leucauge mariana (Araneae, Tetragnathidae). Journal of Arachnology, 26, 342 - 368." type="journal article" year="1998">Eberhard & Huber 1998</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Like members of the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7E6FC7F400082DACCB59BBC88FB475" authority="Latreille, 1804" authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1804" box="[408,721,764,789]" class="Arachnida" family="Tetragnathidae" genus="Tetragnatha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="2" pageNumber="296" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AC856F400082DACCB59BBC87EB474" box="[408,544,764,789]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="296">Tetragnatha</emphasis>
|
||
Latreille, 1804
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, whose chelicerae are taxonomically significant in systematics, the chelicerae of male
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7E6FC7F400082DACC75858CBAEB459" authorityName="Simon" authorityYear="1894" box="[404,496,799,824]" class="Arachnida" family="Tetragnathidae" genus="Tylorida" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="2" pageNumber="296" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AC856F400082DACC75858CBAEB459" box="[404,496,799,824]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="296">Tylorida</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
spp. are useful in species identification and in the case of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7E6FC7F400082DA92D5858CE84B459" authorityName="Simon" authorityYear="1894" box="[1150,1242,799,824]" class="Arachnida" family="Tetragnathidae" genus="Tylorida" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="2" pageNumber="296" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AC856F400082DA92D5858CE84B459" box="[1150,1242,799,824]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="296">Tylorida</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, it is particularly significant as the members are extremely similar to each other in both male (
|
||
<figureCitation id="134508C1F400082DAEA45803CE29B43D" box="[1015,1143,836,861]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="12.[151,250,1600,1622]" captionTargetBox="[166,1418,221,1564]" captionTargetId="figure@12.[151,1436,193,1579]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 8A–H. Tylorida marmorea (Pocock, 1901) comb. nov., male left pedipalp. A–D Specimen from Ponmudi (High altitude form): A prolateral; B ventral; C retrolateral; D dorsal; E–H Specimen from Akambadam (Low altitude form): E prolateral; F ventral; G retrolateral; H dorsal.Scale bar A–H, 1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1065182/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="296">Figs 8A–H</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="134508C1F400082DA9D05803CE86B43D" box="[1155,1240,836,860]" captionStart="FIGURE 14" captionStartId="19.[151,250,1904,1926]" captionTargetBox="[182,1408,202,1866]" captionTargetId="figure@19.[173,1417,193,1886]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="FIGURE 14A–F. Tylorida striata (Thorell, 1877) from Thalacode, Ernakulam. A–D Male left pedipalp: A prolateral; B ventral; C retrolateral; D dorsal; E–F Female genitalia: E Epigynum, ventral; F Internal genitalia, dorsal; G Original drawings of Tylorida nicobarensis (Tikader,1977) (=Tylorida striata (Thorell, 1877)) adopted from Tikader(1977) without modification. Scale bars A–D, 0.5 mm; E–F, 0.2 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1065194/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="296">14A–D</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="134508C1F400082DA9B75803CAF3B4E1" captionStart="FIGURE 17" captionStartId="22.[151,250,1841,1863]" captionTargetBox="[191,1395,529,1822]" captionTargetId="figure@22.[186,1410,519,1831]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="FIGURE 17A–O. Tylorida ventralis (Thorell, 1877): male left pedipalp illustrating intraspecific variations and left chelicerae. A–E variety I from Edappady, Kottayam:A–D Left pedipalp:A prolateral; B ventral; C retrolateral; D dorsal; E Left chelicera, prolateral; F–J variety II from Pathiramanal Island, Alappuzha: F–I Left pedipalp: F prolateral; G ventral; H retrolateral; I dorsal; J Left chelicera, prolateral; variety III from Perumbalam, Alappuzha: K–N Left pedipalp: K prolateral; L ventral; M retrolateral; N dorsal; O Left chelicera, prolateral. Scale bars A–D, 0.5 mm; E, 1 mm;F–O, 0.5 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1065200/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="296">17A–D, F–I, K– N</figureCitation>
|
||
) and female (
|
||
<figureCitation id="134508C1F400082DAC155820CB98B4E1" box="[326,454,871,896]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="13.[151,250,1723,1745]" captionTargetBox="[187,1419,448,1670]" captionTargetId="figure@13.[151,1436,419,1687]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURE 9A–D. Tylorida marmorea (Pocock, 1901) comb. nov., female genitalia. A–B Specimen from Ponmudi (High altitude form): A Epigynum, ventral; B Internal genitalia, dorsal; C–D Specimen from Akambadam (Low altitude form): C Epigynum, ventral; D Internal genitalia, dorsal.Scale bars A–B, 1 mm; C–D, 0.5 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1065184/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="296">Figs 9A–D</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="134508C1F400082DAC82582FC842B4E1" box="[465,540,872,896]" captionStart="FIGURE 14" captionStartId="19.[151,250,1904,1926]" captionTargetBox="[182,1408,202,1866]" captionTargetId="figure@19.[173,1417,193,1886]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="FIGURE 14A–F. Tylorida striata (Thorell, 1877) from Thalacode, Ernakulam. A–D Male left pedipalp: A prolateral; B ventral; C retrolateral; D dorsal; E–F Female genitalia: E Epigynum, ventral; F Internal genitalia, dorsal; G Original drawings of Tylorida nicobarensis (Tikader,1977) (=Tylorida striata (Thorell, 1877)) adopted from Tikader(1977) without modification. Scale bars A–D, 0.5 mm; E–F, 0.2 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1065194/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="296">14E–F</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="134508C1F400082DAF7B582FC823B4E1" box="[552,637,872,896]" captionStart="FIGURE 18" captionStartId="23.[151,250,1845,1867]" captionTargetBox="[312,1268,209,1815]" captionTargetId="figure@23.[290,1301,193,1828]" captionTargetPageId="23" captionText="FIGURE 18A–O. Tylorida ventralis (Thorell, 1877): female genitalia illustrating intraspecific variations. A–F variety II, female with distinct caudal tubercle (A–C from Kumarakom, Kottayam and D–F from Kulathupuzha, Kollam): A–B, D–E Epigyna, ventral; C, F Internal female genitalia, dorsal; G–I, M–O variety III, female without caudal tubercle (G–I another female from Kulathupuzha, Kollam and M–O from Perumbalam, Alappuzha): G–H, M–N Epigyna, ventral; I, O Internal female genitalia, dorsal; J–L variety I, female with indistinct caudal tubercle (from Edappady, Kottayam): J–K Epigyna, ventral; L Internal female genitalia, dorsal. Scale bars A–C, J–L, 0.2 mm; D–I, M–O, 0.5 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1065202/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="296">18A–O</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEF69B5F400082DAFDB582FC986B4E1" author="Jager" box="[648,984,871,896]" pageId="2" pageNumber="296" refString="Jager, P. & Praxaysombath, B. (2009) Spiders from Laos: new species and new records (Arachnida: Araneae). Acta Arachnologica, Tokyo, 58, 27 - 51. https: // doi. org / 10.2476 / asjaa. 58.27" type="journal article" year="2009">Jäger & Praxaysombath 2009</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: fig. 25) genitalic aspects and exhibiting intense intraspecific variations, both somatic as well as genitalic (
|
||
<figureCitation id="134508C1F400082DAE2858CBC9AFB4C5" box="[891,1009,908,933]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1861,1883]" captionTargetBox="[188,1398,206,1835]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[181,1405,195,1844]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 1A–F. Field photographs of Tylorida spp. A Female Tylorida flava sp. nov. from Illithodu, Ernakulam (ADSH100454); B–C Tylorida marmorea (Pocock, 1901) comb. nov. from Ponmudi, Trivandrum (ADSH100458): B Male; C Female;D Femaleof Tylorida striata (Thorell, 1877)from MuriyadKol Wetland, Thrissur,Kerala (CATE99462); E–FFemales of Tylorida ventralis (Thorell, 1877): E Silver morph from Pathiramanal Island, Alappuzha (ADSH1004515); F Yellow morph from Kanakappalam, Kottayam (ADSH1004518). Photo credit A & E, Pradeep M. Sankaran; B & C, Jimmy Paul; D, Nafin K.S.; F, Dhruv A. Prajapati." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1065168/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="296">Figs 1E–F</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="134508C1F400082DAEAE58CBCE60B4C4" box="[1021,1086,908,933]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="9.[151,250,1967,1989]" captionTargetBox="[233,1353,204,1937]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[219,1372,193,1949]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 5A–F. Tylorida marmorea (Pocock, 1901) comb. nov. from Ponmudi (High altitude form). A–C Male habitus: A dorsal; B ventral; C prolateral; D–F Female habitus:D dorsal; E ventral; F prolateral.Scale bar A–F,2 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1065176/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="296">5A–F</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="134508C1F400082DA91958CBCECFB4C4" box="[1098,1169,908,933]" captionStart="FIGURE6" captionStartId="10.[151,250,1773,1795]" captionTargetBox="[163,1423,966,1735]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[151,1436,949,1752]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE6A–D. Tylorida marmorea (Pocock,1901) comb.nov. from Akambadam (Low altitude form).A–B Male habitus:A dorsal; B prolateral; C–D Femalehabitus:C dorsal; D retrolateral. Scale bar A–D, 2 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1065178/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="296">6A–D</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="134508C1F400082DA9CE58CBCEBDB4C5" box="[1181,1251,908,932]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="12.[151,250,1600,1622]" captionTargetBox="[166,1418,221,1564]" captionTargetId="figure@12.[151,1436,193,1579]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 8A–H. Tylorida marmorea (Pocock, 1901) comb. nov., male left pedipalp. A–D Specimen from Ponmudi (High altitude form): A prolateral; B ventral; C retrolateral; D dorsal; E–H Specimen from Akambadam (Low altitude form): E prolateral; F ventral; G retrolateral; H dorsal.Scale bar A–H, 1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1065182/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="296">8A–H</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="134508C1F400082DA9A358CBCF69B4C5" box="[1264,1335,908,932]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="13.[151,250,1723,1745]" captionTargetBox="[187,1419,448,1670]" captionTargetId="figure@13.[151,1436,419,1687]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURE 9A–D. Tylorida marmorea (Pocock, 1901) comb. nov., female genitalia. A–B Specimen from Ponmudi (High altitude form): A Epigynum, ventral; B Internal genitalia, dorsal; C–D Specimen from Akambadam (Low altitude form): C Epigynum, ventral; D Internal genitalia, dorsal.Scale bars A–B, 1 mm; C–D, 0.5 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1065184/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="296">9A–D</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="134508C1F400082DA81058CBCFC6B4C5" box="[1347,1432,908,932]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="14.[151,250,1562,1584]" captionTargetBox="[218,1381,203,1547]" captionTargetId="figure@14.[206,1392,185,1553]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURE 10A–I. Tylorida marmorea (Pocock, 1901) comb. nov., male left pedipalp. A–D Specimen from Ponmudi (High altitude form): A prolateral; B ventral; C retrolateral; D dorsal; E–I Specimen from Akambadam (Low altitude form): E prolateral; F ventral; G & I retrolateral; H dorsal.Abbreviations: C conductor,CDBP cymbial dorso-basal process, dmtT distomediantriangular process of tegulum, E embolus,EB embolicbase, P paracymbium, ST subtegulum, T tegulum, Tr trochanter. Scale bar A–I, 1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1065186/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="296">10A–H</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="134508C1F400082DADC458F7CABAB4A9" box="[151,228,944,968]" captionStart="FIGURE 11" captionStartId="15.[151,250,1919,1941]" captionTargetBox="[226,1370,666,1886]" captionTargetId="figure@15.[204,1392,647,1902]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="FIGURE 11A–F. Tylorida marmorea (Pocock, 1901) comb. nov., female genitalia. A–B, E Specimen from Ponmudi (High altitude form): A Epigynum, ventral; B & E Internal genitalia, dorsal; C–D, F Specimen from Akambadam (Low altitude form): C Epigynum, ventral; D & F Internal genitalia, dorsal. Abbreviations: CD copulatory duct, EP epigynal plate, FD fertilization duct, pEP postero-median lobe of epigynal plate, SB spermathecal bulb.Scale bar A–F, 1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1065188/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="296">11A–F</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="134508C1F400082DADA058F7CB16B4A9" box="[243,328,944,968]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="16.[151,250,1073,1095]" captionTargetBox="[168,1421,214,1028]" captionTargetId="figure@16.[151,1436,193,1052]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIGURE 12A–K. Left chelicerae of Tylorida spp. and Orsinome cf. vethi (Hasselt, 1882). A–E Left chelicerae of Tylorida marmorea (Pocock, 1901) comb. nov.: A Male (High altitude form), prolateral; B Female (High altitude form), prolateral; C Male (Low altitude form), prolateral; D Female (Low altitude form), prolateral; E Orginal drawings of male and female cheliceraeadopted from Gravely(1921) without modification; F–G Left chelicerae of Tylorida striata (Thorell, 1877):F Male, retrolateral; G Female, prolateral; H–I Left chelicerae of Tylorida ventralis (Thorell, 1877): H Male, prolateral, arrow indicates tiny tubercle; I Female,ventro-retrolateral;J–K Left cheliceraeof Orsinome cf.vethi: J Male, retrolateral; K Female,prolateral. Scale bars A–B, H–I, 1 mm; C–D, 0.5 mm; F–G, 0.2 mm; J–K, 0.5 mm; E, not to scale." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1065190/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="296">12A–D</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="134508C1F400082DAC0558E8CBFCB4A9" box="[342,418,943,968]" captionStart="FIGURE 16" captionStartId="21.[151,250,1423,1445]" captionTargetBox="[195,1390,195,1369]" captionTargetId="figure@21.[184,1405,182,1378]" captionTargetPageId="21" captionText="FIGURE 16A–J. Tylorida ventralis(Thorell, 1877):variety II, female with distinct caudal tubercle (Figs A–E) and variety III, female without caudal tubercle (Figs F–J).A–B, F–G Male habitus:A, F dorsal; B,G retrolateral; C–E, H–J Femalehabitus:C, H dorsal; D prolateral;E, I–J retrolateral.A–Dfrom Pathiramanal Island, Alappuzha, Efrom Kumarakom,Kottayam, F–Ifrom Perumbalam, Alappuzha, J from Kulathupuzha, Kollam.Scale bar A–J, 2 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1065198/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="296">16A–J</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="134508C1F400082DACE258F7C8D8B4A6" box="[433,646,944,968]" captionStart="FIGURE 17" captionStartId="22.[151,250,1841,1863]" captionTargetBox="[191,1395,529,1822]" captionTargetId="figure@22.[186,1410,519,1831]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="FIGURE 17A–O. Tylorida ventralis (Thorell, 1877): male left pedipalp illustrating intraspecific variations and left chelicerae. A–E variety I from Edappady, Kottayam:A–D Left pedipalp:A prolateral; B ventral; C retrolateral; D dorsal; E Left chelicera, prolateral; F–J variety II from Pathiramanal Island, Alappuzha: F–I Left pedipalp: F prolateral; G ventral; H retrolateral; I dorsal; J Left chelicera, prolateral; variety III from Perumbalam, Alappuzha: K–N Left pedipalp: K prolateral; L ventral; M retrolateral; N dorsal; O Left chelicera, prolateral. Scale bars A–D, 0.5 mm; E, 1 mm;F–O, 0.5 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1065200/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="296">17A–D, F–I, K–N</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="134508C1F400082DAFC658F7C8B4B4A9" box="[661,746,944,968]" captionStart="FIGURE 18" captionStartId="23.[151,250,1845,1867]" captionTargetBox="[312,1268,209,1815]" captionTargetId="figure@23.[290,1301,193,1828]" captionTargetPageId="23" captionText="FIGURE 18A–O. Tylorida ventralis (Thorell, 1877): female genitalia illustrating intraspecific variations. A–F variety II, female with distinct caudal tubercle (A–C from Kumarakom, Kottayam and D–F from Kulathupuzha, Kollam): A–B, D–E Epigyna, ventral; C, F Internal female genitalia, dorsal; G–I, M–O variety III, female without caudal tubercle (G–I another female from Kulathupuzha, Kollam and M–O from Perumbalam, Alappuzha): G–H, M–N Epigyna, ventral; I, O Internal female genitalia, dorsal; J–L variety I, female with indistinct caudal tubercle (from Edappady, Kottayam): J–K Epigyna, ventral; L Internal female genitalia, dorsal. Scale bars A–C, J–L, 0.2 mm; D–I, M–O, 0.5 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1065202/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="296">18A–O</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEF69B5F400082DAFAA58F7CE0FB4A9" author="Jager" box="[761,1105,943,968]" pageId="2" pageNumber="296" refString="Jager, P. & Praxaysombath, B. (2009) Spiders from Laos: new species and new records (Arachnida: Araneae). Acta Arachnologica, Tokyo, 58, 27 - 51. https: // doi. org / 10.2476 / asjaa. 58.27" type="journal article" year="2009">Jäger & Praxaysombath 2009</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: figs 24, 28–31, 33, 36–37), which will make species identification hard. We have examined
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D78DFCDF400082DAECE5893C9B1B48C" box="[925,1007,980,1005]" pageId="2" pageNumber="296" type="male">4 male</specimenCount>
|
||
specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7E6FC7F400082DA9F25892CF6BB48D" authorityName="Sankaran & Malamel & Joseph & Sebastian" authorityYear="2017" baseAuthorityName="Pocock" baseAuthorityYear="1901" box="[1185,1333,981,1004]" class="Arachnida" family="Tetragnathidae" genus="Tylorida" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="2" pageNumber="296" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="marmorea">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AC856F400082DA9F25892CF6BB48D" box="[1185,1333,981,1004]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="296">T. marmorea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D78DFCDF400082DA8185893CFC5B48C" box="[1355,1435,980,1005]" pageId="2" pageNumber="296" type="male">1 male</specimenCount>
|
||
specimen of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7E6FC7F400082DAC7B58BECBD3B371" authorityName="Thorell" authorityYear="1877" box="[296,397,1017,1040]" class="Arachnida" family="Tetragnathidae" genus="Meta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="2" pageNumber="296" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="striata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AC856F400082DAC7B58BECBD3B371" box="[296,397,1017,1040]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="296">T. striata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and twenty one male specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7E6FC7F400082DAE7758BEC9FDB371" authorityName="Thorell" authorityYear="1877" box="[804,931,1015,1040]" class="Arachnida" family="Tetragnathidae" genus="Tylorida" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="2" pageNumber="296" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ventralis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AC856F400082DAE7758BEC9FDB371" box="[804,931,1015,1040]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="296">T. ventralis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Despite the small sample size, it was found that the male chelicerae of all the Indian
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7E6FC7F400082DAF325F5BC8E3B354" authorityName="Simon" authorityYear="1894" box="[609,701,1052,1077]" class="Arachnida" family="Tetragnathidae" genus="Tylorida" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="2" pageNumber="296" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AC856F400082DAF325F5BC8E3B354" box="[609,701,1052,1077]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="296">Tylorida</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
spp. lack specialized apophysis/apophyses, but possess teeth and tubercles that are varying in number, shape, size and mutual spacing from species to species (
|
||
<figureCitation id="134508C1F400082DA98F5F78CFCEB339" box="[1244,1424,1087,1112]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="16.[151,250,1073,1095]" captionTargetBox="[168,1421,214,1028]" captionTargetId="figure@16.[151,1436,193,1052]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIGURE 12A–K. Left chelicerae of Tylorida spp. and Orsinome cf. vethi (Hasselt, 1882). A–E Left chelicerae of Tylorida marmorea (Pocock, 1901) comb. nov.: A Male (High altitude form), prolateral; B Female (High altitude form), prolateral; C Male (Low altitude form), prolateral; D Female (Low altitude form), prolateral; E Orginal drawings of male and female cheliceraeadopted from Gravely(1921) without modification; F–G Left chelicerae of Tylorida striata (Thorell, 1877):F Male, retrolateral; G Female, prolateral; H–I Left chelicerae of Tylorida ventralis (Thorell, 1877): H Male, prolateral, arrow indicates tiny tubercle; I Female,ventro-retrolateral;J–K Left cheliceraeof Orsinome cf.vethi: J Male, retrolateral; K Female,prolateral. Scale bars A–B, H–I, 1 mm; C–D, 0.5 mm; F–G, 0.2 mm; J–K, 0.5 mm; E, not to scale." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1065190/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="296">Figs 12A, F, H</figureCitation>
|
||
). Unlike males, females have chelicerae armed with similar number of teeth: three promarginal teeth, which are slightly larger than the four retromarginal teeth (
|
||
<figureCitation id="134508C1F400082DAFE75FC0C94CB3C1" box="[692,786,1159,1184]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1880,1902]" captionTargetBox="[199,1406,209,1844]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[177,1421,193,1869]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 4A–H. Tylorida flava sp. nov.. A Subadult male prosoma, retrolateral; B Female prosoma, retrolateral; C Subadult male left chelicera, prolateral; D Female left chelicera, prolateral; E–F Epigynum, ventral; G–H Internal female genitalia, dorsal.Abbreviations:CD copulatory duct, EP epigynal plate,FD fertilization duct,ll lateral lobeof thepostero-median lobeof epigynal plate, ml median lobe of the postero-median lobe of epigynal plate, pEP postero-median lobe of epigynal plate, SB spermathecal bulb.Scale bars A–B, 1 mm; C–D, 0.5 mm; E–H 0.2 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1065174/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="296">Figs 4D</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="134508C1F400082DAE4E5FCFC9DDB3C1" box="[797,899,1160,1184]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="16.[151,250,1073,1095]" captionTargetBox="[168,1421,214,1028]" captionTargetId="figure@16.[151,1436,193,1052]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIGURE 12A–K. Left chelicerae of Tylorida spp. and Orsinome cf. vethi (Hasselt, 1882). A–E Left chelicerae of Tylorida marmorea (Pocock, 1901) comb. nov.: A Male (High altitude form), prolateral; B Female (High altitude form), prolateral; C Male (Low altitude form), prolateral; D Female (Low altitude form), prolateral; E Orginal drawings of male and female cheliceraeadopted from Gravely(1921) without modification; F–G Left chelicerae of Tylorida striata (Thorell, 1877):F Male, retrolateral; G Female, prolateral; H–I Left chelicerae of Tylorida ventralis (Thorell, 1877): H Male, prolateral, arrow indicates tiny tubercle; I Female,ventro-retrolateral;J–K Left cheliceraeof Orsinome cf.vethi: J Male, retrolateral; K Female,prolateral. Scale bars A–B, H–I, 1 mm; C–D, 0.5 mm; F–G, 0.2 mm; J–K, 0.5 mm; E, not to scale." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1065190/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="296">12B, G, I</figureCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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</treatment>
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</document> |