294 lines
42 KiB
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294 lines
42 KiB
XML
<document id="08FC68C3475F40D9D86D348FF141D906" ID-DOI="10.24199/j.mmv.2014.71.24" ID-ISSN="1447-2554" ID-Zenodo-Dep="12212666" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="felipe" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatmentCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatments_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1718994965797" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Watson, Charlotte, Chivers, Adam J., Narayanaswamy, Bhavani E., Lamont, Peter & Turnewitsch, Robert" docDate="2014" docId="CA7A87A37021FFC08C91FAF9FEADF8F4" docLanguage="en" docName="MemMusVictoria.71.311-325.pdf" docOrigin="Memoirs of Museum Victoria 71" docSource="https://museumsvictoria.com.au/collections-research/journals/memoirs-of-museum-victoria/volume-71-2014/pages-311-325/" docStyle="DocumentStyle:5B3B5C052A93BFEEE334AD6097A94E45.2:MemMusVictoria.2003-.journal_article.type1" docStyleId="5B3B5C052A93BFEEE334AD6097A94E45" docStyleName="MemMusVictoria.2003-.journal_article.type1" docStyleVersion="2" docTitle="Arichlidon gathofi Watson Russell 2000" docType="treatment" docVersion="2" lastPageNumber="323" masterDocId="3643FFDB702BFFCC8C1DFF9FFF99FF9B" masterDocTitle="Chrysopetalidae (Annelida: Phyllodocida) from the Senghor Seamount, north-east Atlantic: taxa with deep-sea affinities and morphological adaptations" masterLastPageNumber="325" masterPageNumber="311" pageNumber="321" updateTime="1719009869777" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-4.0">
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<mods:title id="A93C7B92927E1D1D9F78163E91184DFB">Chrysopetalidae (Annelida: Phyllodocida) from the Senghor Seamount, north-east Atlantic: taxa with deep-sea affinities and morphological adaptations</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="CB274A3979F216BD1EBFB686715C92E6">Watson, Charlotte</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="951FA362AB06FAE081E1099D8EB5A006">Chivers, Adam J.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="7AC4BAD00FCCBAC8C1434BEF8FDB8872">Narayanaswamy, Bhavani E.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="E333520FC5C5D8489E3A35688FBF6ED5">Lamont, Peter</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="0634D2C2CB5D1220E1642E59E1365D6E">Turnewitsch, Robert</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="4A7355E7966F455329F641654B92A304">Memoirs of Museum Victoria</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="A50717FA42EC6081187E05A62DC4D27D">2014</mods:date>
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<mods:start id="77D6DB1C8FA95E554C06E27189A495DD">311</mods:start>
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<treatment id="CA7A87A37021FFC08C91FAF9FEADF8F4" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12212692" ID-Zenodo-Dep="12212692" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:CA7A87A37021FFC08C91FAF9FEADF8F4" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/CA7A87A37021FFC08C91FAF9FEADF8F4" lastPageId="12" lastPageNumber="323" pageId="10" pageNumber="321">
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<heading id="192481D97021FFC68C91FAF9FD0FFAE6" box="[140,662,1382,1405]" fontSize="9" level="2" pageId="10" pageNumber="321" reason="5">
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<treatmentCitation id="C37210A47021FFC68C91FAF9FD0FFAE6" author="Watson Russell, C." box="[140,662,1382,1405]" page="477" pageId="10" pageNumber="321" year="2000">
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<taxonomicName id="85D34D367021FFC68C91FAF9FD0FFAE6" ID-CoL="68398" authority="Watson Russell, 2000: 465 - 477" authorityName="Watson Russell" authorityPageNumber="465 - 477" authorityYear="2000" box="[140,662,1382,1405]" class="Polychaeta" family="Chrysopetalidae" genus="Arichlidon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phyllodocida" pageId="10" pageNumber="321" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="gathofi">
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<emphasis id="70A7EAA77021FFC68C91FAF9FED6FAE7" bold="true" box="[140,335,1382,1404]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="321">Arichlidon gathofi</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="26424B447021FFC68D48FAF8FD0FFAE6" author="Watson Russell, C." box="[341,662,1383,1405]" pageId="10" pageNumber="321" pagination="465 - 477" refId="ref11466" refString="Watson Russell, C. 2000. Description of a new species of Arichlidon (Chrysopetalidae: Polychaeta) from the West Atlantic and comparison with the East Atlantic species Arichlidon reyssi. Sixth International Polychaete Conference, Brazil. Bulletin of Marine Science 67 (1): 465 - 477." type="journal article" year="2000">Watson Russell, 2000: 465–477</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="0AC9653E7021FFC08C91FA0CFEADF8F4" lastPageId="12" lastPageNumber="323" pageId="10" pageNumber="321" type="description">
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<paragraph id="426C36B57021FFC68C91FA0CFE90FA32" blockId="10.[140,265,1427,1449]" box="[140,265,1427,1449]" pageId="10" pageNumber="321">
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<figureCitation id="DAE82A307021FFC68C91FA0CFE9CFA32" box="[140,261,1427,1449]" captionStart-0="Figure 1" captionStart-1="Figure 2" captionStart-2="Figure 3" captionStart-3="Figure 4" captionStart-4="Figure 5" captionStartId-0="2.[140,200,1830,1849]" captionStartId-1="3.[148,207,1095,1114]" captionStartId-2="5.[146,206,1545,1564]" captionStartId-3="7.[147,207,1857,1876]" captionStartId-4="9.[147,207,1830,1849]" captionTargetBox-0="[283,1316,254,1803]" captionTargetBox-1="[147,1447,239,1078]" captionTargetBox-2="[150,1444,227,1512]" captionTargetBox-3="[370,1225,227,1837]" captionTargetBox-4="[191,1405,246,1813]" captionTargetId-0="figure-13@2.[211,1369,227,1814]" captionTargetId-1="figure-410@3.[147,1447,227,1078]" captionTargetId-2="figure-154@5.[147,1447,227,1528]" captionTargetId-3="figure-15@7.[370,1225,227,1840]" captionTargetId-4="figure-15@9.[191,1405,246,1813]" captionTargetPageId-0="2" captionTargetPageId-1="3" captionTargetPageId-2="5" captionTargetPageId-3="7" captionTargetPageId-4="9" captionText-0="Figure 1. A, Map of Senghor Seamount, located in the Cape Verde Archipelago, NE Atlantic. Data extracted from Smith and Sandwell (1997); dataset created by A. Dale (SAMS). B, Senghor Seamount with the location of transects. Data and map created by Thor Hansteen and Alexander Schmidt, GEOMAR. (A, B, reproduced from Chivers et al., 2013.)" captionText-1="Figure 2. A–D: Thrausmatos senghorensis sp. nov., Senghor Seamount, SMF 22963. A, Anterior end, dorsal view, slide preparation; B, anterior end, dorsal view; C, mid-body parapodium, slide preparation; D, detail of superior-most neurochaeta (asterisked in fig. 2C). Scalebars: A-C, 100 µm; D, 10µm." captionText-2="Figure 3. A–B: Dysponetus caecus, Senghor Seamount, SMF 22964. A, Anterior end, dorsal view, slide preparation; B, neuropodium XII with superior swimming neurochaetae. Scalebars: A-B, 100µm." captionText-3="Figure 4. A–B: Arichlidon reyssi, adult, Senghor Seamount, NMS.Z.2013.160.09, slide preparations. A, Anterior end; B, mid-body notopodium from anterior end. Scalebars: A, 100 µm; B, 50µm." captionText-4="Figure 5. A–F: Arichlidon reyssi 6-segmented larva, Arcachon, NE Atlantic, NTM 25385; A, D–F: slide preparations. A, Entire larva, dorsal view; B, anterior end, dorsal, left side detail (transitory chaetae drawn in part); C, anterior end, ventral view, left side detail; D, detail of anterior end of fig. 5A; E, notopodium segment IV; F, neuropodia segments IV and V. Scalebars: A, 50µm; B-C, 100µm; D-F, 10 µm." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12212670" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12212672" figureDoi-2="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12212674" figureDoi-3="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12212676" figureDoi-4="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12212682" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/12212670/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/12212672/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/12212674/files/figure.png" httpUri-3="https://zenodo.org/record/12212676/files/figure.png" httpUri-4="https://zenodo.org/record/12212682/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="321">Figures 1–5</figureCitation>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="426C36B57021FFC68C91FA20FEB0F9A7" blockId="10.[140,771,1471,1596]" pageId="10" pageNumber="321">
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<emphasis id="70A7EAA77021FFC68C91FA20FEDEFA49" box="[140,327,1471,1490]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="321">Material examined:</emphasis>
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<materialsCitation id="F2BB3CE87021FFC68D4CFA20FEBCF9A7" collectingDate="1885-10-18" collectionCode="RV" country="United States of America" elevation="45" latitude="34.583332" location="Albatross" longLatPrecision="1198" longitude="-75.86667" municipality="western Atlantic" pageId="10" pageNumber="321" specimenCode="USNM 186017" specimenCount="36" specimenCount-juvenile="36" stateProvince="North Carolina" typeStatus="paratype">
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<typeStatus id="9D6888177021FFC68D4CFA20FE37FA49" box="[337,430,1471,1490]" pageId="10" pageNumber="321" type="paratype">Paratypes</typeStatus>
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.
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<collectingCountry id="3AC476257021FFC68DA6FA20FE70FA49" box="[443,489,1471,1490]" name="United States of America" pageId="10" pageNumber="321">USA</collectingCountry>
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, off
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<collectingRegion id="8017F8577021FFC68E01FA20FD37FA49" box="[540,686,1471,1490]" country="United States of America" name="North Carolina" pageId="10" pageNumber="321">North Carolina</collectingRegion>
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,
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<collectingMunicipality id="A208ACCF7021FFC68EA1FA20FF4EFA77" pageId="10" pageNumber="321">western Atlantic</collectingMunicipality>
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, Stn. 2606,
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<geoCoordinate id="27E750727021FFC68D5BFA46FE0FFA77" box="[326,406,1497,1516]" degrees="34" direction="north" minutes="35" orientation="latitude" pageId="10" pageNumber="321" precision="925" value="34.583332">34° 35'N</geoCoordinate>
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<geoCoordinate id="27E750727021FFC68D80FA46FE6BFA77" box="[413,498,1497,1516]" degrees="75" direction="west" minutes="52" orientation="longitude" pageId="10" pageNumber="321" precision="925" value="-75.86667">75° 52'W</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<quantity id="852B9B507021FFC68DE6FA46FDB5FA76" box="[507,556,1497,1517]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.5" pageId="10" pageNumber="321" unit="m" value="45.0">
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<elevation id="C9FED1867021FFC68DE6FA46FDB5FA76" box="[507,556,1497,1517]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.5" pageId="10" pageNumber="321" unit="m" value="45.0">45 m</elevation>
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</quantity>
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, coll.
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<collectionCode id="24C2AE707021FFC68E78FA45FD1AFA76" box="[613,643,1498,1517]" country="Italy" name="Collection of Leptospira Strains" pageId="10" pageNumber="321">RV</collectionCode>
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<emphasis id="70A7EAA77021FFC68E94FA46FD78FA77" box="[649,737,1497,1516]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="321">
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<location id="470C606E7021FFC68E94FA46FD78FA77" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:CA7A87A37021FFC08C91FAF9FEADF8F4:470C606E7021FFC68E94FA46FD78FA77" box="[649,737,1497,1516]" country="United States of America" latitude="34.583332" longLatPrecision="1198" longitude="-75.86667" municipality="western Atlantic" name="Albatross" pageId="10" pageNumber="321" stateProvince="North Carolina">Albatross</location>
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</emphasis>
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,
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<date id="366D10757021FFC68EF0FA46FF47F99C" pageId="10" pageNumber="321" value="1885-10-18">
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<collectingDate id="2629E99D7021FFC68EF0FA46FF47F99C" pageId="10" pageNumber="321" value="1885-10-18">18 Oct 1885</collectingDate>
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</date>
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,
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<specimenCode id="12759ECE7021FFC68CFBFA6BFEF4F99C" box="[230,365,1524,1543]" collectionCode="USNM" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="10" pageNumber="321" type="Museum">USNM 186017</specimenCode>
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. Note: 148 individuals were collected; among these were
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<specimenCount id="54D5FD3C7021FFC68CE0F991FEE9F9BA" box="[253,368,1550,1569]" count="36" pageId="10" pageNumber="321" type="juvenile">36 juveniles</specimenCount>
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and 4 late nectochaete larvae, the latter described herein
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</materialsCitation>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="426C36B57021FFC68C91F9CBFD58F946" blockId="10.[140,772,1619,1903]" pageId="10" pageNumber="321">
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<emphasis id="70A7EAA77021FFC68C91F9CBFD86F9F2" box="[140,543,1619,1641]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="321">Description based on benthic specimens.</emphasis>
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7 segments: length 520 µm, width 500 µm (fig. 6A, B); 7 segments: length 460 µm, width 460 µm; 8 segments: length 540 µm, width 460 µm; 10 segments: length 700 µm, width 500 µm; 11 segments: length 840 µm, width 52 µm; 14 segments: length 920 µm, width 520 µm.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="426C36B57021FFC68CAFF97AFC2CFEC8" blockId="10.[140,772,1619,1903]" lastBlockId="10.[809,1441,229,1040]" pageId="10" pageNumber="321">Larvae of 7 segments with broad, ovoid body shape with palaeal fans fully extended over dorsum, neurochaetae extending out beyond palaea; dense oil globules in gut. Rounded prostomium with faint red eye pigment visible; short, stout median antenna inserts on anterior edge of prostomium; lateral antennae, palps and nuchal fold absent. Segments I–III in adult configuration (figs 6A, B). Segment I more visible in ventral view, with two pairs of dorsal and ventral tentacular cirri (fig. 6B).</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="426C36B57021FFC68F52FEC5FB3BFDED" blockId="10.[809,1441,229,1040]" pageId="10" pageNumber="321">
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Notopodium of segment II with 2 narrow palaea, 6–8 ribs. Notopodium of segments II–IV include primary, expanded palaea in medial position with 15–16 ribs (fig. 6C). Segments V–VII with adult
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<typeStatus id="9D6888177021FFC68FC1FE2DFB92FE5C" box="[988,1035,434,455]" pageId="10" pageNumber="321">type</typeStatus>
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, slimmer, asymmetrical median palaea, numbering 2–3, shorter than main fan, with 11–14 ribs (fig. 6D). Broad, asymmetrical medial-most, subunit 1, main palae (
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<taxonomicName id="85D34D367021FFC68F2CFD95FC0EFD85" authorityName="Watson Russell" authorityYear="2000" box="[817,919,521,543]" class="Polychaeta" family="Chrysopetalidae" genus="Arichlidon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phyllodocida" pageId="10" pageNumber="321" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="gathofi">
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<emphasis id="70A7EAA77021FFC68F2CFD95FC0EFD85" box="[817,919,521,543]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="321">A. gathofi</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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species character) present posterior segments VI– VII. Prominent, curved notochaetal spine originating from lateral group (continues into adult); subulate dorsal cirri present on all notopodia (figs 6C, D).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="426C36B57021FFC68F52FDE1FA13FC92" blockId="10.[809,1441,229,1040]" pageId="10" pageNumber="321">Neurochaetae of segment II all spinigers; neurochaetae of segments III–VII include 2–3 superior spinigers; adult groupings of mid-superior and mid-inferior falcigers; typical short, curved articles of inferior falcigers. Pygidium composed of slender ventral cone and dorsal structure with two filiform anal cirri.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="426C36B57021FFC68F52FC8FFB60FB8B" blockId="10.[809,1441,229,1040]" pageId="10" pageNumber="321">Post-larvae and juveniles 8–14 segments with body slightly tapered anteriorly and posteriorly; neurosetae not extending out beyond palae. Prostomium smaller with two pairs of eyes, longer, subulate median antenna, two lateral antenna and two ventral, long, cylindrical palps. Triangular mouth fold posterior to palps, pair of stylets evident in pharynx; raised glandular nuchal fold present posterior to prostomium. Increasing numbers of adult main palaeal notochaetae and neurochaetae with increasing body segments.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="426C36B57021FFC68F34FBB8FA8EFAFB" blockId="10.[809,1441,1063,1903]" pageId="10" pageNumber="321">
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<emphasis id="70A7EAA77021FFC68F34FBB8FC13FBA7" box="[809,906,1063,1084]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="321">Remarks.</emphasis>
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Chrysopetalid notochaetal palaea, spines and neurochaetal shafts are composed of internal longitudinal ribs and horizontal diaphragms (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="26424B447021FFC68849FBFEFCC4FB08" author="Westheide, W. & Watson Russell, C." pageId="10" pageNumber="321" pagination="197 - 202" refId="ref11519" refString="Westheide, W., and Watson Russell, C. 1992. Ultrastructure of chrysopetalid paleal chaetae (Annelida, Polychaeata). Acta Zoologica 73 (3): 197 - 202." type="journal article" year="1992">Westheide and Watson Russell, 1992</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The appearance of the first chaetae arises in the trochophore after initiation of the first larval segment. These long, brown, spinulose provisional chaetae are internally striated. The metatrochophore 4-segmented larvae develop compound falcigerous neurochaetae with striated shafts, and the generation of the sixth segment initiates primary, laterally folded, notochaetal palaeal fans and spines, all striated internally (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="26424B447021FFC68F84FAD4FBBCFAFA" author="Cazaux, C." box="[921,1061,1355,1377]" pageId="10" pageNumber="321" pagination="477 - 543" refId="ref9934" refString="Cazaux, C. 1968. Etude morphologique du development larvaire d'Annelides Polychetes (Bassin d'Arcachon) 1. Aphroditidae, Chrysopetalidae. Archives de Zoologie Experimentale et Generale 109: 477 - 543." type="journal article" year="1968">Cazaux, 1968</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="26424B447021FFC68832FAD4FA92FAFB" author="Watson Russell, C." box="[1071,1291,1355,1377]" pageId="10" pageNumber="321" pagination="596 - 753" refId="ref11268" refString="Watson Russell, C. 1987. Chrysopetalidae. Pp. 660 - 670 in: Bhaud, M. and Cazaux, C. Description and identification of polychaete larvae; their implications in current biological problems. Oceanis 13: 596 - 753." type="journal article" year="1987">Watson Russell, 1987</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="426C36B57021FFC68F52FAF7FA8AF98B" blockId="10.[809,1441,1063,1903]" pageId="10" pageNumber="321">
|
||
This construction of internally striated chaetae creates maximum strength and lightness for larvae and adults found mid-water. Adult chrysopetalids may also possess epitokous, swimming neurochaetae, as first described for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="85D34D367021FFC6892EFA5FFCE9FA69" authorityName="Watson Russell" authorityYear="2000" class="Polychaeta" family="Chrysopetalidae" genus="Arichlidon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phyllodocida" pageId="10" pageNumber="321" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="gathofi">
|
||
<emphasis id="70A7EAA77021FFC6892EFA5FFCE9FA69" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="321">Arichlidon gathofi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
collected from the plankton (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="26424B447021FFC688AEFA42FA05FA69" author="Watson Russell, C." box="[1203,1436,1501,1523]" pageId="10" pageNumber="321" pagination="465 - 477" refId="ref11466" refString="Watson Russell, C. 2000. Description of a new species of Arichlidon (Chrysopetalidae: Polychaeta) from the West Atlantic and comparison with the East Atlantic species Arichlidon reyssi. Sixth International Polychaete Conference, Brazil. Bulletin of Marine Science 67 (1): 465 - 477." type="journal article" year="2000">Watson Russell, 2000</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="DAE82A307021FFC68F34FA65FCEFF98B" box="[809,886,1530,1552]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="9.[147,207,1830,1849]" captionTargetBox="[191,1405,246,1813]" captionTargetId="figure-15@9.[191,1405,246,1813]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figure 5. A–F: Arichlidon reyssi 6-segmented larva, Arcachon, NE Atlantic, NTM 25385; A, D–F: slide preparations. A, Entire larva, dorsal view; B, anterior end, dorsal, left side detail (transitory chaetae drawn in part); C, anterior end, ventral view, left side detail; D, detail of anterior end of fig. 5A; E, notopodium segment IV; F, neuropodia segments IV and V. Scalebars: A, 50µm; B-C, 100µm; D-F, 10 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12212682" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12212682/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="321">Fig. 5A</figureCitation>
|
||
, and reproduced in this paper as fig. 6F).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="426C36B57021FFC68F52F988FAD8F8F5" blockId="10.[809,1441,1063,1903]" pageId="10" pageNumber="321">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="26424B447021FFC68F52F988FB85F9B6" author="Mileikovsky, S. A." box="[847,1052,1559,1581]" pageId="10" pageNumber="321" pagination="648 - 659" refId="ref10563" refString="Mileikovsky, S. A. 1962. On the morphology and systematics of polychaetes belonging to the family Chrysopetalidae E. Ehlers, 1864 (genera Paleanotus L. Schmarda 1861, Heteropale H. P. Johnson, 1897, and others). Zoologicheskii Zhurnal 41: 648 - 659 (in Russian, English summary)." type="journal article" year="1962">Mileikovsky (1962)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
observed that the long provisional chaetae found in chrysopetalid, sabellariid and some ‘Chaetosphaera’ spionid trochophore larvae are probable convergent structures suited to a similar pelagic mode of living, with larvae able to be transported very long distances. There is no record of chrysopetalid teleplanic larvae, but chrysopetalid metatrochophore larvae have been collected from vertical plankton tows from the surface down to
|
||
<quantity id="852B9B507021FFC688DEF97BFA9CF961" box="[1219,1285,1764,1786]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="10" pageNumber="321" unit="m" value="100.0">100 m</quantity>
|
||
, in
|
||
<quantity id="852B9B507021FFC68934F97BFCA4F88C" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.5" metricValueMax="4.0" metricValueMin="3.0" pageId="10" pageNumber="321" unit="m" value="3500.0" valueMax="4000.0" valueMin="3000.0">3000–4000 m</quantity>
|
||
depth in the Gulf Stream, NW Atlantic (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="26424B447021FFC688CAF89EFA0CF88C" author="Mileikovsky, S. A." box="[1239,1429,1793,1815]" pageId="10" pageNumber="321" pagination="648 - 659" refId="ref10563" refString="Mileikovsky, S. A. 1962. On the morphology and systematics of polychaetes belonging to the family Chrysopetalidae E. Ehlers, 1864 (genera Paleanotus L. Schmarda 1861, Heteropale H. P. Johnson, 1897, and others). Zoologicheskii Zhurnal 41: 648 - 659 (in Russian, English summary)." type="journal article" year="1962">Mileikovsky, 1962</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Original material was lost but its identity is inferred from his figures as belonging to either the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="85D34D367021FFC688A8F8A3FABBF8CA" authorityName="Watson Russell" authorityYear="1998" box="[1205,1314,1852,1873]" class="Polychaeta" family="Chrysopetalidae" genus="Arichlidon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phyllodocida" pageId="10" pageNumber="321" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="70A7EAA77021FFC688A8F8A3FABBF8CA" box="[1205,1314,1852,1873]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="321">Arichlidon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
or the deepsea-dwelling
|
||
<taxonomicName id="85D34D367021FFC68FADF8C6FBBCF8F5" authorityName="Watson Russell" authorityYear="1991" box="[944,1061,1881,1902]" class="Polychaeta" family="Chrysopetalidae" genus="Strepternos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phyllodocida" pageId="10" pageNumber="321" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="70A7EAA77021FFC68FADF8C6FBBCF8F5" box="[944,1061,1881,1902]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="321">Strepternos</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(see
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="26424B447021FFC68844F8C6FAAFF8F5" author="Watson Russell, C." box="[1113,1334,1881,1903]" pageId="10" pageNumber="321" pagination="405 - 426" refId="ref11370" refString="Watson Russell, C. 1997. Patterns of growth and development in the deep-sea worm, Strepternos didymopyton (Polychaeta: Chrysopetalidae). Fifth International Polychaete Conference, China. Bulletin of Marine Science 60 (2): 405 - 426." type="journal article" year="1997">Watson Russell, 1997</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="16AC663D7020FFC78C8EF893FC04F8F5" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12212684" ID-Zenodo-Dep="12212684" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12212684/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="322" startId="11.[147,207,1804,1823]" targetBox="[282,1303,238,1788]" targetPageId="11" targetType="figure">
|
||
<paragraph id="426C36B57020FFC78C8EF893FC04F8F5" blockId="11.[147,1448,1804,1902]" pageId="11" pageNumber="322">
|
||
Figure 6. A–F:
|
||
<emphasis id="70A7EAA77020FFC78D3DF893FE56F884" box="[288,463,1804,1823]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="322">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="85D34D367020FFC78D3DF893FE52F884" authorityName="Watson Russell" authorityYear="2000" box="[288,459,1804,1823]" class="Polychaeta" family="Chrysopetalidae" genus="Arichlidon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phyllodocida" pageId="11" pageNumber="322" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="gathofi">Arichlidon gathofi</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
7-segmented larva, Carolina, West Atlantic, USNM 186017. A, Entire larva, dorsal view; B, ventral view of A; C, notopodium segment IV; D, notopodium segment VI (figs A, C, after
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="26424B447020FFC78F5EF8B8FB91F8A1" author="Watson Russell, C." box="[835,1032,1830,1850]" pageId="11" pageNumber="322" pagination="596 - 753" refId="ref11268" refString="Watson Russell, C. 1987. Chrysopetalidae. Pp. 660 - 670 in: Bhaud, M. and Cazaux, C. Description and identification of polychaete larvae; their implications in current biological problems. Oceanis 13: 596 - 753." type="journal article" year="1987">Watson Russell, 1987</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: Figs 28.4, 6: as ‘new genus 1’). E,
|
||
<emphasis id="70A7EAA77020FFC78955F8B8FA31F8A2" box="[1352,1448,1830,1850]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="322">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="85D34D367020FFC78955F8B8FA3DF8A2" authorityName="Watson Russell" authorityYear="2000" box="[1352,1444,1830,1850]" class="Polychaeta" family="Chrysopetalidae" genus="Arichlidon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phyllodocida" pageId="11" pageNumber="322" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="gathofi">A. gathofi</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
adult, mid-body notopodium, detail median fascicle; F, mid-body neuropodium with epitokous swimming neurochaetae (figs E, F after
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="26424B447020FFC78979F8DEFE8AF8F5" author="Watson Russell, C." pageId="11" pageNumber="322" pagination="465 - 477" refId="ref11466" refString="Watson Russell, C. 2000. Description of a new species of Arichlidon (Chrysopetalidae: Polychaeta) from the West Atlantic and comparison with the East Atlantic species Arichlidon reyssi. Sixth International Polychaete Conference, Brazil. Bulletin of Marine Science 67 (1): 465 - 477." type="journal article" year="2000">Watson Russell, 2000</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: Figs 1D, 5A). Scalebars: A, 200µm; B, 350µm; C-E, 40 µm; F, 100µm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="426C36B57027FFC08C91FF7AFD25FEEA" blockId="12.[140,771,229,369]" pageId="12" pageNumber="323">
|
||
<emphasis id="70A7EAA77027FFC08C91FF7AFDFDFF61" box="[140,612,229,250]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="323">
|
||
Distribution and habitat.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="85D34D367027FFC08DBEFF7AFDFDFF61" authorityName="Watson Russell" authorityYear="2000" box="[419,612,229,250]" class="Polychaeta" family="Chrysopetalidae" genus="Arichlidon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phyllodocida" pageId="12" pageNumber="323" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="gathofi">Arichlidon gathofi</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
is found from
|
||
<collectingRegion id="8017F8577027FFC08C91FE9CFEB4FE82" box="[140,301,259,281]" country="United States of America" name="North Carolina" pageId="12" pageNumber="323">North Carolina</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="3AC476257027FFC08D26FE9CFEF5FE83" box="[315,364,259,280]" name="United States of America" pageId="12" pageNumber="323">USA</collectingCountry>
|
||
to
|
||
<collectingCountry id="3AC476257027FFC08D8EFE9CFE7EFE83" box="[403,487,259,280]" name="Panama" pageId="12" pageNumber="323">Panama</collectingCountry>
|
||
, Central America, western Atlantic. Benthic habitat varies from silty sands in the Gulf of Mexico to algal, sea-grass, shell and coral rubble substrates of the islands of the north and south Caribbean;
|
||
<quantity id="852B9B507027FFC08E40FEC4FD21FEEA" box="[605,696,347,369]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.35" metricValueMax="10.6" metricValueMin="0.1" pageId="12" pageNumber="323" unit="m" value="53.5" valueMax="106.0" valueMin="1.0">
|
||
1–
|
||
<specimenCount id="54D5FD3C7027FFC08E69FEC4FD21FEEA" box="[628,696,347,369]" count="106" pageId="12" pageNumber="323" type="generic">106 m</specimenCount>
|
||
</quantity>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="426C36B57027FFC08C91FE17FD53FCC3" blockId="12.[140,771,392,1475]" pageId="12" pageNumber="323">
|
||
<emphasis id="70A7EAA77027FFC08C91FE17FD9AFE21" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="323">
|
||
Remarks on the larval morphology and development of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="85D34D367027FFC08C91FE3AFEDFFE20" authorityName="Watson Russell" authorityYear="2000" box="[140,326,421,443]" class="Polychaeta" family="Chrysopetalidae" genus="Arichlidon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phyllodocida" pageId="12" pageNumber="323" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="reyssi">Arichlidon reyssi</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="85D34D367027FFC08D90FE39FE66FE21" authorityName="Watson Russell" authorityYear="2000" box="[397,511,421,443]" class="Polychaeta" family="Chrysopetalidae" genus="Arichlidon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phyllodocida" pageId="12" pageNumber="323" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="gathofi">A. gathofi</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Metamorphosis at the 6–7-segment stage occurs at benthic settlement and includes loss of larval notopodia 1 (comprising larval pair of cirri and transitory, provisional chaetae, figs. 5A–D) and development of adult segment I in a dorsal/ventral plane. The episphere reduces in size as it differentiates into a more adult prostomium and its appendages develop. Concurrent with these changes is development of adult notopodia II and III with forward rotation and part fusion, particularly evident in dorsal view; larval primary palaea are lost on notopodia II and replaced by a few, short adult palaea (fig. 6A). The nuchal fold begins to take shape as a result of these former changes and forms part of the retraction mechanism of the anterior end. A discreet caruncle, as postulated by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="26424B447027FFC08D45FCBAFE61FCA1" author="Cazaux, C." box="[344,504,804,826]" pageId="12" pageNumber="323" pagination="477 - 543" refId="ref9934" refString="Cazaux, C. 1968. Etude morphologique du development larvaire d'Annelides Polychetes (Bassin d'Arcachon) 1. Aphroditidae, Chrysopetalidae. Archives de Zoologie Experimentale et Generale 109: 477 - 543." type="journal article" year="1968">Cazaux (1968)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, is found primarily in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="85D34D367027FFC08C91FCDDFEB3FCCC" authorityName="Ehlers" authorityYear="1864" box="[140,298,834,855]" class="Polychaeta" family="Chrysopetalidae" genus="Chrysopetalum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phyllodocida" pageId="12" pageNumber="323" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="70A7EAA77027FFC08C91FCDDFEB3FCCC" box="[140,298,834,855]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="323">Chrysopetalum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and is not present in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="85D34D367027FFC08E19FCDDFD53FCC3" box="[516,714,834,856]" class="Polychaeta" family="Chrysopetalidae" genus="Arichlidon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phyllodocida" pageId="12" pageNumber="323" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="70A7EAA77027FFC08E19FCDDFDEBFCCC" box="[516,626,834,855]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="323">Arichlidon</emphasis>
|
||
species.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="426C36B57027FFC08CAFFCC0FD06FB07" blockId="12.[140,771,392,1475]" pageId="12" pageNumber="323">
|
||
Adult segment I is developed from the ciliate buds seen in the larvae at the conjunction of the episphere and trunk (fig. 5A–D). From a 7-segmented larvae onwards, this segment I appears reduced and fused in part to the prostomium. It supports a pair of dorsal and ventral cirri that are often more visible in ventral view. These later-formed adult cirri are shorter than the larval pair and are approximately the same size as those dorsal cirri seen in segment II (fig. 6A, B). At no developmental stage are chaetae present on adult segment I in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="85D34D367027FFC08C91FBF6FECDFBE4" box="[140,340,1129,1151]" pageId="12" pageNumber="323">
|
||
<emphasis id="70A7EAA77027FFC08C91FBF6FF63FBE5" box="[140,250,1129,1150]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="323">Arichlidon</emphasis>
|
||
species
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and the term ‘tentacular’ is therefore retained as a descriptor for the cirri of this segment.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="426C36B57027FFC08CAFFB3BFD6EFA59" blockId="12.[140,771,392,1475]" pageId="12" pageNumber="323">
|
||
A similar series of morphological changes has been described for the larval deep-sea chrysopetalid
|
||
<taxonomicName id="85D34D367027FFC08E91FB5EFD97FB6F" authority="Watson Russell, 1991" authorityName="Watson Russell" authorityYear="1991" class="Polychaeta" family="Chrysopetalidae" genus="Strepternos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phyllodocida" pageId="12" pageNumber="323" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="didymopyton">
|
||
<emphasis id="70A7EAA77027FFC08E91FB5EFE88FB6F" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="323">Strepternos didymopyton</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="26424B447027FFC08D3DFB40FD97FB6F" author="Watson Russell, C." box="[288,526,1247,1269]" pageId="12" pageNumber="323" pagination="283 - 294" refId="ref11314" refString="Watson Russell, C. 1991. Strepternos didymopyton Watson Russell in Bhaud & Cazaux, 1987 (Polychaeta: Chrysopetalidae) from experimental wooden panels in deep waters of the western North Atlantic. In: Proceedings of the 2 nd International Polychaete Conference, Copenhagen. Ophelia Supplement 5: 283 - 294." type="journal article" year="1991">Watson Russell, 1991</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, which has the same anterior end schema, i.e. segment I with two pairs of tentacular cirri, segment II with notopodia, chaetae, neuropodia with chaetae, ventral cirri absent (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="26424B447027FFC08DC1FAA8FD48FAD7" author="Watson Russell, C." box="[476,721,1335,1357]" pageId="12" pageNumber="323" pagination="405 - 426" refId="ref11370" refString="Watson Russell, C. 1997. Patterns of growth and development in the deep-sea worm, Strepternos didymopyton (Polychaeta: Chrysopetalidae). Fifth International Polychaete Conference, China. Bulletin of Marine Science 60 (2): 405 - 426." type="journal article" year="1997">Watson Russell, 1997</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="85D34D367027FFC08C91FACAFE9BFAF1" authorityName="Watson Russell" authorityYear="1991" box="[140,258,1365,1386]" class="Polychaeta" family="Chrysopetalidae" genus="Strepternos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phyllodocida" pageId="12" pageNumber="323" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="70A7EAA77027FFC08C91FACAFE9BFAF1" box="[140,258,1365,1386]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="323">Strepternos</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="85D34D367027FFC08D2AFACBFE3CFAF2" authorityName="Watson Russell" authorityYear="1998" box="[311,421,1364,1385]" class="Polychaeta" family="Chrysopetalidae" genus="Arichlidon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phyllodocida" pageId="12" pageNumber="323" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="70A7EAA77027FFC08D2AFACBFE3CFAF2" box="[311,421,1364,1385]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="323">Arichlidon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the small neuropodia 1 does not at any time possess ventral cirri (fig. 5C, 6B). It has been the contention of some authors, e.g. Perkins, 1987, that there has been loss of ventral cirri from this segment during ontogeny.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="426C36B57027FFC08C91FA45FEADF8F4" blockId="12.[140,771,1498,1903]" pageId="12" pageNumber="323">
|
||
<emphasis id="70A7EAA77027FFC08C91FA45FD29FA74" box="[140,688,1498,1519]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="323">
|
||
Identification of Atlantic
|
||
<taxonomicName id="85D34D367027FFC08D96FA45FDDBFA74" box="[395,578,1498,1519]" class="Polychaeta" family="Chrysopetalidae" genus="Arichlidon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phyllodocida" pageId="12" pageNumber="323" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="larvae">Arichlidon larvae</taxonomicName>
|
||
to species.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Chaetal patterns in the midposterior body of chrysopetalid larvae can be used for identification to genus and species (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="26424B447027FFC08E42F98AFF58F9DC" author="Watson Russell, C." pageId="12" pageNumber="323" pagination="596 - 753" refId="ref11268" refString="Watson Russell, C. 1987. Chrysopetalidae. Pp. 660 - 670 in: Bhaud, M. and Cazaux, C. Description and identification of polychaete larvae; their implications in current biological problems. Oceanis 13: 596 - 753." type="journal article" year="1987">Watson Russell, 1987</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The shape of the main palaea (and particularly the inferior-most curved, falcigerous neurochaetae from posterior segments) identify the above larvae as belonging to the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="85D34D367027FFC08C91F915FF63F904" authorityName="Watson Russell" authorityYear="1998" box="[140,250,1674,1695]" class="Polychaeta" family="Chrysopetalidae" genus="Arichlidon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phyllodocida" pageId="12" pageNumber="323" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="70A7EAA77027FFC08C91F915FF63F904" box="[140,250,1674,1695]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="323">Arichlidon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(fig. 5F). Adult lateral, main and median palaeal
|
||
<typeStatus id="9D6888177027FFC08C91F937FF5AF926" box="[140,195,1704,1725]" pageId="12" pageNumber="323">types</typeStatus>
|
||
are present from segments IV–VI, with the overall highest numbers of adult chaetal
|
||
<typeStatus id="9D6888177027FFC08DECF959FDB1F940" box="[497,552,1734,1755]" pageId="12" pageNumber="323">types</typeStatus>
|
||
present in segments IV–VI in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="85D34D367027FFC08CF3F97CFEDFF963" authorityName="Watson Russell" authorityYear="2000" box="[238,326,1763,1784]" class="Polychaeta" family="Chrysopetalidae" genus="Arichlidon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phyllodocida" pageId="12" pageNumber="323" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="reyssi">
|
||
<emphasis id="70A7EAA77027FFC08CF3F97CFEDFF963" box="[238,326,1763,1784]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="323">A. reyssi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and segments V–VII in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="85D34D367027FFC08E5DF97CFD3CF963" authorityName="Watson Russell" authorityYear="2000" box="[576,677,1763,1784]" class="Polychaeta" family="Chrysopetalidae" genus="Arichlidon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phyllodocida" pageId="12" pageNumber="323" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="gathofi">
|
||
<emphasis id="70A7EAA77027FFC08E5DF97CFD3CF963" box="[576,677,1763,1784]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="323">A. gathofi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The tall lateral-most median palae—a distinguishing species character for
|
||
<emphasis id="70A7EAA77027FFC08CADF881FE87F8A8" box="[176,286,1822,1843]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="323">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="85D34D367027FFC08CADF881FE9CF8A8" authorityName="Watson Russell" authorityYear="2000" box="[176,261,1822,1843]" class="Polychaeta" family="Chrysopetalidae" genus="Arichlidon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phyllodocida" pageId="12" pageNumber="323" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="reyssi">A. reyssi</taxonomicName>
|
||
—
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
is clearly visible from segment IV (fig. 5E); the shorter, broader median palae visible from segment V in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="85D34D367027FFC08EF1F8A3FF4AF8F5" authorityName="Watson Russell" authorityYear="2000" class="Polychaeta" family="Chrysopetalidae" genus="Arichlidon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phyllodocida" pageId="12" pageNumber="323" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="gathofi">
|
||
<emphasis id="70A7EAA77027FFC08EF1F8A3FF4AF8F5" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="323">A. gathofi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(fig. 6D).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |