196 lines
20 KiB
XML
196 lines
20 KiB
XML
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<mods:titleInfo id="0A38ECD11C98195E1689E4BCCA491B94">
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<mods:title id="1DB47EC8C3F68B25E974C0042BDE0711">Mormoopidae</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="EF84040CD8E559F13FDC1BA66C78F495" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="ED90EC817D29BADA7400BF5E6BF10F6D">Don E. Wilson</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="1F539EE7C882CFFEA679FEAC36EC593A">Russell A. Mittermeier</mods:namePart>
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<mods:dateIssued id="273BDD4B7718FF1C7924E9ABB310555B">2019</mods:dateIssued>
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<mods:dateOther id="628F402033594D7AE047C6C8247AC903" type="pubDate">2019-10-31</mods:dateOther>
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<mods:publisher id="EE7048826F9E16B27B5C5A01FBD2F87B">Lynx Edicions</mods:publisher>
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<mods:placeTerm id="D2A76057833ACEAD4E3952DF56FCE8FC">Barcelona</mods:placeTerm>
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<mods:titleInfo id="80DFAD05FDB4D0B5CA2A0F6159230A19">
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<mods:title id="48B4DBAD41E6F2576AC89C7D76FA3620">Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats</mods:title>
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<mods:start id="1BC6C09285EB252C052169949FC64CF2">424</mods:start>
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<mods:identifier id="F75A2626A9BD4BF9CAAA37719496D01D" type="ISBN">978-84-16728-19-0</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="03A637439153FFEEE1D5C02C2DB2A510" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6419787" ID-GBIF-Taxon="197821908" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6419787" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03A637439153FFEEE1D5C02C2DB2A510" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A637439153FFEEE1D5C02C2DB2A510" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="439" pageId="4" pageNumber="438">
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<subSubSection id="C315D5DE9153FFEFE1D5C02C2A99A94F" box="[1447,1480,2319,2365]" pageId="4" pageNumber="438" type="multiple">
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<paragraph id="8BB086559153FFEFE1D5C02C2A99A94F" blockId="4.[1446,2586,2319,2408]" box="[1447,1480,2319,2365]" pageId="4" pageNumber="438">
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<heading id="D0F831399153FFEFE1D5C02C2A99A94F" box="[1447,1480,2319,2365]" pageId="4" pageNumber="438">
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<figureCitation id="13349AD09153FFEFE1D5C02C2A99A94F" box="[1447,1480,2319,2365]" captionStart="Plate 34: Mormoopidae" captionStartId="3.[148,178,3292,3317]" captionTargetBox="[14,2785,14,3657]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="1. Antllean Ghost-faced Bat (Mormoops blainuviller), 2. Peters’s Ghostfaced Bat (Mormoops megalophylla), 3. Davy’s Naked-backed Bat (Pteronotus davyi), 4. Thomas's Naked-backed Bat (Pteronotus fulvus), 5. Big Naked-backed Bat (Pteronotus gymnonotus), 6. Macleay’s Mustached Bat (Pleronotus macleayii), 7. Sooty Mustached Bat (Pleronotus quadridens), 8. Wagner's Lesser Mustached Bat (Pteronotus personatus), 9. Dobson’s Lesser Mustached Bat (Pteronotus psilotis), 10. Parnell’s Common Mustached Bat (Pteronotus parnellii), 11. Hispaniolan Common Mustached Bat (Preronotus pusillus), 12. Puerto Rican Common Mustached Bat (Pteronotus portoricensis), 13. Mexican Common Mustached Bat (Pteronotus mexicanus), 14. Mesoamerican Common Mustached Bat (Pteronotus mesoamericanus), 15. Allen’s Common Mustached Bat (Pleronotus fuscus), 16. Paraguana Common Mustached Bat (Pteronotus paraguanensis), 17. Womurs Common Mustached Bat (Pteronotus rubiginosus), 18. Amazonian Common Mustached Bat (Pteronotus alitonus)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6419849" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6419849/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="438">5.</figureCitation>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C315D5DE9153FFEFE1AAC02C28F7A94F" box="[1496,1958,2319,2365]" pageId="4" pageNumber="438" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph id="8BB086559153FFEFE1AAC02C28F7A94F" blockId="4.[1446,2586,2319,2408]" box="[1496,1958,2319,2365]" pageId="4" pageNumber="438">
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<heading id="D0F831399153FFEFE1AAC02C28F7A94F" box="[1496,1958,2319,2365]" pageId="4" pageNumber="438">
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<vernacularName id="050CF67B9153FFEFE1AAC02C28F7A94F" box="[1496,1958,2319,2365]" pageId="4" pageNumber="438">Big Naked-backed Bat</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C315D5DE9153FFEFE39BC02C26DAA94F" box="[2025,2443,2319,2365]" pageId="4" pageNumber="438" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BB086559153FFEFE39BC02C26DAA94F" blockId="4.[1446,2586,2319,2408]" box="[2025,2443,2319,2365]" pageId="4" pageNumber="438">
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<heading id="D0F831399153FFEFE39BC02C26DAA94F" box="[2025,2443,2319,2365]" pageId="4" pageNumber="438">
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<taxonomicName id="4C0FFDD69153FFEFE39BC02C26DAA94F" ID-CoL="7WP94" ID-ENA="118855" baseAuthorityName="Natterer" baseAuthorityYear="1843" box="[2025,2443,2319,2365]" class="Mammalia" family="Mormoopidae" genus="Pteronotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="438" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gymnonotus">
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<emphasis id="B97B5A479153FFEFE39BC02C26DAA94F" box="[2025,2443,2319,2365]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="438">Pteronotus gymnonotus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C315D5DE9153FFEFE1D5C06C2548A916" box="[1447,2585,2383,2404]" pageId="4" pageNumber="438" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph id="8BB086559153FFEFE1D5C06C2548A916" blockId="4.[1446,2586,2319,2408]" box="[1447,2585,2383,2404]" pageId="4" pageNumber="438">
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<heading id="D0F831399153FFEFE1D5C06C2548A916" box="[1447,2585,2383,2404]" pageId="4" pageNumber="438">
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<emphasis id="B97B5A479153FFEFE1D5C06C2AA3A916" bold="true" box="[1447,1522,2383,2404]" pageId="4" pageNumber="438">French:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="050CF67B9153FFEFE18EC06C29E8A916" box="[1532,1721,2383,2404]" pageId="4" pageNumber="438">Ptéronote a dos nu</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="B97B5A479153FFEFE2BDC06C2878A916" bold="true" box="[1743,1833,2383,2404]" pageId="4" pageNumber="438">German:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="050CF67B9153FFEFE340C06C2732A916" box="[1842,2147,2383,2404]" pageId="4" pageNumber="438">GroRe Nacktrlickenfledermaus</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="B97B5A479153FFEFEC0AC06C2782A916" bold="true" box="[2168,2259,2383,2404]" pageId="4" pageNumber="438">Spanish:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="050CF67B9153FFEFECAFC06C2548A916" box="[2269,2585,2383,2404]" pageId="4" pageNumber="438">Pteronotus de espalda desnuda</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C315D5DE9153FFEFEC79C0B12781A9A8" pageId="4" pageNumber="438" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="8BB086559153FFEFEC79C0B12781A9A8" blockId="4.[2058,2654,2450,2877]" pageId="4" pageNumber="438">
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<emphasis id="B97B5A479153FFEFEC79C0B127F7A9C1" bold="true" box="[2059,2214,2450,2483]" pageId="4" pageNumber="438">Taxonomy.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="4C0FFDD69153FFEFECB2C0B1279DA9A8" ID-CoL="7S7JC" baseAuthorityName="Wagner" baseAuthorityYear="1843" class="Mammalia" family="Mormoopidae" genus="Chilonycteris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="438" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gymnonotus">Chilonycteris gymnonotus [sic] Wagner, 1843</taxonomicName>
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,
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C315D5DE9153FFEFECAFC09A2782AA73" pageId="4" pageNumber="438" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="8BB086559153FFEFECAFC09A2782AA73" blockId="4.[2058,2654,2450,2877]" pageId="4" pageNumber="438">
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<materialsCitation id="3B678C089153FFEFECAFC09A2782AA73" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3863927305" pageId="4" pageNumber="438">
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“Cuyaba [= Cuiabd],”
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<collectingRegion id="49CB48B79153FFEFEE66C09A273CAA73" country="Brazil" name="Mato Grosso" pageId="4" pageNumber="438">Mato Grosso</collectingRegion>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="F318C6C59153FFEFEC0FC0CB279EAA73" box="[2173,2255,2536,2561]" name="Brazil" pageId="4" pageNumber="438">Brazil</collectingCountry>
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.
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</materialsCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C315D5DE9153FFEFEC7EC32B283AAC58" pageId="4" pageNumber="438" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="8BB086559153FFEFEC7EC32B2508AA9C" blockId="4.[2058,2654,2450,2877]" pageId="4" pageNumber="438">
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Some authors attribute the name
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<taxonomicName id="4C0FFDD69153FFEFED8CC32B2723AA22" baseAuthorityName="Natterer" baseAuthorityYear="1843" class="Mammalia" family="Mormoopidae" genus="Pteronotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="438" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gymnonotus">P. gymnonotus</taxonomicName>
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to J. B. Natterer. When J. D. Smith in 1977 clarified the nomenclatural history recognizing
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<taxonomicName id="4C0FFDD69153FFEFEC90C35D26CFAAED" baseAuthorityName="Natterer" baseAuthorityYear="1843" box="[2274,2462,2686,2719]" class="Mammalia" family="Mormoopidae" genus="Pteronotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="438" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gymnonotus">P. gymnonotus</taxonomicName>
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as the senior synonym of P. suapurensis, he assigned Natterer as its authority. Smith argued that J.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BB086559153FFEFEC78C3D6283AAC58" blockId="4.[2058,2654,2450,2877]" lastBlockId="4.[1446,2652,2884,3469]" pageId="4" pageNumber="438">
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A. Wagner, when he described
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<taxonomicName id="4C0FFDD69153FFEFEDB1C3D62762AB4F" baseAuthorityName="Natterer" baseAuthorityYear="1843" class="Mammalia" family="Mormoopidae" genus="Pteronotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="438" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gymnonotus">P. gymnonotus</taxonomicName>
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, attributed the name of the species to Natterer because the descriptive notes were taken directly from Natterer’s field diary. D. C. Carter and P. G. Dolan in 1978 examined a photocopy of Natterer’s field notes and stated that, even though Wagner used Natterer’s species name, he wrote the species diagnosis independently, and therefore Smith’s claim was not supported. Carter and Dolan’s argument is followed here. Fossil records of
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<taxonomicName id="4C0FFDD69153FFEFEC90C2C126CCAC71" baseAuthorityName="Natterer" baseAuthorityYear="1843" box="[2274,2461,3042,3075]" class="Mammalia" family="Mormoopidae" genus="Pteronotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="438" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gymnonotus">P. gymnonotus</taxonomicName>
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are reported from
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<collectingCountry id="F318C6C59153FFEFE187C52A29EEAC58" box="[1525,1727,3081,3114]" name="Tobago Island" pageId="4" pageNumber="438">Tobago Island</collectingCountry>
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. Monotypic.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C315D5DE9153FFEFE1D4C5122642AC0B" pageId="4" pageNumber="438" type="distribution">
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<caption id="DF70D6DD9153FFEFE1D4C5122642AC0B" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6419811" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6419811" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6419811/files/figure.png" inLine="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="438" targetBox="[1444,2035,2460,2875]" targetPageId="4">
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<paragraph id="8BB086559153FFEFE1D4C5122642AC0B" blockId="4.[1446,2652,2884,3469]" pageId="4" pageNumber="438">
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<emphasis id="B97B5A479153FFEFE1D4C5122906AC20" bold="true" box="[1446,1623,3121,3154]" pageId="4" pageNumber="438">Distribution.</emphasis>
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From S
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<collectingCountry id="F318C6C59153FFEFE2BFC5122862AC20" box="[1741,1843,3121,3154]" name="Mexico" pageId="4" pageNumber="438">Mexico</collectingCountry>
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S along Central America, Caribbean coast of South America, and the Guianas to C & NE
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<collectingCountry id="F318C6C59153FFEFE31BC54328EBAC0B" box="[1897,1978,3168,3193]" name="Brazil" pageId="4" pageNumber="438">Brazil</collectingCountry>
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, E
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<collectingCountry id="F318C6C59153FFEFE395C543277BAC0B" box="[2023,2090,3168,3193]" name="Peru" pageId="4" pageNumber="438">Peru</collectingCountry>
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, and NE
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<collectingCountry id="F318C6C59153FFEFECDCC543265EAC0B" box="[2222,2319,3168,3193]" name="Bolivia" pageId="4" pageNumber="438">Bolivia</collectingCountry>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C315D5DE9153FFEEE1D5C5A32D75A1A5" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="439" pageId="4" pageNumber="438" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BB086559153FFEEE1D5C5A32D75A1A5" blockId="4.[1446,2652,2884,3469]" lastBlockId="5.[146,1356,281,1381]" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="439" pageId="4" pageNumber="438">
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<emphasis id="B97B5A479153FFEFE1D5C5A329F3ACD3" bold="true" box="[1447,1698,3200,3233]" pageId="4" pageNumber="438">Descriptive notes.</emphasis>
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Head-body ¢.51-69 mm, tail 17-27 mm, ear 13-20 mm, hindfoot 9-13 mm, forearm 50-56 mm; weight 12-18 g. The Big Naked-backed Bat is the largest species of naked-backed bat, both externally and cranially. Fur color varies from dark brown to bright orange and is paler ventrally than dorsally. There are short hairs densely covering fused wing membrane, giving back a “velvety” appearance. Skull rostrum is conspicuously shorter than one-half total length of skull and very broad, with depressed nasals. Braincase is oblong, and basioccipital region between bullae is very broad. Condylo-basal lengths are 15-17 mm. There is a geographical trend of larger overall sizes in the northernmost distribution, but no population structuring at the molecular level is observed. Additional external and cranial features shared with other species in the subgenus
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<taxonomicName id="4C0FFDD69152FFEEE6F8C8AC2C5FA1C2" authorityName="Cossmann" authorityYear="1903" box="[650,782,399,432]" class="Gastropoda" family="Muricidae" genus="Pleronotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="5" pageNumber="439" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">Pleronotus</taxonomicName>
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are listed in descriptive notes for Davy’s Naked-backed Bat (P. davyr).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C315D5DE9152FFEEE4E6C8FD2E0DA207" pageId="5" pageNumber="439" type="biology_ecology">
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<paragraph id="8BB086559152FFEEE4E6C8FD2E0DA207" blockId="5.[146,1356,281,1381]" pageId="5" pageNumber="439">
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<emphasis id="B97B5A479152FFEEE4E6C8FD2E52A18D" bold="true" box="[148,259,478,511]" pageId="5" pageNumber="439">Habitat.</emphasis>
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Tropical rainforest, dry forest, xerophytic scrub, and savannas. The Big Naked-backed Bat is more abundant in dry and semi-open environments below elevations of
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<quantity id="4CF72BB09152FFEEE578CB0E2E33A23C" box="[266,354,557,590]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="5" pageNumber="439" unit="m" value="400.0">400 m</quantity>
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, although there are several records from the Brazilian central plateau above
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<quantity id="4CF72BB09152FFEEE480CB7B2E09A207" box="[242,344,600,629]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="5" pageNumber="439" unit="m" value="1000.0">1000 m</quantity>
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||
.
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||
</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="C315D5DE9152FFEEE4E6CBA02E54A2B6" pageId="5" pageNumber="439" type="food_feeding">
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||
<paragraph id="8BB086559152FFEEE4E6CBA02E54A2B6" blockId="5.[146,1356,281,1381]" pageId="5" pageNumber="439">
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||
<emphasis id="B97B5A479152FFEEE4E6CBA02ECCA2EE" bold="true" box="[148,413,643,668]" pageId="5" pageNumber="439">Food and Feeding.</emphasis>
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Diets of Big Naked-backed Bats include moths, beetles, flies, and crickets.
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="C315D5DE9152FFEEE4E6CBE92E87A310" pageId="5" pageNumber="439" type="breeding">
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||
<paragraph id="8BB086559152FFEEE4E6CBE92E87A310" blockId="5.[146,1356,281,1381]" pageId="5" pageNumber="439">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97B5A479152FFEEE4E6CBE92E4BA299" bold="true" box="[148,282,714,747]" pageId="5" pageNumber="439">Breeding.</emphasis>
|
||
In
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F318C6C59152FFEEE523CBE92EB1A299" box="[337,480,714,747]" name="Nicaragua" pageId="5" pageNumber="439">Nicaragua</collectingCountry>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F318C6C59152FFEEE659CBE92DC5A299" box="[555,660,714,747]" name="Mexico" pageId="5" pageNumber="439">Mexico</collectingCountry>
|
||
, pregnant Big Naked-backed Bats were reported in April, May, and June. In north-eastern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F318C6C59152FFEEE688CBDA2C1AA360" box="[762,843,761,786]" name="Brazil" pageId="5" pageNumber="439">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||
, it has been suggested that the reproductive pattern is related to the wet season, with pregnant females reported in September—November.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C315D5DE9152FFEEE4E0CA4F2D50A455" pageId="5" pageNumber="439" type="activity">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB086559152FFEEE4E0CA4F2D50A455" blockId="5.[146,1356,281,1381]" pageId="5" pageNumber="439">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97B5A479152FFEEE4E0CA4F2E2CA3FB" bold="true" box="[146,381,876,905]" pageId="5" pageNumber="439">Activity patterns.</emphasis>
|
||
The Big Naked-backed Bat forages more commonly in semi-open areas and over water bodies. Echolocation calls during search phase consist of short CF-FM pulses averaging 6-6 milliseconds, with up to three harmonics. Second harmonic is the most intense, starting with a CF component at 55 kHz and ending with a QCF component of ¢.48-7 kHz.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C315D5DE9152FFEEE4E6CD0E2DBAA4EF" pageId="5" pageNumber="439" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB086559152FFEEE4E6CD0E2DBAA4EF" blockId="5.[146,1356,281,1381]" pageId="5" pageNumber="439">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97B5A479152FFEEE4E6CD0E2C04A43C" bold="true" box="[148,853,1069,1102]" pageId="5" pageNumber="439">Movements, Home range and Social organization.</emphasis>
|
||
The Big Naked-backed Bat prefers roosting in large and humid cave systems, where it is found in association with other species of mormoopids and phyllostomids.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C315D5DE9152FFEEE4E6CD872BFEA4B7" box="[148,1199,1188,1221]" pageId="5" pageNumber="439" type="conservation">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB086559152FFEEE4E6CD872BFEA4B7" blockId="5.[146,1356,281,1381]" box="[148,1199,1188,1221]" pageId="5" pageNumber="439">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97B5A479152FFEEE4E6CD872EA0A4B7" bold="true" box="[148,497,1188,1221]" pageId="5" pageNumber="439">Status and Conservation.</emphasis>
|
||
Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C315D5DE9152FFEEE4E7CDF02DB2A510" pageId="5" pageNumber="439" type="bibRefCitation_list">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB086559152FFEEE4E7CDF02DB2A510" blockId="5.[146,1356,281,1381]" pageId="5" pageNumber="439">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97B5A479152FFEEE4E7CDF02E7FA49E" bold="true" box="[149,302,1235,1260]" pageId="5" pageNumber="439">Bibliography.</emphasis>
|
||
Bernard et al. (2011), Bredt et al. (1999), Cajaiba (2014), Carter & Dolan (1978), Eshelman & Morgan (1985), GBIF Secretariat (2017), Ibanez & Ochoa (1989), Ibanez et al. (2000), Patton & Gardner (2008), Pavan & Marroig (2016, 2017), Rocha et al. (2011), Sbragia & Cardoso (2008), Simmons & Conway (2001), Smith (1972, 1977), Vargas-Mena et al. (2018), Willig (1985a).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |