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<document id="C4FDA455FB8DBB5062B6460FF1BE613A" ID-CLB-Dataset="3403" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.5714404" ID-GBIF-Dataset="56064f39-aaf8-4e51-a9f1-e9bb93556b78" ID-ISBN="978-84-96553-49-1" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5714404" IM.metadata_requiresApprovalFor="plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_requiresApprovalFor="plazi" checkinTime="1633572212820" checkinUser="conny" docAuthor="Don E. Wilson &amp; Russell A. Mittermeier" docDate="2009" docId="6A61FC4EFFAE014919D2FDA36448D23B" docLanguage="en" docName="hbmw_1_Procyonidae_0504.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions" docTitle="Bassariscus sumichrasti" docType="treatment" docVersion="15" lastPageNumber="526" masterDocId="96588436FFAD014A1C6BFF8B6D71D928" masterDocTitle="Procyonidae" masterLastPageNumber="530" masterPageNumber="504" pageNumber="526" updateTime="1699458798056" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
<mods:mods id="4097FE5F075C590BF7B8FE0409594BED" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
<mods:titleInfo id="BE814274DB7F200292F17EDB8847A87E">
<mods:title id="362C7A2E38660C7A282F41BED10A0B3F">Procyonidae</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:name id="87E4DC66100FB831D7234BE362B383E7" type="personal">
<mods:role id="E20D226EED16EDA0CF8D16C314928014">
<mods:roleTerm id="F43A39E4AB8271BBCB3E7D9CAFE381E6">Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="48C369C57EDE4D4600F05663CA1D1C93">Don E. Wilson</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name id="B3F17A9261611A3E2CF229C2A6E057F0" type="personal">
<mods:role id="E5FCD29EF0483CF80F30B2B514ACF33C">
<mods:roleTerm id="D351C0EB69A97BDB881B6BDEABD7FEB8">Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="D4FD621EF85A1BEA506075C19377EAD5">Russell A. Mittermeier</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:typeOfResource id="191FA47ABAB1837A21978E59F4237B09">text</mods:typeOfResource>
<mods:relatedItem id="39BAF0E7F94367CF0835A7CA8CD50186" type="host">
<mods:originInfo id="9664E86CD2DAB5798180E92B724CE869">
<mods:dateIssued id="5B8B76B33B4DB6A8FA4F899ADDA3D42B">2009</mods:dateIssued>
<mods:dateOther id="F85D336E8AFF75D83DC8031A131B9A5A" type="pubDate">2009-01-31</mods:dateOther>
<mods:publisher id="2290ADBC0512FE8665708FF4D634DEDF">Lynx Edicions</mods:publisher>
<mods:place id="6D8AC5E6AAB1E8D2E63DC29094A46966">
<mods:placeTerm id="E8B0AB0469F2903D68844D0C6DC02BAE">Barcelona</mods:placeTerm>
</mods:place>
</mods:originInfo>
<mods:titleInfo id="2EDD6B7F372C70EB32E7BAFD805E80C7">
<mods:title id="CF3E4863E7D06A0F12A1F51C755B648C">Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:part id="FE1A2506B6170F76D5D9E3D9113541DC">
<mods:extent id="0A467D742D16C74A9EDD6B0AB36E7D71" unit="page">
<mods:start id="2A4C479FDD0B2C8A915B46320EAA123B">504</mods:start>
<mods:end id="D27A04509FF611D69D0F022010B66BB2">530</mods:end>
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<mods:classification id="EB6A0E4966D18B7173776DCEE5F22986">book chapter</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier id="EEC1E7207FF39ABE087361D93FC49F8D" type="CLB-Dataset">3403</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="2619DABA0776708157F7AAE48A16B3F0" type="DOI">10.5281/zenodo.5714404</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="0673D37FBAB0BEA98D2F38C8880234E3" type="GBIF-Dataset">56064f39-aaf8-4e51-a9f1-e9bb93556b78</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="E894A290B8123D7611B57169E422DE73" type="ISBN">978-84-96553-49-1</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="2D2D50B7CCFD5B437DBEAB869D3F102E" type="Zenodo-Dep">5714404</mods:identifier>
</mods:mods>
<treatment id="6A61FC4EFFAE014919D2FDA36448D23B" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5714751" ID-GBIF-Taxon="190308745" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5714751" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:6A61FC4EFFAE014919D2FDA36448D23B" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/6A61FC4EFFAE014919D2FDA36448D23B" lastPageNumber="526" pageId="3" pageNumber="526">
<subSubSection id="AAD21ED3FFAE014919D2FDA368A8DB7A" box="[1465,1497,552,594]" pageId="3" pageNumber="526" type="multiple">
<paragraph id="E2774D58FFAE014919D2FDA368A8DB7A" blockId="3.[1463,2251,552,676]" box="[1465,1497,552,594]" pageId="3" pageNumber="526">
<heading id="B93FFA34FFAE014919D2FDA368A8DB7A" box="[1465,1497,552,594]" pageId="3" pageNumber="526">
<figureCitation id="7AF351DDFFAE014919D2FDA368A8DB7A" box="[1465,1497,552,594]" captionStart="Plate 30: Procyonidae" captionStartId="2.[152,182,3407,3428]" captionTargetBox="[12,2802,13,3639]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="1. Lowland Olingo (Bassaricyon alleni), 2. Northern Olingo (Bassaricyon gabbii), 3. Andean Olingo (Bassaricyon n. sp.), 4. Ringtail (Bassariscus astutus), 5. Cacomistle (Bassariscus sumichrasti), 6. South American Coati (Nasua nasua), 7. White-nosed Coati (Nasua narica), 8. Mountain Coati (Nasuella olivacea), 9. Kinkajou (Potos flavus), 10. Crab-eating Raccoon (Procyon cancrivorus), 11. Northern Raccoon (Procyon lotor), 12. Cozumel Raccoon (Procyon pygmaeus)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6373259" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6373259/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="526">5.</figureCitation>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="AAD21ED3FFAE01491981FDA36BBDDB7A" box="[1514,1740,552,594]" pageId="3" pageNumber="526" type="vernacular_names">
<paragraph id="E2774D58FFAE01491981FDA36BBDDB7A" blockId="3.[1463,2251,552,676]" box="[1514,1740,552,594]" pageId="3" pageNumber="526">
<heading id="B93FFA34FFAE01491981FDA36BBDDB7A" box="[1514,1740,552,594]" pageId="3" pageNumber="526">
<vernacularName id="6CCB3D76FFAE01491981FDA36BBDDB7A" box="[1514,1740,552,594]" pageId="3" pageNumber="526">Cacomistle</vernacularName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="AAD21ED3FFAE01491AB7FDA365E6DB7A" box="[1756,2199,552,594]" pageId="3" pageNumber="526" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="E2774D58FFAE01491AB7FDA365E6DB7A" blockId="3.[1463,2251,552,676]" box="[1756,2199,552,594]" pageId="3" pageNumber="526">
<heading id="B93FFA34FFAE01491AB7FDA365E6DB7A" box="[1756,2199,552,594]" pageId="3" pageNumber="526">
<taxonomicName id="25C836DBFFAE01491AB7FDA365E6DB7A" ID-CoL="KV7T" baseAuthorityName="Saussure" baseAuthorityYear="1860" box="[1756,2199,552,594]" class="Mammalia" family="Procyonidae" genus="Bassariscus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="3" pageNumber="526" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sumichrasti">
<emphasis id="D0BC914AFFAE01491AB7FDA365E6DB7A" box="[1756,2199,552,594]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="526">Bassariscus sumichrasti</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="AAD21ED3FFAE014919D3FDE86B89DB89" pageId="3" pageNumber="526" type="vernacular_names">
<paragraph id="E2774D58FFAE014919D3FDE865BADB50" blockId="3.[1463,2251,552,676]" box="[1464,2251,611,632]" pageId="3" pageNumber="526">
<heading id="B93FFA34FFAE014919D3FDE865BADB50" box="[1464,2251,611,632]" pageId="3" pageNumber="526">
<emphasis id="D0BC914AFFAE014919D3FDE86B74DB50" bold="true" box="[1464,1541,611,632]" pageId="3" pageNumber="526">French:</emphasis>
<vernacularName id="6CCB3D76FFAE01491A64FDE86B89DB50" box="[1551,1784,611,632]" pageId="3" pageNumber="526">Bassaris de Sumichrast</vernacularName>
/
<emphasis id="D0BC914AFFAE01491B66FDE86A19DB50" bold="true" box="[1805,1896,611,632]" pageId="3" pageNumber="526">German:</emphasis>
<vernacularName id="6CCB3D76FFAE01491B19FDE865CCDB50" box="[1906,2237,611,632]" pageId="3" pageNumber="526">Mittelamerikanisches Katzenfrett</vernacularName>
/
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="E2774D58FFAE014919D3FD076B89DB89" blockId="3.[1463,2251,552,676]" box="[1464,1784,652,673]" pageId="3" pageNumber="526">
<heading id="B93FFA34FFAE014919D3FD076B89DB89" box="[1464,1784,652,673]" pageId="3" pageNumber="526">
<emphasis id="D0BC914AFFAE014919D3FD076B62DB89" bold="true" box="[1464,1555,652,673]" pageId="3" pageNumber="526">Spanish:</emphasis>
<vernacularName id="6CCB3D76FFAE01491A77FD076BFBDB89" box="[1564,1674,652,673]" pageId="3" pageNumber="526">Cacomixtle</vernacularName>
meridional
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="AAD21ED3FFAE01491474FD5F6518DA3D" pageId="3" pageNumber="526" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="E2774D58FFAE01491474FD5F6518DA3D" blockId="3.[2048,2667,724,1143]" pageId="3" pageNumber="526">
<emphasis id="D0BC914AFFAE01491474FD5F65CBDBC5" bold="true" box="[2079,2234,724,749]" pageId="3" pageNumber="526">Taxonomy.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="25C836DBFFAE014914A5FD5F6514DA3D" ID-CoL="3faafbe2-c189-4460-bb42-8e2aa9f56b68" authority="Saussure, 1860" authorityName="Saussure" authorityYear="1860" class="Mammalia" family="Procyonidae" genus="Bassaris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="3" pageNumber="526" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sumichrasti">Bassaris sumichrasti Saussure, 1860</taxonomicName>
,
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="AAD21ED3FFAE01491418FD77641FDA3D" box="[2163,2414,764,789]" pageId="3" pageNumber="526" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="E2774D58FFAE01491418FD77641FDA3D" blockId="3.[2048,2667,724,1143]" box="[2163,2414,764,789]" pageId="3" pageNumber="526">
<materialsCitation id="52A04705FFAE01491418FD77641FDA3D" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3712003308" box="[2163,2414,764,789]" pageId="3" pageNumber="526">
<collectingRegion id="200C83BAFFAE01491418FD776580DA3D" box="[2163,2289,764,789]" country="Mexico" name="Veracruz de Ignacio de la Llave" pageId="3" pageNumber="526">Veracruz</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingCountry id="9ADF0DC8FFAE0149156AFD77641BDA3D" box="[2305,2410,764,789]" name="Mexico" pageId="3" pageNumber="526">Mexico</collectingCountry>
.
</materialsCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="AAD21ED3FFAE0149144BFC9164EFDA13" box="[2080,2462,794,827]" pageId="3" pageNumber="526" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="E2774D58FFAE0149144BFC9164EFDA13" blockId="3.[2048,2667,724,1143]" box="[2080,2462,794,827]" pageId="3" pageNumber="526">Five subspecies recognized.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="AAD21ED3FFAE0149144BFCCC6714DDEE" pageId="3" pageNumber="526" type="distribution">
<caption id="B6B71DD0FFAE0149144BFCCC6714DDEE" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5714414" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5714414" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5714414/files/figure.png" inLine="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="526" targetBox="[1464,2047,728,1138]" targetPageId="3">
<paragraph id="E2774D58FFAE0149144BFCCC64C1DA4C" blockId="3.[2048,2667,724,1143]" box="[2080,2480,839,868]" pageId="3" pageNumber="526">
<emphasis id="D0BC914AFFAE0149144BFCCC64C1DA4C" bold="true" box="[2080,2480,839,868]" pageId="3" pageNumber="526">Subspecies and Distribution.</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="E2774D58FFAE0149144AFCF965BDDAF3" blockId="3.[2048,2667,724,1143]" pageId="3" pageNumber="526">
<taxonomicName id="25C836DBFFAE0149144AFCF964A8DAA3" authority="Saussure, 1860" authorityName="Saussure" authorityYear="1860" box="[2081,2521,882,907]" class="Mammalia" family="Procyonidae" genus="Bassariscus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="3" pageNumber="526" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="sumichrasti" subSpecies="sumichrasti">B.s. sumichrasti Saussure, 1860</taxonomicName>
—
<collectingCountry id="9ADF0DC8FFAE01491668FCF96718DAA3" box="[2563,2665,882,907]" name="Mexico" pageId="3" pageNumber="526">Mexico</collectingCountry>
(
<collectingRegion id="200C83BAFFAE01491446FC1265DADA9A" box="[2093,2219,921,946]" country="Mexico" name="Veracruz de Ignacio de la Llave" pageId="3" pageNumber="526">Veracruz</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingRegion id="200C83BAFFAE014914A4FC126448DA9A" box="[2255,2361,921,946]" country="Mexico" name="Oaxaca" pageId="3" pageNumber="526">Oaxaca</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingRegion id="200C83BAFFAE01491537FC126747DA9A" box="[2396,2614,921,946]" country="Mexico" name="Quintana Roo" pageId="3" pageNumber="526">Quintana Roo</collectingRegion>
&amp;
<collectingRegion id="200C83BAFFAE0149144AFC3165CFDAF3" box="[2081,2238,954,987]" country="Mexico" name="Campeche" pageId="3" pageNumber="526">Campeche</collectingRegion>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="E2774D58FFAE0149146EFC6F6581DD01" blockId="3.[2048,2667,724,1143]" pageId="3" pageNumber="526">
<taxonomicName id="25C836DBFFAE0149146EFC6F6489DD29" authority="Davis &amp; Lukens, 1958" authorityName="Davis &amp; Lukens" authorityYear="1958" box="[2053,2552,996,1025]" class="Mammalia" family="Procyonidae" genus="Bassariscus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="3" pageNumber="526" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="sumichrasti" subSpecies="latrans">B. s. latrans Davis &amp; Lukens, 1958</taxonomicName>
—
<collectingCountry id="9ADF0DC8FFAE01491676FC6F6531DD01" name="Mexico" pageId="3" pageNumber="526">Mexico</collectingCountry>
(
<collectingRegion id="200C83BAFFAE01491433FB876593DD01" box="[2136,2274,1036,1065]" country="Mexico" name="Guerrero" pageId="3" pageNumber="526">Guerrero</collectingRegion>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="E2774D58FFAE01491449FBBE65A7DD5F" blockId="3.[2048,2667,724,1143]" pageId="3" pageNumber="526">
<taxonomicName id="25C836DBFFAE01491449FBBE64D7DD66" authority="Thomas, 1903" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1903" box="[2082,2470,1077,1102]" class="Mammalia" family="Procyonidae" genus="Bassariscus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="3" pageNumber="526" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="sumichrasti" subSpecies="notinus">B. s. notinus Thomas, 1903</taxonomicName>
—
<collectingCountry id="9ADF0DC8FFAE014915BFFBBE671BDD66" box="[2516,2666,1077,1102]" name="Costa Rica" pageId="3" pageNumber="526">Costa Rica</collectingCountry>
and
<collectingCountry id="9ADF0DC8FFAE0149140BFBD165A0DD5F" box="[2144,2257,1114,1143]" name="Panama" pageId="3" pageNumber="526">Panama</collectingCountry>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="E2774D58FFAE014919D1FB096509DDB7" blockId="3.[1465,2673,1154,2835]" box="[1466,2168,1154,1183]" pageId="3" pageNumber="526">
<taxonomicName id="25C836DBFFAE014919D1FB096A2BDDB7" authority="Goodwin, 1956" authorityName="Goodwin" authorityYear="1956" box="[1466,1882,1154,1183]" class="Mammalia" family="Procyonidae" genus="Bassariscus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="3" pageNumber="526" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="sumichrasti" subSpecies="oaxacensis">B. s. oaxacensis Goodwin, 1956</taxonomicName>
—
<collectingCountry id="9ADF0DC8FFAE01491B16FB096A92DDB7" box="[1917,2019,1154,1183]" name="Mexico" pageId="3" pageNumber="526">Mexico</collectingCountry>
(
<collectingRegion id="200C83BAFFAE01491B91FB09651BDDB7" box="[2042,2154,1154,1183]" country="Mexico" name="Oaxaca" pageId="3" pageNumber="526">Oaxaca</collectingRegion>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="E2774D58FFAE014919D1FB226714DDEE" blockId="3.[1465,2673,1154,2835]" box="[1466,2661,1193,1222]" pageId="3" pageNumber="526">
<taxonomicName id="25C836DBFFAE014919D1FB226A53DDEE" authority="Peters, 1874" authorityName="Peters" authorityYear="1874" box="[1466,1826,1193,1222]" class="Mammalia" family="Procyonidae" genus="Bassariscus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="3" pageNumber="526" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="sumichrasti" subSpecies="variabilis">B. s. variabilis Peters, 1874</taxonomicName>
— S
<collectingCountry id="9ADF0DC8FFAE01491B35FB226AB2DDEE" box="[1886,1987,1193,1222]" name="Mexico" pageId="3" pageNumber="526">Mexico</collectingCountry>
(
<collectingRegion id="200C83BAFFAE01491BB1FB226521DDEE" box="[2010,2128,1193,1222]" country="Mexico" name="Chiapas" pageId="3" pageNumber="526">Chiapas</collectingRegion>
),
<collectingCountry id="9ADF0DC8FFAE01491400FB226472DDEE" box="[2155,2307,1193,1222]" name="Guatemala" pageId="3" pageNumber="526">Guatemala</collectingCountry>
and
<collectingCountry id="9ADF0DC8FFAE01491520FB2264ECDDEE" box="[2379,2461,1193,1222]" name="Belize" pageId="3" pageNumber="526">Belize</collectingCountry>
to
<collectingCountry id="9ADF0DC8FFAE014915A6FB226710DDEE" box="[2509,2657,1193,1222]" name="Costa Rica" pageId="3" pageNumber="526">Costa Rica</collectingCountry>
.
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="AAD21ED3FFAE014919D2FB476A86DC9B" pageId="3" pageNumber="526" type="description">
<paragraph id="E2774D58FFAE014919D2FB476A86DC9B" blockId="3.[1465,2673,1154,2835]" pageId="3" pageNumber="526">
<emphasis id="D0BC914AFFAE014919D2FB476BC0DDC5" bold="true" box="[1465,1713,1228,1261]" pageId="3" pageNumber="526">Descriptive notes.</emphasis>
Head-body 38-50 cm,tail 39-55 cm; weight 0.7-1.
<quantity id="2530E0BDFFAE0149151DFB4764C7DDC5" box="[2422,2486,1228,1261]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="2.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="526" unit="kg" value="2.0">2 kg</quantity>
. Cacomistles are very similar to Ringtails in having slender gray bodies with bushy ringed tails. The two are distinguished by the Cacomistle being a bit larger, with less contrasting facial and tail markings, a browner back and tanner belly, and a shorter black muzzle. The rings on the tail of the Cacomistle also differ in being unbroken, and the distal one third ofthe tail is nearly uniformly black.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="AAD21ED3FFAE014919D1FA32653BDCF2" box="[1466,2122,1465,1498]" pageId="3" pageNumber="526" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph id="E2774D58FFAE014919D1FA32653BDCF2" blockId="3.[1465,2673,1154,2835]" box="[1466,2122,1465,1498]" pageId="3" pageNumber="526">
<emphasis id="D0BC914AFFAE014919D1FA326B58DCF2" bold="true" box="[1466,1577,1465,1498]" pageId="3" pageNumber="526">Habitat.</emphasis>
Tropical lowland wet forest to
<quantity id="2530E0BDFFAE01491BB5FA326534DCF2" box="[2014,2117,1465,1498]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.7" pageId="3" pageNumber="526" unit="m" value="2700.0">2700 m</quantity>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="AAD21ED3FFAE014919D1FA68673BDF67" pageId="3" pageNumber="526" type="food_feeding">
<paragraph id="E2774D58FFAE014919D1FA68673BDF67" blockId="3.[1465,2673,1154,2835]" pageId="3" pageNumber="526">
<emphasis id="D0BC914AFFAE014919D1FA686BB3DF28" bold="true" box="[1466,1730,1507,1536]" pageId="3" pageNumber="526">Food and Feeding.</emphasis>
Cacomistles are generalist feeders, eating roughly equal amounts of fruit and insects. They will opportunistically kill and eat very small vertebrate prey, and captive animals have caught and eaten free-flying birds within their enclosures.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="AAD21ED3FFAE014919D2F9DE654EDE3C" pageId="3" pageNumber="526" type="activity">
<paragraph id="E2774D58FFAE014919D2F9DE654EDE3C" blockId="3.[1465,2673,1154,2835]" pageId="3" pageNumber="526">
<emphasis id="D0BC914AFFAE014919D2F9DE6BD2DF5E" bold="true" box="[1465,1699,1621,1654]" pageId="3" pageNumber="526">Activity patterns.</emphasis>
Cacomistles are active in the mid and upperlayers of the forest canopy at night. Their activity begins immediately after sunset and continues at a relatively constant pace (60-75% active) until an hour or two before sunrise. Males are slightly more active than females. Cacomistles may not be strictly nocturnal, as some animals have been recorded vocalizing in the daytime.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="AAD21ED3FFAE014919D0F8916B09D09A" pageId="3" pageNumber="526" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph id="E2774D58FFAE014919D0F8916B09D09A" blockId="3.[1465,2673,1154,2835]" pageId="3" pageNumber="526">
<emphasis id="D0BC914AFFAE014919D0F89165E4DE13" bold="true" box="[1467,2197,1818,1851]" pageId="3" pageNumber="526">Movements, Home range and Social organization.</emphasis>
Cacomistles in
<collectingCountry id="9ADF0DC8FFAE014915EDF891676FDE13" box="[2438,2590,1818,1851]" name="Costa Rica" pageId="3" pageNumber="526">Costa Rica</collectingCountry>
used an average home range size of 20 ha in a landscape of mixed forest and overgrown pasture. In another Costa Rican study, animals consistently moved approximately 2-5 km per night. Although individuals are typically solitary, there is extensive overlap between males and females, and between different males. Whether this overlap relates to family social groups is unknown. Multiple males can be kept together harmoniously in captivity. Cacomistles frequently vocalize with calls of 2-3 repeated syllables sounding like “uyoo-whaa” or “boyo-baa-wow”. These probably play both a territorial and spacing role, as wild animals will approach a playback of the call, but retreat if it is too loud. A variety of other social vocalizations have been described for captive animals. Scent is also an important mode of communication for Cacomistles, and marks are made in four different ways: urine, cheek glands, anal glands, and a strong overall body odor. This strong body odoris present only in males, and is a pungent, sweaty smell detectable by humans from 3-6 m away. Scent marking probably functions to communicate a variety of social messages. The fluid from the anal gland is stronger-smelling than in the Ringtail, and has been hypothesized as serving a defensive function.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="AAD21ED3FFAE014919D6F63D6B2FD35E" pageId="3" pageNumber="526" type="breeding">
<paragraph id="E2774D58FFAE014919D6F63D6B2FD35E" blockId="3.[1465,2673,1154,2835]" pageId="3" pageNumber="526">
<emphasis id="D0BC914AFFAE014919D6F63D6B37D0FF" bold="true" box="[1469,1606,2486,2519]" pageId="3" pageNumber="526">Breeding.</emphasis>
Estrus in Cacomistles lasts about 44 days and is followed by a gestation period of about 63-65 days leading to a litter size of one. Young are able to walk with a wobbly gait after about one month, hop after about two months, and begin climbing in about their third month. Captive animals begin eating solid food between 48-60 days.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="AAD21ED3FFAE014919D4F5F4641AD3EC" pageId="3" pageNumber="526" type="conservation">
<paragraph id="E2774D58FFAE014919D4F5F4641AD3EC" blockId="3.[1465,2673,1154,2835]" pageId="3" pageNumber="526">
<emphasis id="D0BC914AFFAE014919D4F5F46A69D3B4" bold="true" box="[1471,1816,2687,2716]" pageId="3" pageNumber="526">Status and Conservation.</emphasis>
Classified as Least Concern by The IUCN Red List. Cacomistles are locally common, especially in the northern parts of their range.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="AAD21ED3FFAE014919D4F5596448D23B" pageId="3" pageNumber="526" type="bibRefCitation_list">
<paragraph id="E2774D58FFAE014919D4F5596448D23B" blockId="3.[1465,2673,1154,2835]" pageId="3" pageNumber="526">
<emphasis id="D0BC914AFFAE014919D4F5596B28D3C3" bold="true" box="[1471,1625,2770,2795]" pageId="3" pageNumber="526">Bibliography.</emphasis>
Coates-Estrada &amp; Estrada (1986), Garcia et al. (2002), Poglayen-Neuwall (1991, 1992a, 1992b), Poglayen-Neuwall &amp; Poglayen-Neuwall (1994), Reid (1997), Vaughan et al. (1994).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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