1319 lines
204 KiB
XML
1319 lines
204 KiB
XML
<document id="6A83459B03249A75DB40F49A08058F2B" ID-CLB-Dataset="9356" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.4894.4.5" ID-GBIF-Dataset="e798d6b3-ca6a-456a-a0af-ec2c72408720" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4316776" ID-ZooBank="19BD5D89-5C9C-4111-A271-98E819A03D8E" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1607680754016" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Souza-Filho, Jonas Pereira De, Guilherme, Edson, Toledo, Peter Mann De, Carvalho, Ismar De Souza, Negri, Francisco Ricardo, Maciente, Andréa Aparecida Da Rocha, Cidade, Giovanne M., Lacerda, Mauro Bruno Da Silva & Souza, Lucy Gomes De" docDate="2020" docId="03BB3D0BFF86FFFCFF04FE833390F86C" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.4894.4.5.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 4894 (4)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Melanosuchus latrubessei Souza-Filho & Guilherme & Toledo & Carvalho & Negri & Maciente & Cidade & Lacerda & Souza 2020, sp. nov." docType="treatment" docVersion="8" lastPageNumber="576" masterDocId="FF824573FF80FFF3FF93FFED3035FFF9" masterDocTitle="On a new Melanosuchus species (Alligatoroidea: Caimaninae) from Solimões Formation (Eocene-Pliocene), Northern Brazil, and evolution of Caimaninae" masterLastPageNumber="593" masterPageNumber="561" pageNumber="567" updateTime="1698847456845" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CLOSED">
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<mods:title id="538E6B9229738816162367D9903D285A">On a new Melanosuchus species (Alligatoroidea: Caimaninae) from Solimões Formation (Eocene-Pliocene), Northern Brazil, and evolution of Caimaninae</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="3E1B7EEF9577FC39D816CD8C08BB4418">Souza-Filho, Jonas Pereira De</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="8DE6B3C43A95488CDCDDFA16342B50C5">jpdesouzafilho @ hotmail. com; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0003 - 0481 - 3204</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="11B82CD413C15ECFDD58DF892AA18604">Guilherme, Edson</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="5BA9B8D0066DE174AD053DEB34F11AD5">guilherme. edson @ gmail. com; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0001 - 8322 - 1770</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="27EB9D6D6BCA9C3B59985D1550071662">Toledo, Peter Mann De</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="0FA633C8B49C4FD66BC43513DE973528">INPE-Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais, MCT, São José dos Campos, São Paulo, Brazil.</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="B979BAE90D8F8C46AEC536E0612DAD01">Carvalho, Ismar De Souza</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="C0D93CE726187D83116122EA9E9C2F68">Departamento de Geologia, CCMN-IGEO, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, 21.910 - 200, Cidade Universitária-Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. ismar @ geologia. ufrj. br; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 1811 - 0588</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="39CED3F035B31F4F5E8E9398A80B93C7">Negri, Francisco Ricardo</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="CA31D994952BB2D9A8C95347ABE1943D">Laboratório de Paleontologia, Universidade Federal do Acre-Campus Floresta, 69895 - 000, Cruzeiro do Sul, Acre, Brazil.</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="8D787FA0B19D915C8BE390ADA33548FD">Maciente, Andréa Aparecida Da Rocha</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="5B401BE4AA6C6DCA79E33753B4760B76">andreamaciente @ gmail. com; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0003 - 3504 - 1833</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="DD7D14C38A9D8D7009B7AF574B3A5D5A">Cidade, Giovanne M.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="86403C67CD7E74013C9FFC6156063203">Lacerda, Mauro Bruno Da Silva</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="E985C23D79145EADA4E5360CFF38DDA3">Souza, Lucy Gomes De</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="6D42B16FC79671FCCC2A666EDB9987F0">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="F8931B58553549D0C16DDEF4D3C8B672">
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<mods:date id="D0FD63758AAEAF2CC4EDCE76531AE61E">2020</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="D52AF1E3614C37A671D3593BA7D6751B">2020-12-11</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="A45689B8BE79BAFD5A0E17695B265E63">4894</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="7B7AF23D8B646D604671A3EA4AF8AFC2">4</mods:number>
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<mods:identifier id="F8937437DE3F56649C45C4077EC303F8" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.4894.4.5</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="03BB3D0BFF86FFFCFF04FE833390F86C" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4324167" ID-GBIF-Taxon="170795773" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4324167" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03BB3D0BFF86FFFCFF04FE833390F86C" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BB3D0BFF86FFFCFF04FE833390F86C" lastPageId="15" lastPageNumber="576" pageId="6" pageNumber="567">
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<paragraph id="8BAD8C1DFF86FFF5FF04FE833202FE70" blockId="6.[151,1167,366,465]" box="[151,567,366,393]" pageId="6" pageNumber="567">
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<heading id="D0E53B71FF86FFF5FF04FE833202FE70" bold="true" box="[151,567,366,393]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="567" reason="1">
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<emphasis id="B966500FFF86FFF5FF04FE833202FE70" bold="true" box="[151,567,366,393]" pageId="6" pageNumber="567">
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<taxonomicName id="4C12F79EFF86FFF5FF04FE8331E7FE70" authority="Souza-Filho & Guilherme & Toledo & Carvalho & Negri & Maciente & Cidade & Lacerda & Souza, 2020" authorityName="Souza-Filho & Guilherme & Toledo & Carvalho & Negri & Maciente & Cidade & Lacerda & Souza" authorityYear="2020" box="[151,466,366,393]" class="Reptilia" family="Alligatoridae" genus="Melanosuchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="6" pageNumber="567" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="latrubessei" status="sp. nov.">
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<emphasis id="B966500FFF86FFF5FF04FE8331E7FE70" bold="true" box="[151,466,366,393]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="567">Melanosuchus latrubessei</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="A255ED74FF86FFF5FE49FE823202FE70" box="[474,567,367,393]" pageId="6" pageNumber="567" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="C308DF96FF86FFF5FF04FE7E34BAFE28" pageId="6" pageNumber="567" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BAD8C1DFF86FFF5FF04FE7E3194FE57" blockId="6.[151,1167,366,465]" box="[151,417,402,430]" pageId="6" pageNumber="567">
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(
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<figureCitation id="13299098FF86FFF5FF0CFE7E3134FE54" box="[159,257,403,429]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1932,1956]" captionTargetBox="[158,1429,857,1900]" captionTargetId="figure-181@6.[151,1436,849,1909]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 2. Melanosuchus latrubessei UFAC 2793 in dorsal view. (A) UFAC 2793 fossil specimen; and (B) Schematic draw. Anatomical abbreviations: if, incisive foramen; EN, external nares; J, jugal; pmx, premaxilla; mx, maxilla; n, nasal; rd1, rostral ridge 1; rd2, rostral ridge 2. Scale bar = 20mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4316780" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4316780/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="567">Figure 2</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="13299098FF86FFF5FE9EFE7E3129FE54" box="[269,284,403,429]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1190,1214]" captionTargetBox="[158,1432,185,1158]" captionTargetId="figure-18@7.[151,1436,181,1166]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 3. Melanosuchus latrubessei UFAC 2793 in ventral view. (A) UFAC 2793 fossil specimen; and (B) Schematic draw. Anatomical abbreviations: 4th, fourth maxillary alveolus; 4th dm, tooth mark from fourth dentary; 12th, twelfth maxillary alveolus; ect, ectopterygoid; if, incisive foramen; pmx, premaxilla; mx-pl, suture between maxillary and palatine; mx, maxilla; sof, suborbital (palatine) fenestrae. Scale bar = 20mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4316782" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4316782/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="567">3</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="13299098FF86FFF5FEBAFE7E310CFE54" box="[297,313,403,429]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1861,1885]" captionTargetBox="[155,1432,568,1830]" captionTargetId="figure-203@8.[151,1435,561,1838]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 4. Melanosuchus latrubessei UFAC 2793. (A) UFAC 2793 fossil specimen in laterodorsal view; (B) Schematic draw in laterodorsal view; and (C) fossil specimen in lateral view.Anatomical abbreviations: J, jugal; pmx, premaxilla; mx, maxilla; n, nasal; nc, narial crest; rd1, rostral ridge 1; rd2, rostral ridge 2. Scale bar, A and B = 20mm; C = 50mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4316784" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4316784/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="567">4</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="13299098FF86FFF5FED6FE7F3166FE54" box="[325,339,402,429]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="9.[151,250,1752,1776]" captionTargetBox="[207,1386,751,1726]" captionTargetId="figure-303@9.[201,1386,741,1728]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 5. Melanosuchus latrubessei UFAC 2793 in detail of the premaxillary-nasal anterior region. (A) Anterodorsomedial view of the right elements, via sagittal cut, elucidating the limits between premaxilla and nasal; (B) Anterior view of premaxilla, within the external nares, elucidating the absence of premaxilla-nasal suture at this view; (C) Medioventral view demonstrating the overlap suture of premaxilla over nasal; and, (D) Medial view of right elements, via sagittal cut, demarked limits between premaxilla and nasals demonstrating the only possible way to nasal reach the external nares. Full line indicates visible sutures while dashed lines indicated inferred bone limits. Anatomical abbreviations: EN, external nares; pmx-n, suture between premaxilla and nasal; pmx-pmx, suture between premaxillae; pmx, premaxilla; mx-mx, suture between maxillae; n-n, suture between nasals; n, nasal. Out of scale." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4316786" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4316786/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="567">5</figureCitation>
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and
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<figureCitation id="13299098FF86FFF5FE1AFE7E31ADFE57" box="[393,408,403,430]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="11.[151,250,1240,1264]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,1216]" captionTargetId="figure-18@11.[151,1436,181,1216]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 6. Melanosuchus latrubessei UFAC 2793 in details of the maxillary and premaxillary limits of the ventral portion in medial view. (A) Elucidating the preserved anterior limit of premaxilla; (B) The anterior limit of maxilla-maxilla suture and the posterior broken region of premaxilla; and (C) Zoom in the limit maxilla-maxilla suture elucidating an anterior smooth surface that is here inferred as the posterior limit for maxillary-vomer contact. Dark lines delimit the bone limits and sutures. Anatomical abbreviations: if, incisive foramen; EN, external nares; pmx, premaxilla; mx-mx, suture between maxillae; mx-v, suture between maxillary and vomer. Out of scale." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4316790" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4316790/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="567">6</figureCitation>
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)
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BAD8C1DFF86FFF5FF04FE5A34BAFE28" blockId="6.[151,1167,366,465]" box="[151,1167,438,465]" pageId="6" pageNumber="567">
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Zoobank species:
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urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:
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<uuid id="FFB4B6C8FF86FFF5FDE7FE5B34BAFE28" box="[628,1167,438,465]" pageId="6" pageNumber="567">BB6E5F62-348B-4880-BB42-423BA34E0EE4</uuid>
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</uri>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C308DF96FF86FFF5FF04FE123292FDE0" box="[151,679,511,537]" pageId="6" pageNumber="567" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="8BAD8C1DFF86FFF5FF04FE123292FDE0" blockId="6.[151,1437,511,825]" box="[151,679,511,537]" pageId="6" pageNumber="567">
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<materialsCitation id="3B7A8640FF86FFF5FF04FE123292FDE0" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2993056301" box="[151,679,511,537]" collectionCode="UFAC" pageId="6" pageNumber="567" specimenCode="UFAC 2793" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="holotype">
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<emphasis id="B966500FFF86FFF5FF04FE12313EFDE0" bold="true" box="[151,267,511,537]" pageId="6" pageNumber="567">
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<typeStatus id="54A932BFFF86FFF5FF04FE123131FDE0" box="[151,260,511,537]" pageId="6" pageNumber="567" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
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.
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</emphasis>
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<specimenCode id="DBB42466FF86FFF5FE81FE1231A8FDE0" box="[274,413,511,537]" collectionCode="UFAC" pageId="6" pageNumber="567">UFAC 2793</specimenCode>
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, right part of a rostrum.
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</materialsCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C308DF96FF86FFF5FF54FDCE353CFD50" pageId="6" pageNumber="567" type="etymology">
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<paragraph id="8BAD8C1DFF86FFF5FF54FDCE353CFD50" blockId="6.[151,1437,511,825]" pageId="6" pageNumber="567">
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<emphasis id="B966500FFF86FFF5FF54FDCE317BFDC4" bold="true" box="[199,334,547,573]" pageId="6" pageNumber="567">Etymology.</emphasis>
|
||
The specific epithet
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C12F79EFF86FFF5FDACFDCE328FFDC4" authorityName="Souza-Filho & Guilherme & Toledo & Carvalho & Negri & Maciente & Cidade & Lacerda & Souza" authorityYear="2020" box="[575,698,547,573]" class="Reptilia" family="Alligatoridae" genus="Melanosuchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="6" pageNumber="567" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="latrubessei">
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<emphasis id="B966500FFF86FFF5FDACFDCE328FFDC4" box="[575,698,547,573]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="567">latrubessei</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is in honor to the Argentinean geomorphologist Dr. Edgardo M. Latrubesse. His geopaleontological contributions were very important to the increase of knowledge about origin and evolution of the Solimıes Formation. Dr. Edgardo also provided important scientific contributions for Universidade Federal do
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49D642FFFF86FFF5FE87FD62317FFD50" box="[276,330,655,681]" country="Brazil" name="Acre" pageId="6" pageNumber="567">Acre</collectingRegion>
|
||
through collaborations in partnership with Laboratório de Pesquisas Paleontológicas.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C308DF96FF86FFF4FF54FD5F3159F9FB" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="568" pageId="6" pageNumber="567" type="diagnosis">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BAD8C1DFF86FFF5FF54FD5F331FFCC0" blockId="6.[151,1437,511,825]" pageId="6" pageNumber="567">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966500FFF86FFF5FF54FD5F3177FD35" bold="true" box="[199,322,690,716]" pageId="6" pageNumber="567">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C12F79EFF86FFF5FEDAFD5E3258FD34" authorityName="Souza-Filho & Guilherme & Toledo & Carvalho & Negri & Maciente & Cidade & Lacerda & Souza" authorityYear="2020" box="[329,621,691,717]" class="Reptilia" family="Alligatoridae" genus="Melanosuchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="6" pageNumber="567" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="latrubessei">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966500FFF86FFF5FEDAFD5E3258FD34" box="[329,621,691,717]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="567">Melanosuchus latrubessei</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
possess the following autapomorphies: (1) the contact between maxillamaxilla is elongated and extends from the space between the second and third alveoli until to the space between the sixth and seventh alveoli; and (2) the rostral ridge 2 is well-developed and well-marked, being anteroposteriorly inclined, and composed exclusively by the maxillary bone.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF6DDC95FF86FFF5FF04F861324FF815" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4316780" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4316780" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4316780/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="567" startId="6.[151,250,1932,1956]" targetBox="[158,1429,857,1900]" targetPageId="6">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BAD8C1DFF86FFF5FF04F861324FF815" blockId="6.[151,1437,1932,2028]" pageId="6" pageNumber="567">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966500FFF86FFF5FF04F8613121F85D" bold="true" box="[151,276,1932,1956]" pageId="6" pageNumber="567">FIGURE 2.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C12F79EFF86FFF5FE88F8613293F85D" authority="UFAC 2793" authorityName=", UFAC" authorityYear="2793" box="[283,678,1932,1956]" class="Reptilia" family="Alligatoridae" genus="Melanosuchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="6" pageNumber="567" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="latrubessei">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966500FFF86FFF5FE88F8613216F85D" box="[283,547,1932,1956]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="567">Melanosuchus latrubessei</emphasis>
|
||
UFAC 2793
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in dorsal view. (A) UFAC 2793 fossil specimen; and (B) Schematic draw. Anatomical abbreviations:
|
||
<emphasis id="B966500FFF86FFF5FE34F85D3183F831" bold="true" box="[423,438,1968,1992]" pageId="6" pageNumber="567">if</emphasis>
|
||
, incisive foramen;
|
||
<emphasis id="B966500FFF86FFF5FDE4F85D32AFF831" bold="true" box="[631,666,1968,1992]" pageId="6" pageNumber="567">EN</emphasis>
|
||
, external nares;
|
||
<emphasis id="B966500FFF86FFF5FCACF85D3379F831" bold="true" box="[831,844,1968,1992]" pageId="6" pageNumber="567">J</emphasis>
|
||
, jugal;
|
||
<emphasis id="B966500FFF86FFF5FC05F85D33F3F831" bold="true" box="[918,966,1968,1992]" pageId="6" pageNumber="567">pmx</emphasis>
|
||
, premaxilla;
|
||
<emphasis id="B966500FFF86FFF5FBD9F85D3459F831" bold="true" box="[1098,1132,1968,1992]" pageId="6" pageNumber="567">mx</emphasis>
|
||
, maxilla;
|
||
<emphasis id="B966500FFF86FFF5FB43F85D34EBF831" bold="true" box="[1232,1246,1968,1992]" pageId="6" pageNumber="567">n</emphasis>
|
||
, nasal;
|
||
<emphasis id="B966500FFF86FFF5FAB9F85D3565F831" bold="true" box="[1322,1360,1968,1992]" pageId="6" pageNumber="567">rd1</emphasis>
|
||
, rostral ridge 1;
|
||
<emphasis id="B966500FFF86FFF5FF7FF8393124F815" bold="true" box="[236,273,2004,2028]" pageId="6" pageNumber="567">rd2</emphasis>
|
||
, rostral ridge 2. Scale bar = 20mm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="DF6DDC95FF87FFF4FF04FB4B32A6FAD3" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4316782" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4316782" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4316782/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="568" startId="7.[151,250,1190,1214]" targetBox="[158,1432,185,1158]" targetPageId="7">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BAD8C1DFF87FFF4FF04FB4B32A6FAD3" blockId="7.[151,1437,1190,1322]" pageId="7" pageNumber="568">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966500FFF87FFF4FF04FB4B3126FB47" bold="true" box="[151,275,1190,1214]" pageId="7" pageNumber="568">FIGURE 3.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C12F79EFF87FFF4FE89FB4B3296FB47" authority="UFAC 2793" authorityName=", UFAC" authorityYear="2793" box="[282,675,1190,1214]" class="Reptilia" family="Alligatoridae" genus="Melanosuchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="7" pageNumber="568" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="latrubessei">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966500FFF87FFF4FE89FB4B3214FB47" box="[282,545,1190,1214]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="568">Melanosuchus latrubessei</emphasis>
|
||
UFAC 2793
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in ventral view. (A) UFAC 2793 fossil specimen; and (B) Schematic draw. Anatomical abbreviations:
|
||
<emphasis id="B966500FFF87FFF4FE3AFB2731F6FB2E" bold="true" box="[425,451,1225,1250]" pageId="7" pageNumber="568">
|
||
4
|
||
<superScript id="7C672155FF87FFF4FE25FB2431F6FB2E" attach="none" box="[438,451,1225,1239]" fontSize="6" pageId="7" pageNumber="568">th</superScript>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
, fourth maxillary alveolus;
|
||
<emphasis id="B966500FFF87FFF4FD4FFB27332AFB1B" bold="true" box="[732,799,1225,1250]" pageId="7" pageNumber="568">
|
||
4
|
||
<superScript id="7C672155FF87FFF4FD7AFB2432C3FB2E" attach="left" box="[745,758,1225,1239]" fontSize="6" pageId="7" pageNumber="568">th</superScript>
|
||
dm
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
, tooth mark from fourth dentary;
|
||
<emphasis id="B966500FFF87FFF4FBE6FB2734AEFB2E" bold="true" box="[1141,1179,1225,1250]" pageId="7" pageNumber="568">
|
||
12
|
||
<superScript id="7C672155FF87FFF4FB1DFB2434AEFB2E" attach="none" box="[1166,1179,1225,1239]" fontSize="6" pageId="7" pageNumber="568">th</superScript>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
, twelfth maxillary alveolus;
|
||
<emphasis id="B966500FFF87FFF4FF51FB0330D4FAFF" bold="true" box="[194,225,1262,1286]" pageId="7" pageNumber="568">ect</emphasis>
|
||
, ectopterygoid;
|
||
<emphasis id="B966500FFF87FFF4FE14FB0331A3FAFF" bold="true" box="[391,406,1262,1286]" pageId="7" pageNumber="568">if</emphasis>
|
||
, incisive foramen;
|
||
<emphasis id="B966500FFF87FFF4FDC8FB0332BEFAFF" bold="true" box="[603,651,1262,1286]" pageId="7" pageNumber="568">pmx</emphasis>
|
||
, premaxilla;
|
||
<emphasis id="B966500FFF87FFF4FC81FB033364FAFF" bold="true" box="[786,849,1262,1286]" pageId="7" pageNumber="568">mx-pl</emphasis>
|
||
, suture between maxillary and palatine;
|
||
<emphasis id="B966500FFF87FFF4FB7CFB033524FAFF" bold="true" box="[1263,1297,1262,1286]" pageId="7" pageNumber="568">mx</emphasis>
|
||
, maxilla;
|
||
<emphasis id="B966500FFF87FFF4FAE4FB0335A3FAFF" bold="true" box="[1399,1430,1262,1286]" pageId="7" pageNumber="568">sof</emphasis>
|
||
, suborbital (palatine) fenestrae. Scale bar = 20mm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BAD8C1DFF87FFF4FF54FAB53159F9FB" blockId="7.[151,1437,1368,2043]" pageId="7" pageNumber="568">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966500FFF87FFF4FF54FAB5316FFA8B" bold="true" box="[199,346,1368,1394]" pageId="7" pageNumber="568">Occurrence.</emphasis>
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B7A8640FF87FFF4FEF3FAB5315DF9FB" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2993056302" country="Brazil" county="Amazonas State" latitude="-8.777166" location="The Talism" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-68.9042" municipality="Southern region" pageId="7" pageNumber="568" specimenCount="1">
|
||
<location id="8ECDDAC6FF87FFF4FEF3FAB531D4FA8B" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03BB3D0BFF86FFFCFF04FE833390F86C:8ECDDAC6FF87FFF4FEF3FAB531D4FA8B" box="[352,481,1368,1394]" country="Brazil" county="Amazonas State" latitude="-8.777166" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-68.9042" municipality="Southern region" name="The Talism" pageId="7" pageNumber="568">The Talism</location>
|
||
„ outcrop is located on the bank of the
|
||
<location id="8ECDDAC6FF87FFF4FC01FAB4342CFA8B" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03BB3D0BFF86FFFCFF04FE833390F86C:8ECDDAC6FF87FFF4FC01FAB4342CFA8B" box="[914,1049,1368,1395]" country="Brazil" county="Amazonas State" latitude="-8.777166" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-68.9042" municipality="Southern region" name="Purus River" pageId="7" pageNumber="568">Purus River</location>
|
||
, in
|
||
<collectingMunicipality id="6BC91667FF87FFF4FBD2FAB534C0FA8B" box="[1089,1269,1368,1394]" pageId="7" pageNumber="568">Southern region</collectingMunicipality>
|
||
of the
|
||
<collectingCounty id="62CCF491FF87FFF4FAD1FAB530CAFA6F" pageId="7" pageNumber="568">Amazonas State</collectingCounty>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F305CC8DFF87FFF4FE98FA91317AFA6F" box="[267,335,1404,1430]" name="Brazil" pageId="7" pageNumber="568">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE26EADAFF87FFF4FECCFA9131C8FA6F" box="[351,509,1404,1430]" degrees="08" direction="south" minutes="46" orientation="latitude" pageId="7" pageNumber="568" precision="1" seconds="37,8" value="-8.777166">08°46’37,8”S</geoCoordinate>
|
||
;
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE26EADAFF87FFF4FD9AFA913299FA6E" box="[521,684,1404,1431]" degrees="68" direction="west" minutes="54" orientation="longitude" pageId="7" pageNumber="568" precision="1" seconds="15,1" value="-68.9042">68°54’15,1”W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
;
|
||
<figureCitation id="13299098FF87FFF4FD28FA91332CFA6F" box="[699,793,1404,1430]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1914,1938]" captionTargetBox="[155,1429,600,1881]" captionTargetId="figure-187@3.[151,1436,594,1888]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. Localization of the Talism„ fossiliferous outcrop, State of Amazonas, Brazil. (A) Indication of the locality in a South America map (red rectangular box); and, (B) The red rectangular box, in zoom, with a black prism indicating the Talism„ locality." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4316778" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4316778/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="568">Figure 1</figureCitation>
|
||
). The outcrop has approximately eight meters of vertical length and the rocks are formed by fine grained silts and clays floodplain sediments, with secondary gypsum and carbonate veins. Presenting his maximum deposition 10.89 ± 0.13 Ma, being at least Tortonian in age (Bissaro- Júnior
|
||
<emphasis id="B966500FFF87FFF4FF77FA043129F9FB" box="[228,284,1512,1538]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="568">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2019)
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C308DF96FF87FFFCFF54F9E1334FFC78" lastPageId="15" lastPageNumber="576" pageId="7" pageNumber="568" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BAD8C1DFF87FFF4FF54F9E13359F877" blockId="7.[151,1437,1368,2043]" pageId="7" pageNumber="568">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966500FFF87FFF4FF54F9E1316CF9DF" bold="true" box="[199,345,1548,1574]" pageId="7" pageNumber="568">Description.</emphasis>
|
||
The skull fragment has a maximum length of
|
||
<quantity id="4CEA21F8FF87FFF4FCC6F9E13384F9DE" box="[853,945,1548,1575]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.87" pageId="7" pageNumber="568" unit="mm" value="287.0">287 mm</quantity>
|
||
and maximum width of
|
||
<quantity id="4CEA21F8FF87FFF4FB2CF9E13517F9DE" box="[1215,1314,1548,1575]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.77" pageId="7" pageNumber="568" unit="mm" value="87.7">87.7 mm</quantity>
|
||
(measured at the level of third maxillary alveolus). The
|
||
<typeStatus id="54A932BFFF87FFF4FD07F9DD32C3F9B3" box="[660,758,1584,1610]" pageId="7" pageNumber="568" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C12F79EFF87FFF4FC8DF9DC346CF9B3" authority=", UFAC 2793" authorityName=", UFAC" authorityYear="2793" box="[798,1113,1584,1611]" class="Reptilia" family="Alligatoridae" genus="Melanosuchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="7" pageNumber="568" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="latrubessei">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966500FFF87FFF4FC8DF9DC338AF9B3" box="[798,959,1584,1610]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="568">M. latrubessei</emphasis>
|
||
, UFAC 2793
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, consists on the right half of the rostrum, with only the posterior portion of the premaxilla preserved, almost complete maxilla and the nasal bone lacking the most posterior region (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13299098FF87FFF4FD8AF9953249F96B" box="[537,636,1656,1682]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1932,1956]" captionTargetBox="[158,1429,857,1900]" captionTargetId="figure-181@6.[151,1436,849,1909]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 2. Melanosuchus latrubessei UFAC 2793 in dorsal view. (A) UFAC 2793 fossil specimen; and (B) Schematic draw. Anatomical abbreviations: if, incisive foramen; EN, external nares; J, jugal; pmx, premaxilla; mx, maxilla; n, nasal; rd1, rostral ridge 1; rd2, rostral ridge 2. Scale bar = 20mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4316780" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4316780/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="568">Figure 2</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="13299098FF87FFF4FD1BF99532A3F96B" box="[648,662,1656,1682]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1190,1214]" captionTargetBox="[158,1432,185,1158]" captionTargetId="figure-18@7.[151,1436,181,1166]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 3. Melanosuchus latrubessei UFAC 2793 in ventral view. (A) UFAC 2793 fossil specimen; and (B) Schematic draw. Anatomical abbreviations: 4th, fourth maxillary alveolus; 4th dm, tooth mark from fourth dentary; 12th, twelfth maxillary alveolus; ect, ectopterygoid; if, incisive foramen; pmx, premaxilla; mx-pl, suture between maxillary and palatine; mx, maxilla; sof, suborbital (palatine) fenestrae. Scale bar = 20mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4316782" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4316782/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="568">3</figureCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<figureCitation id="13299098FF87FFF4FD5EF99532EBF96B" box="[717,734,1656,1682]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1861,1885]" captionTargetBox="[155,1432,568,1830]" captionTargetId="figure-203@8.[151,1435,561,1838]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 4. Melanosuchus latrubessei UFAC 2793. (A) UFAC 2793 fossil specimen in laterodorsal view; (B) Schematic draw in laterodorsal view; and (C) fossil specimen in lateral view.Anatomical abbreviations: J, jugal; pmx, premaxilla; mx, maxilla; n, nasal; nc, narial crest; rd1, rostral ridge 1; rd2, rostral ridge 2. Scale bar, A and B = 20mm; C = 50mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4316784" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4316784/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="568">4</figureCitation>
|
||
). A small fragment of the right ectopterygoid is also preserved and articulated with the posterior portion of the maxilla (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13299098FF87FFF4FC94F971335DF94F" box="[775,872,1692,1718]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1190,1214]" captionTargetBox="[158,1432,185,1158]" captionTargetId="figure-18@7.[151,1436,181,1166]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 3. Melanosuchus latrubessei UFAC 2793 in ventral view. (A) UFAC 2793 fossil specimen; and (B) Schematic draw. Anatomical abbreviations: 4th, fourth maxillary alveolus; 4th dm, tooth mark from fourth dentary; 12th, twelfth maxillary alveolus; ect, ectopterygoid; if, incisive foramen; pmx, premaxilla; mx-pl, suture between maxillary and palatine; mx, maxilla; sof, suborbital (palatine) fenestrae. Scale bar = 20mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4316782" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4316782/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="568">Figure 3</figureCitation>
|
||
). The premaxilla lacks most of the lateral and anterior region; therefore, no alveoli is preserved. In dorsal view, the premaxilla, preserves the right lateral and posterior portions of the external nares (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13299098FF87FFF4FE7BF909327DF907" box="[488,584,1764,1790]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1932,1956]" captionTargetBox="[158,1429,857,1900]" captionTargetId="figure-181@6.[151,1436,849,1909]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 2. Melanosuchus latrubessei UFAC 2793 in dorsal view. (A) UFAC 2793 fossil specimen; and (B) Schematic draw. Anatomical abbreviations: if, incisive foramen; EN, external nares; J, jugal; pmx, premaxilla; mx, maxilla; n, nasal; rd1, rostral ridge 1; rd2, rostral ridge 2. Scale bar = 20mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4316780" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4316780/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="568">Figure 2</figureCitation>
|
||
) and, in ventral view, preserves only the right lateral margin of incisive foramen (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13299098FF87FFF4FF46F8E53100F8DB" box="[213,309,1800,1826]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1190,1214]" captionTargetBox="[158,1432,185,1158]" captionTargetId="figure-18@7.[151,1436,181,1166]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 3. Melanosuchus latrubessei UFAC 2793 in ventral view. (A) UFAC 2793 fossil specimen; and (B) Schematic draw. Anatomical abbreviations: 4th, fourth maxillary alveolus; 4th dm, tooth mark from fourth dentary; 12th, twelfth maxillary alveolus; ect, ectopterygoid; if, incisive foramen; pmx, premaxilla; mx-pl, suture between maxillary and palatine; mx, maxilla; sof, suborbital (palatine) fenestrae. Scale bar = 20mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4316782" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4316782/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="568">Figure 3</figureCitation>
|
||
). The maxilla has preserved the joint surface with the jugal, which can be seen in the dorsal and lateral views (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13299098FF87FFF4FF74F8C1317DF8BF" box="[231,328,1836,1862]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1932,1956]" captionTargetBox="[158,1429,857,1900]" captionTargetId="figure-181@6.[151,1436,849,1909]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 2. Melanosuchus latrubessei UFAC 2793 in dorsal view. (A) UFAC 2793 fossil specimen; and (B) Schematic draw. Anatomical abbreviations: if, incisive foramen; EN, external nares; J, jugal; pmx, premaxilla; mx, maxilla; n, nasal; rd1, rostral ridge 1; rd2, rostral ridge 2. Scale bar = 20mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4316780" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4316780/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="568">Figure 2</figureCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<figureCitation id="13299098FF87FFF4FEECF8C131A5F8BF" box="[383,400,1836,1862]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1861,1885]" captionTargetBox="[155,1432,568,1830]" captionTargetId="figure-203@8.[151,1435,561,1838]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 4. Melanosuchus latrubessei UFAC 2793. (A) UFAC 2793 fossil specimen in laterodorsal view; (B) Schematic draw in laterodorsal view; and (C) fossil specimen in lateral view.Anatomical abbreviations: J, jugal; pmx, premaxilla; mx, maxilla; n, nasal; nc, narial crest; rd1, rostral ridge 1; rd2, rostral ridge 2. Scale bar, A and B = 20mm; C = 50mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4316784" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4316784/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="568">4</figureCitation>
|
||
). In ventral view, the maxilla presents, in its posterior middle corner, the articular surface of the anterior process of the palatine and on the lateral margin, twelve alveoli (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13299098FF87FFF4FB97F8BD345DF893" box="[1028,1128,1872,1898]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1861,1885]" captionTargetBox="[155,1432,568,1830]" captionTargetId="figure-203@8.[151,1435,561,1838]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 4. Melanosuchus latrubessei UFAC 2793. (A) UFAC 2793 fossil specimen in laterodorsal view; (B) Schematic draw in laterodorsal view; and (C) fossil specimen in lateral view.Anatomical abbreviations: J, jugal; pmx, premaxilla; mx, maxilla; n, nasal; nc, narial crest; rd1, rostral ridge 1; rd2, rostral ridge 2. Scale bar, A and B = 20mm; C = 50mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4316784" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4316784/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="568">Figure 4</figureCitation>
|
||
). No diagenetic torsions or modifications, beside those of the broken portions, are observed.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BAD8C1DFF87FFFBFF54F8743453FEE4" blockId="7.[151,1437,1368,2043]" lastBlockId="8.[151,1436,151,537]" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="569" pageId="7" pageNumber="568">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C12F79EFF87FFF4FF54F87431CDF84B" authority="UFAC 2793" authorityName=", UFAC" authorityYear="2793" box="[199,504,1944,1970]" class="Reptilia" family="Alligatoridae" genus="Melanosuchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="7" pageNumber="568" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="latrubessei">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966500FFF87FFF4FF54F874315DF84B" box="[199,360,1944,1970]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="568">M. latrubessei</emphasis>
|
||
UFAC 2793
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
presents a well-marked bone ornamentation uniformly distributed along the entire dorsal surface of the rostrum, with exception of the region around the external nares (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13299098FF87FFF4FBD4F8513493F82F" box="[1095,1190,1980,2006]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1932,1956]" captionTargetBox="[158,1429,857,1900]" captionTargetId="figure-181@6.[151,1436,849,1909]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 2. Melanosuchus latrubessei UFAC 2793 in dorsal view. (A) UFAC 2793 fossil specimen; and (B) Schematic draw. Anatomical abbreviations: if, incisive foramen; EN, external nares; J, jugal; pmx, premaxilla; mx, maxilla; n, nasal; rd1, rostral ridge 1; rd2, rostral ridge 2. Scale bar = 20mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4316780" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4316780/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="568">Figure 2</figureCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<figureCitation id="13299098FF87FFF4FB48F85134D9F82F" box="[1243,1260,1980,2006]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1861,1885]" captionTargetBox="[155,1432,568,1830]" captionTargetId="figure-203@8.[151,1435,561,1838]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 4. Melanosuchus latrubessei UFAC 2793. (A) UFAC 2793 fossil specimen in laterodorsal view; (B) Schematic draw in laterodorsal view; and (C) fossil specimen in lateral view.Anatomical abbreviations: J, jugal; pmx, premaxilla; mx, maxilla; n, nasal; nc, narial crest; rd1, rostral ridge 1; rd2, rostral ridge 2. Scale bar, A and B = 20mm; C = 50mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4316784" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4316784/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="568">4</figureCitation>
|
||
). The ornamentation consists of irregular but usually round and well-marked pits, with small variations in size. The external nares have only the posterior margin and the posterior lateral margin preserved (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13299098FF88FFFBFC5DFF7A3405FF48" box="[974,1072,151,177]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1932,1956]" captionTargetBox="[158,1429,857,1900]" captionTargetId="figure-181@6.[151,1436,849,1909]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 2. Melanosuchus latrubessei UFAC 2793 in dorsal view. (A) UFAC 2793 fossil specimen; and (B) Schematic draw. Anatomical abbreviations: if, incisive foramen; EN, external nares; J, jugal; pmx, premaxilla; mx, maxilla; n, nasal; rd1, rostral ridge 1; rd2, rostral ridge 2. Scale bar = 20mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4316780" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4316780/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="569">Figure 2</figureCitation>
|
||
). The posterior margin, although not complete, appears to form an almost straight line, with a shallow convexity at the transition to the lateral margins. The lateral margin opens laterally, with the anterior portion more lateralized than the posterior, this inclination makes the anterior margin of the external nares wider than the posterior one (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13299098FF88FFFBFC65FEEE346CFEE4" box="[1014,1113,259,285]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1932,1956]" captionTargetBox="[158,1429,857,1900]" captionTargetId="figure-181@6.[151,1436,849,1909]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 2. Melanosuchus latrubessei UFAC 2793 in dorsal view. (A) UFAC 2793 fossil specimen; and (B) Schematic draw. Anatomical abbreviations: if, incisive foramen; EN, external nares; J, jugal; pmx, premaxilla; mx, maxilla; n, nasal; rd1, rostral ridge 1; rd2, rostral ridge 2. Scale bar = 20mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4316780" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4316780/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="569">Figure 2</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BAD8C1DFF88FFFBFF54FECA3279FDE0" blockId="8.[151,1436,151,537]" pageId="8" pageNumber="569">
|
||
Only the right lateral middle portion of the incisive foramen is preserved, this portion represents a shallow concavity that is in the posterior portion of the premaxilla (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13299098FF88FFFBFC9BFEA6335FFE9C" box="[776,874,331,357]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1190,1214]" captionTargetBox="[158,1432,185,1158]" captionTargetId="figure-18@7.[151,1436,181,1166]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 3. Melanosuchus latrubessei UFAC 2793 in ventral view. (A) UFAC 2793 fossil specimen; and (B) Schematic draw. Anatomical abbreviations: 4th, fourth maxillary alveolus; 4th dm, tooth mark from fourth dentary; 12th, twelfth maxillary alveolus; ect, ectopterygoid; if, incisive foramen; pmx, premaxilla; mx-pl, suture between maxillary and palatine; mx, maxilla; sof, suborbital (palatine) fenestrae. Scale bar = 20mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4316782" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4316782/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="569">Figure 3</figureCitation>
|
||
). However, in the absence of premaxillary alveoli and the fragmentary condition of the structure, the exact location and shape of the incisive foramen can only be tentatively inferred. This shallow concavity seems to be related to an anteroposteriorly long incisive foramen, which probably extends from the last and penultimate premaxillary alveoli to, at least, the third premaxillary alveoli (considering five premaxillary alveoli, found in Crocodylia—Brochu 1999, 2011, 2013). However, the shape of incisive foramen as a whole cannot be inferred.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF6DDC95FF88FFFBFF04F8A834FFF85C" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4316784" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4316784" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4316784/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="569" startId="8.[151,250,1861,1885]" targetBox="[155,1432,568,1830]" targetPageId="8">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BAD8C1DFF88FFFBFF04F8A834FFF85C" blockId="8.[151,1437,1861,1958]" pageId="8" pageNumber="569">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966500FFF88FFFBFF04F8A83126F8A4" bold="true" box="[151,275,1861,1885]" pageId="8" pageNumber="569">FIGURE 4.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C12F79EFF88FFFBFE8AF8AB3290F8A7" authority="UFAC 2793" authorityName=", UFAC" authorityYear="2793" box="[281,677,1862,1886]" class="Reptilia" family="Alligatoridae" genus="Melanosuchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="8" pageNumber="569" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="latrubessei">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966500FFF88FFFBFE8AF8AB3214F8A7" box="[281,545,1862,1886]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="569">Melanosuchus latrubessei</emphasis>
|
||
UFAC 2793
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. (A) UFAC 2793 fossil specimen in laterodorsal view; (B) Schematic draw in laterodorsal view; and (C) fossil specimen in lateral view. Anatomical abbreviations:
|
||
<emphasis id="B966500FFF88FFFBFB9EF887342FF87B" bold="true" box="[1037,1050,1898,1922]" pageId="8" pageNumber="569">J</emphasis>
|
||
, jugal;
|
||
<emphasis id="B966500FFF88FFFBFBF5F88734A3F87B" bold="true" box="[1126,1174,1898,1922]" pageId="8" pageNumber="569">pmx</emphasis>
|
||
, premaxilla;
|
||
<emphasis id="B966500FFF88FFFBFA88F8873508F87B" bold="true" box="[1307,1341,1898,1922]" pageId="8" pageNumber="569">mx</emphasis>
|
||
, maxilla;
|
||
<emphasis id="B966500FFF88FFFBFF04F8633090F85F" bold="true" box="[151,165,1934,1958]" pageId="8" pageNumber="569">n</emphasis>
|
||
, nasal;
|
||
<emphasis id="B966500FFF88FFFBFF60F8633139F85F" bold="true" box="[243,268,1934,1958]" pageId="8" pageNumber="569">nc</emphasis>
|
||
, narial crest;
|
||
<emphasis id="B966500FFF88FFFBFE04F8603188F85C" bold="true" box="[407,445,1933,1957]" pageId="8" pageNumber="569">rd1</emphasis>
|
||
, rostral ridge 1;
|
||
<emphasis id="B966500FFF88FFFBFDF6F86032BFF85C" bold="true" box="[613,650,1933,1957]" pageId="8" pageNumber="569">rd2</emphasis>
|
||
, rostral ridge 2. Scale bar, A and B = 20mm; C = 50mm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BAD8C1DFF89FFFAFF54FF7A33AAFE9C" blockId="9.[151,1437,151,718]" pageId="9" pageNumber="570">
|
||
The right suborbital fenestra is partially preserved, and only the portions that contribute to the maxilla are present, with the anterior portion of the lateral margin and the lateral portion of the anterior margin (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13299098FF89FFFAFB69FF563569FF2C" box="[1274,1372,187,213]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1190,1214]" captionTargetBox="[158,1432,185,1158]" captionTargetId="figure-18@7.[151,1436,181,1166]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 3. Melanosuchus latrubessei UFAC 2793 in ventral view. (A) UFAC 2793 fossil specimen; and (B) Schematic draw. Anatomical abbreviations: 4th, fourth maxillary alveolus; 4th dm, tooth mark from fourth dentary; 12th, twelfth maxillary alveolus; ect, ectopterygoid; if, incisive foramen; pmx, premaxilla; mx-pl, suture between maxillary and palatine; mx, maxilla; sof, suborbital (palatine) fenestrae. Scale bar = 20mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4316782" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4316782/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="570">Figure 3</figureCitation>
|
||
). The preserved anterior margin is a shallow concavity and the lateral margin is straight and slightly inclined mediolaterally, with the anterior portion more medial than the posterior one (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13299098FF89FFFAFCE5FEEE33EDFEE4" box="[886,984,259,285]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1190,1214]" captionTargetBox="[158,1432,185,1158]" captionTargetId="figure-18@7.[151,1436,181,1166]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 3. Melanosuchus latrubessei UFAC 2793 in ventral view. (A) UFAC 2793 fossil specimen; and (B) Schematic draw. Anatomical abbreviations: 4th, fourth maxillary alveolus; 4th dm, tooth mark from fourth dentary; 12th, twelfth maxillary alveolus; ect, ectopterygoid; if, incisive foramen; pmx, premaxilla; mx-pl, suture between maxillary and palatine; mx, maxilla; sof, suborbital (palatine) fenestrae. Scale bar = 20mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4316782" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4316782/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="570">Figure 3</figureCitation>
|
||
). The maxillary margin of the suborbital fenestra is straight, without any projection in the fenestra; moreover, the anterior margin of suborbital fenestra reaches the space between the ninth and the eighth alveoli (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13299098FF89FFFAFCBCFEA633A4FE9C" box="[815,913,331,357]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1190,1214]" captionTargetBox="[158,1432,185,1158]" captionTargetId="figure-18@7.[151,1436,181,1166]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 3. Melanosuchus latrubessei UFAC 2793 in ventral view. (A) UFAC 2793 fossil specimen; and (B) Schematic draw. Anatomical abbreviations: 4th, fourth maxillary alveolus; 4th dm, tooth mark from fourth dentary; 12th, twelfth maxillary alveolus; ect, ectopterygoid; if, incisive foramen; pmx, premaxilla; mx-pl, suture between maxillary and palatine; mx, maxilla; sof, suborbital (palatine) fenestrae. Scale bar = 20mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4316782" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4316782/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="570">Figure 3</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BAD8C1DFF89FFFAFF54FE823365FD37" blockId="9.[151,1437,151,718]" pageId="9" pageNumber="570">
|
||
The premaxilla, in dorsal view, has a posterior wedge-shaped process that extends until the position of the third maxillary alveolus. This posterior process has the apex aligned with the suture between the maxillary-nasal, being the lateral portion of the premaxilla posterior process sutured with the maxilla, in the most anterior part, and medially with the nasal bone (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13299098FF89FFFAFE3CFE36323AFE0C" box="[431,527,475,501]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1932,1956]" captionTargetBox="[158,1429,857,1900]" captionTargetId="figure-181@6.[151,1436,849,1909]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 2. Melanosuchus latrubessei UFAC 2793 in dorsal view. (A) UFAC 2793 fossil specimen; and (B) Schematic draw. Anatomical abbreviations: if, incisive foramen; EN, external nares; J, jugal; pmx, premaxilla; mx, maxilla; n, nasal; rd1, rostral ridge 1; rd2, rostral ridge 2. Scale bar = 20mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4316780" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4316780/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="570">Figure 2</figureCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<figureCitation id="13299098FF89FFFAFDD5FE363262FE0C" box="[582,599,475,501]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1861,1885]" captionTargetBox="[155,1432,568,1830]" captionTargetId="figure-203@8.[151,1435,561,1838]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 4. Melanosuchus latrubessei UFAC 2793. (A) UFAC 2793 fossil specimen in laterodorsal view; (B) Schematic draw in laterodorsal view; and (C) fossil specimen in lateral view.Anatomical abbreviations: J, jugal; pmx, premaxilla; mx, maxilla; n, nasal; nc, narial crest; rd1, rostral ridge 1; rd2, rostral ridge 2. Scale bar, A and B = 20mm; C = 50mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4316784" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4316784/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="570">4</figureCitation>
|
||
). The premaxilla has a continuous crest delimiting the lateral and posterior limits of the external nares, which is here referred as narial crest (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13299098FF89FFFAFC1BFE1233DFFDE0" box="[904,1002,511,537]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1932,1956]" captionTargetBox="[158,1429,857,1900]" captionTargetId="figure-181@6.[151,1436,849,1909]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 2. Melanosuchus latrubessei UFAC 2793 in dorsal view. (A) UFAC 2793 fossil specimen; and (B) Schematic draw. Anatomical abbreviations: if, incisive foramen; EN, external nares; J, jugal; pmx, premaxilla; mx, maxilla; n, nasal; rd1, rostral ridge 1; rd2, rostral ridge 2. Scale bar = 20mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4316780" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4316780/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="570">Figure 2</figureCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<figureCitation id="13299098FF89FFFAFBB7FE123400FDE0" box="[1060,1077,511,537]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1861,1885]" captionTargetBox="[155,1432,568,1830]" captionTargetId="figure-203@8.[151,1435,561,1838]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 4. Melanosuchus latrubessei UFAC 2793. (A) UFAC 2793 fossil specimen in laterodorsal view; (B) Schematic draw in laterodorsal view; and (C) fossil specimen in lateral view.Anatomical abbreviations: J, jugal; pmx, premaxilla; mx, maxilla; n, nasal; nc, narial crest; rd1, rostral ridge 1; rd2, rostral ridge 2. Scale bar, A and B = 20mm; C = 50mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4316784" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4316784/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="570">4</figureCitation>
|
||
). It is important to note that, in dorsal view, the right premaxilla sutures with the left premaxilla, at least dorsally, with this contact being located immediately posterior to the margin of the external nares (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13299098FF89FFFAFCA2FDAA33A0FD98" box="[817,917,583,609]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1932,1956]" captionTargetBox="[158,1429,857,1900]" captionTargetId="figure-181@6.[151,1436,849,1909]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 2. Melanosuchus latrubessei UFAC 2793 in dorsal view. (A) UFAC 2793 fossil specimen; and (B) Schematic draw. Anatomical abbreviations: if, incisive foramen; EN, external nares; J, jugal; pmx, premaxilla; mx, maxilla; n, nasal; rd1, rostral ridge 1; rd2, rostral ridge 2. Scale bar = 20mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4316780" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4316780/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="570">Figure 2</figureCitation>
|
||
). The premaxilla-premaxilla contact in dorsal view can be better evidenced in a sagittal cut, where the medial surface of the right premaxilla and right nasal can be observed (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13299098FF89FFFAFE98FD62315BFD50" box="[267,366,654,681]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="9.[151,250,1752,1776]" captionTargetBox="[207,1386,751,1726]" captionTargetId="figure-303@9.[201,1386,741,1728]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 5. Melanosuchus latrubessei UFAC 2793 in detail of the premaxillary-nasal anterior region. (A) Anterodorsomedial view of the right elements, via sagittal cut, elucidating the limits between premaxilla and nasal; (B) Anterior view of premaxilla, within the external nares, elucidating the absence of premaxilla-nasal suture at this view; (C) Medioventral view demonstrating the overlap suture of premaxilla over nasal; and, (D) Medial view of right elements, via sagittal cut, demarked limits between premaxilla and nasals demonstrating the only possible way to nasal reach the external nares. Full line indicates visible sutures while dashed lines indicated inferred bone limits. Anatomical abbreviations: EN, external nares; pmx-n, suture between premaxilla and nasal; pmx-pmx, suture between premaxillae; pmx, premaxilla; mx-mx, suture between maxillae; n-n, suture between nasals; n, nasal. Out of scale." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4316786" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4316786/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="570">Figure 5</figureCitation>
|
||
). The posterior margin of the external nares, composed entirely by the premaxilla, is preserved and does not have sutures with the nasal bones (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13299098FF89FFFAFD23FD5E3376FD37" box="[688,835,690,718]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="9.[151,250,1752,1776]" captionTargetBox="[207,1386,751,1726]" captionTargetId="figure-303@9.[201,1386,741,1728]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 5. Melanosuchus latrubessei UFAC 2793 in detail of the premaxillary-nasal anterior region. (A) Anterodorsomedial view of the right elements, via sagittal cut, elucidating the limits between premaxilla and nasal; (B) Anterior view of premaxilla, within the external nares, elucidating the absence of premaxilla-nasal suture at this view; (C) Medioventral view demonstrating the overlap suture of premaxilla over nasal; and, (D) Medial view of right elements, via sagittal cut, demarked limits between premaxilla and nasals demonstrating the only possible way to nasal reach the external nares. Full line indicates visible sutures while dashed lines indicated inferred bone limits. Anatomical abbreviations: EN, external nares; pmx-n, suture between premaxilla and nasal; pmx-pmx, suture between premaxillae; pmx, premaxilla; mx-mx, suture between maxillae; n-n, suture between nasals; n, nasal. Out of scale." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4316786" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4316786/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="570">Figure 5 a, b</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF6DDC95FF89FFFAFF04F935322FF815" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4316786" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4316786" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4316786/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="570" startId="9.[151,250,1752,1776]" targetBox="[207,1386,751,1726]" targetPageId="9">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BAD8C1DFF89FFFAFF04F935322FF815" blockId="9.[151,1437,1752,2028]" pageId="9" pageNumber="570">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966500FFF89FFFAFF04F9353126F909" bold="true" box="[151,275,1752,1776]" pageId="9" pageNumber="570">FIGURE 5.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C12F79EFF89FFFAFE89F9353290F909" authority="UFAC 2793" authorityName=", UFAC" authorityYear="2793" box="[282,677,1752,1776]" class="Reptilia" family="Alligatoridae" genus="Melanosuchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="9" pageNumber="570" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="latrubessei">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966500FFF89FFFAFE89F9353216F909" box="[282,547,1752,1776]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="570">Melanosuchus latrubessei</emphasis>
|
||
UFAC 2793
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in detail of the premaxillary-nasal anterior region. (A) Anterodorsomedial view of the right elements, via sagittal cut, elucidating the limits between premaxilla and nasal; (B) Anterior view of premaxilla, within the external nares, elucidating the absence of premaxilla-nasal suture at this view; (C) Medioventral view demonstrating the overlap suture of premaxilla over nasal; and, (D) Medial view of right elements, via sagittal cut, demarked limits between premaxilla and nasals demonstrating the only possible way to nasal reach the external nares. Full line indicates visible sutures while dashed lines indicated inferred bone limits. Anatomical abbreviations:
|
||
<emphasis id="B966500FFF89FFFAFC3DF86133E4F85D" bold="true" box="[942,977,1932,1956]" pageId="9" pageNumber="570">EN</emphasis>
|
||
, external nares;
|
||
<emphasis id="B966500FFF89FFFAFBEEF86134F6F85D" bold="true" box="[1149,1219,1932,1956]" pageId="9" pageNumber="570">pmx-n</emphasis>
|
||
, suture between premaxilla and nasal;
|
||
<emphasis id="B966500FFF89FFFAFECCF85D31F2F831" bold="true" box="[351,455,1968,1992]" pageId="9" pageNumber="570">pmx-pmx</emphasis>
|
||
, suture between premaxillae;
|
||
<emphasis id="B966500FFF89FFFAFC96F85D3300F831" bold="true" box="[773,821,1968,1992]" pageId="9" pageNumber="570">pmx</emphasis>
|
||
, premaxilla;
|
||
<emphasis id="B966500FFF89FFFAFC52F85D3438F831" bold="true" box="[961,1037,1968,1992]" pageId="9" pageNumber="570">mx-mx</emphasis>
|
||
, suture between maxillae;
|
||
<emphasis id="B966500FFF89FFFAFAB9F85D357AF831" bold="true" box="[1322,1359,1968,1992]" pageId="9" pageNumber="570">n-n</emphasis>
|
||
, suture between nasals;
|
||
<emphasis id="B966500FFF89FFFAFEAEF839317EF815" bold="true" box="[317,331,2004,2028]" pageId="9" pageNumber="570">n</emphasis>
|
||
, nasal. Out of scale.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BAD8C1DFF8AFFF9FF54FF7A3080FE28" blockId="10.[151,1437,151,1998]" pageId="10" pageNumber="571">
|
||
The anterior portion of the nasal bone is broken, immediately above the anterior portion of the premaxilla. However the premaxilla is complete, indicating an overlapping suture (i.e. at least at this anterior portion the premaxilla lies over the nasal) (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13299098FF8AFFF9FEE8FF32323AFF03" box="[379,527,222,250]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="9.[151,250,1752,1776]" captionTargetBox="[207,1386,751,1726]" captionTargetId="figure-303@9.[201,1386,741,1728]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 5. Melanosuchus latrubessei UFAC 2793 in detail of the premaxillary-nasal anterior region. (A) Anterodorsomedial view of the right elements, via sagittal cut, elucidating the limits between premaxilla and nasal; (B) Anterior view of premaxilla, within the external nares, elucidating the absence of premaxilla-nasal suture at this view; (C) Medioventral view demonstrating the overlap suture of premaxilla over nasal; and, (D) Medial view of right elements, via sagittal cut, demarked limits between premaxilla and nasals demonstrating the only possible way to nasal reach the external nares. Full line indicates visible sutures while dashed lines indicated inferred bone limits. Anatomical abbreviations: EN, external nares; pmx-n, suture between premaxilla and nasal; pmx-pmx, suture between premaxillae; pmx, premaxilla; mx-mx, suture between maxillae; n-n, suture between nasals; n, nasal. Out of scale." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4316786" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4316786/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="571">Figure 5 a, d</figureCitation>
|
||
). This relation between premaxilla and nasal can be better understood due to the break of the nasal in ventral view, which evidences a contact between those bones and not a fusion demarcating a suture (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13299098FF8AFFF9FF7AFECA316BFEB8" box="[233,350,294,321]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="9.[151,250,1752,1776]" captionTargetBox="[207,1386,751,1726]" captionTargetId="figure-303@9.[201,1386,741,1728]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 5. Melanosuchus latrubessei UFAC 2793 in detail of the premaxillary-nasal anterior region. (A) Anterodorsomedial view of the right elements, via sagittal cut, elucidating the limits between premaxilla and nasal; (B) Anterior view of premaxilla, within the external nares, elucidating the absence of premaxilla-nasal suture at this view; (C) Medioventral view demonstrating the overlap suture of premaxilla over nasal; and, (D) Medial view of right elements, via sagittal cut, demarked limits between premaxilla and nasals demonstrating the only possible way to nasal reach the external nares. Full line indicates visible sutures while dashed lines indicated inferred bone limits. Anatomical abbreviations: EN, external nares; pmx-n, suture between premaxilla and nasal; pmx-pmx, suture between premaxillae; pmx, premaxilla; mx-mx, suture between maxillae; n-n, suture between nasals; n, nasal. Out of scale." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4316786" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4316786/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="571">Figure 5 c</figureCitation>
|
||
). Moreover, the medial surface of the premaxilla is rugose as expected to a premaxilla-premaxilla contact, while the nasal bones present a horizontal and parallel lines, as expected in nasal-nasal contact (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13299098FF8AFFF9FA8AFEA635BAFE9F" box="[1305,1423,330,358]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="9.[151,250,1752,1776]" captionTargetBox="[207,1386,751,1726]" captionTargetId="figure-303@9.[201,1386,741,1728]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 5. Melanosuchus latrubessei UFAC 2793 in detail of the premaxillary-nasal anterior region. (A) Anterodorsomedial view of the right elements, via sagittal cut, elucidating the limits between premaxilla and nasal; (B) Anterior view of premaxilla, within the external nares, elucidating the absence of premaxilla-nasal suture at this view; (C) Medioventral view demonstrating the overlap suture of premaxilla over nasal; and, (D) Medial view of right elements, via sagittal cut, demarked limits between premaxilla and nasals demonstrating the only possible way to nasal reach the external nares. Full line indicates visible sutures while dashed lines indicated inferred bone limits. Anatomical abbreviations: EN, external nares; pmx-n, suture between premaxilla and nasal; pmx-pmx, suture between premaxillae; pmx, premaxilla; mx-mx, suture between maxillae; n-n, suture between nasals; n, nasal. Out of scale." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4316786" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4316786/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="571">Figure 5 d</figureCitation>
|
||
). The nasal bone is broad in the lateromedial direction, with its anterior wedge-shaped projection. The premaxillarymaxillary suture contacts the lateral limit of the nasal at the point where the wedge-shaped process begins (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13299098FF8AFFF9FAC2FE7E309DFE28" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1932,1956]" captionTargetBox="[158,1429,857,1900]" captionTargetId="figure-181@6.[151,1436,849,1909]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 2. Melanosuchus latrubessei UFAC 2793 in dorsal view. (A) UFAC 2793 fossil specimen; and (B) Schematic draw. Anatomical abbreviations: if, incisive foramen; EN, external nares; J, jugal; pmx, premaxilla; mx, maxilla; n, nasal; rd1, rostral ridge 1; rd2, rostral ridge 2. Scale bar = 20mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4316780" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4316780/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="571">Figure 2</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BAD8C1DFF8AFFF9FF54FE3634A2FD50" blockId="10.[151,1437,151,1998]" pageId="10" pageNumber="571">
|
||
The maxilla, in dorsal view, contacts anteriorly with the premaxilla and nasal, while having exclusive medial contact with the nasal bone (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13299098FF8AFFF9FE42FE12321AFDE0" box="[465,559,511,537]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1932,1956]" captionTargetBox="[158,1429,857,1900]" captionTargetId="figure-181@6.[151,1436,849,1909]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 2. Melanosuchus latrubessei UFAC 2793 in dorsal view. (A) UFAC 2793 fossil specimen; and (B) Schematic draw. Anatomical abbreviations: if, incisive foramen; EN, external nares; J, jugal; pmx, premaxilla; mx, maxilla; n, nasal; rd1, rostral ridge 1; rd2, rostral ridge 2. Scale bar = 20mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4316780" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4316780/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="571">Figure 2</figureCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<figureCitation id="13299098FF8AFFF9FDF0FE123241FDE0" box="[611,628,511,537]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1861,1885]" captionTargetBox="[155,1432,568,1830]" captionTargetId="figure-203@8.[151,1435,561,1838]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 4. Melanosuchus latrubessei UFAC 2793. (A) UFAC 2793 fossil specimen in laterodorsal view; (B) Schematic draw in laterodorsal view; and (C) fossil specimen in lateral view.Anatomical abbreviations: J, jugal; pmx, premaxilla; mx, maxilla; n, nasal; nc, narial crest; rd1, rostral ridge 1; rd2, rostral ridge 2. Scale bar, A and B = 20mm; C = 50mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4316784" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4316784/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="571">4</figureCitation>
|
||
). There are a total of twelve maxillary alveoli. The longitudinal measurements of each alveolus, from the anterior most to the posterior most are, respectively (in mm): 6.88; 11.33; 14.75; 17.95; 9.58; 7.65; 7.29; 9.46; 11.32; 11.36; 10.9; and 8.19. The eighth alveolus has a preserved tooth, which did not have a complete dental eruption
|
||
<emphasis id="B966500FFF8AFFF9FD97FD863265FD7D" box="[516,592,619,644]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="571">in vivo</emphasis>
|
||
; therefore, the non-exposure of this tooth prevents a detailed description of its morphology. However, the apex of the tooth is visible and represents a convex structure.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BAD8C1DFF8AFFF9FF54FD5E347AFC58" blockId="10.[151,1437,151,1998]" pageId="10" pageNumber="571">
|
||
The lateral border of maxilla, in dorsal and ventral views, has the anterior (position anteriorly to the first maxillary alveolus) and posterior (position of the eleventh and twelfth maxillary alveoli) portions projecting laterally. At the level of the fourth alveolus, in both dorsal and ventral views, there is a well-developed convexity (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13299098FF8AFFF9FA9EFD143558FCED" box="[1293,1389,761,788]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1932,1956]" captionTargetBox="[158,1429,857,1900]" captionTargetId="figure-181@6.[151,1436,849,1909]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 2. Melanosuchus latrubessei UFAC 2793 in dorsal view. (A) UFAC 2793 fossil specimen; and (B) Schematic draw. Anatomical abbreviations: if, incisive foramen; EN, external nares; J, jugal; pmx, premaxilla; mx, maxilla; n, nasal; rd1, rostral ridge 1; rd2, rostral ridge 2. Scale bar = 20mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4316780" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4316780/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="571">Figure 2</figureCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<figureCitation id="13299098FF8AFFF9FF04FCF0309DFCCE" box="[151,168,797,823]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1861,1885]" captionTargetBox="[155,1432,568,1830]" captionTargetId="figure-203@8.[151,1435,561,1838]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 4. Melanosuchus latrubessei UFAC 2793. (A) UFAC 2793 fossil specimen in laterodorsal view; (B) Schematic draw in laterodorsal view; and (C) fossil specimen in lateral view.Anatomical abbreviations: J, jugal; pmx, premaxilla; mx, maxilla; n, nasal; nc, narial crest; rd1, rostral ridge 1; rd2, rostral ridge 2. Scale bar, A and B = 20mm; C = 50mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4316784" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4316784/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="571">4</figureCitation>
|
||
). In lateral view, the ventral margin of the maxilla has a well-marked concavity anteriorly to the convexity at the level of fourth maxillary alveolus, and posterior to this convexity there is another shallow concavity (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13299098FF8AFFF9FA9EFCAD3545FCA2" box="[1293,1392,832,859]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1861,1885]" captionTargetBox="[155,1432,568,1830]" captionTargetId="figure-203@8.[151,1435,561,1838]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 4. Melanosuchus latrubessei UFAC 2793. (A) UFAC 2793 fossil specimen in laterodorsal view; (B) Schematic draw in laterodorsal view; and (C) fossil specimen in lateral view.Anatomical abbreviations: J, jugal; pmx, premaxilla; mx, maxilla; n, nasal; nc, narial crest; rd1, rostral ridge 1; rd2, rostral ridge 2. Scale bar, A and B = 20mm; C = 50mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4316784" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4316784/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="571">Figure 4</figureCitation>
|
||
). In the posterior region of the maxilla, there is a surface corresponding to the contact between maxilla-jugal, where the jugal bone overlies the maxilla (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13299098FF8AFFF9FE6CFC6A326AFC5B" box="[511,607,903,930]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1932,1956]" captionTargetBox="[158,1429,857,1900]" captionTargetId="figure-181@6.[151,1436,849,1909]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 2. Melanosuchus latrubessei UFAC 2793 in dorsal view. (A) UFAC 2793 fossil specimen; and (B) Schematic draw. Anatomical abbreviations: if, incisive foramen; EN, external nares; J, jugal; pmx, premaxilla; mx, maxilla; n, nasal; rd1, rostral ridge 1; rd2, rostral ridge 2. Scale bar = 20mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4316780" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4316780/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="571">Figure 2</figureCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<figureCitation id="13299098FF8AFFF9FD06FC653293FC5B" box="[661,678,904,930]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1861,1885]" captionTargetBox="[155,1432,568,1830]" captionTargetId="figure-203@8.[151,1435,561,1838]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 4. Melanosuchus latrubessei UFAC 2793. (A) UFAC 2793 fossil specimen in laterodorsal view; (B) Schematic draw in laterodorsal view; and (C) fossil specimen in lateral view.Anatomical abbreviations: J, jugal; pmx, premaxilla; mx, maxilla; n, nasal; nc, narial crest; rd1, rostral ridge 1; rd2, rostral ridge 2. Scale bar, A and B = 20mm; C = 50mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4316784" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4316784/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="571">4</figureCitation>
|
||
). However, the jugal is not preserved.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BAD8C1DFF8AFFF9FF54FC4634F7FA4F" blockId="10.[151,1437,151,1998]" pageId="10" pageNumber="571">
|
||
The maxilla also has two well-developed rostral ridges (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13299098FF8AFFF9FCAAFC4633ACFC3C" box="[825,921,939,965]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1932,1956]" captionTargetBox="[158,1429,857,1900]" captionTargetId="figure-181@6.[151,1436,849,1909]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 2. Melanosuchus latrubessei UFAC 2793 in dorsal view. (A) UFAC 2793 fossil specimen; and (B) Schematic draw. Anatomical abbreviations: if, incisive foramen; EN, external nares; J, jugal; pmx, premaxilla; mx, maxilla; n, nasal; rd1, rostral ridge 1; rd2, rostral ridge 2. Scale bar = 20mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4316780" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4316780/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="571">Figure 2</figureCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<figureCitation id="13299098FF8AFFF9FC5CFC4633D5FC3C" box="[975,992,939,965]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1861,1885]" captionTargetBox="[155,1432,568,1830]" captionTargetId="figure-203@8.[151,1435,561,1838]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 4. Melanosuchus latrubessei UFAC 2793. (A) UFAC 2793 fossil specimen in laterodorsal view; (B) Schematic draw in laterodorsal view; and (C) fossil specimen in lateral view.Anatomical abbreviations: J, jugal; pmx, premaxilla; mx, maxilla; n, nasal; nc, narial crest; rd1, rostral ridge 1; rd2, rostral ridge 2. Scale bar, A and B = 20mm; C = 50mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4316784" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4316784/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="571">4</figureCitation>
|
||
). The first (rostral ridge 1) is associated with the high development of the
|
||
<emphasis id="B966500FFF8AFFF9FD8BFC2332F4FC11" box="[536,705,974,1000]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="571">canthi rostralii</emphasis>
|
||
; thus, although the interorbital region is not preserved, the presence of a well-developed
|
||
<emphasis id="B966500FFF8AFFF9FE24FC1F326AFBF5" box="[439,607,1010,1036]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="571">canthi rostralii</emphasis>
|
||
is proposed. Therefore, this difference in saturation surface reinforces the idea of a premaxilla-premaxilla contact exposed in dorsal view. However, as the nasal is not entirely preserved, we cannot rule out the possibility of nasal bones with a continuous contribution with the anterior process within the external nares, passing bellow the premaxilla-premaxilla contact (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13299098FF8AFFF9FCCEFBB133E1FB8E" box="[861,980,1116,1143]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="9.[151,250,1752,1776]" captionTargetBox="[207,1386,751,1726]" captionTargetId="figure-303@9.[201,1386,741,1728]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 5. Melanosuchus latrubessei UFAC 2793 in detail of the premaxillary-nasal anterior region. (A) Anterodorsomedial view of the right elements, via sagittal cut, elucidating the limits between premaxilla and nasal; (B) Anterior view of premaxilla, within the external nares, elucidating the absence of premaxilla-nasal suture at this view; (C) Medioventral view demonstrating the overlap suture of premaxilla over nasal; and, (D) Medial view of right elements, via sagittal cut, demarked limits between premaxilla and nasals demonstrating the only possible way to nasal reach the external nares. Full line indicates visible sutures while dashed lines indicated inferred bone limits. Anatomical abbreviations: EN, external nares; pmx-n, suture between premaxilla and nasal; pmx-pmx, suture between premaxillae; pmx, premaxilla; mx-mx, suture between maxillae; n-n, suture between nasals; n, nasal. Out of scale." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4316786" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4316786/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="571">Figure 5 d</figureCitation>
|
||
). In ventral view, the premaxilla-maxilla suture passes within the tooth occlusal pit. From the fourth dentary, and posteriorly to this excavation the suture has a small posterior wedge-shaped process that extend to the posterior end of the first maxillary alveoli (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13299098FF8AFFF9FB68FB4E3568FB44" box="[1275,1373,1187,1213]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1190,1214]" captionTargetBox="[158,1432,185,1158]" captionTargetId="figure-18@7.[151,1436,181,1166]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 3. Melanosuchus latrubessei UFAC 2793 in ventral view. (A) UFAC 2793 fossil specimen; and (B) Schematic draw. Anatomical abbreviations: 4th, fourth maxillary alveolus; 4th dm, tooth mark from fourth dentary; 12th, twelfth maxillary alveolus; ect, ectopterygoid; if, incisive foramen; pmx, premaxilla; mx-pl, suture between maxillary and palatine; mx, maxilla; sof, suborbital (palatine) fenestrae. Scale bar = 20mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4316782" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4316782/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="571">Figure 3</figureCitation>
|
||
). The other rostral ridge (rostral ridge 2) is entirely located within the maxilla next to the premaxilla-maxilla suture, in dorsal view (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13299098FF8AFFF9FEB4FB0731B2FAFD" box="[295,391,1258,1284]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1932,1956]" captionTargetBox="[158,1429,857,1900]" captionTargetId="figure-181@6.[151,1436,849,1909]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 2. Melanosuchus latrubessei UFAC 2793 in dorsal view. (A) UFAC 2793 fossil specimen; and (B) Schematic draw. Anatomical abbreviations: if, incisive foramen; EN, external nares; J, jugal; pmx, premaxilla; mx, maxilla; n, nasal; rd1, rostral ridge 1; rd2, rostral ridge 2. Scale bar = 20mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4316780" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4316780/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="571">Figure 2</figureCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<figureCitation id="13299098FF8AFFF9FE2DFB0731FBFAFD" box="[446,462,1258,1284]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1861,1885]" captionTargetBox="[155,1432,568,1830]" captionTargetId="figure-203@8.[151,1435,561,1838]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 4. Melanosuchus latrubessei UFAC 2793. (A) UFAC 2793 fossil specimen in laterodorsal view; (B) Schematic draw in laterodorsal view; and (C) fossil specimen in lateral view.Anatomical abbreviations: J, jugal; pmx, premaxilla; mx, maxilla; n, nasal; nc, narial crest; rd1, rostral ridge 1; rd2, rostral ridge 2. Scale bar, A and B = 20mm; C = 50mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4316784" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4316784/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="571">4</figureCitation>
|
||
), and represents a dorsoventrally inclined bone intumescence, with the anterior portion ventral to the posterior (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13299098FF8AFFF9FE36FAE0323DFAD1" box="[421,520,1293,1320]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1861,1885]" captionTargetBox="[155,1432,568,1830]" captionTargetId="figure-203@8.[151,1435,561,1838]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 4. Melanosuchus latrubessei UFAC 2793. (A) UFAC 2793 fossil specimen in laterodorsal view; (B) Schematic draw in laterodorsal view; and (C) fossil specimen in lateral view.Anatomical abbreviations: J, jugal; pmx, premaxilla; mx, maxilla; n, nasal; nc, narial crest; rd1, rostral ridge 1; rd2, rostral ridge 2. Scale bar, A and B = 20mm; C = 50mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4316784" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4316784/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="571">Figure 4</figureCitation>
|
||
). In ventral view, the maxilla-maxilla suture extends straight from the third to the sixth alveolus (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13299098FF8AFFF9FEACFADC3194FAB2" box="[319,417,1329,1355]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1190,1214]" captionTargetBox="[158,1432,185,1158]" captionTargetId="figure-18@7.[151,1436,181,1166]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 3. Melanosuchus latrubessei UFAC 2793 in ventral view. (A) UFAC 2793 fossil specimen; and (B) Schematic draw. Anatomical abbreviations: 4th, fourth maxillary alveolus; 4th dm, tooth mark from fourth dentary; 12th, twelfth maxillary alveolus; ect, ectopterygoid; if, incisive foramen; pmx, premaxilla; mx-pl, suture between maxillary and palatine; mx, maxilla; sof, suborbital (palatine) fenestrae. Scale bar = 20mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4316782" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4316782/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="571">Figure 3</figureCitation>
|
||
). Prior to the maxilla-maxilla suture, there is a smooth maxillary portion that opens slightly laterally and is here interpreted as the contact surface with the vomer. At the posterior limit of the maxilla, immediately behind the intermaxillary suture, there is the sutural region of the palatine, which is evidenced by a surface with thin crests. Thus, the palatine extends anteriorly to the level of the sixth alveoli (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13299098FF8AFFF9FBC1FA763481FA4F" box="[1106,1204,1435,1462]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1190,1214]" captionTargetBox="[158,1432,185,1158]" captionTargetId="figure-18@7.[151,1436,181,1166]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 3. Melanosuchus latrubessei UFAC 2793 in ventral view. (A) UFAC 2793 fossil specimen; and (B) Schematic draw. Anatomical abbreviations: 4th, fourth maxillary alveolus; 4th dm, tooth mark from fourth dentary; 12th, twelfth maxillary alveolus; ect, ectopterygoid; if, incisive foramen; pmx, premaxilla; mx-pl, suture between maxillary and palatine; mx, maxilla; sof, suborbital (palatine) fenestrae. Scale bar = 20mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4316782" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4316782/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="571">Figure 3</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BAD8C1DFF8AFFF9FF54FA523430F99E" blockId="10.[151,1437,151,1998]" pageId="10" pageNumber="571">
|
||
At the posterior limit of the maxilla in ventral view, immediately posterior to the tooth row, there is the maxillaectopterygoid contact, with a small portion of the anterior region of the ectopterygoid being preserved (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13299098FF8AFFF9FAB8FA0F35BBFA05" box="[1323,1422,1506,1532]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1190,1214]" captionTargetBox="[158,1432,185,1158]" captionTargetId="figure-18@7.[151,1436,181,1166]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 3. Melanosuchus latrubessei UFAC 2793 in ventral view. (A) UFAC 2793 fossil specimen; and (B) Schematic draw. Anatomical abbreviations: 4th, fourth maxillary alveolus; 4th dm, tooth mark from fourth dentary; 12th, twelfth maxillary alveolus; ect, ectopterygoid; if, incisive foramen; pmx, premaxilla; mx-pl, suture between maxillary and palatine; mx, maxilla; sof, suborbital (palatine) fenestrae. Scale bar = 20mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4316782" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4316782/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="571">Figure 3</figureCitation>
|
||
). The ectopterygoid does not form the medial margin of any maxillary alveolus and the anterior process of this structure does not exceed the twelfth maxillary alveolus (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13299098FF8AFFF9FD79F9C43378F9BA" box="[746,845,1577,1603]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1190,1214]" captionTargetBox="[158,1432,185,1158]" captionTargetId="figure-18@7.[151,1436,181,1166]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 3. Melanosuchus latrubessei UFAC 2793 in ventral view. (A) UFAC 2793 fossil specimen; and (B) Schematic draw. Anatomical abbreviations: 4th, fourth maxillary alveolus; 4th dm, tooth mark from fourth dentary; 12th, twelfth maxillary alveolus; ect, ectopterygoid; if, incisive foramen; pmx, premaxilla; mx-pl, suture between maxillary and palatine; mx, maxilla; sof, suborbital (palatine) fenestrae. Scale bar = 20mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4316782" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4316782/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="571">Figure 3</figureCitation>
|
||
). The lateral portion of the maxilla to the suborbital fenestra is wide, being at least twice the width of the tenth alveolus (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13299098FF8AFFF9FC05F9A033CDF99E" box="[918,1016,1613,1639]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1190,1214]" captionTargetBox="[158,1432,185,1158]" captionTargetId="figure-18@7.[151,1436,181,1166]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 3. Melanosuchus latrubessei UFAC 2793 in ventral view. (A) UFAC 2793 fossil specimen; and (B) Schematic draw. Anatomical abbreviations: 4th, fourth maxillary alveolus; 4th dm, tooth mark from fourth dentary; 12th, twelfth maxillary alveolus; ect, ectopterygoid; if, incisive foramen; pmx, premaxilla; mx-pl, suture between maxillary and palatine; mx, maxilla; sof, suborbital (palatine) fenestrae. Scale bar = 20mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4316782" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4316782/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="571">Figure 3</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BAD8C1DFF8AFFF9FF54F99D3296F837" blockId="10.[151,1437,151,1998]" pageId="10" pageNumber="571">
|
||
Despite the fact that the vomer is not preserved and the region between the maxilla and premaxilla is severely damaged, there are some clear evidences in both the premaxilla and the maxilla of the presence of the vomer, which will be presented below. The first evidence is the presence of the aforementioned smooth anterior surface to the end of the maxilla-maxilla suture, which opens laterally and corresponds to the articular surface between the maxilla and the vomer (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13299098FF8AFFF9FED5F9123193F8E0" box="[326,422,1791,1817]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1932,1956]" captionTargetBox="[158,1429,857,1900]" captionTargetId="figure-181@6.[151,1436,849,1909]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 2. Melanosuchus latrubessei UFAC 2793 in dorsal view. (A) UFAC 2793 fossil specimen; and (B) Schematic draw. Anatomical abbreviations: if, incisive foramen; EN, external nares; J, jugal; pmx, premaxilla; mx, maxilla; n, nasal; rd1, rostral ridge 1; rd2, rostral ridge 2. Scale bar = 20mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4316780" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4316780/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="571">Figure 2</figureCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<figureCitation id="13299098FF8AFFF9FE4FF9123259F8E3" box="[476,620,1791,1818]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="11.[151,250,1240,1264]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,1216]" captionTargetId="figure-18@11.[151,1436,181,1216]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 6. Melanosuchus latrubessei UFAC 2793 in details of the maxillary and premaxillary limits of the ventral portion in medial view. (A) Elucidating the preserved anterior limit of premaxilla; (B) The anterior limit of maxilla-maxilla suture and the posterior broken region of premaxilla; and (C) Zoom in the limit maxilla-maxilla suture elucidating an anterior smooth surface that is here inferred as the posterior limit for maxillary-vomer contact. Dark lines delimit the bone limits and sutures. Anatomical abbreviations: if, incisive foramen; EN, external nares; pmx, premaxilla; mx-mx, suture between maxillae; mx-v, suture between maxillary and vomer. Out of scale." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4316790" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4316790/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="571">Figure 6 b, c</figureCitation>
|
||
). The second evidence can be seen in medial view, due to the sagittal cut where the ventral portion of premaxilla has an intumescent region, which is broken but clearly detectable, with this structure being correspondent to the posterior portion of the premaxilla that contacts the anterior limit of the vomer (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13299098FF8AFFF9FF0CF886312DF87F" box="[159,280,1899,1926]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="11.[151,250,1240,1264]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,1216]" captionTargetId="figure-18@11.[151,1436,181,1216]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 6. Melanosuchus latrubessei UFAC 2793 in details of the maxillary and premaxillary limits of the ventral portion in medial view. (A) Elucidating the preserved anterior limit of premaxilla; (B) The anterior limit of maxilla-maxilla suture and the posterior broken region of premaxilla; and (C) Zoom in the limit maxilla-maxilla suture elucidating an anterior smooth surface that is here inferred as the posterior limit for maxillary-vomer contact. Dark lines delimit the bone limits and sutures. Anatomical abbreviations: if, incisive foramen; EN, external nares; pmx, premaxilla; mx-mx, suture between maxillae; mx-v, suture between maxillary and vomer. Out of scale." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4316790" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4316790/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="571">Figure 6 a</figureCitation>
|
||
). Additionally, it is important to note that the broken pattern observed in the transition zone between premaxilla and maxilla can be expected for a specimen with an exposed vomer, as the presence of the vomer creates a fragilized zone in this portion of the rostrum.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF6DDC95FF8BFFF8FF04FB353267FA5D" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4316790" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4316790" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4316790/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="572" startId="11.[151,250,1240,1264]" targetBox="[151,1436,181,1216]" targetPageId="11">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BAD8C1DFF8BFFF8FF04FB353267FA5D" blockId="11.[151,1436,1240,1445]" pageId="11" pageNumber="572">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966500FFF8BFFF8FF04FB353126FB09" bold="true" box="[151,275,1240,1264]" pageId="11" pageNumber="572">FIGURE 6.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C12F79EFF8BFFF8FE89FB353291FB08" authority="UFAC 2793" authorityName=", UFAC" authorityYear="2793" box="[282,676,1240,1265]" class="Reptilia" family="Alligatoridae" genus="Melanosuchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="11" pageNumber="572" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="latrubessei">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966500FFF8BFFF8FE89FB353217FB09" box="[282,546,1240,1264]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="572">Melanosuchus latrubessei</emphasis>
|
||
UFAC 2793
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in details of the maxillary and premaxillary limits of the ventral portion in medial view. (A) Elucidating the preserved anterior limit of premaxilla; (B) The anterior limit of maxilla-maxilla suture and the posterior broken region of premaxilla; and (C) Zoom in the limit maxilla-maxilla suture elucidating an anterior smooth surface that is here inferred as the posterior limit for maxillary-vomer contact. Dark lines delimit the bone limits and sutures. Anatomical abbreviations:
|
||
<emphasis id="B966500FFF8BFFF8FEC7FA853156FA79" bold="true" box="[340,355,1384,1408]" pageId="11" pageNumber="572">if</emphasis>
|
||
, incisive foramen;
|
||
<emphasis id="B966500FFF8BFFF8FDBEFA843265FA78" bold="true" box="[557,592,1385,1409]" pageId="11" pageNumber="572">EN</emphasis>
|
||
, external nares;
|
||
<emphasis id="B966500FFF8BFFF8FD6FFA843319FA78" bold="true" box="[764,812,1385,1409]" pageId="11" pageNumber="572">pmx</emphasis>
|
||
, premaxilla;
|
||
<emphasis id="B966500FFF8BFFF8FC25FA843437FA78" bold="true" box="[950,1026,1385,1409]" pageId="11" pageNumber="572">mx-mx</emphasis>
|
||
, suture between maxillae;
|
||
<emphasis id="B966500FFF8BFFF8FA8AFA843565FA78" bold="true" box="[1305,1360,1385,1409]" pageId="11" pageNumber="572">mx-v</emphasis>
|
||
, suture between maxillary and vomer. Out of scale.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BAD8C1DFF8BFFF8FF54FA3F32E4F8AF" blockId="11.[151,1437,1490,2021]" pageId="11" pageNumber="572">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966500FFF8BFFF8FF54FA3F3158FA15" bold="true" box="[199,365,1490,1516]" pageId="11" pageNumber="572">Comparisons.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C12F79EFF8BFFF8FEE6FA3E32ACFA14" authorityName=", UFAC" authorityYear="2793" box="[373,665,1491,1517]" class="Reptilia" family="Alligatoridae" genus="Melanosuchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="11" pageNumber="572" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="latrubessei">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966500FFF8BFFF8FEE6FA3E32ACFA14" box="[373,665,1491,1517]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="572">Melanosuchus latrubessei</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
shares with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C12F79EFF8BFFF8FCBAFA3E3438FA15" baseAuthorityName="Spix" baseAuthorityYear="1825" box="[809,1037,1491,1517]" class="Reptilia" family="Alligatoridae" genus="Melanosuchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="11" pageNumber="572" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="niger">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966500FFF8BFFF8FCBAFA3E3438FA15" box="[809,1037,1491,1517]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="572">Melanosuchus niger</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
the presence of a vomer that is exposed and located between the premaxilla-maxilla suture, as well as the well-developed rostral ridges, mainly the second and most anterior one. Other similarities worth mentioning here are: (1) the external nares with a keyholeshaped or circular format; (2) the premaxilla which has a right and left posterior processes, in ventral view, that does not surpass posteriorly the first maxillary alveoli; (3) the premaxilla-premaxilla contact at the dorsal surface immediately behind the posterior margin of the external nares, which represents an intraspecific variation within
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C12F79EFF8BFFF8FF04F94630CCF93D" baseAuthorityName="Spix" baseAuthorityYear="1825" box="[151,249,1707,1733]" class="Reptilia" family="Alligatoridae" genus="Melanosuchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="11" pageNumber="572" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="niger">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966500FFF8BFFF8FF04F946309BF93D" box="[151,174,1707,1732]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="572">M</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B966500FFF8BFFF8FF2DF94630CCF93D" box="[190,249,1707,1732]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="572">niger</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; that can have the nasal bones reaching the external nares and being exposed dorsally inhibiting the premaxilla-premaxilla contact at this region; (4) the palatine, which projects well anterior to the end of the suborbital fenestrae and has an expanded anterior end; and, (5) the anterior margin of the suborbital fenestrae reaches the space between the eighth and ninth maxillary alveoli (differing from MCNC
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D144794FF8BFFF8FC5AF8FA3453F8C8" box="[969,1126,1815,1841]" pageId="11" pageNumber="572" type="generic">243 specimen</specimenCount>
|
||
- former
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C12F79EFF8BFFF8FB4BF8FA357DF8C8" authorityName="Medina" authorityYear="1976" box="[1240,1352,1815,1841]" class="Reptilia" family="Alligatoridae" genus="Melanosuchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="11" pageNumber="572" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fisheri">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966500FFF8BFFF8FB4BF8FA34DAF8C9" box="[1240,1263,1815,1840]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="572">M</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B966500FFF8BFFF8FA93F8FA357DF8C8" box="[1280,1352,1815,1841]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="572">fisheri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, which reaches the space between ninth and tenth alveoli).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BAD8C1DFF8BFFFFFF54F8B234AEFEB8" blockId="11.[151,1437,1490,2021]" lastBlockId="12.[151,1437,151,2036]" lastPageId="12" lastPageNumber="573" pageId="11" pageNumber="572">
|
||
The vomer exposure on the palate between premaxilla and maxilla is a characteristic of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C12F79EFF8BFFF8FB26F8B23523F881" baseAuthorityName="Spix" baseAuthorityYear="1825" box="[1205,1302,1887,1912]" class="Reptilia" family="Alligatoridae" genus="Melanosuchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="11" pageNumber="572" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="niger">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966500FFF8BFFF8FB26F8B23523F881" box="[1205,1302,1887,1912]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="572">M. niger</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(e.g.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF83F1ECFF8BFFF8FACAF8B230E7F864" author="Mook, C. C." pageId="11" pageNumber="572" pagination="123 - 268" refId="ref24859" refString="Mook, C. C. (1921) Skull characters of Recent Crocodilia, with notes on the affinities of the Recent genera. Bulletin of American Museum of Natural History, 44 (13), 123 - 268." type="journal article" year="1921">Mook 1921</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF83F1ECFF8BFFF8FF4CF86E314DF864" author="Medem, F." box="[223,376,1923,1949]" pageId="11" pageNumber="572" pagination="5 - 23" refId="ref24661" refString="Medem, F. (1963) Osteologia Craneal, Distribucion geografica y ecologia de Melanosuchus niger (Spix) (Crocodylia, Alligatoridae). Revista de la Academia Colombiana de Ciencias Exactas, Fisicas y Naturales, 12 (45), 5 - 23. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / S 0100 - 736 X 2016001000018" type="journal article" year="1963">Medem 1963</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF83F1ECFF8BFFF8FE16F86E320CF864" author="Iordansky, N. N." box="[389,569,1923,1949]" pageId="11" pageNumber="572" refId="ref23626" refString="Iordansky, N. N. (1973) The skull of the Crocodilia. In: Gans, C. & Parsons, T. (Eds.), Biology of the Reptilia. Vol. 4. Academic Press, London, pp. 50 - 68." type="book" year="1973">Iordansky 1973</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF83F1ECFF8BFFF8FDD5F86E32E9F864" author="Brochu, C. A." box="[582,732,1923,1949]" pageId="11" pageNumber="572" pagination="9 - 100" refId="ref21315" refString="Brochu, C. A. (1999) Phylogenetics, taxonomy, and historical biogeography of Alligatoroidea. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 19, 9 - 100. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 02724634.1999.10011201" type="journal article" year="1999">Brochu 1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF83F1ECFF8BFFF8FD7AF86E338DF867" author="Bona, P. & Fernandez-Blanco, M. V. & Scheyer, T. M. & Foth, C." box="[745,952,1923,1950]" pageId="11" pageNumber="572" pagination="681 - 687" refId="ref21142" refString="Bona, P., Fernandez-Blanco, M. V., Scheyer, T. M. & Foth, C. (2017 b) Shedding light on the taxonomic diversity of the South American Miocene caimans: the status of Melanosuchus fisheri (Crocodylia, Alligatoroidea). Ameghiniana, 54, 681 - 687. https: // doi. org / 10.5710 / AMGH. 08.06.2017.3103" type="journal article" year="2017">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F305CC8DFF8BFFF8FD7AF86E3311F864" box="[745,804,1923,1949]" name="Algeria" pageId="11" pageNumber="572">Bona</collectingCountry>
|
||
<emphasis id="B966500FFF8BFFF8FCBEF86E3353F864" box="[813,870,1923,1949]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="572">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2017b
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), and this feature was used as diagnosis to assign the fossil specimens to this genus (e.g.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF83F1ECFF8BFFF8FD05F84A331BF83B" author="Medina, C. J." box="[662,814,1959,1986]" pageId="11" pageNumber="572" pagination="1 - 14" refId="ref24724" refString="Medina, C. J. (1976) Crocodilians from the Late Tertiary of Northwestern Venezuela: Melanosuchus fisheri sp. nov .. Breviora, 438, 1 - 14." type="journal article" year="1976">Medina 1976</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). However, the bone has never been properly described, even in detailed works on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C12F79EFF8BFFF8FE50F8263211F81D" baseAuthorityName="Spix" baseAuthorityYear="1825" box="[451,548,1995,2021]" class="Reptilia" family="Alligatoridae" genus="Melanosuchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="11" pageNumber="572" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="niger">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966500FFF8BFFF8FE50F82631EFF81D" box="[451,474,1995,2020]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="572">M</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B966500FFF8BFFF8FE7AF8263211F81D" box="[489,548,1995,2020]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="572">niger</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(e.g.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF83F1ECFF8BFFF8FDF5F82632DEF81C" author="Mook, C. C." box="[614,747,1995,2021]" pageId="11" pageNumber="572" pagination="123 - 268" refId="ref24859" refString="Mook, C. C. (1921) Skull characters of Recent Crocodilia, with notes on the affinities of the Recent genera. Bulletin of American Museum of Natural History, 44 (13), 123 - 268." type="journal article" year="1921">Mook 1921</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF83F1ECFF8BFFF8FD6BF82633A4F81C" author="Medem, F." box="[760,913,1995,2021]" pageId="11" pageNumber="572" pagination="5 - 23" refId="ref24661" refString="Medem, F. (1963) Osteologia Craneal, Distribucion geografica y ecologia de Melanosuchus niger (Spix) (Crocodylia, Alligatoridae). Revista de la Academia Colombiana de Ciencias Exactas, Fisicas y Naturales, 12 (45), 5 - 23. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / S 0100 - 736 X 2016001000018" type="journal article" year="1963">Medem 1963</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF83F1ECFF8BFFF8FC0EF8263465F81C" author="Iordansky, N. N." box="[925,1104,1995,2021]" pageId="11" pageNumber="572" refId="ref23626" refString="Iordansky, N. N. (1973) The skull of the Crocodilia. In: Gans, C. & Parsons, T. (Eds.), Biology of the Reptilia. Vol. 4. Academic Press, London, pp. 50 - 68." type="book" year="1973">Iordansky 1973</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF83F1ECFF8BFFF8FBCEF82634C0F81C" author="Medina, C. J." box="[1117,1269,1995,2021]" pageId="11" pageNumber="572" pagination="1 - 14" refId="ref24724" refString="Medina, C. J. (1976) Crocodilians from the Late Tertiary of Northwestern Venezuela: Melanosuchus fisheri sp. nov .. Breviora, 438, 1 - 14." type="journal article" year="1976">Medina 1976</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF83F1ECFF8BFFF8FA91F82635A2F81C" author="Brochu, C. A." box="[1282,1431,1995,2021]" pageId="11" pageNumber="572" pagination="9 - 100" refId="ref21315" refString="Brochu, C. A. (1999) Phylogenetics, taxonomy, and historical biogeography of Alligatoroidea. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 19, 9 - 100. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 02724634.1999.10011201" type="journal article" year="1999">Brochu 1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF83F1ECFF8CFFFFFF04FF7A3154FF48" author="Vieira, L. G. & Santos, A. L. Q. & Lima, F. C. & Mendonca, S. H. S. T. & Menezes, L. T. & Sebben, A." box="[151,353,151,177]" pageId="12" pageNumber="573" pagination="1025 - 1044" refId="ref27151" refString="Vieira, L. G., Santos, A. L. Q., Lima, F. C., Mendonca, S. H. S. T., Menezes, L. T. & Sebben, A. (2016) Osteologia de Melanosuchus niger (Crocodylia: Alligatoridae) e a evidencia evolutiva. Pesquisa Veterinaria Brasileira, 36 (10), 1025 - 1044. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / s 0100 - 736 x 2016001000018" type="journal article" year="2016">
|
||
Vieira
|
||
<emphasis id="B966500FFF8CFFFFFF77FF7A3128FF48" box="[228,285,151,177]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="573">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2016
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF83F1ECFF8CFFFFFEFEFF7A3208FF4B" author="Bona, P. & Fernandez-Blanco, M. V. & Scheyer, T. M. & Foth, C." box="[365,573,151,178]" pageId="12" pageNumber="573" pagination="681 - 687" refId="ref21142" refString="Bona, P., Fernandez-Blanco, M. V., Scheyer, T. M. & Foth, C. (2017 b) Shedding light on the taxonomic diversity of the South American Miocene caimans: the status of Melanosuchus fisheri (Crocodylia, Alligatoroidea). Ameghiniana, 54, 681 - 687. https: // doi. org / 10.5710 / AMGH. 08.06.2017.3103" type="journal article" year="2017">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F305CC8DFF8CFFFFFEFEFF7A319DFF48" box="[365,424,151,177]" name="Algeria" pageId="12" pageNumber="573">Bona</collectingCountry>
|
||
<emphasis id="B966500FFF8CFFFFFE23FF7A31DFFF48" box="[432,490,151,177]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="573">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2017b
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In this work, we recognize the vomer as a hollow paired bone, located between the premaxilla and maxilla, in the medial and anterior region of the rostrum, with the paired bones being attached only by a contact, and not by a real suture. This can be evidenced by the thin projections from the maxillae, which overlap ventrally and dorsally the posterior and lateral limits of the vomer (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13299098FF8CFFFFFBBBFEEE34BCFEE4" box="[1064,1161,259,285]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="13.[151,250,1750,1774]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,190,1716]" captionTargetId="figure-18@13.[151,1436,181,1727]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURE 7. The vomer anatomy of Melanosuchus niger specimens (UFAC R-136 and UFAC R-203) in comparison with Paleosuchus palpebrosus specimen (UFAC R-215). (A) Anterodorsal view of the inside of external nares, in red, the articulated vomer in Melanosuchus niger (UFAC R-136); (B) Schematic draw of figure A; (C) Medial view of right rostrum of Melanosuchus niger (UFAC R-203) highlighting the contacts of vomer with premaxilla and maxilla after the bone removal; and (D) Paleosuchus palpebrosus specimen (UFAC R-215) illustrating an example where the vomer is fused with other bones. Dark lines mark bone limits and sutures.Anatomical abbreviations: if, incisive foramen; EN, external nares; pmx-mx, suture between premaxillary and maxillary; pmx-v, suture between premaxilla and vomer; pmx, premaxilla; mx-mx, suture between maxillae; mx-v, suture between maxillary and vomer; mx, maxilla; n, nasal; v, vomer. Out of scale." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4316792" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4316792/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="573">Figure 7</figureCitation>
|
||
). The anterior portion of the vomer attaches, without suturing, to the posterior premaxillary intumescence (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13299098FF8CFFFFFBB8FECA34B8FEB8" box="[1067,1165,295,321]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="13.[151,250,1750,1774]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,190,1716]" captionTargetId="figure-18@13.[151,1436,181,1727]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURE 7. The vomer anatomy of Melanosuchus niger specimens (UFAC R-136 and UFAC R-203) in comparison with Paleosuchus palpebrosus specimen (UFAC R-215). (A) Anterodorsal view of the inside of external nares, in red, the articulated vomer in Melanosuchus niger (UFAC R-136); (B) Schematic draw of figure A; (C) Medial view of right rostrum of Melanosuchus niger (UFAC R-203) highlighting the contacts of vomer with premaxilla and maxilla after the bone removal; and (D) Paleosuchus palpebrosus specimen (UFAC R-215) illustrating an example where the vomer is fused with other bones. Dark lines mark bone limits and sutures.Anatomical abbreviations: if, incisive foramen; EN, external nares; pmx-mx, suture between premaxillary and maxillary; pmx-v, suture between premaxilla and vomer; pmx, premaxilla; mx-mx, suture between maxillae; mx-v, suture between maxillary and vomer; mx, maxilla; n, nasal; v, vomer. Out of scale." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4316792" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4316792/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="573">Figure 7</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BAD8C1DFF8CFFFFFF54FEA63259FD08" blockId="12.[151,1437,151,2036]" pageId="12" pageNumber="573">
|
||
The hollowness of the vomer, together with its weak contact towards the premaxilla and maxilla, make this bone and the surrounding area more fragile when the animal is dead; therefore, it is common the loss of the vomer with the break and/or disarticulation of associated bones, as observed in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C12F79EFF8CFFFFFC5CFE7E3445FE54" authorityName=", UFAC" authorityYear="2793" box="[975,1136,403,429]" class="Reptilia" family="Alligatoridae" genus="Melanosuchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="12" pageNumber="573" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="latrubessei">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966500FFF8CFFFFFC5CFE7E33D3FE55" box="[975,998,403,428]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="573">M</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B966500FFF8CFFFFFC66FE7E3445FE54" box="[1013,1136,403,429]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="573">latrubessei</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="13299098FF8CFFFFFBECFE7E34D7FE54" box="[1151,1250,403,429]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1190,1214]" captionTargetBox="[158,1432,185,1158]" captionTargetId="figure-18@7.[151,1436,181,1166]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 3. Melanosuchus latrubessei UFAC 2793 in ventral view. (A) UFAC 2793 fossil specimen; and (B) Schematic draw. Anatomical abbreviations: 4th, fourth maxillary alveolus; 4th dm, tooth mark from fourth dentary; 12th, twelfth maxillary alveolus; ect, ectopterygoid; if, incisive foramen; pmx, premaxilla; mx-pl, suture between maxillary and palatine; mx, maxilla; sof, suborbital (palatine) fenestrae. Scale bar = 20mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4316782" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4316782/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="573">Figure 3</figureCitation>
|
||
; this is also evidenced in the studied
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C12F79EFF8CFFFFFE14FE5A31D3FE29" baseAuthorityName="Spix" baseAuthorityYear="1825" box="[391,486,439,465]" class="Reptilia" family="Alligatoridae" genus="Melanosuchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="12" pageNumber="573" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="niger">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966500FFF8CFFFFFE14FE5A31ABFE29" box="[391,414,439,464]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="573">M</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B966500FFF8CFFFFFE38FE5A31D3FE29" box="[427,486,439,464]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="573">niger</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, see
|
||
<tableCitation id="C690B9A6FF8CFFFFFD8FFE5A3258FE28" box="[540,621,439,465]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="4.[151,239,332,356]" captionText="TABLE 1. List of Jacarea (at least a priori) specimens from extant and fossil species used for comparisons. Legends: (?), dubious identification; *, holotype; bold, specimens personally studied; underlined, specimens studied by photos/ bibliography." pageId="12" pageNumber="573">Table 1</tableCitation>
|
||
). However, we reinforce that the existence of the vomer in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C12F79EFF8CFFFFFB6EFE5A35A9FE28" authorityName=", UFAC" authorityYear="2793" box="[1277,1436,439,465]" class="Reptilia" family="Alligatoridae" genus="Melanosuchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="12" pageNumber="573" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="latrubessei">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966500FFF8CFFFFFB6EFE5A3521FE29" box="[1277,1300,439,464]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="573">M</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B966500FFF8CFFFFFAB2FE5A35A9FE28" box="[1313,1436,439,465]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="573">latrubessei</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is supported by two features: (1) the anterior end of maxilla-maxilla suture at the palate culminates in a smooth maxillary surface that opens laterally (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13299098FF8CFFFFFDDDFE1232D3FDE0" box="[590,742,511,537]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="11.[151,250,1240,1264]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,1216]" captionTargetId="figure-18@11.[151,1436,181,1216]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 6. Melanosuchus latrubessei UFAC 2793 in details of the maxillary and premaxillary limits of the ventral portion in medial view. (A) Elucidating the preserved anterior limit of premaxilla; (B) The anterior limit of maxilla-maxilla suture and the posterior broken region of premaxilla; and (C) Zoom in the limit maxilla-maxilla suture elucidating an anterior smooth surface that is here inferred as the posterior limit for maxillary-vomer contact. Dark lines delimit the bone limits and sutures. Anatomical abbreviations: if, incisive foramen; EN, external nares; pmx, premaxilla; mx-mx, suture between maxillae; mx-v, suture between maxillary and vomer. Out of scale." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4316790" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4316790/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="573">Figure 6 b, c</figureCitation>
|
||
); and, (2) the premaxilla, in medial view from a sagittal cut, has at the posterior portion of the ventral surface an intumescence that was broken in the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C12F79EFF8CFFFFFB17FDCE3511FDC4" authorityName=", UFAC" authorityYear="2793" box="[1156,1316,547,573]" class="Reptilia" family="Alligatoridae" genus="Melanosuchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="12" pageNumber="573" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="latrubessei">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966500FFF8CFFFFFB17FDCE34AEFDC5" box="[1156,1179,547,572]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="573">M</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B966500FFF8CFFFFFB3AFDCE3511FDC4" box="[1193,1316,547,573]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="573">latrubessei</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
specimen, but the characteristic brands remained (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13299098FF8CFFFFFDC9FDAA32E0FD98" box="[602,725,583,609]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="11.[151,250,1240,1264]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,1216]" captionTargetId="figure-18@11.[151,1436,181,1216]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 6. Melanosuchus latrubessei UFAC 2793 in details of the maxillary and premaxillary limits of the ventral portion in medial view. (A) Elucidating the preserved anterior limit of premaxilla; (B) The anterior limit of maxilla-maxilla suture and the posterior broken region of premaxilla; and (C) Zoom in the limit maxilla-maxilla suture elucidating an anterior smooth surface that is here inferred as the posterior limit for maxillary-vomer contact. Dark lines delimit the bone limits and sutures. Anatomical abbreviations: if, incisive foramen; EN, external nares; pmx, premaxilla; mx-mx, suture between maxillae; mx-v, suture between maxillary and vomer. Out of scale." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4316790" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4316790/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="573">Figure 6 a</figureCitation>
|
||
). The condition observed in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C12F79EFF8CFFFFFBB3FDAA34F7FD98" authorityName=", UFAC" authorityYear="2793" box="[1056,1218,583,609]" class="Reptilia" family="Alligatoridae" genus="Melanosuchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="12" pageNumber="573" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="latrubessei">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966500FFF8CFFFFFBB3FDAA3402FD99" box="[1056,1079,583,608]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="573">M</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B966500FFF8CFFFFFBD4FDAA34F7FD98" box="[1095,1218,583,609]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="573">latrubessei</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
diverges from that seen in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C12F79EFF8CFFFFFF7FFD863170FD7C" baseAuthorityName="Poe" baseAuthorityYear="1996" box="[236,325,619,645]" class="Reptilia" family="Alligatoridae" genus="Caiman" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="12" pageNumber="573" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966500FFF8CFFFFFF7FFD863170FD7C" box="[236,325,619,645]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="573">Caiman</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
genus, which has the vomer restricted to the narial passage and located posteriorly, aligned with the prefrontals (e.g.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF83F1ECFF8CFFFFFEC2FD623271FD50" author="Bona, P. & Desojo, J. B." box="[337,580,655,681]" pageId="12" pageNumber="573" pagination="780 - 795" refId="ref20865" refString="Bona, P. & Desojo, J. B. (2011) Osteology and Cranial Musculature of Caiman latirostris (Crocodylia: Alligatoridae). Journal of Morphology, 272 (7), 780 - 795. https: // doi. org / 10.1002 / jmor. 10894" type="journal article" year="2011">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F305CC8DFF8CFFFFFEC2FD6231B9FD50" box="[337,396,655,681]" name="Algeria" pageId="12" pageNumber="573">Bona</collectingCountry>
|
||
& Desojo 2011
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). It also diverges from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C12F79EFF8CFFFFFCD4FD62353FFD50" authority="(Cuvier 1807)" baseAuthorityName="Cuvier" baseAuthorityYear="1807" box="[839,1290,655,681]" class="Reptilia" family="Alligatoridae" genus="Paleosuchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="12" pageNumber="573" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="palpebrosus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966500FFF8CFFFFFCD4FD623451FD50" box="[839,1124,655,681]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="573">Paleosuchus palpebrosus</emphasis>
|
||
(Cuvier 1807)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C12F79EFF8CFFFFFAF9FD6230F2FD35" baseAuthorityName="Poe" baseAuthorityYear="1996" class="Reptilia" family="Alligatoridae" genus="Caiman" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="12" pageNumber="573" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966500FFF8CFFFFFAF9FD6230F2FD35" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="573">Caiman</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species by exhibiting premaxillae that are thicker and more robust than the maxillae (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13299098FF8CFFFFFB11FD5E3526FD37" box="[1154,1299,691,718]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="13.[151,250,1750,1774]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,190,1716]" captionTargetId="figure-18@13.[151,1436,181,1727]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURE 7. The vomer anatomy of Melanosuchus niger specimens (UFAC R-136 and UFAC R-203) in comparison with Paleosuchus palpebrosus specimen (UFAC R-215). (A) Anterodorsal view of the inside of external nares, in red, the articulated vomer in Melanosuchus niger (UFAC R-136); (B) Schematic draw of figure A; (C) Medial view of right rostrum of Melanosuchus niger (UFAC R-203) highlighting the contacts of vomer with premaxilla and maxilla after the bone removal; and (D) Paleosuchus palpebrosus specimen (UFAC R-215) illustrating an example where the vomer is fused with other bones. Dark lines mark bone limits and sutures.Anatomical abbreviations: if, incisive foramen; EN, external nares; pmx-mx, suture between premaxillary and maxillary; pmx-v, suture between premaxilla and vomer; pmx, premaxilla; mx-mx, suture between maxillae; mx-v, suture between maxillary and vomer; mx, maxilla; n, nasal; v, vomer. Out of scale." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4316792" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4316792/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="573">Figure 7 c, d</figureCitation>
|
||
). For vomer condition in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C12F79EFF8CFFFFFEB6FD3A31BFFD08" box="[293,394,727,753]" class="Reptilia" family="Alligatoridae" genus="Alligator" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="12" pageNumber="573" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966500FFF8CFFFFFEB6FD3A31BFFD08" box="[293,394,727,753]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="573">Alligator</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
see
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF83F1ECFF8CFFFFFE2FFD3A325DFD08" author="Rieppel, O." box="[444,616,727,753]" pageId="12" pageNumber="573" pagination="301 - 325" refId="ref25488" refString="Rieppel, O. (1993) Studies on skeleton formation in reptiles. V. Patterns of ossification in the skeleton of Alligator mississippiensis Daudin (Reptilia, Crocodylia). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 109 (3), 301 - 325. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.1993. tb 02537. x" type="journal article" year="1993">Rieppel (1993)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BAD8C1DFF8CFFFFFF54FD1634A6FAA9" blockId="12.[151,1437,151,2036]" pageId="12" pageNumber="573">
|
||
Despite the aforementioned similarities shared between
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C12F79EFF8CFFFFFCACFD1633D5FCEC" authorityName=", UFAC" authorityYear="2793" box="[831,992,763,789]" class="Reptilia" family="Alligatoridae" genus="Melanosuchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="12" pageNumber="573" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="latrubessei">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966500FFF8CFFFFFCACFD1633D5FCEC" box="[831,992,763,789]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="573">M. latrubessei</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C12F79EFF8CFFFFFB8BFD16344CFCED" baseAuthorityName="Spix" baseAuthorityYear="1825" box="[1048,1145,763,789]" class="Reptilia" family="Alligatoridae" genus="Melanosuchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="12" pageNumber="573" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="niger">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966500FFF8CFFFFFB8BFD16341AFCED" box="[1048,1071,763,788]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="573">M</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B966500FFF8CFFFFFBADFD16344CFCED" box="[1086,1145,763,788]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="573">niger</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, they also present several differences that should be highlighted, such as: (1)
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C12F79EFF8CFFFFFD42FCF23344FCC0" authorityName=", UFAC" authorityYear="2793" box="[721,881,799,825]" class="Reptilia" family="Alligatoridae" genus="Melanosuchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="12" pageNumber="573" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="latrubessei">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966500FFF8CFFFFFD42FCF232DDFCC1" box="[721,744,799,824]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="573">M</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B966500FFF8CFFFFFD65FCF23344FCC0" box="[758,881,799,825]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="573">latrubessei</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
presents twelve maxillary alveoli, while
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C12F79EFF8CFFFFFAAFFCF235A9FCC1" baseAuthorityName="Spix" baseAuthorityYear="1825" box="[1340,1436,799,825]" class="Reptilia" family="Alligatoridae" genus="Melanosuchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="12" pageNumber="573" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="niger">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966500FFF8CFFFFFAAFFCF23566FCC1" box="[1340,1363,799,824]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="573">M</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B966500FFF8CFFFFFAF2FCF235A9FCC1" box="[1377,1436,799,824]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="573">niger</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has thirteen (including MCNC 243); (2) the narial crest in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C12F79EFF8CFFFFFCBDFCAE33FAFCA4" authorityName=", UFAC" authorityYear="2793" box="[814,975,835,861]" class="Reptilia" family="Alligatoridae" genus="Melanosuchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="12" pageNumber="573" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="latrubessei">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966500FFF8CFFFFFCBDFCAE3370FCA5" box="[814,837,835,860]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="573">M</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B966500FFF8CFFFFFCC7FCAE33FAFCA4" box="[852,975,835,861]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="573">latrubessei</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is restricted to the border of the external nares and is isolated from the rostral ridges (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13299098FF8CFFFFFD13FC8A32D5FC78" box="[640,736,871,897]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1861,1885]" captionTargetBox="[155,1432,568,1830]" captionTargetId="figure-203@8.[151,1435,561,1838]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 4. Melanosuchus latrubessei UFAC 2793. (A) UFAC 2793 fossil specimen in laterodorsal view; (B) Schematic draw in laterodorsal view; and (C) fossil specimen in lateral view.Anatomical abbreviations: J, jugal; pmx, premaxilla; mx, maxilla; n, nasal; nc, narial crest; rd1, rostral ridge 1; rd2, rostral ridge 2. Scale bar, A and B = 20mm; C = 50mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4316784" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4316784/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="573">Figure 4</figureCitation>
|
||
), while in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C12F79EFF8CFFFFFCC6FC8A3381FC79" baseAuthorityName="Spix" baseAuthorityYear="1825" box="[853,948,871,897]" class="Reptilia" family="Alligatoridae" genus="Melanosuchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="12" pageNumber="573" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="niger">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966500FFF8CFFFFFCC6FC8A3359FC79" box="[853,876,871,896]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="573">M</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B966500FFF8CFFFFFCEAFC8A3381FC79" box="[889,948,871,896]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="573">niger</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
the narial crest at the posterior corner of external nares has a posterior projection bordering the premaxilla-nasal suture, being associated with the rostral ridges (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13299098FF8CFFFFFF0CFC4230CBFC30" box="[159,254,943,969]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="14.[151,250,1389,1413]" captionTargetBox="[161,1428,190,1357]" captionTargetId="figure-20@14.[151,1436,181,1366]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURE 8. Melanosuchus niger UFAC R-203 in anterolateral view. (A) Original specimen; (B) Schematic draw elucidating the presence and positioning of the rostral ridges. Anatomical abbreviations: l, lacrimal; EN, external nares; ITF, infratemporal fenestra; J, jugal; pmx, premaxilla; mx, maxilla; n, nasal; nc, narial crest; O, orbit; rd1, rostral ridge 1; rd2, rostral ridge 2. Scale bar = 20mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4316794" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4316794/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="573">Figure 8</figureCitation>
|
||
); (3) the maxilla-maxilla contact, in the palatal surface, of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C12F79EFF8CFFFFFC17FC423416FC30" authorityName=", UFAC" authorityYear="2793" box="[900,1059,943,969]" class="Reptilia" family="Alligatoridae" genus="Melanosuchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="12" pageNumber="573" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="latrubessei">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966500FFF8CFFFFFC17FC4233AEFC31" box="[900,923,943,968]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="573">M</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B966500FFF8CFFFFFC3BFC423416FC30" box="[936,1059,943,969]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="573">latrubessei</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
extends from the third to the sixth maxillary alveoli, while in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C12F79EFF8CFFFFFE5BFC3E321CFC15" baseAuthorityName="Spix" baseAuthorityYear="1825" box="[456,553,979,1005]" class="Reptilia" family="Alligatoridae" genus="Melanosuchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="12" pageNumber="573" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="niger">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966500FFF8CFFFFFE5BFC3E31EAFC15" box="[456,479,979,1004]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="573">M</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B966500FFF8CFFFFFE7DFC3E321CFC15" box="[494,553,979,1004]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="573">niger</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(including MCNC 243), despite the intraspecific variability and asymmetrical development in some pathological specimens, this contact keeps restricted between the second and the fourth maxillary alveoli, or even less (e.g., in some specimens, this contact extends from the third to the fifth maxillary alveoli); (4) the anterior process of the ectopterygoid in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C12F79EFF8CFFFFFD2EFBD33355FBA1" authorityName=", UFAC" authorityYear="2793" box="[701,864,1086,1112]" class="Reptilia" family="Alligatoridae" genus="Melanosuchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="12" pageNumber="573" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="latrubessei">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966500FFF8CFFFFFD2EFBD332E1FBAE" box="[701,724,1086,1111]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="573">M</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B966500FFF8CFFFFFD76FBD33355FBA1" box="[741,864,1086,1112]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="573">latrubessei</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is inclined medially, stretching for one maxillary alveolus (the twelfth), while for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C12F79EFF8CFFFFFD97FB8F3250FB82" baseAuthorityName="Spix" baseAuthorityYear="1825" box="[516,613,1122,1148]" class="Reptilia" family="Alligatoridae" genus="Melanosuchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="12" pageNumber="573" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="niger">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966500FFF8CFFFFFD97FB8F322EFB82" box="[516,539,1122,1147]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="573">M</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B966500FFF8CFFFFFDB9FB8F3250FB82" box="[554,613,1122,1147]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="573">niger</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(including MCNC 243), the anterior process is straighter and extends by two or three alveoli (reaching the twelfth/thirteenth maxillary alveoli); and, (5) despite the fact that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C12F79EFF8CFFFFFB68FB6835A9FB67" authorityName=", UFAC" authorityYear="2793" box="[1275,1436,1156,1183]" class="Reptilia" family="Alligatoridae" genus="Melanosuchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="12" pageNumber="573" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="latrubessei">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966500FFF8CFFFFFB68FB683527FB67" box="[1275,1298,1157,1182]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="573">M</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B966500FFF8CFFFFFAB2FB6935A9FB67" box="[1313,1436,1156,1182]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="573">latrubessei</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C12F79EFF8CFFFFFF5BFB44311FFB3B" baseAuthorityName="Spix" baseAuthorityYear="1825" box="[200,298,1193,1219]" class="Reptilia" family="Alligatoridae" genus="Melanosuchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="12" pageNumber="573" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="niger">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966500FFF8CFFFFFF5BFB4430EAFB3B" box="[200,223,1193,1218]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="573">M</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B966500FFF8CFFFFFF7CFB44311FFB3B" box="[239,298,1193,1218]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="573">niger</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
exhibit two rostral ridges in the rostrum, it is important to mention that in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C12F79EFF8CFFFFFB13FB443517FB3B" authorityName=", UFAC" authorityYear="2793" box="[1152,1314,1192,1219]" class="Reptilia" family="Alligatoridae" genus="Melanosuchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="12" pageNumber="573" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="latrubessei">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966500FFF8CFFFFFB13FB4434A2FB3B" box="[1152,1175,1193,1218]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="573">M</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B966500FFF8CFFFFFB34FB453517FB3B" box="[1191,1314,1192,1218]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="573">latrubessei</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
the rostral ridge 2 is developed and well-marked, being anteroposteriorly inclined, and completely composed by the maxilla without contacting the rostral ridge 1, while in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C12F79EFF8CFFFFFD39FB1D333EFAF0" baseAuthorityName="Spix" baseAuthorityYear="1825" box="[682,779,1263,1289]" class="Reptilia" family="Alligatoridae" genus="Melanosuchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="12" pageNumber="573" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="niger">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966500FFF8CFFFFFD39FB1D32F4FAF0" box="[682,705,1264,1289]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="573">M</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B966500FFF8CFFFFFD43FB1D333EFAF0" box="[720,779,1264,1289]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="573">niger</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(including MCNC 243), the rostral ridge 2 is located over or very close to the premaxilla-maxilla suture, extending from the dorsal surface until reaching the ventral margin of the aforementioned suture, being this ridge connected with the rostral ridge 2 (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13299098FF8CFFFFFBB0FADB34B0FAA9" box="[1059,1157,1334,1360]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="14.[151,250,1389,1413]" captionTargetBox="[161,1428,190,1357]" captionTargetId="figure-20@14.[151,1436,181,1366]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURE 8. Melanosuchus niger UFAC R-203 in anterolateral view. (A) Original specimen; (B) Schematic draw elucidating the presence and positioning of the rostral ridges. Anatomical abbreviations: l, lacrimal; EN, external nares; ITF, infratemporal fenestra; J, jugal; pmx, premaxilla; mx, maxilla; n, nasal; nc, narial crest; O, orbit; rd1, rostral ridge 1; rd2, rostral ridge 2. Scale bar = 20mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4316794" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4316794/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="573">Figure 8</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BAD8C1DFF8CFFFFFF54FAB434D1F9F8" blockId="12.[151,1437,151,2036]" pageId="12" pageNumber="573">
|
||
All studied specimens (see
|
||
<tableCitation id="C690B9A6FF8CFFFFFD90FAB43263FA8A" box="[515,598,1369,1395]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="4.[151,239,332,356]" captionText="TABLE 1. List of Jacarea (at least a priori) specimens from extant and fossil species used for comparisons. Legends: (?), dubious identification; *, holotype; bold, specimens personally studied; underlined, specimens studied by photos/ bibliography." pageId="12" pageNumber="573">Table 1</tableCitation>
|
||
) present a similar pattern of ornamentation, with irregular, but generally round and well-marked pits along the entirely dorsal surface of the rostrum. However, only in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C12F79EFF8CFFFFFB59FA933559FA6E" authorityName=", UFAC" authorityYear="2793" box="[1226,1388,1405,1431]" class="Reptilia" family="Alligatoridae" genus="Melanosuchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="12" pageNumber="573" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="latrubessei">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966500FFF8CFFFFFB59FA9334D4FA6E" box="[1226,1249,1406,1431]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="573">M</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B966500FFF8CFFFFFB62FA903559FA6E" box="[1265,1388,1405,1431]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="573">latrubessei</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
this bone ornamentation does not reach the margins of the external nares (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13299098FF8CFFFFFC30FA4D3433FA43" box="[931,1030,1440,1466]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1932,1956]" captionTargetBox="[158,1429,857,1900]" captionTargetId="figure-181@6.[151,1436,849,1909]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 2. Melanosuchus latrubessei UFAC 2793 in dorsal view. (A) UFAC 2793 fossil specimen; and (B) Schematic draw. Anatomical abbreviations: if, incisive foramen; EN, external nares; J, jugal; pmx, premaxilla; mx, maxilla; n, nasal; rd1, rostral ridge 1; rd2, rostral ridge 2. Scale bar = 20mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4316780" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4316780/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="573">Figure 2</figureCitation>
|
||
). Though fragmented, the preserved portion of the external nares in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C12F79EFF8CFFFFFE65FA2832A2FA27" authorityName=", UFAC" authorityYear="2793" box="[502,663,1476,1502]" class="Reptilia" family="Alligatoridae" genus="Melanosuchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="12" pageNumber="573" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="latrubessei">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966500FFF8CFFFFFE65FA2832A2FA27" box="[502,663,1476,1502]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="573">M. latrubessei</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
enables to infer a circular or keyhole-shaped format, as stated earlier (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13299098FF8CFFFFFF0CFA0A3134F9F8" box="[159,257,1511,1537]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1932,1956]" captionTargetBox="[158,1429,857,1900]" captionTargetId="figure-181@6.[151,1436,849,1909]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 2. Melanosuchus latrubessei UFAC 2793 in dorsal view. (A) UFAC 2793 fossil specimen; and (B) Schematic draw. Anatomical abbreviations: if, incisive foramen; EN, external nares; J, jugal; pmx, premaxilla; mx, maxilla; n, nasal; rd1, rostral ridge 1; rd2, rostral ridge 2. Scale bar = 20mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4316780" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4316780/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="573">Figure 2</figureCitation>
|
||
); this condition (character83[0]) is shared with all other studied specimens (see
|
||
<tableCitation id="C690B9A6FF8CFFFFFB12FA0A34E6F9F8" box="[1153,1235,1511,1537]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="4.[151,239,332,356]" captionText="TABLE 1. List of Jacarea (at least a priori) specimens from extant and fossil species used for comparisons. Legends: (?), dubious identification; *, holotype; bold, specimens personally studied; underlined, specimens studied by photos/ bibliography." pageId="12" pageNumber="573">Table 1</tableCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BAD8C1DFF8CFFFFFF54F9E6321CF8E4" blockId="12.[151,1437,151,2036]" pageId="12" pageNumber="573">
|
||
The incisive foramen is only partially preserved in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C12F79EFF8CFFFFFC84F9E6338CF9DC" authorityName=", UFAC" authorityYear="2793" box="[791,953,1547,1573]" class="Reptilia" family="Alligatoridae" genus="Melanosuchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="12" pageNumber="573" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="latrubessei">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966500FFF8CFFFFFC84F9E6338CF9DC" box="[791,953,1547,1573]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="573">M. latrubessei</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="13299098FF8CFFFFFC59F9E6341BF9DC" box="[970,1070,1547,1573]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1190,1214]" captionTargetBox="[158,1432,185,1158]" captionTargetId="figure-18@7.[151,1436,181,1166]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 3. Melanosuchus latrubessei UFAC 2793 in ventral view. (A) UFAC 2793 fossil specimen; and (B) Schematic draw. Anatomical abbreviations: 4th, fourth maxillary alveolus; 4th dm, tooth mark from fourth dentary; 12th, twelfth maxillary alveolus; ect, ectopterygoid; if, incisive foramen; pmx, premaxilla; mx-pl, suture between maxillary and palatine; mx, maxilla; sof, suborbital (palatine) fenestrae. Scale bar = 20mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4316782" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4316782/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="573">Figure 3</figureCitation>
|
||
), but since the lateral margin is well-preserved, based on the maximum curvature, it is possible to stipulate the anterior and posterior limits of the incisive foramen. In this scenario, the incisive foramen occupies less than half of the premaxillae maximum length (88[0]). The same condition is seen in other studied specimens, with exception of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C12F79EFF8CFFFFFBBEF998353BF976" box="[1069,1294,1653,1679]" class="Reptilia" family="Alligatoridae" genus="Caiman" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="12" pageNumber="573" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="brevirostris">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966500FFF8CFFFFFBBEF998353BF976" box="[1069,1294,1653,1679]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="573">Caiman brevirostris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C12F79EFF8CFFFFFAD7F9983243F94A" authority="Salas-Gismondi et al. 2015" authorityName="Salas-Gismondi" authorityYear="2015" class="Reptilia" family="Alligatoridae" genus="Caiman" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="12" pageNumber="573" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="wannlangstoni">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966500FFF8CFFFFFAD7F9983109F94B" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="573">Caiman wannlangstoni</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF83F1ECFF8CFFFFFED0F9753243F94A" author="Salas-Gismondi, R. & Flynn, J. J. & Baby, P. & Tejada-Lara, J. V. & Wesselingh, F. P. & Antoine, P. - O." box="[323,630,1688,1715]" pageId="12" pageNumber="573" pagination="20142490" refId="ref25970" refString="Salas-Gismondi, R., Flynn, J. J., Baby, P., Tejada-Lara, J. V., Wesselingh, F. P. & Antoine, P. - O. (2015) A Miocene hyperdiverse crocodilian community reveals peculiar trophic dynamics in proto-Amazonian mega wetlands. Proceedings of the Royal Society, 282 (1804), 20142490. https: // doi. org / 10.1098 / rspb. 2014.2490" type="journal article" year="2015">
|
||
Salas-Gismondi
|
||
<emphasis id="B966500FFF8CFFFFFE6EF9743200F94B" box="[509,565,1688,1714]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="573">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2015
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, which do not have this portion preserved. Regarding the location of the incisive foramen, in relation to the premaxillary toothrow, it is inconclusive to assert that in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C12F79EFF8CFFFFFB01F9503504F92F" authorityName=", UFAC" authorityYear="2793" box="[1170,1329,1724,1751]" class="Reptilia" family="Alligatoridae" genus="Melanosuchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="12" pageNumber="573" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="latrubessei">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966500FFF8CFFFFFB01F950349CF92F" box="[1170,1193,1725,1750]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="573">M</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B966500FFF8CFFFFFB25F9513504F92F" box="[1206,1329,1724,1750]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="573">latrubessei</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
this foramen protrudes between the first premaxillary alveoli, as can be seen in the fossil specimen UCMP 39978 and in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C12F79EFF8CFFFFFAEDF90D30E7F8E4" baseAuthorityName="Spix" baseAuthorityYear="1825" class="Reptilia" family="Alligatoridae" genus="Melanosuchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="12" pageNumber="573" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="niger">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966500FFF8CFFFFFAEDF90D35A0F900" box="[1406,1429,1760,1785]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="573">M</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B966500FFF8CFFFFFF04F8E930E7F8E4" box="[151,210,1796,1821]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="573">niger</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, as well as in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C12F79EFF8CFFFFFEE2F8EE31FFF8E4" baseAuthorityName="Poe" baseAuthorityYear="1996" box="[369,458,1795,1821]" class="Reptilia" family="Alligatoridae" genus="Caiman" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="12" pageNumber="573" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966500FFF8CFFFFFEE2F8EE31FFF8E4" box="[369,458,1795,1821]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="573">Caiman</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BAD8C1DFF8CFFFFFF54F8CB3504F80D" blockId="12.[151,1437,151,2036]" pageId="12" pageNumber="573">
|
||
The anterior limit of the suborbital fenestra in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C12F79EFF8CFFFFFD5DF8CA335BF8B9" authorityName=", UFAC" authorityYear="2793" box="[718,878,1830,1856]" class="Reptilia" family="Alligatoridae" genus="Melanosuchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="12" pageNumber="573" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="latrubessei">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966500FFF8CFFFFFD5DF8CA335BF8B9" box="[718,878,1830,1856]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="573">M. latrubessei</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is located between the eighth and ninth maxillary alveoli, similar to observed in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C12F79EFF8CFFFFFE7EF8A733B0F89C" authority="(Linnaeus 1758)" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[493,901,1866,1893]" class="Reptilia" family="Alligatoridae" genus="Caiman" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="12" pageNumber="573" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="crocodilus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966500FFF8CFFFFFE7EF8A732F7F89D" box="[493,706,1866,1892]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="573">Caiman crocodilus</emphasis>
|
||
(Linnaeus 1758)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C12F79EFF8CFFFFFC02F8A73539F89D" authority="(Daudin 1802)" baseAuthorityName="Daudin" baseAuthorityYear="1802" box="[913,1292,1866,1892]" class="Reptilia" family="Alligatoridae" genus="Caiman" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="12" pageNumber="573" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="latirostris">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966500FFF8CFFFFFC02F8A7346BF89D" box="[913,1118,1866,1892]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="573">Caiman latirostris</emphasis>
|
||
(Daudin 1802)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C12F79EFF8CFFFFFA8BF8A73141F871" authority="(Daudin 1802)" baseAuthorityName="Daudin" baseAuthorityYear="1802" class="Reptilia" family="Alligatoridae" genus="Caiman" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="12" pageNumber="573" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="yacare">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966500FFF8CFFFFFA8BF8A730FDF871" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="573">Caiman yacare</emphasis>
|
||
(Daudin 1802)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C12F79EFF8CFFFFFEEDF88231EBF871" baseAuthorityName="Spix" baseAuthorityYear="1825" box="[382,478,1902,1928]" class="Reptilia" family="Alligatoridae" genus="Melanosuchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="12" pageNumber="573" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="niger">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966500FFF8CFFFFFEEDF88231A0F871" box="[382,405,1903,1928]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="573">M</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B966500FFF8CFFFFFE30F88231EBF871" box="[419,478,1903,1928]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="573">niger</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and UCMP 39978. As it was already mentioned, the suborbital fenestra in MCNC 243 (former
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C12F79EFF8CFFFFFF66F87E3156F855" authorityName="Medina" authorityYear="1976" box="[245,355,1938,1964]" class="Reptilia" family="Alligatoridae" genus="Melanosuchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="12" pageNumber="573" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fisheri">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966500FFF8CFFFFFF66F87E3139F855" box="[245,268,1939,1964]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="573">M</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B966500FFF8CFFFFFE88F87F3156F855" box="[283,355,1938,1964]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="573">fisheri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) reaches the space between the ninth and the tenth alveoli. The lateral margin of the suborbital fenestra comprised by the maxillary process is linear in all studied specimens (111[0];
|
||
<tableCitation id="C690B9A6FF8CFFFFFBF8F85B3488F829" box="[1131,1213,1974,2000]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="4.[151,239,332,356]" captionText="TABLE 1. List of Jacarea (at least a priori) specimens from extant and fossil species used for comparisons. Legends: (?), dubious identification; *, holotype; bold, specimens personally studied; underlined, specimens studied by photos/ bibliography." pageId="12" pageNumber="573">Table 1</tableCitation>
|
||
), with exception of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C12F79EFF8CFFFFFF04F837314DF80D" box="[151,376,2010,2036]" class="Reptilia" family="Alligatoridae" genus="Caiman" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="12" pageNumber="573" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="brevirostris">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966500FFF8CFFFFFF04F837314DF80D" box="[151,376,2010,2036]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="573">Caiman brevirostris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C12F79EFF8CFFFFFE3DF83732B9F80D" authorityName="Bona & Carabajal" authorityYear="2013" box="[430,652,2010,2036]" class="Reptilia" family="Alligatoridae" genus="Caiman" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="12" pageNumber="573" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gasparinae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966500FFF8CFFFFFE3DF83732B9F80D" box="[430,652,2010,2036]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="573">Caiman gasparinae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF83F1ECFF8CFFFFFD00F83733AAF80D" author="Bona, P. & Carabajal, A. P." box="[659,927,2010,2036]" pageId="12" pageNumber="573" pagination="462 - 473" refId="ref20747" refString="Bona, P. & Carabajal, A. P. (2013) Caiman gasparinae sp. nov., a huge alligatorid (Caimaninae) from the late Miocene of Parana, Argentina. Alcheringa, 37 (4), 462 - 473. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 03115518.2013.785335" type="journal article" year="2013">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F305CC8DFF8CFFFFFD00F83732FBF80D" box="[659,718,2010,2036]" name="Algeria" pageId="12" pageNumber="573">Bona</collectingCountry>
|
||
& Carabajal 2013
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, which do not preserve this portion.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF6DDC95FF8DFFFEFF04F93B3410F812" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4316792" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4316792" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4316792/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="574" startId="13.[151,250,1750,1774]" targetBox="[151,1436,190,1716]" targetPageId="13">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BAD8C1DFF8DFFFEFF04F93B3410F812" blockId="13.[151,1437,1750,2027]" pageId="13" pageNumber="574">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966500FFF8DFFFEFF04F93B3123F916" bold="true" box="[151,278,1750,1775]" pageId="13" pageNumber="574">FIGURE 7.</emphasis>
|
||
The vomer anatomy of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C12F79EFF8DFFFEFD88F93A32D9F917" baseAuthorityName="Spix" baseAuthorityYear="1825" box="[539,748,1751,1775]" class="Reptilia" family="Alligatoridae" genus="Melanosuchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="13" pageNumber="574" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="niger">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966500FFF8DFFFEFD88F93A32D9F917" box="[539,748,1751,1775]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="574">Melanosuchus niger</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
specimens (UFAC R-136 and UFAC R-203) in comparison with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C12F79EFF8DFFFEFF04F91631ADF8EA" baseAuthorityName="Cuvier" baseAuthorityYear="1807" box="[151,408,1787,1811]" class="Reptilia" family="Alligatoridae" genus="Paleosuchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="13" pageNumber="574" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="palpebrosus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966500FFF8DFFFEFF04F91631ADF8EA" box="[151,408,1787,1811]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="574">Paleosuchus palpebrosus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
specimen (UFAC R-215). (A) Anterodorsal view of the inside of external nares, in red, the articulated vomer in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C12F79EFF8DFFFEFF68F8F231FFF8CF" baseAuthorityName="Spix" baseAuthorityYear="1825" box="[251,458,1823,1847]" class="Reptilia" family="Alligatoridae" genus="Melanosuchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="13" pageNumber="574" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="niger">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966500FFF8DFFFEFF68F8F231FFF8CF" box="[251,458,1823,1847]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="574">Melanosuchus niger</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(UFAC R-136); (B) Schematic draw of figure A; (C) Medial view of right rostrum of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C12F79EFF8DFFFEFAD5F8F2312CF8A3" baseAuthorityName="Spix" baseAuthorityYear="1825" class="Reptilia" family="Alligatoridae" genus="Melanosuchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="13" pageNumber="574" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="niger">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966500FFF8DFFFEFAD5F8F2312CF8A3" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="574">Melanosuchus niger</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(UFAC R-203) highlighting the contacts of vomer with premaxilla and maxilla after the bone removal; and (D)
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C12F79EFF8DFFFEFF04F88A31AFF886" baseAuthorityName="Cuvier" baseAuthorityYear="1807" box="[151,410,1895,1919]" class="Reptilia" family="Alligatoridae" genus="Paleosuchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="13" pageNumber="574" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="palpebrosus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966500FFF8DFFFEFF04F88A31AFF886" box="[151,410,1895,1919]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="574">Paleosuchus palpebrosus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
specimen (UFAC R-215) illustrating an example where the vomer is fused with other bones. Dark lines mark bone limits and sutures. Anatomical abbreviations:
|
||
<emphasis id="B966500FFF8DFFFEFC94F8673323F85B" bold="true" box="[775,790,1930,1954]" pageId="13" pageNumber="574">if</emphasis>
|
||
, incisive foramen;
|
||
<emphasis id="B966500FFF8DFFFEFC44F86633CFF85A" bold="true" box="[983,1018,1931,1955]" pageId="13" pageNumber="574">EN</emphasis>
|
||
, external nares;
|
||
<emphasis id="B966500FFF8DFFFEFB0CF86634CCF85A" bold="true" box="[1183,1273,1931,1955]" pageId="13" pageNumber="574">pmx-mx</emphasis>
|
||
, suture between premaxillary and maxillary;
|
||
<emphasis id="B966500FFF8DFFFEFE24F84231C9F83E" bold="true" box="[439,508,1967,1991]" pageId="13" pageNumber="574">pmx-v</emphasis>
|
||
, suture between premaxilla and vomer;
|
||
<emphasis id="B966500FFF8DFFFEFC01F84233F7F83E" bold="true" box="[914,962,1967,1991]" pageId="13" pageNumber="574">pmx</emphasis>
|
||
, premaxilla;
|
||
<emphasis id="B966500FFF8DFFFEFBD4F84234A6F83E" bold="true" box="[1095,1171,1967,1991]" pageId="13" pageNumber="574">mx-mx</emphasis>
|
||
, suture between maxillae;
|
||
<emphasis id="B966500FFF8DFFFEFF04F83E30FBF812" bold="true" box="[151,206,2003,2027]" pageId="13" pageNumber="574">mx-v</emphasis>
|
||
, suture between maxillary and vomer;
|
||
<emphasis id="B966500FFF8DFFFEFDC9F83E3249F812" bold="true" box="[602,636,2003,2027]" pageId="13" pageNumber="574">mx</emphasis>
|
||
, maxilla;
|
||
<emphasis id="B966500FFF8DFFFEFD71F83E32C5F812" bold="true" box="[738,752,2003,2027]" pageId="13" pageNumber="574">n</emphasis>
|
||
, nasal;
|
||
<emphasis id="B966500FFF8DFFFEFCADF83E337EF812" bold="true" box="[830,843,2003,2027]" pageId="13" pageNumber="574">v</emphasis>
|
||
, vomer. Out of scale.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="DF6DDC95FF8EFFFDFF04FA80316DFA0B" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4316794" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4316794" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4316794/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="575" startId="14.[151,250,1389,1413]" targetBox="[161,1428,190,1357]" targetPageId="14">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BAD8C1DFF8EFFFDFF04FA80316DFA0B" blockId="14.[151,1437,1389,1522]" pageId="14" pageNumber="575">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966500FFF8EFFFDFF04FA803121FA7F" bold="true" box="[151,276,1389,1414]" pageId="14" pageNumber="575">FIGURE 8.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C12F79EFF8EFFFDFE8FFA833200FA7F" authority="UFAC" authorityName="UFAC" box="[284,565,1390,1414]" class="Reptilia" family="Alligatoridae" genus="Melanosuchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="14" pageNumber="575" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="niger">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966500FFF8EFFFDFE8FFA8331DEFA7C" box="[284,491,1390,1414]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="575">Melanosuchus niger</emphasis>
|
||
UFAC
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
R-203 in anterolateral view. (A) Original specimen; (B) Schematic draw elucidating the presence and positioning of the rostral ridges. Anatomical abbreviations:
|
||
<emphasis id="B966500FFF8EFFFDFC0CFA7F3393FA53" bold="true" box="[927,934,1426,1450]" pageId="14" pageNumber="575">l</emphasis>
|
||
, lacrimal;
|
||
<emphasis id="B966500FFF8EFFFDFB81FA7F3400FA53" bold="true" box="[1042,1077,1426,1450]" pageId="14" pageNumber="575">EN</emphasis>
|
||
, external nares;
|
||
<emphasis id="B966500FFF8EFFFDFB4FFA7F3533FA53" bold="true" box="[1244,1286,1426,1450]" pageId="14" pageNumber="575">ITF</emphasis>
|
||
, infratemporal fenestra;
|
||
<emphasis id="B966500FFF8EFFFDFF65FA5B3136FA37" bold="true" box="[246,259,1462,1486]" pageId="14" pageNumber="575">J</emphasis>
|
||
, jugal;
|
||
<emphasis id="B966500FFF8EFFFDFEC1FA5B31B7FA37" bold="true" box="[338,386,1462,1486]" pageId="14" pageNumber="575">pmx</emphasis>
|
||
, premaxilla;
|
||
<emphasis id="B966500FFF8EFFFDFD98FA5B3218FA37" bold="true" box="[523,557,1462,1486]" pageId="14" pageNumber="575">mx</emphasis>
|
||
, maxilla;
|
||
<emphasis id="B966500FFF8EFFFDFD05FA5B3291FA37" bold="true" box="[662,676,1462,1486]" pageId="14" pageNumber="575">n</emphasis>
|
||
, nasal;
|
||
<emphasis id="B966500FFF8EFFFDFD66FA5B333BFA37" bold="true" box="[757,782,1462,1486]" pageId="14" pageNumber="575">nc</emphasis>
|
||
, narial crest;
|
||
<emphasis id="B966500FFF8EFFFDFC0EFA583384FA34" bold="true" box="[925,945,1461,1485]" pageId="14" pageNumber="575">O</emphasis>
|
||
, orbit;
|
||
<emphasis id="B966500FFF8EFFFDFC6EFA5B3416FA37" bold="true" box="[1021,1059,1462,1486]" pageId="14" pageNumber="575">rd1</emphasis>
|
||
, rostral ridge 1;
|
||
<emphasis id="B966500FFF8EFFFDFB42FA5B34C3FA37" bold="true" box="[1233,1270,1462,1486]" pageId="14" pageNumber="575">rd2</emphasis>
|
||
, rostral ridge 2. Scale bar = 20mm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BAD8C1DFF8EFFFDFF54F9CD31B4F917" blockId="14.[151,1436,1568,2027]" pageId="14" pageNumber="575">
|
||
The premaxilla exhibits, in dorsal view, two symmetrical posterior wedge-shaped processes that extend through three maxillary alveoli in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C12F79EFF8EFFFDFE29F9A932A9F9A7" box="[442,668,1604,1630]" class="Reptilia" family="Alligatoridae" genus="Caiman" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="14" pageNumber="575" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="brevirostris">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966500FFF8EFFFDFE29F9A932A9F9A7" box="[442,668,1604,1630]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="575">Caiman brevirostris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C12F79EFF8EFFFDFD39F9A93375F9A7" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[682,832,1604,1630]" class="Reptilia" family="Alligatoridae" genus="Caiman" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="14" pageNumber="575" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="crocodilus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966500FFF8EFFFDFD39F9A93288F9A7" box="[682,701,1604,1630]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="575">C</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B966500FFF8EFFFDFD58F9A93375F9A7" box="[715,832,1604,1630]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="575">crocodilus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C12F79EFF8EFFFDFCDCF9A933E8F9A7" baseAuthorityName="Daudin" baseAuthorityYear="1802" box="[847,989,1604,1630]" class="Reptilia" family="Alligatoridae" genus="Caiman" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="14" pageNumber="575" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="latirostris">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966500FFF8EFFFDFCDCF9A93357F9A7" box="[847,866,1604,1630]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="575">C</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B966500FFF8EFFFDFCE3F9A933E8F9A7" box="[880,989,1604,1630]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="575">latirostris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C12F79EFF8EFFFDFC7FF9A9346DF9A7" baseAuthorityName="Daudin" baseAuthorityYear="1802" box="[1004,1112,1604,1630]" class="Reptilia" family="Alligatoridae" genus="Caiman" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="14" pageNumber="575" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="yacare">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966500FFF8EFFFDFC7FF9A933CAF9A7" box="[1004,1023,1604,1630]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="575">C</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B966500FFF8EFFFDFB9EF9A8346DF9A7" box="[1037,1112,1605,1630]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="575">yacare</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C12F79EFF8EFFFDFBF4F9A834FDF9A7" box="[1127,1224,1605,1630]" class="Reptilia" family="Alligatoridae" genus="Melanosuchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="14" pageNumber="575" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="niger">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966500FFF8EFFFDFBF4F9A834FDF9A7" box="[1127,1224,1605,1630]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="575">M. niger</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(including MCNC 243),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C12F79EFF8EFFFDFF44F9843143F97B" authorityName=", UFAC" authorityYear="2793" box="[215,374,1640,1666]" class="Reptilia" family="Alligatoridae" genus="Melanosuchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="14" pageNumber="575" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="latrubessei">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966500FFF8EFFFDFF44F98430DBF97B" box="[215,238,1641,1666]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="575">M</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B966500FFF8EFFFDFF68F9853143F97B" box="[251,374,1640,1666]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="575">latrubessei</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and UCMP 39978, in contrast to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C12F79EFF8EFFFDFD74F98533B0F97B" authorityName="Bona & Carabajal" authorityYear="2013" box="[743,901,1640,1666]" class="Reptilia" family="Alligatoridae" genus="Caiman" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="14" pageNumber="575" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gasparinae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966500FFF8EFFFDFD74F98532CFF97B" box="[743,762,1640,1666]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="575">C</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B966500FFF8EFFFDFC94F98433B0F97B" box="[775,901,1641,1666]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="575">gasparinae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, in which this projection does not surpass posteriorly any of that maxillary alveoli, being almost lateromedially straight. In ventral view, all specimens studied have the posterior premaxillary process restricted to the level of the first maxillary alveoli. Both conditions are unknown in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C12F79EFF8EFFFDFF27F939314FF917" box="[180,378,1748,1774]" class="Reptilia" family="Alligatoridae" genus="Caiman" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="14" pageNumber="575" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="wannlangstoni">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966500FFF8EFFFDFF27F93930F2F917" box="[180,199,1748,1774]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="575">C</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B966500FFF8EFFFDFF46F939314FF917" box="[213,378,1748,1774]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="575">wannlangstoni</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BAD8C1DFF8EFFFDFF54F91534DAF85B" blockId="14.[151,1436,1568,2027]" pageId="14" pageNumber="575">
|
||
The nasal bones contact the posterior border of the external nares, but do not bisect it (82[1]), as seen in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C12F79EFF8EFFFDFAF9F915317AF8CF" class="Reptilia" family="Alligatoridae" genus="Caiman" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="14" pageNumber="575" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="brevirostris">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966500FFF8EFFFDFAF9F915317AF8CF" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="575">Caiman brevirostris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C12F79EFF8EFFFDFECEF8F131C7F8CF" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[349,498,1820,1846]" class="Reptilia" family="Alligatoridae" genus="Caiman" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="14" pageNumber="575" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="crocodilus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966500FFF8EFFFDFECEF8F13145F8CF" box="[349,368,1820,1846]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="575">C</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B966500FFF8EFFFDFEEEF8F131C7F8CF" box="[381,498,1820,1846]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="575">crocodilus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C12F79EFF8EFFFDFD93F8F132BBF8CF" baseAuthorityName="Daudin" baseAuthorityYear="1802" box="[512,654,1820,1846]" class="Reptilia" family="Alligatoridae" genus="Caiman" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="14" pageNumber="575" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="latirostris">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966500FFF8EFFFDFD93F8F13226F8CF" box="[512,531,1820,1846]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="575">C</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B966500FFF8EFFFDFDB2F8F132BBF8CF" box="[545,654,1820,1846]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="575">latirostris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C12F79EFF8EFFFDFD0FF8F13357F8CF" box="[668,866,1820,1846]" class="Reptilia" family="Alligatoridae" genus="Caiman" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="14" pageNumber="575" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="wannlangstoni">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966500FFF8EFFFDFD0FF8F1329AF8CF" box="[668,687,1820,1846]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="575">C</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B966500FFF8EFFFDFD2EF8F13357F8CF" box="[701,866,1820,1846]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="575">wannlangstoni</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C12F79EFF8EFFFDFCE3F8F133EEF8CF" baseAuthorityName="Daudin" baseAuthorityYear="1802" box="[880,987,1820,1846]" class="Reptilia" family="Alligatoridae" genus="Caiman" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="14" pageNumber="575" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="yacare">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966500FFF8EFFFDFCE3F8F133B6F8CF" box="[880,899,1820,1846]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="575">C</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B966500FFF8EFFFDFC03F8F033EEF8CF" box="[912,987,1821,1846]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="575">yacare</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C12F79EFF8EFFFDFB8AF8F0344CF8CF" box="[1049,1145,1821,1846]" class="Reptilia" family="Alligatoridae" genus="Melanosuchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="14" pageNumber="575" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="niger">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966500FFF8EFFFDFB8AF8F0344CF8CF" box="[1049,1145,1821,1846]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="575">M. niger</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(at least some specimens, including MCNC 243), contrasting with the observed in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C12F79EFF8EFFFDFC86F8AD3381F8A3" authorityName="Bona & Carabajal" authorityYear="2013" box="[789,948,1856,1882]" class="Reptilia" family="Alligatoridae" genus="Caiman" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="14" pageNumber="575" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gasparinae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966500FFF8EFFFDFC86F8AD331DF8A3" box="[789,808,1856,1882]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="575">C</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B966500FFF8EFFFDFCA5F8AC3381F8A3" box="[822,948,1857,1882]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="575">gasparinae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C12F79EFF8EFFFDFC7FF8AC34B8F8A3" authorityName=", UFAC" authorityYear="2793" box="[1004,1165,1856,1882]" class="Reptilia" family="Alligatoridae" genus="Melanosuchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="14" pageNumber="575" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="latrubessei">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966500FFF8EFFFDFC7FF8AC3436F8A3" box="[1004,1027,1857,1882]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="575">M</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B966500FFF8EFFFDFB81F8AD34B8F8A3" box="[1042,1165,1856,1882]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="575">latrubessei</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, in which the nasals are posteriorly retracted (at least externally) from the external nares, with the premaxillae contacting laterally in the medial line of the dorsal surface (82[2]). This condition is unknown in the UCMP 39978 specimen.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BAD8C1DFF8EFFFCFF54F8413216FF2C" blockId="14.[151,1436,1568,2027]" lastBlockId="15.[151,1437,151,1941]" lastPageId="15" lastPageNumber="576" pageId="14" pageNumber="575">
|
||
All studied specimens (
|
||
<tableCitation id="C690B9A6FF8EFFFDFE5FF8413215F83F" box="[460,544,1964,1990]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="4.[151,239,332,356]" captionText="TABLE 1. List of Jacarea (at least a priori) specimens from extant and fossil species used for comparisons. Legends: (?), dubious identification; *, holotype; bold, specimens personally studied; underlined, specimens studied by photos/ bibliography." pageId="14" pageNumber="575">Table 1</tableCitation>
|
||
), with exception of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C12F79EFF8EFFFDFC91F8413432F83F" box="[770,1031,1964,1990]" class="Reptilia" family="Alligatoridae" genus="Caiman" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="14" pageNumber="575" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="wannlangstoni">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966500FFF8EFFFDFC91F8413432F83F" box="[770,1031,1964,1990]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="575">Caiman wannlangstoni</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(that does not have this portion preserved), have the fourth dentary tooth leaving an occlusion pit in the format of a deep excavation, located between the last premaxillary and first maxillary alveoli, in the contact between these two bones. A similar condition is observed in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C12F79EFF8FFFFCFE97FF563191FF2C" authorityName=", UFAC" authorityYear="2793" box="[260,420,187,213]" class="Reptilia" family="Alligatoridae" genus="Melanosuchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="15" pageNumber="576" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="latrubessei">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966500FFF8FFFFCFE97FF563191FF2C" box="[260,420,187,213]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="576">M. latrubessei</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="13299098FF8FFFFCFE20FF563220FF2C" box="[435,533,187,213]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1190,1214]" captionTargetBox="[158,1432,185,1158]" captionTargetId="figure-18@7.[151,1436,181,1166]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 3. Melanosuchus latrubessei UFAC 2793 in ventral view. (A) UFAC 2793 fossil specimen; and (B) Schematic draw. Anatomical abbreviations: 4th, fourth maxillary alveolus; 4th dm, tooth mark from fourth dentary; 12th, twelfth maxillary alveolus; ect, ectopterygoid; if, incisive foramen; pmx, premaxilla; mx-pl, suture between maxillary and palatine; mx, maxilla; sof, suborbital (palatine) fenestrae. Scale bar = 20mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4316782" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4316782/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="576">Figure 3</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BAD8C1DFF8FFFFCFF54FF323129FE28" blockId="15.[151,1437,151,1941]" pageId="15" pageNumber="576">
|
||
The anterior extension of the wedge-shaped ectopterygoid process lateral to the toothrow is quite variable in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C12F79EFF8FFFFCFF04FEEE3128FEE4" authorityName="Brochu" authorityYear="1999" box="[151,285,259,285]" class="Reptilia" family="Alligatoridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="15" pageNumber="576" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Caimaninae">Caimaninae</taxonomicName>
|
||
species. In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C12F79EFF8FFFFCFE37FEEE3273FEE4" authorityName=", UFAC" authorityYear="2793" box="[420,582,259,285]" class="Reptilia" family="Alligatoridae" genus="Melanosuchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="15" pageNumber="576" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="latrubessei">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966500FFF8FFFFCFE37FEEE3273FEE4" box="[420,582,259,285]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="576">M. latrubessei</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
this process is inclined medially and extends for only one maxillary alveolus, while in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C12F79EFF8FFFFCFEB9FECA31BEFEB9" box="[298,395,295,321]" class="Reptilia" family="Alligatoridae" genus="Melanosuchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="15" pageNumber="576" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="niger">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966500FFF8FFFFCFEB9FECA3174FEB9" box="[298,321,295,320]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="576">M</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B966500FFF8FFFFCFEC3FECA31BEFEB9" box="[336,395,295,320]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="576">niger</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(unknown in MCNC 243), the process is straighter and extends along the two or three most posterior maxillary alveoli. There are some species with an anterior process of the ectopterygoid elongated, that extends for three maxillary alveoli, such as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C12F79EFF8FFFFCFD1DFE823368FE70" baseAuthorityName="Daudin" baseAuthorityYear="1802" box="[654,861,367,393]" class="Reptilia" family="Alligatoridae" genus="Caiman" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="15" pageNumber="576" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="latirostris">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966500FFF8FFFFCFD1DFE823368FE70" box="[654,861,367,393]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="576">Caiman latirostris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C12F79EFF8FFFFCFCFEFE823400FE70" box="[877,1077,367,393]" class="Reptilia" family="Alligatoridae" genus="Caiman" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="15" pageNumber="576" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="wannlangstoni">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966500FFF8FFFFCFCFEFE8233B5FE70" box="[877,896,367,393]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="576">C</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B966500FFF8FFFFCFC03FE823400FE70" box="[912,1077,367,393]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="576">wannlangstoni</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and UCMP 39978, or even for four maxillary alveoli, such as in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C12F79EFF8FFFFCFD83FE7E329FFE54" authorityName="Lehr" authorityYear="2002" box="[528,682,403,429]" class="Reptilia" family="Alligatoridae" genus="Caiman" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="15" pageNumber="576" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="crocodylus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966500FFF8FFFFCFD83FE7E3216FE54" box="[528,547,403,429]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="576">C</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B966500FFF8FFFFCFDA3FE7E329FFE54" box="[560,682,403,429]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="576">crocodylus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C12F79EFF8FFFFCFD72FE7E3378FE55" baseAuthorityName="Daudin" baseAuthorityYear="1802" box="[737,845,403,429]" class="Reptilia" family="Alligatoridae" genus="Caiman" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="15" pageNumber="576" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="yacare">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966500FFF8FFFFCFD72FE7E32C1FE54" box="[737,756,403,429]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="576">C</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B966500FFF8FFFFCFC91FE7E3378FE55" box="[770,845,403,428]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="576">yacare</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. This condition is unknown in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C12F79EFF8FFFFCFB39FE7E3579FE54" box="[1194,1356,403,429]" class="Reptilia" family="Alligatoridae" genus="Caiman" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="15" pageNumber="576" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="brevirostris">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966500FFF8FFFFCFB39FE7E3488FE54" box="[1194,1213,403,429]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="576">C</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B966500FFF8FFFFCFB58FE7E3579FE54" box="[1227,1356,403,429]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="576">brevirostris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C12F79EFF8FFFFCFA10FE7E3120FE29" authorityName="Bona & Carabajal" authorityYear="2013" class="Reptilia" family="Alligatoridae" genus="Caiman" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="15" pageNumber="576" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gasparinae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966500FFF8FFFFCFA10FE7E35A3FE54" box="[1411,1430,403,429]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="576">C</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B966500FFF8FFFFCFF04FE5A3120FE29" box="[151,277,439,464]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="576">gasparinae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BAD8C1DFF8FFFFCFF54FE3632F0FD50" blockId="15.[151,1437,151,1941]" pageId="15" pageNumber="576">
|
||
The species that do not exhibit an exposed vomer, such as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C12F79EFF8FFFFCFCCBFE363418FE0C" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[856,1069,475,501]" class="Reptilia" family="Alligatoridae" genus="Caiman" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="15" pageNumber="576" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="crocodilus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966500FFF8FFFFCFCCBFE363418FE0C" box="[856,1069,475,501]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="576">Caiman crocodilus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C12F79EFF8FFFFCFBA8FE3634FCFE0C" baseAuthorityName="Daudin" baseAuthorityYear="1802" box="[1083,1225,475,501]" class="Reptilia" family="Alligatoridae" genus="Caiman" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="15" pageNumber="576" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="latirostris">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966500FFF8FFFFCFBA8FE36347BFE0C" box="[1083,1102,475,501]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="576">C</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B966500FFF8FFFFCFBCFFE3634FCFE0C" box="[1116,1225,475,501]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="576">latirostris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C12F79EFF8FFFFCFB44FE363576FE0D" baseAuthorityName="Daudin" baseAuthorityYear="1802" box="[1239,1347,475,501]" class="Reptilia" family="Alligatoridae" genus="Caiman" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="15" pageNumber="576" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="yacare">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966500FFF8FFFFCFB44FE3634DFFE0C" box="[1239,1258,475,501]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="576">C</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B966500FFF8FFFFCFB6BFE363576FE0D" box="[1272,1347,475,500]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="576">yacare</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and the specimen UCMP 39978, have the maxilla-maxilla contact, in ventral view, extending for six maxillary alveoli. The only exception is
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C12F79EFF8FFFFCFECCFDCE3234FDC4" box="[351,513,547,573]" class="Reptilia" family="Alligatoridae" genus="Caiman" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="15" pageNumber="576" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="brevirostris">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966500FFF8FFFFCFECCFDCE3147FDC4" box="[351,370,547,573]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="576">C</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B966500FFF8FFFFCFE13FDCE3234FDC4" box="[384,513,547,573]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="576">brevirostris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, where this contact extends for four maxillary alveoli. Among the species with an exposed vomer,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C12F79EFF8FFFFCFEDCFDAA3185FD99" box="[335,432,583,608]" class="Reptilia" family="Alligatoridae" genus="Melanosuchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="15" pageNumber="576" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="niger">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966500FFF8FFFFCFEDCFDAA3185FD99" box="[335,432,583,608]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="576">M. niger</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(including MCNC 243) present the contact that extends for three maxillary alveoli while in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C12F79EFF8FFFFCFF27FD863161FD7C" authorityName=", UFAC" authorityYear="2793" box="[180,340,619,645]" class="Reptilia" family="Alligatoridae" genus="Melanosuchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="15" pageNumber="576" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="latrubessei">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966500FFF8FFFFCFF27FD8630FEFD7D" box="[180,203,619,644]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="576">M</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B966500FFF8FFFFCFF4AFD863161FD7C" box="[217,340,619,645]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="576">latrubessei</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
the maxilla-maxilla medial contact extends for four maxillary alveoli (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13299098FF8FFFFCFBF8FD8634F9FD7C" box="[1131,1228,619,645]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1190,1214]" captionTargetBox="[158,1432,185,1158]" captionTargetId="figure-18@7.[151,1436,181,1166]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 3. Melanosuchus latrubessei UFAC 2793 in ventral view. (A) UFAC 2793 fossil specimen; and (B) Schematic draw. Anatomical abbreviations: 4th, fourth maxillary alveolus; 4th dm, tooth mark from fourth dentary; 12th, twelfth maxillary alveolus; ect, ectopterygoid; if, incisive foramen; pmx, premaxilla; mx-pl, suture between maxillary and palatine; mx, maxilla; sof, suborbital (palatine) fenestrae. Scale bar = 20mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4316782" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4316782/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="576">Figure 3</figureCitation>
|
||
). This condition is unknown in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C12F79EFF8FFFFCFEB0FD6231F7FD51" authorityName="Bona & Carabajal" authorityYear="2013" box="[291,450,655,681]" class="Reptilia" family="Alligatoridae" genus="Caiman" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="15" pageNumber="576" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gasparinae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966500FFF8FFFFCFEB0FD623103FD50" box="[291,310,655,681]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="576">C</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B966500FFF8FFFFCFED7FD6231F7FD51" box="[324,450,655,680]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="576">gasparinae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C12F79EFF8FFFFCFE6BFD62328BFD50" box="[504,702,655,681]" class="Reptilia" family="Alligatoridae" genus="Caiman" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="15" pageNumber="576" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="wannlangstoni">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966500FFF8FFFFCFE6BFD62323EFD50" box="[504,523,655,681]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="576">C</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B966500FFF8FFFFCFD8AFD62328BFD50" box="[537,702,655,681]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="576">wannlangstoni</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BAD8C1DFF8FFFFCFF54FD5E334FFC78" blockId="15.[151,1437,151,1941]" pageId="15" pageNumber="576">
|
||
Considering mature specimens, the
|
||
<emphasis id="B966500FFF8FFFFCFDCFFD5E3330FD34" box="[604,773,691,717]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="576">canthi rostralii</emphasis>
|
||
is absent or very modest (96[0]) in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C12F79EFF8FFFFCFB0DFD5E3546FD34" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[1182,1395,691,717]" class="Reptilia" family="Alligatoridae" genus="Caiman" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="15" pageNumber="576" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="crocodilus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966500FFF8FFFFCFB0DFD5E3546FD34" box="[1182,1395,691,717]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="576">Caiman crocodilus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C12F79EFF8FFFFCFA10FD5E3120FD09" authorityName="Bona & Carabajal" authorityYear="2013" class="Reptilia" family="Alligatoridae" genus="Caiman" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="15" pageNumber="576" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gasparinae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966500FFF8FFFFCFA10FD5E35A3FD34" box="[1411,1430,691,717]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="576">C</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B966500FFF8FFFFCFF04FD3A3120FD09" box="[151,277,727,752]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="576">gasparinae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C12F79EFF8FFFFCFEC2FD3A318AFD09" baseAuthorityName="Daudin" baseAuthorityYear="1802" box="[337,447,727,753]" class="Reptilia" family="Alligatoridae" genus="Caiman" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="15" pageNumber="576" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="yacare">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966500FFF8FFFFCFEC2FD3A3151FD08" box="[337,356,727,753]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="576">C</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B966500FFF8FFFFCFEE7FD3A318AFD09" box="[372,447,727,752]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="576">yacare</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, contrasting with the very prominent condition (96[1]) observed in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C12F79EFF8FFFFCFB5DFD3A3547FD08" box="[1230,1394,727,753]" class="Reptilia" family="Alligatoridae" genus="Caiman" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="15" pageNumber="576" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="brevirostris">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966500FFF8FFFFCFB5DFD3A34D4FD08" box="[1230,1249,727,753]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="576">C</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B966500FFF8FFFFCFB62FD3A3547FD08" box="[1265,1394,727,753]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="576">brevirostris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C12F79EFF8FFFFCFA10FD3A3131FCEC" baseAuthorityName="Daudin" baseAuthorityYear="1802" class="Reptilia" family="Alligatoridae" genus="Caiman" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="15" pageNumber="576" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="latirostris">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966500FFF8FFFFCFA10FD3A35A3FD08" box="[1411,1430,727,753]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="576">C</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B966500FFF8FFFFCFF04FD163131FCEC" box="[151,260,763,789]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="576">latirostris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C12F79EFF8FFFFCFE87FD1631EEFCEC" box="[276,475,763,789]" class="Reptilia" family="Alligatoridae" genus="Caiman" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="15" pageNumber="576" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="wannlangstoni">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966500FFF8FFFFCFE87FD163112FCEC" box="[276,295,763,789]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="576">C</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B966500FFF8FFFFCFEA5FD1631EEFCEC" box="[310,475,763,789]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="576">wannlangstoni</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C12F79EFF8FFFFCFE79FD16327EFCED" box="[490,587,763,788]" class="Reptilia" family="Alligatoridae" genus="Melanosuchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="15" pageNumber="576" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="niger">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966500FFF8FFFFCFE79FD16327EFCED" box="[490,587,763,788]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="576">M. niger</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C12F79EFF8FFFFCFDC8FD1632C9FCEC" authorityName=", UFAC" authorityYear="2793" box="[603,764,763,789]" class="Reptilia" family="Alligatoridae" genus="Melanosuchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="15" pageNumber="576" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="latrubessei">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966500FFF8FFFFCFDC8FD163247FCED" box="[603,626,763,788]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="576">M</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B966500FFF8FFFFCFD12FD1632C9FCEC" box="[641,764,763,789]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="576">latrubessei</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and UCMP 39978 specimen. Associated to the well-developed
|
||
<emphasis id="B966500FFF8FFFFCFF46FCF23148FCC0" box="[213,381,799,825]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="576">canthi rostralii</emphasis>
|
||
, there is the rostral ridge 1. The development of the rostral ridge 1 indicates prominent
|
||
<emphasis id="B966500FFF8FFFFCFAC5FCF230C7FCA4" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="576">canthi rostralii</emphasis>
|
||
in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C12F79EFF8FFFFCFE8BFCAE318CFCA4" authorityName=", UFAC" authorityYear="2793" box="[280,441,835,861]" class="Reptilia" family="Alligatoridae" genus="Melanosuchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="15" pageNumber="576" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="latrubessei">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966500FFF8FFFFCFE8BFCAE311AFCA5" box="[280,303,835,860]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="576">M</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B966500FFF8FFFFCFEADFCAE318CFCA4" box="[318,441,835,861]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="576">latrubessei</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The rostral ridge 2 is developed at maturity only in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C12F79EFF8FFFFCFB87FCAE3440FCA5" box="[1044,1141,835,860]" class="Reptilia" family="Alligatoridae" genus="Melanosuchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="15" pageNumber="576" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="niger">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966500FFF8FFFFCFB87FCAE3440FCA5" box="[1044,1141,835,860]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="576">M. niger</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C12F79EFF8FFFFCFB3DFCAE357AFCA4" authorityName=", UFAC" authorityYear="2793" box="[1198,1359,835,861]" class="Reptilia" family="Alligatoridae" genus="Melanosuchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="15" pageNumber="576" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="latrubessei">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966500FFF8FFFFCFB3DFCAE34F0FCA5" box="[1198,1221,835,860]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="576">M</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B966500FFF8FFFFCFB47FCAE357AFCA4" box="[1236,1359,835,861]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="576">latrubessei</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, being not well-developed in the remaining studied species (see
|
||
<tableCitation id="C690B9A6FF8FFFFCFC84FC8A335CFC78" box="[791,873,871,897]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="4.[151,239,332,356]" captionText="TABLE 1. List of Jacarea (at least a priori) specimens from extant and fossil species used for comparisons. Legends: (?), dubious identification; *, holotype; bold, specimens personally studied; underlined, specimens studied by photos/ bibliography." pageId="15" pageNumber="576">Table 1</tableCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C308DF96FF8FFFFCFF54FC663390F86C" pageId="15" pageNumber="576" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BAD8C1DFF8FFFFCFF54FC66316EFA80" blockId="15.[151,1437,151,1941]" pageId="15" pageNumber="576">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966500FFF8FFFFCFF54FC66310EFC5C" bold="true" box="[199,315,907,933]" pageId="15" pageNumber="576">Remarks.</emphasis>
|
||
Some comparisons use the relative position of the structure in reference to the maxillary alveoli. The number of maxillary alveoli in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C12F79EFF8FFFFCFDB8FC423284FC30" authorityName="Brochu" authorityYear="1999" box="[555,689,943,969]" class="Reptilia" family="Alligatoridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="15" pageNumber="576" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Caimaninae">Caimaninae</taxonomicName>
|
||
seems to have very few to null intraspecific variation (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF83F1ECFF8FFFFCFA8CFC4230D4FC17" author="Bona, P. & Fernandez-Blanco, M. V. & Scheyer, T. M. & Foth, C." pageId="15" pageNumber="576" pagination="681 - 687" refId="ref21142" refString="Bona, P., Fernandez-Blanco, M. V., Scheyer, T. M. & Foth, C. (2017 b) Shedding light on the taxonomic diversity of the South American Miocene caimans: the status of Melanosuchus fisheri (Crocodylia, Alligatoroidea). Ameghiniana, 54, 681 - 687. https: // doi. org / 10.5710 / AMGH. 08.06.2017.3103" type="journal article" year="2017">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F305CC8DFF8FFFFCFA8CFC423569FC30" box="[1311,1372,943,969]" name="Algeria" pageId="15" pageNumber="576">Bona</collectingCountry>
|
||
<emphasis id="B966500FFF8FFFFCFAF7FC4235A8FC30" box="[1380,1437,943,969]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="576">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2017b
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), serving as a basis for other structure comparisons. However, as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C12F79EFF8FFFFCFC52FC3E3454FC14" authorityName=", UFAC" authorityYear="2793" box="[961,1121,979,1005]" class="Reptilia" family="Alligatoridae" genus="Melanosuchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="15" pageNumber="576" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="latrubessei">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966500FFF8FFFFCFC52FC3E3454FC14" box="[961,1121,979,1005]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="576">M. latrubessei</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C12F79EFF8FFFFCFB0BFC3E34CCFC15" box="[1176,1273,979,1005]" class="Reptilia" family="Alligatoridae" genus="Melanosuchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="15" pageNumber="576" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="niger">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966500FFF8FFFFCFB0BFC3E349AFC15" box="[1176,1199,979,1004]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="576">M</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B966500FFF8FFFFCFB2DFC3E34CCFC15" box="[1214,1273,979,1004]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="576">niger</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
have different number of alveoli in the maxilla, those comparisons could be equivocated. This alveoli variation between
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C12F79EFF8FFFFCFACAFC1A30CAFBCC" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1862" class="Reptilia" family="Alligatoridae" genus="Melanosuchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="15" pageNumber="576" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966500FFF8FFFFCFACAFC1A30CAFBCC" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="576">Melanosuchus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species could be result of two processes equally possible: (1) either the thirteenth alveoli was reduced and disappeared in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C12F79EFF8FFFFCFEE2FBD23224FBA0" authorityName=", UFAC" authorityYear="2793" box="[369,529,1087,1113]" class="Reptilia" family="Alligatoridae" genus="Melanosuchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="15" pageNumber="576" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="latrubessei">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966500FFF8FFFFCFEE2FBD231BDFBA1" box="[369,392,1087,1112]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="576">M</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B966500FFF8FFFFCFE05FBD23224FBA0" box="[406,529,1087,1113]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="576">latrubessei</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; or (2) it emerged and was fixed among
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C12F79EFF8FFFFCFC49FBD2340EFBA1" box="[986,1083,1087,1113]" class="Reptilia" family="Alligatoridae" genus="Melanosuchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="15" pageNumber="576" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="niger">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966500FFF8FFFFCFC49FBD233C4FBA1" box="[986,1009,1087,1112]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="576">M</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B966500FFF8FFFFCFB93FBD2340EFBA1" box="[1024,1083,1087,1112]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="576">niger</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
specimens. Also, all references were based on the middle to anterior alveoli that seems to have a homologue correspondence between these species, based on their morphology. Therefore, this different alveolar number in maxilla cannot be considered a problem with the references provided by the other structures. The only exception for these morphological references is the anterior extension of the ectopterygoid, where in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C12F79EFF8FFFFCFD25FB223323FB11" box="[694,790,1231,1257]" class="Reptilia" family="Alligatoridae" genus="Melanosuchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="15" pageNumber="576" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="niger">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966500FFF8FFFFCFD25FB2232F8FB11" box="[694,717,1231,1256]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="576">M</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B966500FFF8FFFFCFD48FB223323FB11" box="[731,790,1231,1256]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="576">niger</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
extends for two maxillary alveoli, while in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C12F79EFF8FFFFCFB65FB2235A0FB10" authorityName=", UFAC" authorityYear="2793" box="[1270,1429,1231,1257]" class="Reptilia" family="Alligatoridae" genus="Melanosuchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="15" pageNumber="576" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="latrubessei">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966500FFF8FFFFCFB65FB223538FB11" box="[1270,1293,1231,1256]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="576">M</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B966500FFF8FFFFCFA89FB2235A0FB10" box="[1306,1429,1231,1257]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="576">latrubessei</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, it extends for one and this variation seems to be biologically dependent with the different alveolar count that is varying in the posterior region of maxilla. Therefore, it is not possible to assure that this difference in alveolar count is the result of a well-extended anterior process of the ectopterygoid in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C12F79EFF8FFFFCFC33FAD63434FAAD" box="[928,1025,1339,1365]" class="Reptilia" family="Alligatoridae" genus="Melanosuchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="15" pageNumber="576" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="niger">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966500FFF8FFFFCFC33FAD63382FAAD" box="[928,951,1339,1364]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="576">M</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B966500FFF8FFFFCFC55FAD63434FAAD" box="[966,1025,1339,1364]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="576">niger</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
or due to the absence of an alveolus in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C12F79EFF8FFFFCFF27FAB23161FA80" authorityName=", UFAC" authorityYear="2793" box="[180,340,1375,1401]" class="Reptilia" family="Alligatoridae" genus="Melanosuchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="15" pageNumber="576" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="latrubessei">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966500FFF8FFFFCFF27FAB230FEFA81" box="[180,203,1375,1400]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="576">M</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B966500FFF8FFFFCFF4AFAB23161FA80" box="[217,340,1375,1401]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="576">latrubessei</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BAD8C1DFF8FFFFCFF54FA6E348EF960" blockId="15.[151,1437,151,1941]" pageId="15" pageNumber="576">
|
||
The rostral ridge 2 varies in size and robustness among the studied specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C12F79EFF8FFFFCFBF7FA6E34F3FA65" box="[1124,1222,1411,1436]" class="Reptilia" family="Alligatoridae" genus="Melanosuchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="15" pageNumber="576" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="niger">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966500FFF8FFFFCFBF7FA6E34F3FA65" box="[1124,1222,1411,1436]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="576">M. niger</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(including MCNC 243), and this variation is strongly correlated to the maturity of the specimens, with the ridge being more robust and developed in large and adult animals (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13299098FF8FFFFCFDAFFA2632A8FA1C" box="[572,669,1483,1509]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="14.[151,250,1389,1413]" captionTargetBox="[161,1428,190,1357]" captionTargetId="figure-20@14.[151,1436,181,1366]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURE 8. Melanosuchus niger UFAC R-203 in anterolateral view. (A) Original specimen; (B) Schematic draw elucidating the presence and positioning of the rostral ridges. Anatomical abbreviations: l, lacrimal; EN, external nares; ITF, infratemporal fenestra; J, jugal; pmx, premaxilla; mx, maxilla; n, nasal; nc, narial crest; O, orbit; rd1, rostral ridge 1; rd2, rostral ridge 2. Scale bar = 20mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4316794" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4316794/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="576">Figure 8</figureCitation>
|
||
). However, in none of the observed skulls the rostral ridge 2 presents significant variation in position, being located over or very close to the premaxilla-maxilla suture in all specimens (e.g.
|
||
<figureCitation id="13299098FF8FFFFCFF41F9FE3101F9D4" box="[210,308,1555,1581]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="14.[151,250,1389,1413]" captionTargetBox="[161,1428,190,1357]" captionTargetId="figure-20@14.[151,1436,181,1366]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURE 8. Melanosuchus niger UFAC R-203 in anterolateral view. (A) Original specimen; (B) Schematic draw elucidating the presence and positioning of the rostral ridges. Anatomical abbreviations: l, lacrimal; EN, external nares; ITF, infratemporal fenestra; J, jugal; pmx, premaxilla; mx, maxilla; n, nasal; nc, narial crest; O, orbit; rd1, rostral ridge 1; rd2, rostral ridge 2. Scale bar = 20mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4316794" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4316794/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="576">Figure 8</figureCitation>
|
||
). Additionally, the rostral ridge
|
||
<quantity id="4CEA21F8FF8FFFFCFD36F9FE32E7F9D4" box="[677,722,1555,1581]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.08" pageId="15" pageNumber="576" unit="in" value="2.0">2 in</quantity>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C12F79EFF8FFFFCFD48F9FE334BF9D4" authorityName=", UFAC" authorityYear="2793" box="[731,894,1555,1581]" class="Reptilia" family="Alligatoridae" genus="Melanosuchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="15" pageNumber="576" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="latrubessei">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966500FFF8FFFFCFD48F9FE32C7F9D5" box="[731,754,1555,1580]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="576">M</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B966500FFF8FFFFCFC90F9FE334BF9D4" box="[771,894,1555,1581]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="576">latrubessei</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is completely isolated from the rostral ridge 1, which is opposed to the feature observed in all studied
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C12F79EFF8FFFFCFD67F9DA3366F9A9" box="[756,851,1591,1617]" class="Reptilia" family="Alligatoridae" genus="Melanosuchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="15" pageNumber="576" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="niger">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966500FFF8FFFFCFD67F9DA333EF9A9" box="[756,779,1591,1616]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="576">M</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B966500FFF8FFFFCFC8BF9DA3366F9A9" box="[792,851,1591,1616]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="576">niger</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<tableCitation id="C690B9A6FF8FFFFCFCF3F9DA3386F9A8" box="[864,947,1591,1617]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="4.[151,239,332,356]" captionText="TABLE 1. List of Jacarea (at least a priori) specimens from extant and fossil species used for comparisons. Legends: (?), dubious identification; *, holotype; bold, specimens personally studied; underlined, specimens studied by photos/ bibliography." pageId="15" pageNumber="576">Table 1</tableCitation>
|
||
). Therefore, the present work considers that the rostral ridges
|
||
<quantity id="4CEA21F8FF8FFFFCFECFF9B631BDF98C" box="[348,392,1627,1653]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.08" pageId="15" pageNumber="576" unit="in" value="2.0">2 in</quantity>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C12F79EFF8FFFFCFE1CF9B63205F98C" authorityName=", UFAC" authorityYear="2793" box="[399,560,1627,1653]" class="Reptilia" family="Alligatoridae" genus="Melanosuchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="15" pageNumber="576" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="latrubessei">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966500FFF8FFFFCFE1CF9B63193F98D" box="[399,422,1627,1652]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="576">M</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B966500FFF8FFFFCFE26F9B63205F98C" box="[437,560,1627,1653]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="576">latrubessei</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C12F79EFF8FFFFCFDFBF9B632FCF98D" box="[616,713,1627,1653]" class="Reptilia" family="Alligatoridae" genus="Melanosuchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="15" pageNumber="576" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="niger">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966500FFF8FFFFCFDFBF9B6324AF98D" box="[616,639,1627,1652]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="576">M</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B966500FFF8FFFFCFD1DF9B632FCF98D" box="[654,713,1627,1652]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="576">niger</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are homologous structures, even located in different portions of the rostrum. Such differences in position and morphology are related to interspecific variation.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BAD8C1DFF8FFFFCFF54F94E3390F86C" blockId="15.[151,1437,151,1941]" pageId="15" pageNumber="576">
|
||
The general prismatic morphology of the vomer among
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C12F79EFF8FFFFCFCADF94E33D5F944" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1862" box="[830,992,1699,1725]" class="Reptilia" family="Alligatoridae" genus="Melanosuchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="15" pageNumber="576" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966500FFF8FFFFCFCADF94E33D5F944" box="[830,992,1699,1725]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="576">Melanosuchus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
specimens (e.g.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF83F1ECFF8FFFFCFB0FF94E3504F944" author="Brochu, C. A." box="[1180,1329,1699,1725]" pageId="15" pageNumber="576" pagination="9 - 100" refId="ref21315" refString="Brochu, C. A. (1999) Phylogenetics, taxonomy, and historical biogeography of Alligatoroidea. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 19, 9 - 100. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 02724634.1999.10011201" type="journal article" year="1999">Brochu 1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF83F1ECFF8FFFFCFAAFF94E30C1F91B" author="Vieira, L. G. & Santos, A. L. Q. & Lima, F. C. & Mendonca, S. H. S. T. & Menezes, L. T. & Sebben, A." pageId="15" pageNumber="576" pagination="1025 - 1044" refId="ref27151" refString="Vieira, L. G., Santos, A. L. Q., Lima, F. C., Mendonca, S. H. S. T., Menezes, L. T. & Sebben, A. (2016) Osteologia de Melanosuchus niger (Crocodylia: Alligatoridae) e a evidencia evolutiva. Pesquisa Veterinaria Brasileira, 36 (10), 1025 - 1044. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / s 0100 - 736 x 2016001000018" type="journal article" year="2016">
|
||
Vieira
|
||
<emphasis id="B966500FFF8FFFFCFA1BF94E3081F918" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="576">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2016
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) is quite variable, going from a more circular to a more angular prismatic shape. This morphological variation is reflected in the morphology of the premaxilla and maxilla, but in all studied specimens the pattern described here (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13299098FF8FFFFCFF44F8E2310FF8D0" box="[215,314,1807,1833]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="13.[151,250,1750,1774]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,190,1716]" captionTargetId="figure-18@13.[151,1436,181,1727]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURE 7. The vomer anatomy of Melanosuchus niger specimens (UFAC R-136 and UFAC R-203) in comparison with Paleosuchus palpebrosus specimen (UFAC R-215). (A) Anterodorsal view of the inside of external nares, in red, the articulated vomer in Melanosuchus niger (UFAC R-136); (B) Schematic draw of figure A; (C) Medial view of right rostrum of Melanosuchus niger (UFAC R-203) highlighting the contacts of vomer with premaxilla and maxilla after the bone removal; and (D) Paleosuchus palpebrosus specimen (UFAC R-215) illustrating an example where the vomer is fused with other bones. Dark lines mark bone limits and sutures.Anatomical abbreviations: if, incisive foramen; EN, external nares; pmx-mx, suture between premaxillary and maxillary; pmx-v, suture between premaxilla and vomer; pmx, premaxilla; mx-mx, suture between maxillae; mx-v, suture between maxillary and vomer; mx, maxilla; n, nasal; v, vomer. Out of scale." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4316792" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4316792/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="576">Figure 7</figureCitation>
|
||
) was observed. In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C12F79EFF8FFFFCFD80F8E23280F8D0" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1862" box="[531,693,1807,1833]" class="Reptilia" family="Alligatoridae" genus="Melanosuchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="15" pageNumber="576" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966500FFF8FFFFCFD80F8E23280F8D0" box="[531,693,1807,1833]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="576">Melanosuchus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the morphology and position of the vomer has some similarities with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C12F79EFF8FFFFCFF5CF8DE3108F8B4" box="[207,317,1843,1869]" class="Reptilia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="15" pageNumber="576" phylum="Chordata" rank="order">Squamata</taxonomicName>
|
||
species (e.g.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF83F1ECFF8FFFFCFE47F8DE3267F8B4" author="Jollie, M. T." box="[468,594,1843,1869]" pageId="15" pageNumber="576" pagination="1 - 64" refId="ref23722" refString="Jollie, M. T. (1960) The head skeleton of the lizard. Acta Zoologica, 41 (1 - 2), 1 - 64. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1463 - 6395.1960. tb 00474. x" type="journal article" year="1960">Jollie 1960</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF83F1ECFF8FFFFCFDC8F8DE3365F8B4" author="Avery, D. F. & Tanner, W. W." box="[603,848,1843,1869]" pageId="15" pageNumber="576" pagination="1 - 89" refId="ref20247" refString="Avery, D. F. & Tanner, W. W. (1971) Evolution of the iguanine lizards (Sauria, Iguanidae) as determined by osteological and myological characters. Brigham Young University Science Bulletin, Biological Series, 12 (3), 1 - 89." type="journal article" year="1971">Avery & Tanner 1971</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF83F1ECFF8FFFFCFCCFF8DE340BF8B4" author="Gauthier, J. A. & Kearney, M. & Maisano, J. A. & Rieppel, O. & Behlke, A. D. B." box="[860,1086,1843,1869]" pageId="15" pageNumber="576" pagination="3 - 308" refId="ref22462" refString="Gauthier, J. A., Kearney, M., Maisano, J. A., Rieppel, O. & Behlke, A. D. B. (2012) Assembling the squamate tree of life: perspectives from the phenotype and the fossil record. Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History, 53 (1), 3 - 308. https: // doi. org / 10.3374 / 014.053.0101" type="journal article" year="2012">
|
||
Gauthier
|
||
<emphasis id="B966500FFF8FFFFCFC57F8DE33C9F8B4" box="[964,1020,1843,1869]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="576">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2012
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), however, there is no available discussion or literature about the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C12F79EFF8FFFFCFD9EF8BA329AF888" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1862" box="[525,687,1879,1905]" class="Reptilia" family="Alligatoridae" genus="Melanosuchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="15" pageNumber="576" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966500FFF8FFFFCFD9EF8BA329AF888" box="[525,687,1879,1905]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="576">Melanosuchus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
vomer. Thus, further studies are necessary for a better understanding regarding the embryology, ontogeny and function of the structure.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |