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<document id="B12376405E46A4CD54B9B0345FB57F39" ID-DOI="10.1002/tax.12600" ID-ISSN="1996-8175" ID-Zenodo-Dep="14047424" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="carolina" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="carolina" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,operationResults" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="carolina" IM.treatments_approvedBy="carolina" checkinTime="1730917512589" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Manzitto-Tripp, Erin A., Darbyshire, Iain, Daniel, Lucinda A. McDade Thomas F. &amp; Kiel, Carrie A." docDate="2022" docId="03884F74FFFA8B5F45A8C8A195319023" docLanguage="en" docName="TAXON.71.1.103-153.pdf" docOrigin="TAXON 71 (1)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/tax.12600" docStyle="DocumentStyle:239A75409313D6488D9D82529296B06F.1:TAXON.2020-.journal_article.open" docStyleId="239A75409313D6488D9D82529296B06F" docStyleName="TAXON.2020-.journal_article.open" docStyleVersion="1" docTitle="Acanthaceae" docType="key" docVersion="1" lastPageNumber="121" masterDocId="FFB1370CFFE88B4D456CC919962F943F" masterDocTitle="Revised classification of Acanthaceae and worldwide dichotomous keys" masterLastPageNumber="153" masterPageNumber="103" pageNumber="121" updateTime="1731192093768" updateUser="carolina" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-NC-ND-4.0">
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<mods:title id="9AEA4BB67836F65CBE997FD27DE89AA6">Revised classification of Acanthaceae and worldwide dichotomous keys</mods:title>
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<mods:affiliation id="8E70FC8E8D9C93AF0C4EDED2BCD714EB">* Iain Darbyshire, &amp; University of Colorado, Museum of Natural History and Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Boulder, Colorado 80309, U. S. A.</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="5B77BFB9840ACE9662FF5DB77E024810">Darbyshire, Iain</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="73161493F0D403002016D18BAEAFEDD4">* &amp; Lucinda A. McDade &amp; Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Herbarium, Richmond, Surrey, TW &amp; * &amp; Lucinda A. McDade &amp; AE, United Kingdom &amp; Honorary Research Associate, School of Animal, Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, Private Bag &amp; WITS 2050, South Africa</mods:affiliation>
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Key to the subfamilies of
<taxonomicName id="4C2185E1FFFA8B5F448DC8A1944195EF" ID-CoL="62332" box="[481,622,440,464]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Acanthaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="18" pageNumber="121" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Acanthaceae</taxonomicName>
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Fruit a capsule with seeds held on hooked retinacula (retinacula malformed or not discernible in
<taxonomicName id="4C2185E1FFFA8B5F4481C8EC94569636" box="[493,633,501,521]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Acanthaceae" genus="Aphanosperma" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="18" pageNumber="121" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9552270FFFA8B5F4481C8EC94569636" box="[493,633,501,521]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="121">Aphanosperma</emphasis>
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and
<taxonomicName id="4C2185E1FFFA8B5F47CBC8EC96CF961B" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Acanthaceae" genus="Chalarothyrsus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="18" pageNumber="121" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9552270FFFA8B5F47CBC8EC96CF961B" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="121">Chalarothyrsus</emphasis>
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and seeds permanently retained in capsule valves); cystoliths present or if absent then anthers monothecous .......
<taxonomicName id="4C2185E1FFFA8B5F47F4CB3295319600" box="[664,798,555,575]" pageId="18" pageNumber="109" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Acanthoideae">
<emphasis id="B9552270FFFA8B5F47F4CB3295319600" bold="true" box="[664,798,555,575]" pageId="18" pageNumber="121">Acanthoideae</emphasis>
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<keyLead id="30D05D57FFFA8B5F45AFCB5C953196B1" pageId="18" pageNumber="121">Fruit a capsule or a drupe; if a capsule, then without hooked retinacula; cystoliths absent; anthers bithecous ................................ 2 Mangrove trees or shrubs with pneumatophores; fruit a leathery</keyLead>
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1-seeded capsule ...................................................
<emphasis id="B9552270FFFA8B5F47E7CB8D95319697" bold="true" box="[651,798,660,680]" pageId="18" pageNumber="121">Avicennioideae</emphasis>
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<keyLead id="30D05D57FFFA8B5F45AECBB7953096E2" pageId="18" pageNumber="121">Herbs, shrubs or lianas, not mangrove trees or shrubs, pneumatophores absent; fruit a capsule with 2 or more seeds, or a 12-seeded drupe...3</keyLead>
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Herbs or shrubs, not twining; paired bracteoles present or absent but never large and conspicuous; flowers usually alternate or spirally arranged in few- to many-flowered inflorescences; calyx deeply 4- or 5-lobed;fruit a many-seeded (usually&gt;10seeds) capsule .....................................................................................
<emphasis id="B9552270FFFA8B5F47F7CA579531975D" bold="true" box="[667,798,846,866]" pageId="18" pageNumber="121">Nelsonioideae</emphasis>
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Climbing herbs or lianas, less frequently free-standing shrubs or perennial herbs; flowers subtended by conspicuous clasping or partially connate (at anthesis) paired bracteoles; flowers solitary or in fascicles or racemes of mostly opposite flowers, never spirally arranged; calyx a subentire or undulate rim or with irregular teeth, or shallowly 5-lobed; fruit either a 12-seeded drupe or a 24- seeded woody capsule.......................................
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<emphasis id="B9552270FFFA8B5F471BCD1195319023" bold="true" box="[631,798,1032,1052]" pageId="18" pageNumber="121">Thunbergioideae</emphasis>
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