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<mods:title id="BBF0EDDF28E67C3FCB30D9FBF4B1249B">New species and species reports of Croton L. (Euphorbiaceae) from the eastern forest corridor of Madagascar</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="A0D1CEF250DC8A1A7F0CA546368B1459">Ee, Benjamin van</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="E69C368AA7EE29CC175C9FAA339A396D">Department of Biology, Universidad de Puerto Rico, Recinto Universitario de Mayagüez, Mayagüez, PR 00680, Puerto Rico, U. S. A.</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="46DAE4FED9843D2CC2CC7CD63FA953CD">Antilahimena, Patrice</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="C7A10049812475A61FFE41ECA19CB84D">Missouri Botanical Garden, B. P. 3391, Antananarivo 101, Madagascar.</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="2551F5537F594A11160EA9540681B7F4">Razafindraibe, Hanta</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="8178D2BE7FFB4F4A0BE0E6D208BC4DAB">Berry, Paul E.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="D26CBFA98668EDEC112FB86C753156A8">Herbarium, Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, 3600 Varsity Drive, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48108, U. S. A.</mods:affiliation>
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<treatment id="03F487CA8162435DFF58FEA15A20FA77" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5794137" ID-GBIF-Taxon="191683039" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5794137" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03F487CA8162435DFF58FEA15A20FA77" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F487CA8162435DFF58FEA15A20FA77" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="338" pageId="10" pageNumber="337">
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<taxonomicName id="4C5D4D5F8162435CFF58FEA15A8AFEF3" ID-CoL="8WT3G" authority="Kainul., B.W. van Ee &amp; P.E. Berry" authorityName="Kainul., B. W. van Ee &amp; P. E. Berry" authorityYear="2016" box="[139,723,282,306]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Euphorbiaceae" genus="Croton" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="10" pageNumber="337" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="ferricretus" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B929EACE8162435CFF58FEA15914FEF3" bold="true" box="[139,333,282,306]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="337">Croton ferricretus</emphasis>
Kainul., B.W. van Ee &amp; P.E. Berry
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,
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="A21A57B58162435CFD0EFEA15898FE93" pageId="10" pageNumber="337" rank="species">spec. nova</taxonomicNameLabel>
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(
<figureCitation id="13662A598162435CFF03FE81597BFE93" box="[208,290,314,338]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="5.[116,143,1791,1810]" captionTargetBox="[117,1455,285,1615]" captionTargetId="figure-164@5.[117,1455,285,1615]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Fig. 1. Distribution maps. The grey squares or white arrow on the inset maps of Madagascar show the location of the area depicted. A. Croton ferricretus Kainul., B.W. van Ee &amp; P.E. Berry (red); B. Distribution of Croton droguetioides Kainul. &amp; Radcl.-Sm. (turquoise) (Cours 4111 not shown), C. enigmaticus P.E. Berry &amp; B.W. van Ee (light green) (Ralimanana et al. 1402 not shown), C. indrisilvae Kainul., B.W. van Ee &amp; P.E. Berry (yellow), and C. plurispicatus P.E. Berry, Kainul. &amp; B.W. van Ee (light purple); C. Croton ankeranae Kainul. (yellow), C. radiatus P.E. Berry &amp; Kainul. (red), and Croton lasiopyrus Baill. (white). The collection in gray represents presumed hybrids between C. lasiopyrus and C. enigmaticus (van Ee et al. 2215 and 2216); D. Croton hypochalibaeus Baill. in Madagascar. [Google Earth Image © 2016 DigitalGlobe.Reproduced per attribution guidelines]" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5721811" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5721811/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="337">Fig. 1A</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="13662A598162435CFEFDFE815962FE93" box="[302,315,314,338]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="14.[139,166,1752,1771]" captionTargetBox="[273,1331,279,1703]" captionTargetId="figure-235@14.[273,1331,279,1703]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="Fig. 5. Croton enigmaticus P.E. Berry &amp; B.W. van Ee (A-G) and C. ferricretus Kainul., B.W. van Ee &amp; P.E. Berry (H-M). A. Side view of staminate flower; B. Top view of staminate flower; C. Top view of staminate flower with the stamens removed to show the nectaries; D. Side view of pistillate flower with one of the sepals removed; E. Top view of pistillate flower with one of the sepals removed; F. Top view of pistillate with the ovary removed to show the five nectaries; G. Close-up of the base of a pistillate flower with the ovary and sepals removed, showing the five glandular filaments in the position of the petals (alternating with the sepals); H. Side view of staminate flower; I. Top view of staminate flower; J. Top view of staminate flower with stamens removed to show the five nectaries; K. Side view of pistillate flower. Note basally connate sepals and parallel sides; L. Top view of pistillate flower, showing the patent, bifurcating stigmas; M. Top view of pistillate flower with ovary removed to show the five nectaries. [A-G: van Ee et al. 2214; H-M: van Ee et al. 2436]" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5721817" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5721817/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="337">5</figureCitation>
H-M, 7A-B, 8).
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:
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Toamasina:
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&amp;
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2436
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(
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iso-:
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<emphasis id="B929EACE8162435CFF62FD2159AFFCF3" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="337">
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4D5F8162435CFF62FD215AA5FD73" authority="Kainul., B. W. van Ee &amp; P. E. Berry" authorityName="Kainul., B. W. van Ee &amp; P. E. Berry" box="[177,764,666,690]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Euphorbiaceae" genus="Croton" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="10" pageNumber="337" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="ferricretus">Croton ferricretus Kainul., B.W. van Ee &amp; P.E. Berry</taxonomicName>
is similar to
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4D5F8162435CFEC5FD015A57FD13" authority="Leandri" authorityName="Leandri" box="[278,526,698,722]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Euphorbiaceae" genus="Croton" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="10" pageNumber="337" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="antanosiensis">C. antanosiensis Leandri</taxonomicName>
in its medium-sized, lepidote leaves and elongate inflorescences, but differs from it in the more ferrugineous indumentum (vs. silvery), shorter petioles, and obloid (vs. globoid) capsules.
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C34765578162435CFF62FCE15CF4FD10" pageId="10" pageNumber="337" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BE236DC8162435CFF62FCE15CF4FD10" blockId="10.[139,791,858,1938]" lastBlockId="10.[827,1478,282,722]" pageId="10" pageNumber="337">
<emphasis id="B929EACE8162435CFF62FCE158ACFCB3" box="[177,245,858,882]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="337">Shrubs</emphasis>
<quantity id="4CA59B398162435CFF2FFCE1590BFCB0" box="[252,338,858,882]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.2" metricValueMax="4.0" metricValueMin="0.4" pageId="10" pageNumber="337" unit="m" value="2.2" valueMax="4.0" valueMin="0.4">0.4-4 m</quantity>
tall, dichotomously branching, internodes sometimes contracted giving the appearance of whorled branches.
<emphasis id="B929EACE8162435CFF28FC21590EFC73" box="[251,343,922,946]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="337">Branches</emphasis>
± flattened on new growth and densely ferrugineous-lepidote, brown or gray, becoming terete and glabrous with age.
<emphasis id="B929EACE8162435CFE9CFC6159C4FC33" box="[335,413,986,1010]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="337">Stipules</emphasis>
linear-triangular,
<quantity id="4CA59B398162435CFD88FC615A9EFC30" box="[603,711,986,1010]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.5" metricValueMax="10.0" metricValueMin="5.0" pageId="10" pageNumber="337" unit="mm" value="0.75" valueMax="1.0" valueMin="0.5">0.5-1 mm</quantity>
.
<emphasis id="B929EACE8162435CFD03FC605B4CFC33" box="[720,789,987,1010]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="337">Leaves</emphasis>
alternate along stem, subopposite or whorled at apex. Petioles 3-17(-28) mm, adaxially canaliculate, without any apparent glands. Leaf blades subcoriaceous, entire, elliptic, 18-85 ×
<quantity id="4CA59B398162435CFF58FBE158B6FBB0" box="[139,239,1114,1138]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.85" metricValueMax="2.8" metricValueMin="0.9" pageId="10" pageNumber="337" unit="mm" value="18.5" valueMax="28.0" valueMin="9.0">9-28 mm</quantity>
, apex acute to shortly acuminate (rarely obtuse), base cuneate; adaxial surface glabrous, glossy, dark green when fresh (turning orange in old leaves) and drying gray-green; venation impressed, obscure, with 10-20 pairs of brochidodromus, ± penninerved secondary veins; abaxial surface densely silverylepidote and ferrugineous-punctate, the ferrugineous scales scattered among silvery ones, but more prevalent on the leaf veins; midrib prominent, ferrugineous-lepidote.
<emphasis id="B929EACE8162435CFD41FA815B4CFA93" box="[658,789,1338,1362]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="337">Inflorescences</emphasis>
racemose,
<quantity id="4CA59B398162435CFF2FFAE15929FAB0" box="[252,368,1370,1394]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.25" metricValueMax="8.5" metricValueMin="2.0" pageId="10" pageNumber="337" unit="mm" value="52.5" valueMax="85.0" valueMin="20.0">20-85 mm</quantity>
long, axillary or terminal, with mostly staminate flowers, usually with 1-2(-5) pistillate flowers at the base; axes densely ferrugineous-lepidote, flattened; bracts linear-lanceolate,
<quantity id="4CA59B398162435CFE5DFA0159BFFA10" box="[398,486,1466,1490]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" metricValueMax="3.0" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="10" pageNumber="337" unit="mm" value="2.0" valueMax="3.0" valueMin="1.0">1-3 mm</quantity>
long.
<emphasis id="B929EACE8162435CFDFBFA015A87FA13" box="[552,734,1466,1490]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="337">Staminate flowers</emphasis>
with ferrugineous-lepidote, subglobose buds
<quantity id="4CA59B398162435CFDE1FA615AE8FA30" box="[562,689,1498,1522]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" metricValueMax="2.5" metricValueMin="1.5" pageId="10" pageNumber="337" unit="mm" value="2.0" valueMax="2.5" valueMin="1.5">1.5-2.5 mm</quantity>
in diam., pedicels elongating from bud to anthesis,
<quantity id="4CA59B398162435CFDEEFA415ACDF9D0" box="[573,660,1530,1554]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.5" metricValueMax="5.0" metricValueMin="2.0" pageId="10" pageNumber="337" unit="mm" value="3.5" valueMax="5.0" valueMin="2.0">2-5 mm</quantity>
long; sepals 5, firm, connate about halfway from the base, lobes broadly triangular to ovate, 1.0-1.4 ×
<quantity id="4CA59B398162435CFE13F9815A66F990" box="[448,575,1594,1618]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.25" metricValueMax="1.7" metricValueMin="0.8" pageId="10" pageNumber="337" unit="mm" value="1.25" valueMax="1.7" valueMin="0.8">0.8-1.7 mm</quantity>
, apex acute, inflexed at anthesis, abaxially ferrugineous-lepidote, adaxially glabrous, pale green; petals 5, white, narrowly obovate-spatulate, 1.8-2.5 ×
<quantity id="4CA59B398162435CFF73F9215978F970" box="[160,289,1690,1714]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.0" metricValueMax="11.0" metricValueMin="5.0" pageId="10" pageNumber="337" unit="mm" value="0.8" valueMax="1.1" valueMin="0.5">0.5-1.1 mm</quantity>
, recurved at anthesis, abaxially lepidote, adaxially ciliate, margins densely ciliate; disc glands/nectaries 5, opposite the sepals, sessile, ellipsoid with an apical depression, 0.6-0.8 ×
<quantity id="4CA59B398162435CFF25F9415920F8D0" box="[246,377,1786,1810]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" metricValueMax="7.0" metricValueMin="5.0" pageId="10" pageNumber="337" unit="mm" value="0.6" valueMax="0.7" valueMin="0.5">0.5-0.7 mm</quantity>
, yellow; stamens 14-19, white to pale yellow, filaments
<quantity id="4CA59B398162435CFE9AF8A159FBF8F0" box="[329,418,1818,1842]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" metricValueMax="2.0" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="10" pageNumber="337" unit="mm" value="1.5" valueMax="2.0" valueMin="1.0">1-2 mm</quantity>
long, ciliate, anthers elliptic,
<quantity id="4CA59B398162435CFD34F8A15886F890" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" metricValueMax="7.0" metricValueMin="5.0" pageId="10" pageNumber="337" unit="mm" value="0.6" valueMax="0.7" valueMin="0.5">0.5- 0.7 mm</quantity>
long; receptacle pilose.
<emphasis id="B929EACE8162435CFE31F8815AD3F893" box="[482,650,1850,1874]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="337">Pistillate flowers</emphasis>
with ferrugineous-lepidote, elliptic buds 2.8-3.0 ×
<quantity id="4CA59B398162435CFDE0F8E15AEDF8B0" box="[563,692,1882,1906]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.1" metricValueMax="2.5" metricValueMin="1.7" pageId="10" pageNumber="337" unit="mm" value="2.1" valueMax="2.5" valueMin="1.7">1.7-2.5 mm</quantity>
, pedicels
<quantity id="4CA59B398162435CFF58F8C158BBF850" box="[139,226,1914,1938]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.5" metricValueMax="8.0" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="10" pageNumber="337" unit="mm" value="4.5" valueMax="8.0" valueMin="1.0">1-8 mm</quantity>
long; sepals 5, firm, narrowly triangular, ascending at anthesis, 1.8-5.3 ×
<quantity id="4CA59B398162435CFBD7FEA15CDAFEF0" box="[1028,1155,282,306]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.0" metricValueMax="13.0" metricValueMin="5.0" pageId="10" pageNumber="337" unit="mm" value="0.9" valueMax="1.3" valueMin="0.5">0.5-1.3 mm</quantity>
, apex acute, shortly connate at base, abaxially ferrugineous-lepidote, adaxially glabrous, pale green, persistent in fruit; petals absent/reduced; disc glands/ nectaries 5, opposite the sepals, sessile, pentagonal, 0.8-1.0 ×
<quantity id="4CA59B398162435CFCE8FE215BE3FE70" box="[827,954,410,434]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.0" metricValueMax="8.0" metricValueMin="6.0" pageId="10" pageNumber="337" unit="mm" value="0.7" valueMax="0.8" valueMin="0.6">0.6-0.8 mm</quantity>
, yellow; ovary obloid, 2.0-
<quantity id="4CA59B398162435CFB1FFE215D46FE70" box="[1228,1311,410,434]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" pageId="10" pageNumber="337" unit="mm" value="2.5">2.5 mm</quantity>
diam., lepidote, styles 3, c.
<quantity id="4CA59B398162435CFC62FE015BA8FE10" box="[945,1009,442,466]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="10" pageNumber="337" unit="mm" value="3.0">3 mm</quantity>
long, each bifurcating twice (or ultimately thrice), spreading, recurved at the apices, abaxially ferrugineous-lepidote, adaxially glabrous but with yellowish pilose trichomes at the base, white, turning brown, persistent.
<emphasis id="B929EACE8162435CFABDFDA15D9CFDF3" box="[1390,1477,538,562]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="337">Capsules</emphasis>
4.5-9.0 × 3.5-6.0 mm, smooth, gray-green, lepidote, exocarp not separating, endocarp woody, c.
<quantity id="4CA59B398162435CFB6BFDE15D55FDB0" box="[1208,1292,602,626]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="10" pageNumber="337" unit="mm" value="0.2">0.2 mm</quantity>
thick; columella
<quantity id="4CA59B398162435CFCE8FDC15BCBFD50" box="[827,914,634,658]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" metricValueMax="6.0" metricValueMin="4.0" pageId="10" pageNumber="337" unit="mm" value="5.0" valueMax="6.0" valueMin="4.0">4-6 mm</quantity>
long, cornute, capitate.
<emphasis id="B929EACE8162435CFB43FDC15C9DFD53" box="[1168,1220,634,658]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="337">Seeds</emphasis>
± compressed-ellipsoid, c. 5 × 3 ×
<quantity id="4CA59B398162435CFC70FD215BBBFD70" box="[931,994,666,690]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="10" pageNumber="337" unit="mm" value="2.0">2 mm</quantity>
; testa glossy, rugulose, punctate, dark brown; caruncle reniform c. 1.3 ×
<quantity id="4CA59B398162435CFB80FD015CF0FD10" box="[1107,1193,698,722]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="10" pageNumber="337" unit="mm" value="0.5">0.5 mm</quantity>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C34765578162435CFCB2FD415D64FCF3" pageId="10" pageNumber="337" type="etymology">
<paragraph id="8BE236DC8162435CFCB2FD415D64FCF3" blockId="10.[827,1477,762,818]" pageId="10" pageNumber="337">
<emphasis id="B929EACE8162435CFCB2FD415B8FFCD3" box="[865,982,762,786]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="337">Etymology.</emphasis>
<emphasis id="B929EACE8162435CFC0FFD415BB0FCD3" bold="true" box="[988,1001,762,786]" pageId="10" pageNumber="337"></emphasis>
The specific epithet refers to the ultramafic ferricrete soils to which this species is restricted.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSection id="E2D22F378162435DFCB2FCE15A20FA77" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="338" pageId="10" pageNumber="337" type="multiple">
<subSubSection id="C34765578162435CFCB2FCE15D12FCB3" box="[865,1355,858,882]" pageId="10" pageNumber="337" type="vernacular_names">
<paragraph id="8BE236DC8162435CFCB2FCE15D12FCB3" blockId="10.[865,1355,858,882]" box="[865,1355,858,882]" pageId="10" pageNumber="337">
<emphasis id="B929EACE8162435CFCB2FCE15C4BFCB3" box="[865,1042,858,882]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="337">Vernacular names</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B929EACE8162435CFBCDFCE15C72FCB3" bold="true" box="[1054,1067,858,882]" pageId="10" pageNumber="337"></emphasis>
“Fotsiavadika”, “Lazalaza”.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C34765578162435CFCB2FC215D4AFC33" pageId="10" pageNumber="337" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph id="8BE236DC8162435CFCB2FC215D4AFC33" blockId="10.[827,1477,922,1010]" pageId="10" pageNumber="337">
<emphasis id="B929EACE8162435CFCB2FC215B91FC73" box="[865,968,922,946]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="337">Phenology</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B929EACE8162435CFC07FC215BB8FC73" bold="true" box="[980,993,922,946]" pageId="10" pageNumber="337"></emphasis>
Flowering and fruiting specimens have been collected from May through March, indicating that
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4D5F8162435CFAAEFC015BF9FC33" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Euphorbiaceae" genus="Croton" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="10" pageNumber="337" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="ferricretus">
<emphasis id="B929EACE8162435CFAAEFC015BF9FC33" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="337">Croton ferricretus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is quite aseasonal in its phenology.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C34765578162435CFCB2FBA15BA6FA50" pageId="10" pageNumber="337" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="8BE236DC8162435CFCB2FBA15BA6FA50" blockId="10.[827,1478,1050,1426]" pageId="10" pageNumber="337">
<emphasis id="B929EACE8162435CFCB2FBA15CFDFBF3" box="[865,1188,1050,1074]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="337">Distribution, habitat and ecology</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B929EACE8162435CFB63FBA15CE4FBF3" bold="true" box="[1200,1213,1050,1074]" pageId="10" pageNumber="337"></emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4D5F8162435CFB11FBA15D29FBF3" box="[1218,1392,1050,1074]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Euphorbiaceae" genus="Croton" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="10" pageNumber="337" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="ferricretus">
<emphasis id="B929EACE8162435CFB11FBA15D29FBF3" box="[1218,1392,1050,1074]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="337">Croton ferricretus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is so far only known from the Ambatovy-Analamay forest in Madagascars Moramanga Distr., occurring at
<quantity id="4CA59B398162435CFB33FBE15D36FBB0" box="[1248,1391,1114,1138]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.075" metricValueMax="1.15" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="10" pageNumber="337" unit="m" value="1075.0" valueMax="1150.0" valueMin="1000.0">1000-1150 m</quantity>
altitude on ultramafic ferricrete soils (
<figureCitation id="13662A598162435CFB51FBC15C8EFB53" box="[1154,1239,1146,1170]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="5.[116,143,1791,1810]" captionTargetBox="[117,1455,285,1615]" captionTargetId="figure-164@5.[117,1455,285,1615]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Fig. 1. Distribution maps. The grey squares or white arrow on the inset maps of Madagascar show the location of the area depicted. A. Croton ferricretus Kainul., B.W. van Ee &amp; P.E. Berry (red); B. Distribution of Croton droguetioides Kainul. &amp; Radcl.-Sm. (turquoise) (Cours 4111 not shown), C. enigmaticus P.E. Berry &amp; B.W. van Ee (light green) (Ralimanana et al. 1402 not shown), C. indrisilvae Kainul., B.W. van Ee &amp; P.E. Berry (yellow), and C. plurispicatus P.E. Berry, Kainul. &amp; B.W. van Ee (light purple); C. Croton ankeranae Kainul. (yellow), C. radiatus P.E. Berry &amp; Kainul. (red), and Croton lasiopyrus Baill. (white). The collection in gray represents presumed hybrids between C. lasiopyrus and C. enigmaticus (van Ee et al. 2215 and 2216); D. Croton hypochalibaeus Baill. in Madagascar. [Google Earth Image © 2016 DigitalGlobe.Reproduced per attribution guidelines]" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5721811" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5721811/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="337">Fig. 1A</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="13662A598162435CFB37FBC15D51FB53" box="[1252,1288,1146,1170]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="19.[117,144,1855,1874]" captionTargetBox="[181,1390,279,1840]" captionTargetId="figure-97@19.[181,987,808,1337]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="Fig. 8. Croton ferricretus Kainul., B.W. van Ee &amp; P.E. Berry. A. Typical habitat on ultramafic crust, with C. ferricretus dominating the understory; B. Habit; C. Underside of branch showing the silvery-lepidote and ferrugineous-punctate leaves; D. Inflorescence with staminate flowers and buds; E. Inflorescence with pistillate flower and bud; F. Infructescence with immature fruits; G. Mature capsule. [Photos: C-D, F: P.Berry; A-B, E, G: K. Kainulainen]" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5721827" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5721827/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="337">8A</figureCitation>
). It is a common and sometimes dominant component of the scrublands found on the most extreme rock-like crusts, and it also occurs in adjacent evergreen forests with better-developed soils. When growing on bare ferricrete (“cuirasse”),
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4D5F8162435CFB2EFB415DD3FAD3" box="[1277,1418,1274,1298]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Euphorbiaceae" genus="Croton" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="10" pageNumber="337" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="ferricretus">
<emphasis id="B929EACE8162435CFB2EFB415DD3FAD3" box="[1277,1418,1274,1298]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="337">C. ferricretus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
does not occur with other species of
<emphasis id="B929EACE8162435CFB47FAA15CB8FAF0" box="[1172,1249,1306,1329]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="337">
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4D5F8162435CFB47FAA15C87FAF0" box="[1172,1246,1306,1329]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Euphorbiaceae" genus="Croton" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="10" pageNumber="337" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Croton</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
but in forested areas it can be found growing alongside
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4D5F8162435CFB6CFA815D99FA93" authority="Leandri" authorityName="Leandri" box="[1215,1472,1338,1362]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Euphorbiaceae" genus="Croton" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="10" pageNumber="337" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="lichenisilvae">
<emphasis id="B929EACE8162435CFB6CFA815D07FA93" box="[1215,1374,1338,1362]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="337">C. lichenisilvae</emphasis>
Leandri
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4D5F8162435CFCE8FAE15C56FAB3" authority="Baill." authorityName="Baill." box="[827,1039,1370,1394]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Euphorbiaceae" genus="Croton" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="10" pageNumber="337" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="macrobuxus">
<emphasis id="B929EACE8162435CFCE8FAE15B97FAB3" box="[827,974,1370,1394]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="337">C. macrobuxus</emphasis>
Baill.
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4D5F8162435CFBCBFAE15C8CFAB3" authority="Baker" authorityName="Baker" box="[1048,1237,1370,1394]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Euphorbiaceae" genus="Croton" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="10" pageNumber="337" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="nitidulus">
<emphasis id="B929EACE8162435CFBCBFAE15CC9FAB3" box="[1048,1168,1370,1394]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="337">C. nitidulus</emphasis>
Baker
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4D5F8162435CFB32FAE15D98FAB3" authority="Baill." authorityName="Baill." box="[1249,1473,1370,1394]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Euphorbiaceae" genus="Croton" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="10" pageNumber="337" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="submetallicus">
<emphasis id="B929EACE8162435CFB32FAE15DD8FAB3" box="[1249,1409,1370,1394]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="337">C. submetallicus</emphasis>
Baill.
</taxonomicName>
, or
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4D5F8162435CFC8BFAC15BA1FA53" box="[856,1016,1402,1426]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Euphorbiaceae" genus="Croton" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="10" pageNumber="337" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="droguetioides">
<emphasis id="B929EACE8162435CFC8BFAC15BA1FA53" box="[856,1016,1402,1426]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="337">C. droguetioides</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C34765578162435DFCB2FA005967FE30" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="338" pageId="10" pageNumber="337" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8BE236DC8162435CFCB2FA005D30F853" blockId="10.[827,1478,1466,1938]" pageId="10" pageNumber="337">
<emphasis id="B929EACE8162435CFCB2FA005BC1FA13" box="[865,920,1467,1490]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="337">Notes</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B929EACE8162435CFC77FA015BE8FA13" bold="true" box="[932,945,1466,1490]" pageId="10" pageNumber="337"></emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4D5F8162435CFC64FA015C30FA13" box="[951,1129,1466,1490]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Euphorbiaceae" genus="Croton" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="10" pageNumber="337" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="ferricretus">
<emphasis id="B929EACE8162435CFC64FA015C30FA13" box="[951,1129,1466,1490]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="337">Croton ferricretus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was recognized in the inventory of the Ambatovy-Analamay forest by
<bibRefCitation id="EFCC4B2D8162435CFB17FA615D9CFA33" author="PHILLIPSON, P. B. &amp; LOWRY II, L. &amp; ANDRIAMAHEFARIVO, P." box="[1220,1477,1498,1522]" pageId="10" pageNumber="337" pagination="44 - 76" refId="ref21854" refString="PHILLIPSON, P. B., P. P. LOWRY II, L. ANDRIAMAHEFARIVO, P. ANTI- LAHIMENA &amp; C. BIRKINSHAW (2010). Floristic inventory of the Ambatovy-Analamay mine site and comparison to other sites in Madagascar. Malagasy Nat. 3: 44 - 76." type="journal article" year="2010">PHILLIPSON et al. (2010)</bibRefCitation>
under the working name “
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” (ined. by the late Radcliffe-Smith), and considered a species of concern (SOC2, i.e., found only in the area of the mining footprint and the surrounding conservation zone). This is a very distinctive species among Malagasy
<emphasis id="B929EACE8162435CFB70F9C15CABF950" box="[1187,1266,1658,1681]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="337">Crotons</emphasis>
that have small- to medium-small leaves with coppery-lepidote indumentum (
<figureCitation id="13662A598162435CFC90F9015B27F913" box="[835,894,1722,1746]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="19.[117,144,1855,1874]" captionTargetBox="[181,1390,279,1840]" captionTargetId="figure-97@19.[181,987,808,1337]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="Fig. 8. Croton ferricretus Kainul., B.W. van Ee &amp; P.E. Berry. A. Typical habitat on ultramafic crust, with C. ferricretus dominating the understory; B. Habit; C. Underside of branch showing the silvery-lepidote and ferrugineous-punctate leaves; D. Inflorescence with staminate flowers and buds; E. Inflorescence with pistillate flower and bud; F. Infructescence with immature fruits; G. Mature capsule. [Photos: C-D, F: P.Berry; A-B, E, G: K. Kainulainen]" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5721827" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5721827/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="337">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
B-C). Other species that have these characteristics tend to have glomerulate inflorescences in the leaf axils, such as
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4D5F8162435CFCE8F9415C0AF8D3" authority="Gris ex Baill." authorityName="Baill." box="[827,1107,1786,1810]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Euphorbiaceae" genus="Croton" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="10" pageNumber="337" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="jennyanus">
<emphasis id="B929EACE8162435CFCE8F9415BE6F8D3" box="[827,959,1786,1810]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="337">C. jennyanus</emphasis>
Gris ex Baill.
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4D5F8162435CFB5BF9415D23F8D3" authority="Baill." authorityName="Baill." box="[1160,1402,1786,1810]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Euphorbiaceae" genus="Croton" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="10" pageNumber="337" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="hypochalibaeus">
<emphasis id="B929EACE8162435CFB5BF9415D60F8D3" box="[1160,1337,1786,1810]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="337">C. hypochalibaeus</emphasis>
Baill.
</taxonomicName>
, rather than racemose inflorescences (
<figureCitation id="13662A598162435CFB70F8A15CB1F8F3" box="[1187,1256,1818,1842]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="19.[117,144,1855,1874]" captionTargetBox="[181,1390,279,1840]" captionTargetId="figure-97@19.[181,987,808,1337]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="Fig. 8. Croton ferricretus Kainul., B.W. van Ee &amp; P.E. Berry. A. Typical habitat on ultramafic crust, with C. ferricretus dominating the understory; B. Habit; C. Underside of branch showing the silvery-lepidote and ferrugineous-punctate leaves; D. Inflorescence with staminate flowers and buds; E. Inflorescence with pistillate flower and bud; F. Infructescence with immature fruits; G. Mature capsule. [Photos: C-D, F: P.Berry; A-B, E, G: K. Kainulainen]" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5721827" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5721827/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="337">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
D-F). It resembles
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4D5F8162435CFCE8F8815C66F893" authority="Leandri" authorityName="Leandri" box="[827,1087,1850,1874]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Euphorbiaceae" genus="Croton" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="10" pageNumber="337" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="antanosiensis">
<emphasis id="B929EACE8162435CFCE8F8815BB8F893" box="[827,993,1850,1874]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="337">C. antanosiensis</emphasis>
Leandri
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from southeastern
<collectingCountry id="F34A764C8162435CFAC7F8815DCFF893" box="[1300,1430,1850,1874]" name="Madagascar" pageId="10" pageNumber="337">Madagascar</collectingCountry>
, but differs in its much more coppery-lepidote indumentum, shorter petioles, and more obloid capsules (
<figureCitation id="13662A598162435CFAD4F8C15D04F853" box="[1287,1373,1914,1938]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="18.[139,166,1882,1901]" captionTargetBox="[229,1388,287,1811]" captionTargetId="figure-137@18.[229,1388,287,1811]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="Fig. 7. Croton ferricretus Kainul., B.W. van Ee &amp; P.E. Berry (A-B), C. plurispicatus P.E. Berry, Kainul. &amp; B.W. van Ee (C-D), C. hypochalibaeus Baill. (E-F), C. indrisilvae Kainul., B.W. van Ee &amp; P.E. Berry (G-H), and C. enigmaticus P.E. Berry &amp; B.W. van Ee (I-J). A, C, E, G, I. Capsule; B, D, F, H, J. Seed. [A-B: van Ee et al. 2436; C: van Ee et al. 2198; D: Ranaivojaona &amp; Razanatsima 1173; E-F: van Ee et al. 2472; G-H: van Ee et al. 2176; I-J: van Ee et al.2214]" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5721824" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5721824/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="337">Fig. 7A</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE236DC8163435DFF49FEA15967FE30" blockId="11.[116,767,282,498]" pageId="11" pageNumber="338">Since this is a locally common species that is capable of growing on bare, ferricrete substrates, we believe that it may be an excellent candidate for revegetation efforts once the mining operations at Ambatovy-Analamay have ceased. Its shrubby habit would enable it to reproduce more quickly than tree species, and it could help stabilize slopes in previously mined areas.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
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ibid.loc.,
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(
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<collectionCode id="ED4CAE198163435DFED7FC98596BFCF7" box="[260,306,803,822]" country="Madagascar" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:13842" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:13842" name="Parc de Tsimbazaza" pageId="11" pageNumber="338" type="Herbarium">TAN</collectionCode>
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<materialsCitation id="3B353C818163435DFE96FC9859E1FC90" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3420017417" collectingDate="2008-10-27" collectionCode="MO, TAN" collectorName="Antilahimena et al." country="Madagascar" county="Moramanga distr." elevation="1095" latitude="-18.853056" location="Ambatovy-Analamay forest" longLatPrecision="21" longitude="48.318054" pageId="11" pageNumber="338" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Prov. Toamasina" typeStatus="paratype">
<emphasis id="B929EACE8163435DFE96FC9859D0FCF7" box="[325,393,803,822]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="338">ibid.loc.,</emphasis>
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<collectingDate id="EFA7E9F48163435DFD71FC985AA5FCF7" box="[674,764,803,822]" pageId="11" pageNumber="338" value="2008-10-27">27.X.2008</collectingDate>
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<collectorName id="26A8530A8163435DFFA7FC855948FC91" box="[116,273,830,849]" pageId="11" pageNumber="338">Antilahimena et al.</collectorName>
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(
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,
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<materialsCitation id="3B353C818163435DFE6DFC855A8CFCAD" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3420017447" collectingDate="2009-11-12" collectionCode="MICH, MO, P, TAN" collectorName="Antilahimena &amp; Edmond" country="Madagascar" county="Moramanga distr." elevation="1114" latitude="-18.85" location="Ambatovy-Analamay forest" longLatPrecision="21" longitude="48.308056" pageId="11" pageNumber="338" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Prov. Toamasina" typeStatus="paratype">
<emphasis id="B929EACE8163435DFE6DFC855A5BFC90" box="[446,514,830,849]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="338">ibid.loc.,</emphasis>
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<elevation id="0070D1EF8163435DFD07FC8558DFFCAD" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.114" pageId="11" pageNumber="338" unit="m" value="1114.0">1114 m</elevation>
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<collectingDate id="EFA7E9F48163435DFF5CFCE358ABFCAA" box="[143,242,856,875]" pageId="11" pageNumber="338" value="2009-11-12">12.XI.2009</collectingDate>
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<collectorName id="26A8530A8163435DFF28FCE35935FCAA" box="[251,364,856,875]" pageId="11" pageNumber="338">Antilahimena</collectorName>
&amp;
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,
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,
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<materialsCitation id="3B353C818163435DFD09FCE35919FC60" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3420017454" collectingDate="2007-10-05" collectionCode="MICH, MO, P, TAN" collectorName="Bernard &amp; Phillipson" country="Madagascar" county="Moramanga distr." elevation="1080" latitude="-18.809444" location="Ambatovy-Analamay forest" longLatPrecision="21" longitude="48.31889" pageId="11" pageNumber="338" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Prov. Toamasina" typeStatus="paratype">
<emphasis id="B929EACE8163435DFD09FCE358CCFC47" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="338">ibid. loc.,</emphasis>
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<collectingDate id="EFA7E9F48163435DFE11FCC85A4CFC47" box="[450,533,883,902]" pageId="11" pageNumber="338" value="2007-10-05">5.X.2007</collectingDate>
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&amp;
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<collectionCode id="ED4CAE198163435DFED7FC35596BFC60" box="[260,306,910,929]" country="Madagascar" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:13842" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:13842" name="Parc de Tsimbazaza" pageId="11" pageNumber="338" type="Herbarium">TAN</collectionCode>
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<materialsCitation id="3B353C818163435DFE96FC355986FC7D" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3420017400" collectingDate="2007-10-11" collectionCode="MICH, MO, P, TAN" collectorName="Bernard &amp; Phillipson" country="Madagascar" county="Moramanga distr." elevation="1080" latitude="-18.808887" location="Ambatovy-Analamay forest" longLatPrecision="21" longitude="48.344997" pageId="11" pageNumber="338" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Prov. Toamasina" typeStatus="paratype">
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&amp;
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(
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<materialsCitation id="3B353C818163435DFFA7FC43599BFBCD" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3420017472" box="[116,450,1016,1036]" collectingDate="1965-02-22" collectionCode="P" collectorName="Peltier &amp; Peltier" country="Madagascar" county="Moramanga distr." elevation="995" latitude="-18.803333" location="Ambatovy-Analamay forest" longLatPrecision="21" longitude="48.365555" pageId="11" pageNumber="338" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Prov. Toamasina" typeStatus="paratype">
<date id="FFE3101C8163435DFFA7FC43588AFBCA" box="[116,211,1016,1035]" pageId="11" pageNumber="338" value="1965-02-22">
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&amp;
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ibid.loc.,
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&amp;
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