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<mods:title id="268B9BB869E38AB6BCBE492A75CC9A89">On a new Melanosuchus species (Alligatoroidea: Caimaninae) from Solimões Formation (Eocene-Pliocene), Northern Brazil, and evolution of Caimaninae</mods:title>
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<taxonomicName id="4C12F79EFF82FFF1FF04FE373174FE0C" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1862" box="[151,321,474,501]" class="Reptilia" family="Alligatoridae" genus="Melanosuchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="2" pageNumber="563" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B966500FFF82FFF1FF04FE373174FE0C" bold="true" box="[151,321,474,501]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="563">Melanosuchus</emphasis>
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and its prolific debates
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<emphasis id="B966500FFF82FFF1FF54FE12315CFDE0" box="[199,361,511,537]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="563">Melanosuchus</emphasis>
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was originally proposed by
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as a monospecific genus to relocate the species
<taxonomicName id="4C12F79EFF82FFF1FAF9FE12313FFDC5" authorityName="Spix" authorityYear="1825" class="Reptilia" family="Alligatoridae" genus="Caiman" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="2" pageNumber="563" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="niger">
<emphasis id="B966500FFF82FFF1FAF9FE12313FFDC5" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="563">Caiman niger</emphasis>
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described by
<bibRefCitation id="EF83F1ECFF82FFF1FE34FDCE3205FDC4" author="Spix, J. B." box="[423,560,546,573]" pageId="2" pageNumber="563" pagination="1 - 110" refId="ref26958" refString="Spix, J. B. (1825) Animalia nova sive species novae Lacertarum, quas in itinere per Brasiliam annis MDCCCXVII-MDCCCXX jussu et auspiciis Maximiliani Josephi I. In: De Pix, D. J. B. (Eds.), Bavaria Regis suscepto collegit et descripsit. Typis, Franc. Seraph. H ʾ bschamanni, Munich, pp. 1 - 110." type="book chapter" year="1825">Spix (1825)</bibRefCitation>
. For a synonym list of
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<emphasis id="B966500FFF82FFF1FCA1FDCE3423FDC5" box="[818,1046,547,573]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="563">Melanosuchus niger</emphasis>
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see
<bibRefCitation id="EF83F1ECFF82FFF1FBDBFDCE34C1FDC7" author="Medem, F." box="[1096,1268,547,574]" pageId="2" pageNumber="563" pagination="5 - 23" refId="ref24661" refString="Medem, F. (1963) Osteologia Craneal, Distribucion geografica y ecologia de Melanosuchus niger (Spix) (Crocodylia, Alligatoridae). Revista de la Academia Colombiana de Ciencias Exactas, Fisicas y Naturales, 12 (45), 5 - 23. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / S 0100 - 736 X 2016001000018" type="journal article" year="1963">Medem (1963)</bibRefCitation>
. Regarding the phylogenetic relationships of the genus there are two main propositions: 1) nested within
<taxonomicName id="4C12F79EFF82FFF1FBE8FDAA34E1FD98" baseAuthorityName="Poe" baseAuthorityYear="1996" box="[1147,1236,583,609]" class="Reptilia" family="Alligatoridae" genus="Caiman" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="2" pageNumber="563" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B966500FFF82FFF1FBE8FDAA34E1FD98" box="[1147,1236,583,609]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="563">Caiman</emphasis>
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genus, frequently as sister of
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<emphasis id="B966500FFF82FFF1FE88FD86319FFD7C" box="[283,426,619,645]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="563">C. latirostris</emphasis>
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(e.g.,
<bibRefCitation id="EF83F1ECFF82FFF1FE66FD863256FD7C" author="Poe, S." box="[501,611,619,645]" pageId="2" pageNumber="563" pagination="393 - 414" refId="ref25080" refString="Poe, S. (1996) Data set incongruence and the phylogeny of Crocodilians. Systematic Biology, 45 (4), 393 - 414. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / sysbio / 45.4.393" type="journal article" year="1996">Poe 1996</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF83F1ECFF82FFF1FDE3FD863333FD7C" author="Brochu, C. A." box="[624,774,619,645]" pageId="2" pageNumber="563" pagination="479 - 522" refId="ref21269" refString="Brochu, C. A. (1997) Fossils, morphology, divergence timing. and the phylogenetic relationships of Gavia 1 is. Systematic Biology, 46, 479 - 522. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / sysbio / 46.3.479" type="journal article" year="1997">Brochu 1997</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EF83F1ECFF82FFF1FC80FD86337BFD7C" author="Brochu, C. A." box="[787,846,619,645]" pageId="2" pageNumber="563" pagination="9 - 100" refId="ref21315" refString="Brochu, C. A. (1999) Phylogenetics, taxonomy, and historical biogeography of Alligatoroidea. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 19, 9 - 100. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 02724634.1999.10011201" type="journal article" year="1999">1999</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF83F1ECFF82FFF1FCCFFD863458FD7C" author="Souza-Filho, J. P. &amp; Souza, R. G. &amp; Hsiou, A. S. &amp; Riff, D. &amp; Guilherme, E. &amp; Negri, F. R. &amp; Cidade, G. M." box="[860,1133,619,645]" pageId="2" pageNumber="563" pagination="1528450" refId="ref26739" refString="Souza-Filho, J. P., Souza, R. G., Hsiou, A. S., Riff, D., Guilherme, E., Negri, F. R. &amp; Cidade, G. M. (2019) A new caimanine (Crocodylia, Alligatoroidea) species from the Solimies Formation of Brazil and the phylogeny of Caimaninae. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 38 (5), e 1528450. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 02724634.2018.1528450" type="journal article" year="2019">
Souza-Filho
<emphasis id="B966500FFF82FFF1FC7EFD863412FD7C" box="[1005,1063,619,645]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="563">et al.</emphasis>
2019
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); or, 2) as sister species of
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<emphasis id="B966500FFF82FFF1FF04FD6230C5FD50" box="[151,240,655,681]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="563">Caiman</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
genus (e.g.,
<bibRefCitation id="EF83F1ECFF82FFF1FEECFD6231CCFD50" author="Oaks, J. R." box="[383,505,655,681]" pageId="2" pageNumber="563" pagination="3285 - 3297" refId="ref25029" refString="Oaks, J. R. (2011) A time-calibrated species tree of Crocodylia reveals a recent radiation of the true crocodiles. Evolution, 65 (11), 3285 - 3297. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1558 - 5646.2011.01373. x" type="journal article" year="2011">Oaks 2011</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF83F1ECFF82FFF1FD96FD6232D4FD50" author="Roberto, J. I. &amp; Bittencourt, P. S. &amp; Muniz, F. L. &amp; Hernandez-Rangel, S. M. &amp; Nobrega, Y. C. &amp; Avila, R. W. &amp; Souza, B. C. &amp; Alvarez, G. &amp; Miranda-Chumacero, G. &amp; Campos, Z. &amp; Farias, I. P. &amp; Hrbek, T." box="[517,737,655,681]" pageId="2" pageNumber="563" pagination="377 - 395" refId="ref25698" refString="Roberto, J. I., Bittencourt, P. S., Muniz, F. L., Hernandez-Rangel, S. M., Nobrega, Y. C., Avila, R. W., Souza, B. C., Alvarez, G., Miranda-Chumacero, G., Campos, Z., Farias, I. P. &amp; Hrbek, T. (2020) Unexpected but unsurprising lineage diversity within the most widespread Neotropical crocodilian genus Caiman (Crocodylia, Alligatoridae). Systematics and Biodiversity, 18 (4), 377 - 395. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 14772000.2020.1769222" type="journal article" year="2020">
Roberto
<emphasis id="B966500FFF82FFF1FDF5FD6232ABFD50" box="[614,670,655,681]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="563">et al.</emphasis>
2020
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). The validity of the
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<emphasis id="B966500FFF82FFF1FC5AFD62345EFD50" box="[969,1131,655,681]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="563">Melanosuchus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is still an open debate with some authors suggesting its synonymization with
<taxonomicName id="4C12F79EFF82FFF1FD40FD5E3380FD37" authority="(Poe 1996)" baseAuthorityName="Poe" baseAuthorityYear="1996" box="[723,949,691,718]" class="Reptilia" family="Alligatoridae" genus="Caiman" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="2" pageNumber="563" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B966500FFF82FFF1FD40FD5E3319FD34" box="[723,812,691,717]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="563">Caiman</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF83F1ECFF82FFF1FCAFFD5E3398FD37" author="Poe, S." box="[828,941,691,718]" pageId="2" pageNumber="563" pagination="393 - 414" refId="ref25080" refString="Poe, S. (1996) Data set incongruence and the phylogeny of Crocodilians. Systematic Biology, 45 (4), 393 - 414. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / sysbio / 45.4.393" type="journal article" year="1996">Poe 1996</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
, this discussion, for now, goes beyond the scope of the present contribution. However, we suggest that the propositions made by
<bibRefCitation id="EF83F1ECFF82FFF1FBDFFD3A3535FD0B" author="Fitzhugh, K." box="[1100,1280,727,754]" pageId="2" pageNumber="563" pagination="133 - 160" refId="ref22155" refString="Fitzhugh, K. (2016) Sequence Data, Phylogenetic Inference, and Implications of Downward Causation. Acta Biotheoretica, 64 (2), 133 - 160. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 10441 - 016 - 9277 - 0" type="journal article" year="2016">Fitzhugh (2016)</bibRefCitation>
for molecular inferences should be considered in future works addressing this question.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>