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<document id="665BE35E39633AB2B98015DD2EB10EAC" ID-CLB-Dataset="5419" ID-DOI="10.1046/j.1096-3642.2002.00039.x" ID-GBIF-Dataset="8acc9095-eaff-47d7-b3da-91b6c2fb636e" ID-ISSN="0024-4082" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4634200" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="felipe" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatmentCitations_approvedBy="admin" IM.treatments_approvedBy="admin" checkinTime="1616618193905" checkinUser="carolina" docAuthor="Valdés, Ángel" docDate="2002" docId="03927F0EFFC76062FF21FA536F92D5F4" docLanguage="en" docName="ZoolJLinnSoc.136.535-636.pdf" docOrigin="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 136 (4)" docSource="https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1046/j.1096-3642.2002.00039.x" docStyle="DocumentStyle:0DD8C314D74634CE09062A86991413F8.2:ZoolJLinnSoc.2002-2009.journal_article" docStyleId="0DD8C314D74634CE09062A86991413F8" docStyleName="ZoolJLinnSoc.2002-2009.journal_article" docStyleVersion="2" docTitle="Thordisa rubescens BEHRENS &amp; HENDERSON 1981" docType="treatment" docVersion="9" lastPageNumber="578" masterDocId="FFAB0776FFEF6049FF87FFCE6F73D33D" masterDocTitle="A phylogenetic analysis and systematic revision of the cryptobranch dorids (Mollusca, Nudibranchia, Anthobranchia)" masterLastPageNumber="636" masterPageNumber="535" pageNumber="575" updateTime="1698892636459" updateUser="plazi" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-4.0" zenodo-license-figures="CC-BY-4.0">
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<mods:title id="7215383D26A74A320F52097C22E37571">A phylogenetic analysis and systematic revision of the cryptobranch dorids (Mollusca, Nudibranchia, Anthobranchia)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="E8D371852254FE27280E204DEAC4E1D5">Valdés, Ángel</mods:namePart>
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<treatment id="03927F0EFFC76062FF21FA536F92D5F4" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5110235" ID-GBIF-Taxon="212430581" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5110235" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03927F0EFFC76062FF21FA536F92D5F4" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03927F0EFFC76062FF21FA536F92D5F4" lastPageId="43" lastPageNumber="578" pageId="40" pageNumber="575">
<subSubSection id="C3219D93FFC76061FF21FA536D37D6E9" pageId="40" pageNumber="575" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8B84CE18FFC76061FF21FA536D37D6E9" blockId="40.[166,735,1436,1460]" lastBlockId="40.[321,580,1468,1492]" pageId="40" pageNumber="575">
<taxonomicName id="4C3BB59BFFC76061FF21FA536E0AD6E9" ID-CoL="56KL3" authority="Behrens &amp; Henderson, 1981" class="Gastropoda" family="Discodorididae" genus="Thordisa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Nudibranchia" pageId="40" pageNumber="575" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="rubescens">
<emphasis id="B94F120AFFC76061FF21FA536EDBD68F" box="[166,424,1437,1460]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="575">THORDISA RUBESCENS</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFAAB3E9FFC76061FE3EFA526E0AD6E9" author="Behrens DW &amp; Henderson R" firstAuthor="BEHRENS" pageId="40" pageNumber="575" pagination="120 - 128" refId="ref53747" refString="Behrens DW, Henderson R. 1981. Two new cryptobranch dorid nudibranchs from California. Veliger 24: 120 - 128." type="journal article" year="1981">
BEHRENS &amp; HENDERSON,
<heading id="D0CC7974FFC76061FEC6FA726E0AD6E9" box="[321,377,1468,1492]" centered="true" fontSize="9" level="2" pageId="40" pageNumber="575" reason="8">1981</heading>
</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="1300D29DFFC76061FE0DFA726E9BD6E9" box="[394,488,1468,1492]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="12.[142,220,1147,1166]" captionTargetBox="[142,1422,195,1115]" captionTargetId="figure-362@12.[142,1422,195,1115]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="Figure 4. Living animals. A, Doris pseudoargus (CASIZ 121105). B, Doris immonda (CASIZ 089023), photo by T. M. Gosliner. C, Doris granulosa (CASIZ 073536), photo by T. M. Gosliner. D, Discodoris boholiensis (CASIZ 083654), photo by T. M. Gosliner. E, Discodoris ketos, San Pedrillo, Puntarenas, Costa Rica, photo by T. M. Gosliner. F, Thordisa rubescens (CASIZ 015860), photo by T. M. Gosliner. G, Aphelodoris antillensis (CASIZ 077289), photo by T. M. Gosliner. H, Peltodoris atromaculata (CASIZ 119474). I, Peltodoris nobilis, Monterey Bay, California, photo by A. Smith." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4634212" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4634212/files/figure.png" pageId="40" pageNumber="575">FIGS 4F</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="1300D29DFFC76061FE72FA726D4FD6E9" box="[501,572,1468,1492]" captionStart-0="Figure 21" captionStart-1="Figure 22" captionStart-2="Figure 23" captionStartId-0="41.[155,233,1733,1752]" captionStartId-1="42.[142,220,1504,1523]" captionStartId-2="43.[155,233,1075,1094]" captionTargetBox-0="[155,1435,195,1701]" captionTargetBox-1="[307,1250,203,1462]" captionTargetBox-2="[155,1435,194,1042]" captionTargetId-0="figure-74@41.[155,1435,195,1701]" captionTargetId-1="figure-227@42.[302,1262,195,1472]" captionTargetId-2="figure-349@43.[155,1435,194,1042]" captionTargetPageId-0="41" captionTargetPageId-1="42" captionTargetPageId-2="43" captionText-0="Figure 21. Thordisa rubescens (CASIZ 068976), SEM images of the radula and dorsal papillae. A, inner lateral teeth; scale bar = 43 Mm. B, mid-lateral teeth; scale bar = 75 Mm. C, outer lateral teeth; scale bar = 75 Mm. D, dorsal papillae; scale bar = 250 Mm." captionText-1="Figure 22. Thordisa rubescens (CASIZ 068976). A, general view of the anatomy; scale bar = 1 mm. B, reproductive system; scale bar = 1 mm. C, detail of the ampulla; scale bar = 1 mm. D, lateral view of the buccal bulb; scale bar = 1 mm. E, central nervous system; scale bar = 1 mm. F, ventral view of the mouth area; scale bar = 1 mm." captionText-2="Figure 23. Thordisa rubescens (CASIZ 068976), SEM images of several reproductive structures. A, penial hook; scale bar = 75 Mm. B, copulatory spine; scale bar = 100 Mm." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4634270" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4634272" figureDoi-2="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4634274" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/4634270/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/4634272/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/4634274/files/figure.png" pageId="40" pageNumber="575">21-23</figureCitation>
)
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3219D93FFC76061FF09FA2A6EE2D525" pageId="40" pageNumber="575" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="8B84CE18FFC76061FF09FA2A6EE2D525" blockId="40.[142,758,1508,1561]" pageId="40" pageNumber="575">
<taxonomicName id="4C3BB59BFFC76061FF09FA2A6FA1D525" ID-CoL="56KL3" authority="Behrens &amp; Henderson, 1981: 120 - 124" authorityName="Behrens &amp; Henderson" authorityPageNumber="120 - 124" authorityYear="1981" class="Gastropoda" family="Discodorididae" genus="Thordisa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Nudibranchia" pageId="40" pageNumber="575" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="rubescens">
<emphasis id="B94F120AFFC76061FF09FA2A6E16D6C4" box="[142,357,1508,1529]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="575">Thordisa rubescens</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFAAB3E9FFC76061FEEAFA2A6FA1D525" author="Behrens &amp; Henderson" firstAuthor="Behrens" page="120 - 124" pageId="40" pageNumber="575" pagination="120 - 128" refId="ref53747" refString="Behrens DW, Henderson R. 1981. Two new cryptobranch dorid nudibranchs from California. Veliger 24: 120 - 128." type="journal article" year="1981">Behrens &amp; Henderson, 1981: 120– 124</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, figs 1-7, 13, 14.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3219D93FFC76061FF09F99D6D56D44C" pageId="40" pageNumber="575" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8B84CE18FFC76061FF09F99D6E5AD555" blockId="40.[142,758,1619,1733]" box="[142,297,1619,1640]" pageId="40" pageNumber="575">
<emphasis id="B94F120AFFC76061FF09F99D6E5AD555" box="[142,297,1619,1640]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="575">Type material</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B84CE18FFC76061FF09F9BC6D0BD5F8" blockId="40.[142,758,1619,1733]" pageId="40" pageNumber="575">
Big Kelp Reef, Paradise Cove, Los Angeles County,
<collectingRegion id="49FF00FAFFC76061FF09F95E6E70D59B" box="[142,259,1680,1702]" country="United States of America" name="California" pageId="40" pageNumber="575">California</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingCountry id="F32C8E88FFC76061FE94F95F6E38D59B" box="[275,331,1681,1702]" name="United States of America" pageId="40" pageNumber="575">USA</collectingCountry>
,
<date id="FF85E8D8FFC76061FEDEF95F6D6ED59B" box="[345,541,1680,1702]" pageId="40" pageNumber="575" value="1979-10-17">
17 October
<quantity id="4CC363FDFFC76061FE63F95F6D6ED59B" box="[484,541,1681,1702]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.97967" pageId="40" pageNumber="575" unit="mm" value="1979.67">1979</quantity>
</date>
, 67 mm preserved length, leg.
<collectionCode id="ED2A56DDFFC76061FE92F97E6E5AD5F8" box="[277,297,1712,1733]" country="Chile" name="Departamento de Geologia, Universidad de Chile" pageId="40" pageNumber="575">R</collectionCode>
. Henderson (
<collectionCode id="ED2A56DDFFC76061FE47F9616D7ED5F9" box="[448,525,1711,1732]" pageId="40" pageNumber="575">CASIZ</collectionCode>
015860).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B84CE18FFC76061FF09F9316E1FD429" blockId="40.[142,758,1791,1905]" box="[142,364,1791,1812]" pageId="40" pageNumber="575">
<emphasis id="B94F120AFFC76061FF09F9316E1FD429" box="[142,364,1791,1812]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="575">Additional material</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B84CE18FFC76061FF09F8D06D56D44C" blockId="40.[142,758,1791,1905]" pageId="40" pageNumber="575">
Off Los Angeles, Los Angeles County,
<collectingRegion id="49FF00FAFFC76061FDFBF8D06D81D409" box="[636,754,1822,1844]" country="United States of America" name="California" pageId="40" pageNumber="575">California</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingCountry id="F32C8E88FFC76061FF09F8F36FBAD46F" box="[142,201,1853,1874]" name="United States of America" pageId="40" pageNumber="575">USA</collectingCountry>
.,
<date id="FF85E8D8FFC76061FF67F8F36E2CD46F" box="[224,351,1853,1874]" pageId="40" pageNumber="575" value="1989-06">June 1989</date>
, one specimen,
<quantity id="4CC363FDFFC76061FDAEF8F36D04D46F" box="[553,631,1853,1874]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.7" pageId="40" pageNumber="575" unit="mm" value="47.0">47 mm</quantity>
preserved length, leg.
<collectionCode id="ED2A56DDFFC76061FE92F8926E5AD44C" box="[277,297,1884,1905]" country="Chile" name="Departamento de Geologia, Universidad de Chile" pageId="40" pageNumber="575">R</collectionCode>
. Fay (
<collectionCode id="ED2A56DDFFC76061FEE9F8956EC8D44D" box="[366,443,1883,1904]" pageId="40" pageNumber="575">CASIZ</collectionCode>
068976).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3219D93FFC76062FCA1FF0D6D42D6A8" lastPageId="43" lastPageNumber="578" pageId="40" pageNumber="575" type="description">
<paragraph id="8B84CE18FFC76061FCA1FF0D6B7CD3E5" blockId="40.[806,1423,195,985]" box="[806,1039,195,216]" pageId="40" pageNumber="575">
<emphasis id="B94F120AFFC76061FCA1FF0D6B7CD3E5" box="[806,1039,195,216]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="575">External morphology</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B84CE18FFC76061FCA1FF2C6CEBD0A6" blockId="40.[806,1423,195,985]" pageId="40" pageNumber="575">
The background colour of the living animals is bright red-orange (
<figureCitation id="1300D29DFFC76061FC35FECF6B77D22A" box="[946,1028,257,279]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="12.[142,220,1147,1166]" captionTargetBox="[142,1422,195,1115]" captionTargetId="figure-362@12.[142,1422,195,1115]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="Figure 4. Living animals. A, Doris pseudoargus (CASIZ 121105). B, Doris immonda (CASIZ 089023), photo by T. M. Gosliner. C, Doris granulosa (CASIZ 073536), photo by T. M. Gosliner. D, Discodoris boholiensis (CASIZ 083654), photo by T. M. Gosliner. E, Discodoris ketos, San Pedrillo, Puntarenas, Costa Rica, photo by T. M. Gosliner. F, Thordisa rubescens (CASIZ 015860), photo by T. M. Gosliner. G, Aphelodoris antillensis (CASIZ 077289), photo by T. M. Gosliner. H, Peltodoris atromaculata (CASIZ 119474). I, Peltodoris nobilis, Monterey Bay, California, photo by A. Smith." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4634212" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4634212/files/figure.png" pageId="40" pageNumber="575">Fig. 4F</figureCitation>
). The dorsum is covered with gold flecks forming a halo around the branchial pit, a middorsal stripe and half crescents posterior to the rhinophores. The intensity of this pattern varies between individuals. In some specimens there are small black and opaque white spots. There is a black spot on top of the largest dorsal papillae. The rhinophores are orange to brown, with several irregular white spots and a white apex. The branchial leaves are the same colour as the dorsum. The whole dorsum is covered with soft and inflated papillae of various shapes and sizes (
<figureCitation id="1300D29DFFC76061FCEBFD9C6CBCD154" box="[876,975,594,617]" captionStart="Figure 21" captionStartId="41.[155,233,1733,1752]" captionTargetBox="[155,1435,195,1701]" captionTargetId="figure-74@41.[155,1435,195,1701]" captionTargetPageId="41" captionText="Figure 21. Thordisa rubescens (CASIZ 068976), SEM images of the radula and dorsal papillae. A, inner lateral teeth; scale bar = 43 Mm. B, mid-lateral teeth; scale bar = 75 Mm. C, outer lateral teeth; scale bar = 75 Mm. D, dorsal papillae; scale bar = 250 Mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4634270" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4634270/files/figure.png" pageId="40" pageNumber="575">Fig. 21D</figureCitation>
). The papillae are contracted when the animal is under stress (
<bibRefCitation id="EFAAB3E9FFC76061FBBFFDBF6AF2D1BA" author="Behrens &amp; Henderson" box="[1080,1409,625,647]" firstAuthor="Behrens" pageId="40" pageNumber="575" pagination="120 - 128" refId="ref53747" refString="Behrens DW, Henderson R. 1981. Two new cryptobranch dorid nudibranchs from California. Veliger 24: 120 - 128." type="journal article" year="1981">Behrens &amp; Henderson, 1981</bibRefCitation>
), and are surrounded by irregularly protruding spicules. Some larger papillae are randomly distributed among the others. The rhinophoral and branchial sheaths have papillae similar to those on the rest of the dorsum. There are six tripinnate branchial leaves. The anal papilla is situated in the centre of the branchial circle of leaves. The rhinophores are elongate, having 20 lamellae in a 47-mm preserved length specimen.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B84CE18FFC76061FCB8FC6A6AFCD0E5" blockId="40.[806,1423,195,985]" pageId="40" pageNumber="575">
Ventrally the anterior border of the foot is grooved and notched (
<figureCitation id="1300D29DFFC76061FC45FC0C6B50D0E4" box="[962,1059,962,985]" captionStart="Figure 22" captionStartId="42.[142,220,1504,1523]" captionTargetBox="[307,1250,203,1462]" captionTargetId="figure-227@42.[302,1262,195,1472]" captionTargetPageId="42" captionText="Figure 22. Thordisa rubescens (CASIZ 068976). A, general view of the anatomy; scale bar = 1 mm. B, reproductive system; scale bar = 1 mm. C, detail of the ampulla; scale bar = 1 mm. D, lateral view of the buccal bulb; scale bar = 1 mm. E, central nervous system; scale bar = 1 mm. F, ventral view of the mouth area; scale bar = 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4634272" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4634272/files/figure.png" pageId="40" pageNumber="575">Fig. 22F</figureCitation>
). The oral tentacles are conical.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B84CE18FFC76061FCA1FBCE6CFAD728" blockId="40.[806,1423,1024,1904]" box="[806,905,1024,1045]" pageId="40" pageNumber="575">
<emphasis id="B94F120AFFC76061FCA1FBCE6CFAD728" box="[806,905,1024,1045]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="575">Anatomy</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B84CE18FFC76061FCA1FBD06B0FD53D" blockId="40.[806,1423,1024,1904]" pageId="40" pageNumber="575">
The posterior end of the glandular portion of the oral tube has six strong retractor muscles (
<figureCitation id="1300D29DFFC76061FB5CFBF36A4FD76E" box="[1243,1340,1085,1107]" captionStart="Figure 22" captionStartId="42.[142,220,1504,1523]" captionTargetBox="[307,1250,203,1462]" captionTargetId="figure-227@42.[302,1262,195,1472]" captionTargetPageId="42" captionText="Figure 22. Thordisa rubescens (CASIZ 068976). A, general view of the anatomy; scale bar = 1 mm. B, reproductive system; scale bar = 1 mm. C, detail of the ampulla; scale bar = 1 mm. D, lateral view of the buccal bulb; scale bar = 1 mm. E, central nervous system; scale bar = 1 mm. F, ventral view of the mouth area; scale bar = 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4634272" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4634272/files/figure.png" pageId="40" pageNumber="575">Fig. 22D</figureCitation>
) which attach to the body wall. The oval, muscular buccal bulb has two large additional muscles attached. Two short salivary glands connect with the buccal bulb at each side of the oesophageal junction. The buccal bulb is as long as the glandular portion of the oral tube. The labial cuticle is smooth. The radular formula is 39 ¥ 40.0.
<quantity id="4CC363FDFFC76061FC14FADA6CA6D617" box="[915,981,1300,1322]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.016" pageId="40" pageNumber="575" unit="in" value="40.0">40 in</quantity>
a 47-mm long specimen. Rachidian teeth are absent. The lateral teeth are hamate and lack denticles (
<figureCitation id="1300D29DFFC76061FC5EFA9F6B48D65A" box="[985,1083,1361,1383]" captionStart="Figure 21" captionStartId="41.[155,233,1733,1752]" captionTargetBox="[155,1435,195,1701]" captionTargetId="figure-74@41.[155,1435,195,1701]" captionTargetPageId="41" captionText="Figure 21. Thordisa rubescens (CASIZ 068976), SEM images of the radula and dorsal papillae. A, inner lateral teeth; scale bar = 43 Mm. B, mid-lateral teeth; scale bar = 75 Mm. C, outer lateral teeth; scale bar = 75 Mm. D, dorsal papillae; scale bar = 250 Mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4634270" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4634270/files/figure.png" pageId="40" pageNumber="575">Fig. 21A</figureCitation>
). The teeth from the middle portion of the half-row are larger than those closer to the medial portion of the radula (
<figureCitation id="1300D29DFFC76061FB33FA406A65D698" box="[1204,1302,1422,1445]" captionStart="Figure 21" captionStartId="41.[155,233,1733,1752]" captionTargetBox="[155,1435,195,1701]" captionTargetId="figure-74@41.[155,1435,195,1701]" captionTargetPageId="41" captionText="Figure 21. Thordisa rubescens (CASIZ 068976), SEM images of the radula and dorsal papillae. A, inner lateral teeth; scale bar = 43 Mm. B, mid-lateral teeth; scale bar = 75 Mm. C, outer lateral teeth; scale bar = 75 Mm. D, dorsal papillae; scale bar = 250 Mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4634270" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4634270/files/figure.png" pageId="40" pageNumber="575">Fig. 21B</figureCitation>
). The outermost teeth are smaller and have a number of small denticles (
<figureCitation id="1300D29DFFC76061FC1AFA026C8CD6DF" box="[925,1023,1484,1506]" captionStart="Figure 21" captionStartId="41.[155,233,1733,1752]" captionTargetBox="[155,1435,195,1701]" captionTargetId="figure-74@41.[155,1435,195,1701]" captionTargetPageId="41" captionText="Figure 21. Thordisa rubescens (CASIZ 068976), SEM images of the radula and dorsal papillae. A, inner lateral teeth; scale bar = 43 Mm. B, mid-lateral teeth; scale bar = 75 Mm. C, outer lateral teeth; scale bar = 75 Mm. D, dorsal papillae; scale bar = 250 Mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4634270" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4634270/files/figure.png" pageId="40" pageNumber="575">Fig. 21C</figureCitation>
). The oesophagus is long and connects directly to the stomach.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B84CE18FFC76063FCB8F9C76E7AD44C" blockId="40.[806,1423,1024,1904]" lastBlockId="42.[142,758,1668,1905]" lastPageId="42" lastPageNumber="577" pageId="40" pageNumber="575">
The ampulla is long and folded (
<figureCitation id="1300D29DFFC76061FB7EF9C76A2FD522" box="[1273,1372,1545,1567]" captionStart="Figure 22" captionStartId="42.[142,220,1504,1523]" captionTargetBox="[307,1250,203,1462]" captionTargetId="figure-227@42.[302,1262,195,1472]" captionTargetPageId="42" captionText="Figure 22. Thordisa rubescens (CASIZ 068976). A, general view of the anatomy; scale bar = 1 mm. B, reproductive system; scale bar = 1 mm. C, detail of the ampulla; scale bar = 1 mm. D, lateral view of the buccal bulb; scale bar = 1 mm. E, central nervous system; scale bar = 1 mm. F, ventral view of the mouth area; scale bar = 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4634272" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4634272/files/figure.png" pageId="40" pageNumber="575">Fig. 22C</figureCitation>
). It branches into a short oviduct and the prostate. The oviduct enters the female gland mass near to its centre. The prostate is large and flattened. It has two different portions that are clearly distinguishable in colour and texture. The prostate connects with a long duct that expands into the ejaculatory portion of the deferent duct (
<figureCitation id="1300D29DFFC76061FC51F92E6B4BD5CB" box="[982,1080,1760,1782]" captionStart="Figure 22" captionStartId="42.[142,220,1504,1523]" captionTargetBox="[307,1250,203,1462]" captionTargetId="figure-227@42.[302,1262,195,1472]" captionTargetPageId="42" captionText="Figure 22. Thordisa rubescens (CASIZ 068976). A, general view of the anatomy; scale bar = 1 mm. B, reproductive system; scale bar = 1 mm. C, detail of the ampulla; scale bar = 1 mm. D, lateral view of the buccal bulb; scale bar = 1 mm. E, central nervous system; scale bar = 1 mm. F, ventral view of the mouth area; scale bar = 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4634272" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4634272/files/figure.png" pageId="40" pageNumber="575">Fig. 22B</figureCitation>
). The penis is armed with a series of large hooks, which have a wide and flat base and a curved cusp (
<figureCitation id="1300D29DFFC76061FB89F8D36B02D40E" box="[1038,1137,1821,1843]" captionStart="Figure 23" captionStartId="43.[155,233,1075,1094]" captionTargetBox="[155,1435,194,1042]" captionTargetId="figure-349@43.[155,1435,194,1042]" captionTargetPageId="43" captionText="Figure 23. Thordisa rubescens (CASIZ 068976), SEM images of several reproductive structures. A, penial hook; scale bar = 75 Mm. B, copulatory spine; scale bar = 100 Mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4634274" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4634274/files/figure.png" pageId="40" pageNumber="575">Fig. 23A</figureCitation>
). The muscular deferent duct opens into a common atrium with the vagina. At the vaginal connection with the atrium there are two small accessory glands attached, and two small sacs each containing a short and irregular hard structure (
<figureCitation id="1300D29DFFC56063FF11F90C6F8BD5E5" box="[150,248,1730,1752]" captionStart="Figure 23" captionStartId="43.[155,233,1075,1094]" captionTargetBox="[155,1435,194,1042]" captionTargetId="figure-349@43.[155,1435,194,1042]" captionTargetPageId="43" captionText="Figure 23. Thordisa rubescens (CASIZ 068976), SEM images of several reproductive structures. A, penial hook; scale bar = 75 Mm. B, copulatory spine; scale bar = 100 Mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4634274" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4634274/files/figure.png" pageId="42" pageNumber="577">Fig. 23B</figureCitation>
). At its proximal end the vagina joins the bursa copulatrix. From the bursa copulatrix leads another duct connecting to the uterine duct and the seminal receptacle. The bursa copulatrix is oval in shape, about 15 times as large as the elongate seminal receptacle.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF449E90FFC66060FF1CF90B6E5FD429" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4634270" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4634270" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4634270/files/figure.png" pageId="41" pageNumber="576" startId="41.[155,233,1733,1752]" targetBox="[155,1435,195,1701]" targetPageId="41">
<paragraph id="8B84CE18FFC66060FF1CF90B6E5FD429" blockId="41.[155,1435,1733,1812]" pageId="41" pageNumber="576">
<emphasis id="B94F120AFFC66060FF1CF90B6E63D5E4" bold="true" box="[155,272,1733,1753]" pageId="41" pageNumber="576">Figure 21.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C3BB59BFFC66060FE9BF9086E96D5E4" authorityName="Behrens &amp; Henderson" authorityYear="1981" box="[284,485,1734,1753]" class="Gastropoda" family="Discodorididae" genus="Thordisa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Nudibranchia" pageId="41" pageNumber="576" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="rubescens">
<emphasis id="B94F120AFFC66060FE9BF9086E96D5E4" box="[284,485,1734,1753]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="576">Thordisa rubescens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(CASIZ 068976), SEM images of the radula and dorsal papillae. A, inner lateral teeth; scale bar = 43 Mm. B, mid-lateral teeth; scale bar = 75 Mm. C, outer lateral teeth; scale bar = 75 Mm. D, dorsal papillae; scale bar = 250 Mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF449E90FFC56063FF09FA2E6B5ED513" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4634272" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4634272" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4634272/files/figure.png" pageId="42" pageNumber="577" startId="42.[142,220,1504,1523]" targetBox="[307,1250,203,1462]" targetPageId="42">
<paragraph id="8B84CE18FFC56063FF09FA2E6B5ED513" blockId="42.[142,1422,1504,1582]" pageId="42" pageNumber="577">
<emphasis id="B94F120AFFC56063FF09FA2E6E77D6CE" bold="true" box="[142,260,1504,1523]" pageId="42" pageNumber="577">Figure 22.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C3BB59BFFC56063FE88FA2E6EABD6CE" authorityName="Behrens &amp; Henderson" authorityYear="1981" box="[271,472,1504,1523]" class="Gastropoda" family="Discodorididae" genus="Thordisa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Nudibranchia" pageId="42" pageNumber="577" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="rubescens">
<emphasis id="B94F120AFFC56063FE88FA2E6EABD6CE" box="[271,472,1504,1523]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="577">Thordisa rubescens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(CASIZ 068976). A, general view of the anatomy; scale bar = 1 mm. B, reproductive system; scale bar = 1 mm. C, detail of the ampulla; scale bar = 1 mm. D, lateral view of the buccal bulb; scale bar = 1 mm. E, central nervous system; scale bar = 1 mm. F, ventral view of the mouth area; scale bar = 1 mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8B84CE18FFC56062FCB8F94B6D83D607" blockId="42.[806,1422,1668,1905]" lastBlockId="43.[155,770,1193,1430]" lastPageId="43" lastPageNumber="578" pageId="42" pageNumber="577">
In the central nervous system (
<figureCitation id="1300D29DFFC56063FB32F94A6A65D5A6" box="[1205,1302,1668,1691]" captionStart="Figure 22" captionStartId="42.[142,220,1504,1523]" captionTargetBox="[307,1250,203,1462]" captionTargetId="figure-227@42.[302,1262,195,1472]" captionTargetPageId="42" captionText="Figure 22. Thordisa rubescens (CASIZ 068976). A, general view of the anatomy; scale bar = 1 mm. B, reproductive system; scale bar = 1 mm. C, detail of the ampulla; scale bar = 1 mm. D, lateral view of the buccal bulb; scale bar = 1 mm. E, central nervous system; scale bar = 1 mm. F, ventral view of the mouth area; scale bar = 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4634272" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4634272/files/figure.png" pageId="42" pageNumber="577">Fig. 22E</figureCitation>
) the cerebral and pleural ganglia are fused and distinct from the pedal ganglia. There are three cerebral nerves leading from each cerebral ganglion and three pleural nerves leading from each pleural ganglion. There is no separate abdominal ganglion on the right side of the visceral loop. The buccal ganglia are near to the rest of the central nervous system, joined to the cerebral ganglia by two relatively long nerves. Gastro-oesophageal, rhinophoral and optical ganglia are present. The pedal ganglia are clearly separated, having two nerves leading from each one. The pedal and parapedal commissures are enveloped together with the visceral loop.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF449E90FFC46062FF1CFBFD6DBAD759" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4634274" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4634274" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4634274/files/figure.png" pageId="43" pageNumber="578" startId="43.[155,233,1075,1094]" targetBox="[155,1435,194,1042]" targetPageId="43">
<paragraph id="8B84CE18FFC46062FF1CFBFD6DBAD759" blockId="43.[155,1435,1075,1124]" pageId="43" pageNumber="578">
<emphasis id="B94F120AFFC46062FF1CFBFD6E63D77B" bold="true" box="[155,272,1075,1094]" pageId="43" pageNumber="578">Figure 23.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C3BB59BFFC46062FE9BFBFD6E9AD77B" authorityName="Behrens &amp; Henderson" authorityYear="1981" box="[284,489,1075,1094]" class="Gastropoda" family="Discodorididae" genus="Thordisa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Nudibranchia" pageId="43" pageNumber="578" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="rubescens">
<emphasis id="B94F120AFFC46062FE9BFBFD6E9AD77B" box="[284,489,1075,1094]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="578">Thordisa rubescens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(CASIZ 068976), SEM images of several reproductive structures. A, penial hook; scale bar = 75 Mm. B, copulatory spine; scale bar = 100 Mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8B84CE18FFC46062FF33FA8C6D42D6A8" blockId="43.[155,770,1193,1430]" pageId="43" pageNumber="578">
The circulatory system (
<figureCitation id="1300D29DFFC46062FE4FFA8C6D5AD664" box="[456,553,1346,1369]" captionStart="Figure 22" captionStartId="42.[142,220,1504,1523]" captionTargetBox="[307,1250,203,1462]" captionTargetId="figure-227@42.[302,1262,195,1472]" captionTargetPageId="42" captionText="Figure 22. Thordisa rubescens (CASIZ 068976). A, general view of the anatomy; scale bar = 1 mm. B, reproductive system; scale bar = 1 mm. C, detail of the ampulla; scale bar = 1 mm. D, lateral view of the buccal bulb; scale bar = 1 mm. E, central nervous system; scale bar = 1 mm. F, ventral view of the mouth area; scale bar = 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4634272" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4634272/files/figure.png" pageId="43" pageNumber="578">Fig. 22A</figureCitation>
) consists of a large heart and two blood glands situated in front of and behind the central nervous system.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3219D93FFC46062FF1CFA156F92D5F4" pageId="43" pageNumber="578" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8B84CE18FFC46062FF1CFA156F8ED6CD" blockId="43.[155,771,1499,1737]" box="[155,253,1499,1520]" pageId="43" pageNumber="578">
<emphasis id="B94F120AFFC46062FF1CFA156F8ED6CD" box="[155,253,1499,1520]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="578">Remarks</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B84CE18FFC46062FF1CFA346F92D5F4" blockId="43.[155,771,1499,1737]" pageId="43" pageNumber="578">
This is a well-known species of
<taxonomicName id="4C3BB59BFFC46062FDA1FA346DF9D532" box="[550,650,1530,1551]" class="Gastropoda" family="Discodorididae" genus="Thordisa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Nudibranchia" pageId="43" pageNumber="578" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B94F120AFFC46062FDA1FA346DF9D532" box="[550,650,1530,1551]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="578">Thordisa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
described from
<collectingRegion id="49FF00FAFFC46062FF5BF9D76E3CD512" box="[220,335,1561,1583]" country="United States of America" name="California" pageId="43" pageNumber="578">California</collectingRegion>
by
<bibRefCitation id="EFAAB3E9FFC46062FE05F9D76DACD512" author="Behrens &amp; Henderson" box="[386,735,1561,1583]" firstAuthor="Behrens" pageId="43" pageNumber="578" pagination="120 - 128" refId="ref53747" refString="Behrens DW, Henderson R. 1981. Two new cryptobranch dorid nudibranchs from California. Veliger 24: 120 - 128." type="journal article" year="1981">Behrens &amp; Henderson (1981)</bibRefCitation>
. It was included in the analysis because it is the only species described so far that has penial hooks. Other features of this species agree with the original description of the genus (see
<bibRefCitation id="EFAAB3E9FFC46062FE70F95A6FA6D5F4" author="Behrens &amp; Henderson" firstAuthor="Behrens" pageId="43" pageNumber="578" pagination="120 - 128" refId="ref53747" refString="Behrens DW, Henderson R. 1981. Two new cryptobranch dorid nudibranchs from California. Veliger 24: 120 - 128." type="journal article" year="1981">Behrens &amp; Henderson, 1981</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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