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<document id="F9C58B87628F5F4D4900530B8EBEF4EB" ID-CLB-Dataset="3748" ID-DOI="10.5252/geodiversitas2021v43a17" ID-GBIF-Dataset="9f355bf4-4e90-4db3-af0e-c04f11ceb309" ID-ISSN="1638-9395" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5628435" ID-ZooBank="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:E0BAA274-37CB-407B-849A-FD284BBE954B" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1635541439614" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Augé, Marc Louis, Dion, Michaël &amp; Phélizon, Alain" docDate="2021" docId="0F23E968FF80FF97FED9790FD6C3FABA" docLanguage="en" docName="Geodiversitas.43.17.645-661.pdf" docOrigin="Geodiversitas 43 (17)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:F830B10FF475E64C1F1601E3B32DDC00.4:Geodiversitas.2018-.journal_article" docStyleId="F830B10FF475E64C1F1601E3B32DDC00" docStyleName="Geodiversitas.2018-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="4" docTitle="Lacertidae Bonaparte 1831" docType="treatment" docVersion="8" lastPageNumber="653" masterDocId="F31A9110FF87FF9DFFBA7E5DD435FF94" masterDocTitle="The lizard (Reptilia, Squamata) assemblage from the Paleocene of Montchenot (Paris Basin, MP 6)" masterLastPageNumber="661" masterPageNumber="645" pageNumber="650" updateTime="1699467898079" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CC0-1.0" zenodo-license-figures="CC0-1.0">
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<mods:title id="9E104147D3B88FE69BA63E14B17904FC">The lizard (Reptilia, Squamata) assemblage from the Paleocene of Montchenot (Paris Basin, MP 6)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="DD03787D9D92081ED40238ED61FF3555">Augé, Marc Louis</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="DF01324158459A21EF06AB84DB2EE5E0">Centre de Recherches sur la Paléobiodiversité et les Paléoenvironnements (MNHN, CNRS, UPMC-Paris 6, Sorbonne Université), Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, 57 rue Cuvier, case postale 38, F- 75231 Paris cedex 05 (France)</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="E0D7D78C9E3B04B1EEA9BC1313F3A3C1">Dion, Michaël</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="0A07BEE434F647EE913C65331D0D49EB">1 chemin du Cochelet, F- 02220 Mont Saint Martin (France)</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="07CB95F5503568EB20467B7DC1F832D9">Phélizon, Alain</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="EEC48B8AB6527E083F599135CB889924">Société d’Étude des Sciences naturelles de Reims, 122 bis rue du Barbâtre, F- 51100 Reims (France)</mods:affiliation>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="69C9F8BEE8B2F7AAF6A2E7E328E71A8E" type="email">alain.phelizon@orange.fr</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:title id="F49C61967D38DACF554837D4F1A2ACAE">Geodiversitas</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="3158E47E39835A597A0FB21A02AD114C">2021</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="5535FDA7803DBC6F556CE4EDFCE9CEEE">2021-09-09</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="2ECB094B2156009C5978DD31755750DF">43</mods:number>
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<treatment id="0F23E968FF80FF97FED9790FD6C3FABA" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5636509" ID-GBIF-Taxon="189796626" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5636509" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:0F23E968FF80FF97FED9790FD6C3FABA" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/0F23E968FF80FF97FED9790FD6C3FABA" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="653" pageId="7" pageNumber="650">
<subSubSection id="CF900BF5FF80FF9AFED9790FD61CF8FF" box="[355,553,1873,1900]" pageId="7" pageNumber="650" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8735587EFF80FF9AFED9790FD61CF8FF" blockId="7.[355,553,1873,1900]" box="[355,553,1873,1900]" pageId="7" pageNumber="650">
?
<taxonomicName id="408A23FDFF80FF9AFEC9790CD5D7F8FF" authorityName="Bonaparte" authorityYear="1831" box="[371,482,1873,1899]" class="Reptilia" family="Lacertidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="7" pageNumber="650" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Lacertidae</taxonomicName>
indet.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="CF900BF5FF80FF9AFF3E79C1D550F87C" pageId="7" pageNumber="650" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8735587EFF80FF9AFF3E79C1D550F87C" blockId="7.[132,775,1947,2024]" pageId="7" pageNumber="650">
MATERIAL EXAMINED. —
<materialsCitation id="37E25223FF80FF9AFE3D79C6D550F87C" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396082307" pageId="7" pageNumber="650">
<collectionCode id="E19BC0BBFF80FF9AFE3D79C6D5E9F827" box="[391,476,1947,1971]" country="France" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34988" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34988" name="Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle" pageId="7" pageNumber="650">MNHN</collectionCode>
.F.MTC246, one fragmentary jaw, possibly a dentary (
<figureCitation id="1FB144FBFF80FF9AFECA79EBD59CF85A" box="[368,425,1974,1998]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="8.[228,239,1482,1499]" captionTargetBox="[132,1455,215,1437]" captionTargetId="figure-293@8.[132,1455,214,1437]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIG. 5. —?Lacertidae, fragmentary jaw, possibly dentary?, MNHN.F.MTC246: A, labial view; B, lingual view. Scale bar: 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5628445" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5628445/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="650">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
);
<collectionCode id="E19BC0BBFF80FF9AFE0479EBD624F85A" box="[446,529,1974,1998]" country="France" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34988" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34988" name="Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle" pageId="7" pageNumber="650">MNHN</collectionCode>
.F.MTC239 distal end of a left humerus (
<figureCitation id="1FB144FBFF80FF9AFEA5798DD562F87C" box="[287,343,2000,2024]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="9.[330,341,1523,1540]" captionTargetBox="[371,1217,215,1480]" captionTargetId="figure-275@9.[371,1217,214,1480]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIG. 6. —?Lacertidae, distal end of a left humerus, MNHN.F.MTC239, ventral view. Scale bar: 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5628447" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5628447/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="650">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
).
</materialsCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="CF900BF5FF80FF9AFC977B49D10EF978" pageId="7" pageNumber="650" type="description">
<paragraph id="8735587EFF80FF9AFC977B49D788FAB8" blockId="7.[811,1458,1300,1772]" box="[813,957,1300,1326]" pageId="7" pageNumber="650">DESCRIPTION</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8735587EFF80FF9AFC977B69D10EF978" blockId="7.[811,1458,1300,1772]" pageId="7" pageNumber="650">
Fragmentary jaw (L =
<quantity id="4072F59BFF80FF9AFB9C7B6ED0B5FADA" box="[1062,1152,1331,1358]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.9" pageId="7" pageNumber="650" unit="mm" value="2.9">2.9 mm</quantity>
) with eight tooth positions that preserve two complete, pleurodont teeth. Tooth shaft sub-cylindrical, nearly columnar, with an incipient medial bulging. The shaft is slightly constricted under the apex which bears two (anterior and posterior) small cutting edges which join up on the tip of the apex. Otherwise, the apex is blunt and bears no cusps. The tooth base is slightly enlarged and is inserted into cementum as well as the labial side of the tooth shaft. Tooth bases are implanted on an horizontal dental table. A central replacement pit pierces the tooth base whose medial side comes near the dorsal margin of the subdental shelf (or supradental shelf) so that there is a reduced sulcus dentalis. The subdental shelf is shallow, rounded and there is no marked angle between it and the dental table.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="CF900BF5FF80FF97FC97794FD6C3FABA" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="653" pageId="7" pageNumber="650" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8735587EFF80FF9AFC97794FD0B5F8BE" blockId="7.[810,1457,1810,2028]" box="[813,1152,1810,1836]" pageId="7" pageNumber="650">DISCUSSION AND COMPARISONS</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8735587EFF80FF95FC97796CD5BDF9D9" blockId="7.[810,1457,1810,2028]" lastBlockId="8.[130,777,1554,2028]" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="651" pageId="7" pageNumber="650">
Affinities of this specimen are particularly elusive due to its poor preservation and, to our knowledge, the very unusual morphology of the tooth apex bears no resemblance to those seen in any extant lizard families, except in some lacertid lizards (
<bibRefCitation id="E31B258FFF80FF9AFC8F79EFD782F85F" author="KOSMA R." box="[821,951,1969,1996]" pageId="7" pageNumber="650" refId="ref11802" refString="KOSMA R. 2004. - The dentitions of Recent and Fossil Scincomorphan Lizards (Lacertilia, Squamata) - Systematics, Functional Morphology, Paleoecology. PhD dissertation, Hannover Germany, University of Hannover, 188 p." type="book" year="2004">Kosma 2004</bibRefCitation>
). This tooth morphology is certainly not the result of wearing or preservational artifacts as several well-preserved jaws from the coeval locality of Cernay show the same tooth morphology (see below).
</paragraph>
<caption id="D3F508F6FF8FFF95FF5E7B97D0CDFA4F" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5628445" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5628445" box="[228,1272,1482,1499]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5628445/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="651" startId="8.[228,239,1482,1499]" targetBox="[132,1455,215,1437]" targetPageId="8">
<paragraph id="8735587EFF8FFF95FF5E7B97D0CDFA4F" blockId="8.[228,1272,1482,1499]" box="[228,1272,1482,1499]" pageId="8" pageNumber="651">
FIG. 5. —?
<taxonomicName id="408A23FDFF8FFF95FE877B97D5ACFA4F" authorityName="Bonaparte" authorityYear="1831" box="[317,409,1482,1499]" class="Reptilia" family="Lacertidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="8" pageNumber="651" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Lacertidae</taxonomicName>
, fragmentary jaw, possibly dentary?, MNHN.F.MTC246:
<emphasis id="B5FE846CFF8FFF95FCD47B97D74EFA4F" bold="true" box="[878,891,1482,1499]" pageId="8" pageNumber="651">A</emphasis>
, labial view;
<emphasis id="B5FE846CFF8FFF95FC5C7B97D7C6FA4F" bold="true" box="[998,1011,1482,1499]" pageId="8" pageNumber="651">B</emphasis>
, lingual view. Scale bar: 1 mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8735587EFF8FFF95FF21780FD55BF898" blockId="8.[130,777,1554,2028]" pageId="8" pageNumber="651">
Several characters suggest lacertid affinities: teeth strictly pleurodont, horizontal dental table, posteriorly reduced sulcus dentalis, central replacement pits on tooth bases.However,some of those characters are common to several lizards families, like
<taxonomicName id="408A23FDFF8FFF95FF3E788FD4D8F978" box="[132,237,1746,1772]" class="Reptilia" family="Iguanidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="8" pageNumber="651" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Iguanidae</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="408A23FDFF8FFF95FF43788FD56EF978" box="[249,347,1746,1772]" class="Reptilia" family="Scincidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="8" pageNumber="651" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Scincidae</taxonomicName>
or
<taxonomicName id="408A23FDFF8FFF95FE3A788FD5C6F978" box="[384,499,1746,1772]" class="Reptilia" family="Cordylidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="8" pageNumber="651" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Cordylidae</taxonomicName>
and neither is regarded as a possible apomorphy.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8735587EFF8FFF95FF21794FD101F918" blockId="8.[130,777,1554,2028]" lastBlockId="8.[810,1457,1554,2028]" pageId="8" pageNumber="651">
Presence of cutting edges on the lateral sides of the rounded apex may suggest anguimorphan (more precisely anguid) affinities, as well as the reduction of the sulcus dentalis. However, the pleurodont implantation of the teeth represents an important conflicting character (anguid lizards have a subpleurodont implantation,
<emphasis id="B5FE846CFF8FFF95FEAE79EFD573F85F" box="[276,326,1970,1995]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="651">sensu</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="E31B258FFF8FFF95FEF079ECD5C0F858" author="HOFFSTETTER R." box="[330,501,1969,1996]" pageId="8" pageNumber="651" pagination="422 - 424" refId="ref10959" refString="HOFFSTETTER R. 1954. - Sur la position systematique de Necrosaurus: Saurien de l'Eocene europeen. Comptes Rendus de la Societe geologique de France 16: 422 - 424." type="journal article" year="1954">Hoffstetter 1954</bibRefCitation>
). Some features suggest the possibility of referring it to the family
<taxonomicName id="408A23FDFF8FFF95FDBB798CD65DF87F" box="[513,616,2001,2027]" class="Reptilia" family="Iguanidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="8" pageNumber="651" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Iguanidae</taxonomicName>
(non-acrodont Iguanian,
<emphasis id="B5FE846CFF8FFF95FC2B784ED7F7F9B8" box="[913,962,1555,1580]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="651">sensu</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="E31B258FFF8FFF95FC7C784ED051F9B9" author="ESTES R. &amp; DE QUEIROZ K. &amp; GAUTHIER J." box="[966,1124,1554,1581]" pageId="8" pageNumber="651" pagination="119 - 281" refId="ref9747" refString="ESTES R., DE QUEIROZ K. &amp; GAUTHIER J. 1988. - Phylogenetic relationships within Squamata, in ESTES R. &amp; PREGILL G. (eds), Phylogenetic Relationships of the Lizard Families. Stanford University Press, Stanford: 119 - 281." type="book chapter" year="1988">
Estes
<emphasis id="B5FE846CFF8FFF95FC47784ED01EF9B8" box="[1021,1067,1554,1580]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="651">et al.</emphasis>
1988
</bibRefCitation>
): iguanid lizards have pleurodont teeth and a reduced sulcus dentalis, mostly in the posterior part of the dental row.However, no iguanid is known to have a tooth apex reminiscent of those of MNHN.F.MTC246.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8735587EFF8FFF94FCF978CFD730F87F" blockId="8.[810,1457,1554,2028]" lastBlockId="9.[130,777,1618,2028]" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="652" pageId="8" pageNumber="651">
The localities of Cernay yielded many dentaries that share the same typical dentition with dentary MNHN.F.MTC246 from Montchenot (collection Phélizon, deposited in the MNHN). Cernay is coeval with Montchenot (
<taxonomicName id="408A23FDFF8FFF95FB1D78AFD125F898" authority="Montchenot" authorityName="Montchenot" box="[1191,1296,1778,1804]" class="Reptilia" family="Shinisauridae" genus="Paleocene" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="8" pageNumber="645" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Paleocene</taxonomicName>
, MP6) and the two localities are in close geographical proximity. These dentaries have not been described yet but they show clear affinities with lacertid lizards: teeth pleurodont, sulcus dentalis reduced posteriorly, absence of a posterodorsal extension of the subdental shelf in lingual view, and reduction of the posterodorsal process of the dentary labially that bears a shallow depression which indicates the contact with the anterior (dentary) process of the coronoid. Taken at face value, this posterior reduction of the dentary is characteristic of lacertoid lizards (
<taxonomicName id="408A23FDFF8EFF94FE1A782FD5DEF918" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1827" box="[416,491,1650,1676]" class="Reptilia" family="Teiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="9" pageNumber="652" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Teiidae</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="408A23FDFF8EFF94FDA0782FD6B2F919" authorityName="Bonaparte" authorityYear="1831" box="[538,647,1650,1677]" class="Reptilia" family="Lacertidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="9" pageNumber="652" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Lacertidae</taxonomicName>
).In contrast, the posterior part of the dentary of iguanid lizards (mainly the posterodorsal pocess) extends widely onto the coronoid.Otherwise, these dentaries lack teiid features (e.g. clearly heterodont dentition, presence of important cement deposit on tooth base) and the tooth morphology of MTC246 (mainly its apex) is reminiscent of those of a Miocene
<taxonomicName id="408A23FDFF8EFF94FEDE796CD5F9F8DF" authorityName="Bonaparte" authorityYear="1831" box="[356,460,1841,1867]" class="Reptilia" family="Lacertidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="9" pageNumber="652" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Lacertidae</taxonomicName>
from Sansan, MN6 (
<taxonomicName id="408A23FDFF8EFF94FD1F796CD5F1F8F8" authority="Auge &amp; Rage, 2000" authorityName="Auge &amp; Rage" authorityYear="2000" class="Reptilia" family="Lacertidae" genus="Edlartetia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="9" pageNumber="652" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sansaniensis">
<emphasis id="B5FE846CFF8EFF94FD1F796CD4C3F8FF" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="652">Edlartetia sansaniensis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="E31B258FFF8EFF94FF41790FD5F1F8F8" author="AUGE M. &amp; RAGE J. - C." box="[251,452,1874,1900]" pageId="9" pageNumber="652" refId="ref8144" refString="AUGE M. &amp; RAGE J. - C. 2000. - Les Squamates (Reptilia) du Miocene moyen de Sansan, in GINSBURG L. (ed.), La faune miocene de Sansan et son environment. Museum national d'Histoire naturelle, Paris: 263 - 313 (Memoires du Museum national d'Histoire naturelle; 183)." type="journal volume" year="2000">Augé &amp; Rage, 2000</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
) and even of extant lacertids like
<taxonomicName id="408A23FDFF8EFF94FF39792FD5D9F81F" authority="Peters, 1960" authorityName="Peters" authorityYear="1960" box="[131,492,1905,1932]" class="Reptilia" family="Lacertidae" genus="Lacerta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="9" pageNumber="652" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="agilis" subSpecies="grusinica">
<emphasis id="B5FE846CFF8EFF94FF39792FD556F81F" box="[131,355,1905,1931]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="652">Lacerta agilis grusinica</emphasis>
Peters, 1960
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="E31B258FFF8EFF94FE41792FD64AF81F" author="KOSMA R." box="[507,639,1905,1932]" pageId="9" pageNumber="652" refId="ref11802" refString="KOSMA R. 2004. - The dentitions of Recent and Fossil Scincomorphan Lizards (Lacertilia, Squamata) - Systematics, Functional Morphology, Paleoecology. PhD dissertation, Hannover Germany, University of Hannover, 188 p." type="book" year="2004">Kosma 2004</bibRefCitation>
: fig. 34) and
<taxonomicName id="408A23FDFF8EFF94FF3C79CFD5C7F83F" authority="(Lichtenstein, 1823)" baseAuthorityName="Lichtenstein" baseAuthorityYear="1823" box="[134,498,1937,1963]" class="Reptilia" family="Lacertidae" genus="Zootoca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="9" pageNumber="652" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vivipara">
<emphasis id="B5FE846CFF8EFF94FF3C79CFD510F83F" box="[134,293,1938,1963]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="652">Zootoca vivipara</emphasis>
(Lichtenstein, 1823)
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="E31B258FFF8EFF94FDBA79CFD64BF83F" author="KOSMA R." box="[512,638,1937,1964]" pageId="9" pageNumber="652" refId="ref11802" refString="KOSMA R. 2004. - The dentitions of Recent and Fossil Scincomorphan Lizards (Lacertilia, Squamata) - Systematics, Functional Morphology, Paleoecology. PhD dissertation, Hannover Germany, University of Hannover, 188 p." type="book" year="2004">Kosma 2004</bibRefCitation>
:fig.51). This attribution is only tentative due to the poor preservation of the teeth and depends on the description of the material of Cernay.
</paragraph>
<caption id="D3F508F6FF8EFF94FEF07BAED0A4F990" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5628447" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5628447" box="[330,1169,1523,1540]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5628447/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="652" startId="9.[330,341,1523,1540]" targetBox="[371,1217,215,1480]" targetPageId="9">
<paragraph id="8735587EFF8EFF94FEF07BAED0A4F990" blockId="9.[330,1169,1523,1540]" box="[330,1169,1523,1540]" pageId="9" pageNumber="652">
FIG. 6. —?
<taxonomicName id="408A23FDFF8EFF94FE1E7BAED635F990" authorityName="Bonaparte" authorityYear="1831" box="[420,512,1523,1540]" class="Reptilia" family="Lacertidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="9" pageNumber="652" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Lacertidae</taxonomicName>
, distal end of a left humerus, MNHN.F.MTC239, ventral view. Scale bar: 1 mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8735587EFF8EFF94FC97780ED7D7F9F9" blockId="9.[813,994,1618,1645]" box="[813,994,1618,1645]" pageId="9" pageNumber="652">
<heading id="DC7DEF12FF8EFF94FC97780ED7D7F9F9" box="[813,994,1618,1645]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="9" pageNumber="652" reason="8">
<emphasis id="B5FE846CFF8EFF94FC97780ED7D7F9F9" box="[813,994,1618,1645]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="652">
Humerus (
<figureCitation id="1FB144FBFF8EFF94FC26780ED7ECF9F8" box="[924,985,1618,1644]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="9.[330,341,1523,1540]" captionTargetBox="[371,1217,215,1480]" captionTargetId="figure-275@9.[371,1217,214,1480]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIG. 6. —?Lacertidae, distal end of a left humerus, MNHN.F.MTC239, ventral view. Scale bar: 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5628447" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5628447/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="652">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
)
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8735587EFF8EFF94FC97782FD052F81F" blockId="9.[810,1458,1650,2028]" pageId="9" pageNumber="652">
As the humerus of all full leged lizards, this specimen has an elongated, sub-cylindrical shaft (diaphysis) that forms the middle part of the bone. In lizards, the proximal and distal ends are expanded but the proximal end of specimen MNHN.F.MTC239 is broken off. Ventrally, the distal end presents two obliquely trending radial (lateral, or capitellum
<emphasis id="B5FE846CFF8EFF94FB03794FD0DEF8BF" box="[1209,1259,1810,1835]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="652">sensu</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="E31B258FFF8EFF94FB4B794FD142F8B8" author="ROMER A. S." box="[1265,1399,1809,1836]" pageId="9" pageNumber="652" refId="ref13093" refString="ROMER A. S. 1956. - Osteology of the Reptiles. University Chicago Press, Chicago, 772 p." type="book" year="1956">Romer 1956</bibRefCitation>
) and ulnar (mesial) condyles separated by a notch (condylar gutter). A deep radioulnar fossa (
<emphasis id="B5FE846CFF8EFF94FB8C790FD05CF8FF" box="[1078,1129,1874,1899]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="652">sensu</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="E31B258FFF8EFF94FBD5790CD10BF8F8" author="TSCHOPP E. &amp; VILLA A. &amp; CAMAITI M. &amp; FERRO L. &amp; TUVERI C. &amp; ROOK L. &amp; ARCA M. &amp; DELFINO M." box="[1135,1342,1873,1900]" pageId="9" pageNumber="652" pagination="825 - 856" refId="ref13687" refString="TSCHOPP E., VILLA A., CAMAITI M., FERRO L., TUVERI C., ROOK L., ARCA M. &amp; DELFINO M. 2018. - The first fossils of Timon (Squamata: Lacertinae) from Sardinia (Italy) and potential causes for its local extinction in the Pleistocene. Zoological Journal Linnean Society 184 (3): 825 - 856. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / zoolinnean / zly 003" type="journal article" year="2018">Tschopp et al 2018</bibRefCitation>
) is located proximal to the ulnar condyle.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8735587EFF8EFF94FCF979CCD19AF87F" blockId="9.[810,1458,1650,2028]" pageId="9" pageNumber="652">Mesially, the entepicondyle is moderatelly developed into a knob-like expansion. On the lateral side of the distal extremity, the ectepicondyle is weakly developed, as in most limbed lizards</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8735587EFF8DFF97FF3E7E85D627FEC5" blockId="10.[130,777,215,1326]" pageId="10" pageNumber="653">except varanoids that have a marked crest on the distal end of the humerus. The ectepicondylar foramen is certainly visible in ventral view but several cavities due to weathering are also present on the lateral side of the ectepicondyle.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8735587EFF8DFF97FF217F0AD732FD85" blockId="10.[130,777,215,1326]" pageId="10" pageNumber="653">
A large triangular depression is present just above the condyles and a rather large foramen (here called supra-condylar foramen) opens on the proximal rim of this depression.This foramen and its associated depression are clearly observed in almost all limbed squamates except varanoids (
<bibRefCitation id="E31B258FFF8DFF97FE237F8BD638FE64" author="SMITH K. T." box="[409,525,470,496]" pageId="10" pageNumber="653" pagination="299 - 358" refId="ref13142" refString="SMITH K. T. 2009. - A new lizard assemblage from the earliest Eocene (Zone Wao) of the Bighorn Basin, Wyoming, USA: Biogeography during the warmest interval of the Cenozoic. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 7 (3): 299 - 358. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / S 1477201909002752" type="journal article" year="2009">Smith2009</bibRefCitation>
). It conveys the radial and ulnar nerves branching from the brachial plexus (
<bibRefCitation id="E31B258FFF8DFF97FDCE7FABD6CDFD84" author="LECURU S." box="[628,760,502,528]" pageId="10" pageNumber="653" refId="ref11882" refString="LECURU S. 1968. - Myologie et innervation du membre anterieur des Lacertiliens. Museum national d'Histoire naturelle, Paris: 127 - 215 (Memoires du Museum national d'Histoire naturelle, Ser. A - Zoologie; 48 [3])." type="journal volume" year="1968">Lécuru 1968</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8735587EFF8DFF97FF217C4BD53AFD04" blockId="10.[130,777,215,1326]" pageId="10" pageNumber="653">
What is clear from this description is that the incomplete humerus from Montchenot presents a generalised morphology observed in most limbed lizards, except varanoids(
<bibRefCitation id="E31B258FFF8DFF97FDC77C0BD735FDE4" author="LECURU S." box="[637,768,598,624]" pageId="10" pageNumber="653" pagination="515 - 558" refId="ref11927" refString="LECURU S. 1969. - Etude morphologique de l'Humerus des Lacertiliens. Annales des Sciences naturelles, Zoologie, 12 eme serie, 9: 515 - 558." type="journal article" year="1969">Lécuru 1969</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="E31B258FFF8DFF97FF3E7C2BD4CAFD04" author="SMITH K. T." box="[132,255,630,656]" pageId="10" pageNumber="653" pagination="299 - 358" refId="ref13142" refString="SMITH K. T. 2009. - A new lizard assemblage from the earliest Eocene (Zone Wao) of the Bighorn Basin, Wyoming, USA: Biogeography during the warmest interval of the Cenozoic. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 7 (3): 299 - 358. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / S 1477201909002752" type="journal article" year="2009">Smith 2009</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8735587EFF8DFF97FF217CCBD73DFB1A" blockId="10.[130,777,215,1326]" pageId="10" pageNumber="653">
Entepycondyles of gekkonid lizards are far more developed (projected mesially) than that of humerus MNHN.F.MTC239 (e.g.,
<bibRefCitation id="E31B258FFF8DFF97FF047C8BD576FD7B" author="LECURU S." box="[190,323,725,752]" pageId="10" pageNumber="653" pagination="515 - 558" refId="ref11927" refString="LECURU S. 1969. - Etude morphologique de l'Humerus des Lacertiliens. Annales des Sciences naturelles, Zoologie, 12 eme serie, 9: 515 - 558." type="journal article" year="1969">Lécuru 1969</bibRefCitation>
: fig. 12). Generally, in gekkonids and
<taxonomicName id="408A23FDFF8DFF97FD6B7C88D4F0FC9B" authorityName="Oppel" authorityYear="1811" class="Reptilia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="10" pageNumber="647" phylum="Chordata" rank="superFamily" superFamily="Scincoidea">Scincoidea</taxonomicName>
the supra-condylar foramen opens just above the condyles, while in
<taxonomicName id="408A23FDFF8DFF97FF647D48D56DFCBB" authorityName="Camp" authorityYear="1923" box="[222,344,789,815]" class="Reptilia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="10" pageNumber="650" phylum="Chordata" rank="superFamily" superFamily="Lacertoidea">Lacertoidea</taxonomicName>
, Iguania and
<taxonomicName id="408A23FDFF8DFF97FE5D7D48D64DFCBB" authorityName="Furbringer" authorityYear="1900" box="[487,632,789,815]" class="Reptilia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="10" pageNumber="653" phylum="Chordata" rank="subOrder" subOrder="Anguimorpha">Anguimorpha</taxonomicName>
it opens well above the condyles. Hence, humerus MTC239 could belong to a member of those taxa (i.e.
<taxonomicName id="408A23FDFF8DFF97FE797D08D608FCFB" authorityName="Camp" authorityYear="1923" box="[451,573,853,879]" class="Reptilia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="10" pageNumber="650" phylum="Chordata" rank="superFamily" superFamily="Lacertoidea">Lacertoidea</taxonomicName>
, limbed
<taxonomicName id="408A23FDFF8DFF97FD2E7D08D49EFC1B" authorityName="Furbringer" authorityYear="1900" class="Reptilia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="10" pageNumber="653" phylum="Chordata" rank="subOrder" subOrder="Anguimorpha">Anguimorpha</taxonomicName>
different from
<taxonomicName id="408A23FDFF8DFF97FEF17D28D584FC1B" box="[331,433,885,911]" class="Reptilia" family="Varanidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="10" pageNumber="653" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Varanidae</taxonomicName>
or
<taxonomicName id="408A23FDFF8DFF97FE6C7D28D675FC04" box="[470,576,885,912]" class="Reptilia" family="Iguanidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="10" pageNumber="653" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Iguanidae</taxonomicName>
). The presence of a deep radioulnar fossa and of the large obliquely trending radial condyle suggest the possibility of referring this humerus to the family
<taxonomicName id="408A23FDFF8DFF97FF717D89D50CFC7A" authorityName="Bonaparte" authorityYear="1831" box="[203,313,980,1006]" class="Reptilia" family="Lacertidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="10" pageNumber="653" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Lacertidae</taxonomicName>
. Furthermore, observation of the humerus of the extant genus
<taxonomicName id="408A23FDFF8DFF97FE8F7DA8D54CFB9A" authorityName="Tschudi" authorityYear="1836" box="[309,377,1013,1038]" class="Reptilia" family="Lacertidae" genus="Timon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="10" pageNumber="653" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B5FE846CFF8DFF97FE8F7DA8D54CFB9A" box="[309,377,1013,1038]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="653">Timon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<taxonomicName id="408A23FDFF8DFF97FE3C7DA9D5C1FB9A" authorityName="Bonaparte" authorityYear="1831" box="[390,500,1012,1038]" class="Reptilia" family="Lacertidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="10" pageNumber="653" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Lacertidae</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="408A23FDFF8DFF97FE457DA9D48FFBBA" authority=", Tschopp et al. 2018" authorityName="Tschopp" authorityYear="2018" class="Reptilia" family="Lacertidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="10" pageNumber="653" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Lacertinae">
Lacertinae,
<bibRefCitation id="E31B258FFF8DFF97FDCC7DA9D48FFBBA" author="TSCHOPP E. &amp; VILLA A. &amp; CAMAITI M. &amp; FERRO L. &amp; TUVERI C. &amp; ROOK L. &amp; ARCA M. &amp; DELFINO M." pageId="10" pageNumber="653" pagination="825 - 856" refId="ref13687" refString="TSCHOPP E., VILLA A., CAMAITI M., FERRO L., TUVERI C., ROOK L., ARCA M. &amp; DELFINO M. 2018. - The first fossils of Timon (Squamata: Lacertinae) from Sardinia (Italy) and potential causes for its local extinction in the Pleistocene. Zoological Journal Linnean Society 184 (3): 825 - 856. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / zoolinnean / zly 003" type="journal article" year="2018">
Tschopp
<emphasis id="B5FE846CFF8DFF97FD6C7DA8D73DFB9A" box="[726,776,1012,1038]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="653">et al.</emphasis>
2018
</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
: fig. 20) shows a number of interesting resemblances with the humerus of Montchenot. However, it must be stressed that these observations are limited to only a few specimens and species in each family which casts doubts on their taxonomic value.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8735587EFF8DFF97FF217AC9D6C3FABA" blockId="10.[130,777,215,1326]" pageId="10" pageNumber="653">
Modifications by digestion are evident on the surface of this fossil: in digestion, corrosion is often localized in articular ends, with the epiphyses severely pitted,while the diaphysis is less severely damaged as in the humerus from Montchenot (e.g.
<bibRefCitation id="E31B258FFF8DFF97FD177AAED48FFABA" author="ANDREWS P." pageId="10" pageNumber="653" refId="ref7930" refString="ANDREWS P. 1990. - Owls, Caves and Fossils. Predation, Preservation and Accumulation of small Mammal Bones in Caves, with an Analysis of the Pleistocene Cave Faunas from Westbury-sub-Mendip, Somerset, UK. Natural History Museum Publications, London, 231 p." type="book" year="1990">Andrews 1990</bibRefCitation>
; Fernandez-Jalvo &amp; Andrews 1992;
<bibRefCitation id="E31B258FFF8DFF97FD887B49D6D3FABA" author="DENYS C. &amp; JALVO Y. &amp; DAUPHIN Y." box="[562,742,1299,1326]" pageId="10" pageNumber="653" pagination="803 - 809" refId="ref9562" refString="DENYS C., FERNANDEZ- JALVO Y. &amp; DAUPHIN Y. 1995. - Experimental taphonomy: preliminary results of the digestion of micromammal bones in the laboratory. Comptes Rendus de l'Academie des Sciences, Paris, serie IIa, 321: 803 - 809. https: // gallica. bnf. fr / ark: / 12148 / bpt 6 k 5766684 z / f 91. item" type="journal article" year="1995">
Denys
<emphasis id="B5FE846CFF8DFF97FDC07B49D69EFAB9" box="[634,683,1299,1325]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="653">et al.</emphasis>
1995
</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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