plazi/treatments-xml
2
0
Fork 0
Code Issues Pull requests Releases Activity
treatments-xml/data/03/8C/46/038C46268351FF9FFDA9160CFADBFCBC.xml
maintenance bc2564723d added 03
2024-06-21 12:22:17 +02:00

1330 lines
275 KiB
XML
Raw Blame History

This file contains ambiguous Unicode characters

This file contains Unicode characters that might be confused with other characters. If you think that this is intentional, you can safely ignore this warning. Use the Escape button to reveal them.

<document id="6DFBA0C1330D177E2BA37816CB1712EA" ID-CLB-Dataset="6076" ID-DOI="10.5852/ejt.2021.752.1391" ID-GBIF-Dataset="f7f21cba-d005-486a-a383-fe6d09b81f04" ID-ISSN="2118-9773" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4958808" ID-ZooBank="F362301F-08C1-4660-8583-491BFEA32488" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="felipe" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1623678048904" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Huber, Bernhard A., Pavlek, Martina &amp; Komnenov, Marjan" docDate="2021" docId="038C46268351FF9FFDA9160CFADBFCBC" docLanguage="en" docName="ejt-752_1-60.pdf" docOrigin="European Journal of Taxonomy 752" docStyle="DocumentStyle:EF2B578F1D15862ADE45B0C07C620911.14:EJT.2018-.journal_article.type1" docStyleId="EF2B578F1D15862ADE45B0C07C620911" docStyleName="EJT.2018-.journal_article.type1" docStyleVersion="14" docTitle="Stygopholcus Kratochvil 1932" docType="treatment" docVersion="7" lastPageNumber="12" masterDocId="FFB53E5E8352FF94FF911210FFACFFCC" masterDocTitle="Revision of the spider genus Stygopholcus (Araneae, Pholcidae), endemic to the Balkan Peninsula" masterLastPageNumber="60" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="4" updateTime="1699014190761" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
<mods:mods id="5A5E114730E65864F137FB30C01C6D9E" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
<mods:titleInfo id="EAC43234BEE4F71A97A2B0E8649E5D2B">
<mods:title id="115249A9B9494C3339E94046A47F48F7">Revision of the spider genus Stygopholcus (Araneae, Pholcidae), endemic to the Balkan Peninsula</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:name id="DFC9557DD710DDAA6493D74710DF25FF" type="personal">
<mods:role id="CAFA9FFAEEC5D04223372CB10F30634F">
<mods:roleTerm id="B8F46FE2312F9DC222E23981861DB5E4">Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="D2DAD90CE2E6CC1A28E0816CC8C9EF0C">Huber, Bernhard A.</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="6ACC590A673211C6A8F78C091E917CCE" type="ORCID">0000-0002-7566-5424</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation id="455219AF9FCACC00F91E02854A63EFFC">Zoological Research Museum Alexander Koenig, Bonn, Germany.</mods:affiliation>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="3D21695FBE53EB947C32C00CE242E7EB" type="email">b.huber@leibniz-zfmk.de</mods:nameIdentifier>
</mods:name>
<mods:name id="87443787A5A98562203F05411C990FFA" type="personal">
<mods:role id="D4E8299BE26803F1B85DE969F66E6F67">
<mods:roleTerm id="2F682B86132C8F880D31162B3A9A2815">Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="B24C346C5284A2BFFA96D50DFF8EE53D">Pavlek, Martina</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="365C570CD599E98594047802A658A742" type="ORCID">0000-0001-6710-0581</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation id="97FB1B4D7BEF78F114A930B942E84E04">Croatian Biospeleological Society, Zagreb, Croatia. &amp; Ruđer Bošković Institute, Zagreb, Croatia.</mods:affiliation>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="82658CA77DD72676535F7C8B9AC43F89" type="email">martina.pavlek@gmail.com</mods:nameIdentifier>
</mods:name>
<mods:name id="90965F75C06E45468DE0652194B6CCC1" type="personal">
<mods:role id="23DE0D76974058F8A1EBF847091D82C0">
<mods:roleTerm id="876BCFEFE4E75CC7364483775FE36AC1">Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="D765EC3C9D4A16EFE8AE52124E5857BD">Komnenov, Marjan</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="A94DDDD7A54D900D5158E75B545BC473" type="ORCID">0000-0001-6830-1043</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation id="A2B88704ED072E838F5CEF9E4D9D711C">Blwd Kuzman Josifovski Pitu, 1000 Skopje, Macedonia.</mods:affiliation>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="02B0B7BB6AEC26411D416E2788EDE448" type="email">mkomnenov@gmail.com</mods:nameIdentifier>
</mods:name>
<mods:typeOfResource id="A13F087B4F6FE571DFA0FFDA5CCD2E7B">text</mods:typeOfResource>
<mods:relatedItem id="0FF23D1E6202E6EEBB6764AA1DC4D498" type="host">
<mods:titleInfo id="555A21E0F98CDB8F8451E435B02C913E">
<mods:title id="34DB1B206BAF6B8BBF898C3BAC74B187">European Journal of Taxonomy</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:part id="13506EA21F71E9A389A1B9CA32122DE1">
<mods:date id="504BA34AA93531CDEA42D83B129943F3">2021</mods:date>
<mods:detail id="5B00329D770395770341C373F3B642BC" type="pubDate">
<mods:number id="E1242D809D9227C1D407C4F464076E61">2021-06-11</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:detail id="354363FD479DF42DBD71B5B6A40B5D5A" type="volume">
<mods:number id="716416112268AAA48D9468DB119AF4F3">752</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:extent id="E9FA31C0E38613DF9E0D25A2B9B5374E" unit="page">
<mods:start id="3C70A8F3AD4131827ACFA140918A695F">1</mods:start>
<mods:end id="A3DD77E6A83845819A8A9B843D09B38B">60</mods:end>
</mods:extent>
</mods:part>
</mods:relatedItem>
<mods:classification id="459D8B1EA2181C9AED24FB56165F43E9">journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier id="D6F4D239E27AE00167E60A8C5F2F2543" type="CLB-Dataset">6076</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="53DF730AB04B6282424A3AA421747263" type="DOI">10.5852/ejt.2021.752.1391</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="7EC73EC6335855B6498EAE4C4B474946" type="GBIF-Dataset">f7f21cba-d005-486a-a383-fe6d09b81f04</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="87B7415576CF14158C869DDCFE0CE634" type="ISSN">2118-9773</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="894480EC52E0B503A4398F20DEB09AED" type="Zenodo-Dep">4958808</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="8052CA8DECC0F01C095D43147204EA5B" type="ZooBank">F362301F-08C1-4660-8583-491BFEA32488</mods:identifier>
</mods:mods>
<treatment id="038C46268351FF9FFDA9160CFADBFCBC" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4945712" ID-GBIF-Taxon="182744507" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4945712" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:038C46268351FF9FFDA9160CFADBFCBC" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/038C46268351FF9FFDA9160CFADBFCBC" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="12" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<subSubSection id="C33FA4BB8351FF97FDA9160CFC50FBFA" box="[568,1020,1052,1079]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8B9AF7308351FF97FDA9160CFC50FBFA" blockId="3.[568,1020,1052,1079]" box="[568,1020,1052,1079]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<heading id="D0D2405C8351FF97FDA9160CFC50FBFA" box="[568,1020,1052,1079]" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" reason="2">
Genus
<taxonomicName id="4C258CB38351FF97FD1B160CFC50FBFA" ID-CoL="7PP6" ID-ENA="2069069" authority="Kratochvil, 1932" authorityName="Kratochvil" authorityYear="1932" box="[650,1020,1052,1079]" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Stygopholcus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9512B228351FF97FD1B160CFC81FBFB" bold="true" box="[650,813,1052,1079]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Stygopholcus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFB48AC18351FF97FCA4160CFC50FBFA" author="Kratochvil" box="[821,1020,1052,1078]" firstAuthor="Kratochvil" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" pagination="1 - 16" refId="ref33789" refString="Kratochvil J. 1932. Prispevek k poznani Araneid stredni Slavonie. Sbornik Vysoke Skoly Zemedelske, Brno (C) 23: 1 - 16." type="journal article" year="1932">Kratochvíl, 1932</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB35D01E8351FF97FF2C164EFADBFBB5" box="[189,1399,1118,1145]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<subSubSection id="C33FA4BB8351FF97FF2C164EFDCEFBB4" box="[189,610,1118,1144]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="8B9AF7308351FF97FF2C164EFDCEFBB4" blockId="3.[189,1399,1118,1145]" box="[189,610,1118,1144]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<treatmentCitation id="0A84D1218351FF97FF2C164EFDCEFBB4" author="Kratochvil" box="[189,610,1118,1144]" page="3" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" year="1932">
<taxonomicName id="4C258CB38351FF97FF2C164EFDCEFBB4" ID-CoL="7PP6" authority="Kratochvil, 1932: 2 - 3" authorityName="Kratochvil" authorityPageNumber="2 - 3" authorityYear="1932" box="[189,610,1118,1144]" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Stygopholcus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9512B228351FF97FF2C164EFEF7FBB4" box="[189,347,1118,1144]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Stygopholcus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFB48AC18351FF97FEF3164EFDCEFBB4" author="Kratochvil" box="[354,610,1118,1144]" firstAuthor="Kratochvil" page="2 - 3" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" pagination="1 - 16" refId="ref33789" refString="Kratochvil J. 1932. Prispevek k poznani Araneid stredni Slavonie. Sbornik Vysoke Skoly Zemedelske, Brno (C) 23: 1 - 16." type="journal article" year="1932">Kratochvíl, 1932: 2–3</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</treatmentCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C33FA4BB8351FF97FDF9164EFADBFBB5" box="[616,1399,1118,1145]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" type="type_taxon">
<paragraph id="8B9AF7308351FF97FDF9164EFADBFBB5" blockId="3.[189,1399,1118,1145]" box="[616,1399,1118,1145]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
(
<typeStatus id="549E49928351FF97FDE1164EFD08FBB4" box="[624,676,1118,1144]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">type</typeStatus>
species:
<taxonomicName id="4C258CB38351FF97FC9C164EFB4BFBB4" authority="Kulczynski, 1914" authorityName="Kulczynski" authorityYear="1914" box="[781,1255,1118,1144]" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Holocnemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="absoloni">
<emphasis id="B9512B228351FF97FC9C164EFBA2FBB4" box="[781,1038,1118,1144]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Holocnemus absoloni</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFB48AC18351FF97FB84164EFB4BFBB4" author="Kulczynski" box="[1045,1255,1118,1144]" firstAuthor="Kulczynski" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" pagination="353 - 387" refId="ref34047" refString="Kulczynski W. 1914. Aranearum species novae minusve cognitae, in montibus Kras dictis a Dre C. Absolon aliisque collectae. Bulletin international de l'Academie des Sciences de Cracovie 1914: 353 - 387, pl. 16." type="journal article" year="1914">Kulczyński, 1914</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
; see below).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatmentCitationGroup>
<subSubSection id="C33FA4BB8351FF97FF2C168FFC0FFB11" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="8B9AF7308351FF97FF2C168FFC0FFB11" blockId="3.[189,1398,1183,1245]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB35D01E8351FF97FF2C168FFC0FFB11" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<taxonomicName id="4C258CB38351FF97FF2C168FFEF7FB75" ID-CoL="7PP6" authorityName="Kratochvil" authorityYear="1932" box="[189,347,1183,1209]" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Stygopholcus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9512B228351FF97FF2C168FFEF7FB75" box="[189,347,1183,1209]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Stygopholcus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
–
<treatmentCitation id="0A84D1218351FF97FEE7168FFD41FB76" author="Absolon &amp; Kratochvil" box="[374,749,1183,1210]" page="75" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" year="1932">
<bibRefCitation id="EFB48AC18351FF97FEE7168FFD41FB76" author="Absolon &amp; Kratochvil" box="[374,749,1183,1210]" firstAuthor="Absolon" journalOrPublisher="Mitteilungen uber Hohlen- und Karstforschung" page="75" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" pagination="73 - 81" part="1932" refId="ref31914" refString="Absolon K. &amp; Kratochvil J. 1932. Zur Kenntnis der hohlenbewohnenden Araneae der illyrischen Karstgebiete. Mitteilungen uber Hohlen- und Karstforschung 1932: 73 - 81." title="Zur Kenntnis der hohlenbewohnenden Araneae der illyrischen Karstgebiete" type="journal article" year="1932">Absolon &amp; Kratochvíl 1932: 75</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
. —
<treatmentCitation id="0A84D1218351FF97FC8D168FFBB5FB75" author="Kratochvil" box="[796,1049,1183,1209]" page="182" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" year="1934">
<bibRefCitation id="EFB48AC18351FF97FC8D168FFBB5FB75" author="Kratochvil" box="[796,1049,1183,1209]" firstAuthor="Kratochvil" page="182" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" pagination="165 - 226" refId="ref33816" refString="Kratochvil J. 1934. Liste generale des Araignees cavernicoles en Yugoslavie. Pregled pecinskih paukova u Jugoslaviji. Prirodoslovne Razprave 2: 165 - 226." type="journal article" year="1934">Kratochvíl 1934: 182</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
;
<treatmentCitation id="0A84D1218351FF97FBB4168FFB2CFB75" author="Kratochvil" box="[1061,1152,1183,1209]" page="8" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" year="1940">
<bibRefCitation id="EFB48AC18351FF97FBB4168FFB2CFB75" author="Kratochvil" box="[1061,1152,1183,1209]" firstAuthor="Kratochvil" page="8" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" pagination="1 - 26" refId="ref33863" refString="Kratochvil J. 1940. Etude sur les araignees cavernicoles du genre Stygopholcus Krat. Acta Societatis Scientiarum Naturalium Moraviae 12: 1 - 26." type="journal article" year="1940">1940: 8</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
;
<treatmentCitation id="0A84D1218351FF97FB1D168FFB5FFB75" author="Kratochvil" box="[1164,1267,1183,1209]" page="27" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" year="1978">
<bibRefCitation id="EFB48AC18351FF97FB1D168FFB5FFB75" author="Kratochvil" box="[1164,1267,1183,1209]" firstAuthor="Kratochvil" page="27" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" pagination="1 - 59" refId="ref33889" refString="Kratochvil J. 1978. Araignees cavernicoles des iles Dalmates. Prirodovedne prace ustavu Ceskoslovenske Akademie Ved v Brne (N. S.) 12: 1 - 59." type="journal article" year="1978">1978: 27</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
—
<treatmentCitation id="0A84D1218351FF97FA8F168FFEC8FB11" author="Senglet" page="354" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" year="1971">
<bibRefCitation id="EFB48AC18351FF97FA8F168FFEC8FB11" author="Senglet" firstAuthor="Senglet" page="354" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" pagination="345 - 359" refId="ref35007" refString="Senglet A. 1971. Note sur les Pholcidae (Arachn.) de Grece. Mitteilungen der Schweizerischen Entomologischen Gesellschaft 44: 345 - 359. https: // doi. org / 10.5169 / seals- 401666" type="journal article" year="1971">Senglet 1971: 354</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
;
<treatmentCitation id="0A84D1218351FF97FEE116D3FE76FB11" author="Senglet" box="[368,474,1218,1245]" page="58" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" year="2001">
<bibRefCitation id="EFB48AC18351FF97FEE116D3FE76FB11" author="Senglet" box="[368,474,1218,1245]" firstAuthor="Senglet" page="58" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" pagination="43 - 67" refId="ref35045" refString="Senglet A. 2001. Copulatory mechanisms in Hoplopholcus, Stygopholcus (revalidated), Pholcus, Spermophora and Spermophorides (Araneae, Pholcidae), with additional faunistic and taxonomic data. Mitteilungen der Schweizerischen Entomologischen Gesellschaft 74: 43 - 67. https: // doi. org / 10.5169 / seals- 402796" type="journal article" year="2001">2001: 58</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
, 65. —
<treatmentCitation id="0A84D1218351FF97FDA616D2FCB5FB11" author="Brignoli" box="[567,793,1218,1245]" page="257" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" year="1971">
<bibRefCitation id="EFB48AC18351FF97FDA616D2FCB5FB11" author="Brignoli" box="[567,793,1218,1245]" firstAuthor="Brignoli" page="257" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" pagination="255 - 267" refId="ref32242" refString="Brignoli P. M. 1971. Beitrag zur Kenntnis der mediterranen Pholcidae (Arachnida, Araneae). Mitteilungen aus dem Zoologischen Museum in Berlin 47: 255 - 267. https: // doi. org / 10.1002 / mmnz. 1971047020" type="journal article" year="1971">Brignoli 1971: 257</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
;
<treatmentCitation id="0A84D1218351FF97FCB716D2FC33FB11" author="Brignoli" box="[806,927,1218,1245]" page="561" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" year="1976">
<bibRefCitation id="EFB48AC18351FF97FCB716D2FC33FB11" author="Brignoli" box="[806,927,1218,1245]" firstAuthor="Brignoli" page="561" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" pagination="539 - 578" refId="ref32286" refString="Brignoli P. M. 1976. Ragni di Grecia IX. Specie nuove o interessanti delle famiglie Leptonetidae, Dysderidae, Pholcidae ed Agelenidae (Araneae). Revue suisse de Zoologie 83: 539 - 578. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 91452" type="journal article" year="1976">1976: 561</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C33FA4BB8351FF91FF2C1714FB6BF91C" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="6" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8B9AF7308351FF97FF2C1714FDA9FAD2" blockId="3.[189,517,1283,1310]" box="[189,517,1283,1310]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<heading id="D0D2405C8351FF97FF2C1714FDA9FAD2" bold="true" box="[189,517,1283,1310]" fontSize="11" level="3" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" reason="3">
<emphasis id="B9512B228351FF97FF2C1714FDA9FAD2" bold="true" box="[189,517,1283,1310]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
Authority of
<taxonomicName id="4C258CB38351FF97FEF31713FDA9FAD2" authorityName="Kratochvil" authorityYear="1932" box="[354,517,1283,1310]" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Stygopholcus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9512B228351FF97FEF31713FDA9FAD2" bold="true" box="[354,517,1283,1310]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Stygopholcus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9AF7308351FF97FF2C1722FE35F9EC" blockId="3.[189,1401,1330,1568]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
There has long been disagreement about the publication that has made the genus name
<taxonomicName id="4C258CB38351FF97FB4A1722FAD5FA80" authorityName="Kratochvil" authorityYear="1932" box="[1243,1401,1330,1356]" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Stygopholcus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9512B228351FF97FB4A1722FAD5FA80" box="[1243,1401,1330,1356]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Stygopholcus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
validly available. Some cataloguers such as
<bibRefCitation id="EFB48AC18351FF97FD531746FCDEFABC" author="Roewer" box="[706,882,1366,1392]" firstAuthor="Roewer" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" refId="ref34856" refString="Roewer C. F. 1942. Katalog der Araneae von 1758 bis 1940. 1. Band (Mesothelae, Orthognatha, Labidognatha: Dysderaeformia, Scytodiformia, Pholciformia, Zodariiformia, Hersiliaeformia, Argyopiformia). Natura, Buchhandlung fur Naturkunde und exakte Wissenschaften Paul Budy, Bremen." type="book" year="1942">Roewer (1942)</bibRefCitation>
and
<bibRefCitation id="EFB48AC18351FF97FC3A1746FBCFFABC" author="Brignoli" box="[939,1123,1366,1392]" firstAuthor="Brignoli" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" refId="ref32339" refString="Brignoli P. M. 1983. A Catalogue of the Araneae described between 1940 and 1981. Manchester University Press, Manchester." type="book" year="1983">Brignoli (1983)</bibRefCitation>
considered the original description to be in
<bibRefCitation id="EFB48AC18351FF97FE261769FD3DFA5F" author="Kratochvil" box="[439,657,1401,1427]" firstAuthor="Kratochvil" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" pagination="1 - 26" refId="ref33863" refString="Kratochvil J. 1940. Etude sur les araignees cavernicoles du genre Stygopholcus Krat. Acta Societatis Scientiarum Naturalium Moraviae 12: 1 - 26." type="journal article" year="1940">Kratochvíl (1940)</bibRefCitation>
, while
<bibRefCitation id="EFB48AC18351FF97FD7C1769FC30FA58" author="Bonnet" box="[749,924,1401,1428]" firstAuthor="Bonnet" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" refId="ref32155" refString="Bonnet P. 1958. Bibliographia araneorum. Analyse methodique de toute la litterature araneologique jusqu'en 1939. Tome II. Systematique des araignees (Etude par ordre alphabetique) (4 me partie: N-S). Douladoure, Toulouse." type="book" year="1958">Bonnet (1958)</bibRefCitation>
cited
<bibRefCitation id="EFB48AC18351FF97FC7B1769FAFEFA5F" author="Absolon &amp; Kratochvil" box="[1002,1362,1401,1427]" firstAuthor="Absolon" journalOrPublisher="Mitteilungen uber Hohlen- und Karstforschung" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" pagination="73 - 81" part="1932" refId="ref31914" refString="Absolon K. &amp; Kratochvil J. 1932. Zur Kenntnis der hohlenbewohnenden Araneae der illyrischen Karstgebiete. Mitteilungen uber Hohlen- und Karstforschung 1932: 73 - 81." title="Zur Kenntnis der hohlenbewohnenden Araneae der illyrischen Karstgebiete" type="journal article" year="1932">Absolon &amp; Kratochvíl (1932)</bibRefCitation>
as the source for the name.
<bibRefCitation id="EFB48AC18351FF97FE60178CFD07FA7A" author="Platnick" box="[497,683,1436,1462]" firstAuthor="Platnick" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" refId="ref34668" refString="Platnick N. I. 1993. Advances in Spider Taxonomy 1988 - 1991, with Synonymies and Transfers 1940 - 1980. The New York Entomological Society, New York." type="book" year="1993">Platnick (1993)</bibRefCitation>
first opted for
<bibRefCitation id="EFB48AC18351FF97FCF9178CFBEDFA7A" author="Kratochvil" box="[872,1089,1436,1462]" firstAuthor="Kratochvil" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" pagination="1 - 26" refId="ref33863" refString="Kratochvil J. 1940. Etude sur les araignees cavernicoles du genre Stygopholcus Krat. Acta Societatis Scientiarum Naturalium Moraviae 12: 1 - 26." type="journal article" year="1940">Kratochvíl (1940)</bibRefCitation>
, later (
<bibRefCitation id="EFB48AC18351FF97FB09178CFAEDFA7A" author="Platnick" box="[1176,1345,1436,1462]" firstAuthor="Platnick" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" refId="ref34700" refString="Platnick N. I. 2000. The World Spider Catalog, Version 1.0. Available from https: // wsc. nmbe. ch / archive / [accessed 8 May 2021]." type="url" year="2000">Platnick 2000</bibRefCitation>
) for
<bibRefCitation id="EFB48AC18351FF97FF2C17AFFD8CFA15" author="Absolon &amp; Kratochvil" box="[189,544,1471,1497]" firstAuthor="Absolon" journalOrPublisher="Mitteilungen uber Hohlen- und Karstforschung" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" pagination="73 - 81" part="1932" refId="ref31914" refString="Absolon K. &amp; Kratochvil J. 1932. Zur Kenntnis der hohlenbewohnenden Araneae der illyrischen Karstgebiete. Mitteilungen uber Hohlen- und Karstforschung 1932: 73 - 81." title="Zur Kenntnis der hohlenbewohnenden Araneae der illyrischen Karstgebiete" type="journal article" year="1932">Absolon &amp; Kratochvíl (1932)</bibRefCitation>
. The
<bibRefCitation id="EFB48AC18351FF97FDF117AFFC14FA15" author="World Spider Catalog" box="[608,952,1471,1497]" firstAuthor="World Spider Catalog" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" refId="ref35444" refString="World Spider Catalog. 2020. World Spider Catalog. Version 21.5. Natural History Museum Bern. Available from http: // wsc. nmbe. ch [accessed 5 Nov. 2020]. https: // doi. org / 10.24436 / 2" type="url" year="2020">World Spider Catalog (2020)</bibRefCitation>
adopted Platnick’s later view. A third option, namely
<bibRefCitation id="EFB48AC18351FF97FEE817F2FDFDFA31" author="Kratochvil" box="[377,593,1506,1533]" firstAuthor="Kratochvil" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" pagination="1 - 16" refId="ref33789" refString="Kratochvil J. 1932. Prispevek k poznani Araneid stredni Slavonie. Sbornik Vysoke Skoly Zemedelske, Brno (C) 23: 1 - 16." type="journal article" year="1932">Kratochvíl (1932)</bibRefCitation>
, was offered by Kratochvíl himself (
<bibRefCitation id="EFB48AC18351FF97FB9817F2FB7DFA31" author="Kratochvil" box="[1033,1233,1506,1533]" firstAuthor="Kratochvil" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" pagination="1 - 26" refId="ref33863" refString="Kratochvil J. 1940. Etude sur les araignees cavernicoles du genre Stygopholcus Krat. Acta Societatis Scientiarum Naturalium Moraviae 12: 1 - 26." type="journal article" year="1940">Kratochvíl 1940</bibRefCitation>
), and adopted by
<bibRefCitation id="EFB48AC18351FF97FF751416FE38F9EC" author="Senglet" box="[228,404,1542,1568]" firstAuthor="Senglet" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" pagination="345 - 359" refId="ref35007" refString="Senglet A. 1971. Note sur les Pholcidae (Arachn.) de Grece. Mitteilungen der Schweizerischen Entomologischen Gesellschaft 44: 345 - 359. https: // doi. org / 10.5169 / seals- 401666" type="journal article" year="1971">Senglet (1971)</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9AF7308351FF97FF2C1457FB40F949" blockId="3.[189,1398,1607,1669]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
The name
<taxonomicName id="4C258CB38351FF97FEA61457FE79F9AD" authorityName="Kratochvil" authorityYear="1932" box="[311,469,1607,1633]" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Stygopholcus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9512B228351FF97FEA61457FE79F9AD" box="[311,469,1607,1633]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Stygopholcus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is first mentioned in two papers in 1932: in one of these,
<bibRefCitation id="EFB48AC18351FF97FBE01457FEA7F948" author="Absolon &amp; Kratochvil" firstAuthor="Absolon" journalOrPublisher="Mitteilungen uber Hohlen- und Karstforschung" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" pagination="73 - 81" part="1932" refId="ref31914" refString="Absolon K. &amp; Kratochvil J. 1932. Zur Kenntnis der hohlenbewohnenden Araneae der illyrischen Karstgebiete. Mitteilungen uber Hohlen- und Karstforschung 1932: 73 - 81." title="Zur Kenntnis der hohlenbewohnenden Araneae der illyrischen Karstgebiete" type="journal article" year="1932">Absolon &amp; Kratochvíl (1932)</bibRefCitation>
explicitly refer to the other publication (
<bibRefCitation id="EFB48AC18351FF97FD76147AFC06F948" author="Kratochvil" box="[743,938,1642,1668]" firstAuthor="Kratochvil" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" pagination="1 - 16" refId="ref33789" refString="Kratochvil J. 1932. Prispevek k poznani Araneid stredni Slavonie. Sbornik Vysoke Skoly Zemedelske, Brno (C) 23: 1 - 16." type="journal article" year="1932">Kratochvíl 1932</bibRefCitation>
) as the source of the name:
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9AF7308351FF97FF2C14BCFD38F8BA" blockId="3.[189,1401,1708,1910]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
“Mit dem Namen
<taxonomicName id="4C258CB38351FF97FE0F14BCFD90F90A" authority="Huber &amp; Pavlek &amp; Komnenov, 2021" authorityName="Huber &amp; Pavlek &amp; Komnenov" authorityYear="2021" box="[414,572,1708,1734]" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Stygopholcus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">
<emphasis id="B9512B228351FF97FE0F14BCFD90F90A" box="[414,572,1708,1734]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Stygopholcus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A26296598351FF97FDD914BCFDD3F90A" box="[584,639,1708,1734]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" rank="genus">n. g.</taxonomicNameLabel>
hat J. Kratochvíl (siehe “Sur quelques Araignées de Slavonie central”, Bulletin de l’Institut national agronomique, Sign. C. 23, Brno 1932) die Art
<taxonomicName id="4C258CB38351FF97FB7314DFFD91F8C0" authority="Kulcz." authorityName="Kulczynski" authorityYear="1914" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Holocnemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="absoloni" subGenus="Hoplopholcus">
<emphasis id="B9512B228351FF97FB7314DFFADAF925" box="[1250,1398,1743,1769]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Holocnemus</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="B9512B228351FF97FF5614E2FEC1F8C0" box="[199,365,1778,1804]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Hoplopholcus</emphasis>
)
<emphasis id="B9512B228351FF97FE1114E2FE4AF8C0" box="[384,486,1778,1804]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">absoloni</emphasis>
Kulcz.
</taxonomicName>
als selbständige Gattung abgetrennt.” [“
<emphasis id="B9512B228351FF97FBB114E2FB61F8C0" box="[1056,1229,1778,1804]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">With the name</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C258CB38351FF97FB4814E2FAD5F8C0" authority="Huber &amp; Pavlek &amp; Komnenov, 2021" authorityName="Huber &amp; Pavlek &amp; Komnenov" authorityYear="2021" box="[1241,1401,1778,1804]" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Stygopholcus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">Stygopholcus</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B9512B228351FF97FF2C1506FC05F89E" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A26296598351FF97FF2C1506FF5DF8E3" box="[189,241,1814,1839]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" rank="genus">n. g.</taxonomicNameLabel>
, J. Kratochvíl (see “Sur quelques Araignées de Slavonie central”, Bulletin de l’Institut national agronomique, Sign. C. 23, Brno 1932) has moved the species
</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C258CB38351FF97FC221528FEA4F8BA" authority="Kulcz." authorityName="Kulczynski" authorityYear="1914" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Holocnemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="absoloni" subGenus="Hoplopholcus">
Holocnemus (Hoplopholcus) absoloni
<emphasis id="B9512B228351FF97FF2C154CFEA4F8BA" box="[189,264,1884,1910]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Kulcz.</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B9512B228351FF97FE9E154CFD2FF8BA" box="[271,643,1884,1910]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">to constitute a separate genus”</emphasis>
].
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9AF7308351FF90FF2C158DFADBFE1F" blockId="3.[189,1398,1949,2011]" lastBlockId="4.[189,1401,265,467]" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="5" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
Other than this statement,
<bibRefCitation id="EFB48AC18351FF97FD93158DFCC0F87B" author="Absolon &amp; Kratochvil" box="[514,876,1949,1975]" firstAuthor="Absolon" journalOrPublisher="Mitteilungen uber Hohlen- und Karstforschung" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" pagination="73 - 81" part="1932" refId="ref31914" refString="Absolon K. &amp; Kratochvil J. 1932. Zur Kenntnis der hohlenbewohnenden Araneae der illyrischen Karstgebiete. Mitteilungen uber Hohlen- und Karstforschung 1932: 73 - 81." title="Zur Kenntnis der hohlenbewohnenden Araneae der illyrischen Karstgebiete" type="journal article" year="1932">Absolon &amp; Kratochvíl (1932)</bibRefCitation>
just say a few words about the habitat of
<taxonomicName id="4C258CB38351FF97FF2C15D1FEE8F816" authorityName="Kulczynski" authorityYear="1914" box="[189,324,1984,2011]" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Holocnemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="absoloni">
<emphasis id="B9512B228351FF97FF2C15D1FEE8F816" box="[189,324,1984,2011]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">S. absoloni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
<bibRefCitation id="EFB48AC18351FF97FEC415D0FD16F816" author="Absolon &amp; Kratochvil" box="[341,698,1984,2010]" firstAuthor="Absolon" journalOrPublisher="Mitteilungen uber Hohlen- und Karstforschung" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" pagination="73 - 81" part="1932" refId="ref31914" refString="Absolon K. &amp; Kratochvil J. 1932. Zur Kenntnis der hohlenbewohnenden Araneae der illyrischen Karstgebiete. Mitteilungen uber Hohlen- und Karstforschung 1932: 73 - 81." title="Zur Kenntnis der hohlenbewohnenden Araneae der illyrischen Karstgebiete" type="journal article" year="1932">Absolon &amp; Kratochvíl (1932)</bibRefCitation>
thus fail to satisfy a requirement of
<bibRefCitation id="EFB48AC18351FF97FBEE15D0FAB7F816" author="ICZN" box="[1151,1307,1984,2010]" firstAuthor="ICZN" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" refId="ref33621" refString="ICZN. 1999. International Code of Zoological Nomenclature. Fourth edition. London, U. K. International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature. Available from https: // www. iczn. org / the-code / [accessed 8 May 2021]." type="url" year="1999">ICZN (1999)</bibRefCitation>
Article 13.1.1 for names published after 1930 to be available: “… be accompanied by a description or definition that states in words characters that are purported to differentiate the taxon.” The fact that
<bibRefCitation id="EFB48AC18356FF90FB62133CFE3FFEA5" author="Absolon &amp; Kratochvil" firstAuthor="Absolon" journalOrPublisher="Mitteilungen uber Hohlen- und Karstforschung" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" pagination="73 - 81" part="1932" refId="ref31914" refString="Absolon K. &amp; Kratochvil J. 1932. Zur Kenntnis der hohlenbewohnenden Araneae der illyrischen Karstgebiete. Mitteilungen uber Hohlen- und Karstforschung 1932: 73 - 81." title="Zur Kenntnis der hohlenbewohnenden Araneae der illyrischen Karstgebiete" type="journal article" year="1932">Absolon &amp; Kratochvíl (1932)</bibRefCitation>
contains a bibliographic reference to such a published statement could be construed as satisfying ICZN Article 13.1.2. We do not know which 1932 paper was published first. However, if
<bibRefCitation id="EFB48AC18356FF90FF2C1386FE3DFE7C" author="Kratochvil" box="[189,401,406,432]" firstAuthor="Kratochvil" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" pagination="1 - 16" refId="ref33789" refString="Kratochvil J. 1932. Prispevek k poznani Araneid stredni Slavonie. Sbornik Vysoke Skoly Zemedelske, Brno (C) 23: 1 - 16." type="journal article" year="1932">Kratochvíl (1932)</bibRefCitation>
was published first, it has priority for that reason; if it was published second, it has priority because
<bibRefCitation id="EFB48AC18356FF90FEEC13A9FD79FE1F" author="Absolon &amp; Kratochvil" box="[381,725,441,467]" firstAuthor="Absolon" journalOrPublisher="Mitteilungen uber Hohlen- und Karstforschung" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" pagination="73 - 81" part="1932" refId="ref31914" refString="Absolon K. &amp; Kratochvil J. 1932. Zur Kenntnis der hohlenbewohnenden Araneae der illyrischen Karstgebiete. Mitteilungen uber Hohlen- und Karstforschung 1932: 73 - 81." title="Zur Kenntnis der hohlenbewohnenden Araneae der illyrischen Karstgebiete" type="journal article" year="1932">Absolon &amp; Kratochvíl (1932)</bibRefCitation>
refer to a statement that was not yet published at the time.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9AF7308356FF90FF2C13EAFD0AFC13" blockId="4.[189,1401,506,991]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
Confusingly, the paper to which
<bibRefCitation id="EFB48AC18356FF90FDAD13EAFC34FDD9" author="Absolon &amp; Kratochvil" box="[572,920,506,533]" firstAuthor="Absolon" journalOrPublisher="Mitteilungen uber Hohlen- und Karstforschung" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" pagination="73 - 81" part="1932" refId="ref31914" refString="Absolon K. &amp; Kratochvil J. 1932. Zur Kenntnis der hohlenbewohnenden Araneae der illyrischen Karstgebiete. Mitteilungen uber Hohlen- und Karstforschung 1932: 73 - 81." title="Zur Kenntnis der hohlenbewohnenden Araneae der illyrischen Karstgebiete" type="journal article" year="1932">Absolon &amp; Kratochvíl (1932)</bibRefCitation>
refer was originally also not intended to be the source of the name.
<bibRefCitation id="EFB48AC18356FF90FE68100EFD60FDF4" author="Kratochvil" box="[505,716,542,568]" firstAuthor="Kratochvil" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" pagination="1 - 16" refId="ref33789" refString="Kratochvil J. 1932. Prispevek k poznani Araneid stredni Slavonie. Sbornik Vysoke Skoly Zemedelske, Brno (C) 23: 1 - 16." type="journal article" year="1932">Kratochvíl (1932)</bibRefCitation>
referred to “
<taxonomicName id="4C258CB38356FF90FCF2100EFBADFDF4" authority="Huber &amp; Pavlek &amp; Komnenov, 2021" authorityName="Huber &amp; Pavlek &amp; Komnenov" authorityYear="2021" box="[867,1025,542,568]" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Stygopholcus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">
<emphasis id="B9512B228356FF90FCF2100EFBADFDF4" box="[867,1025,542,568]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Stygopholcus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A26296598356FF90FB99100EFB97FDF4" box="[1032,1083,542,568]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" rank="genus">n. g.</taxonomicNameLabel>
in lit., jejž popíši na jiném mistě” [
<emphasis id="B9512B228356FF90FE8F1051FE82FD97" box="[286,302,577,603]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">“</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C258CB38356FF90FEBF1051FE62FD97" authority="Huber &amp; Pavlek &amp; Komnenov, 2021" authorityName="Huber &amp; Pavlek &amp; Komnenov" authorityYear="2021" box="[302,462,577,603]" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Stygopholcus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">Stygopholcus</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B9512B228356FF90FE481052FC73FD97" box="[473,991,577,603]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A26296598356FF90FE481052FDA9FD97" box="[473,517,578,603]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" rank="genus">n.g.</taxonomicNameLabel>
in lit., that Iwill describe elsewhere”
</emphasis>
], suggesting that the genus name was intended to be made available in an upcoming publication (possibly
<bibRefCitation id="EFB48AC18356FF90FBB81074FB43FDB2" author="Kratochvil" box="[1065,1263,612,638]" firstAuthor="Kratochvil" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" pagination="165 - 226" refId="ref33816" refString="Kratochvil J. 1934. Liste generale des Araignees cavernicoles en Yugoslavie. Pregled pecinskih paukova u Jugoslaviji. Prirodoslovne Razprave 2: 165 - 226." type="journal article" year="1934">Kratochvíl 1934</bibRefCitation>
). However,
<bibRefCitation id="EFB48AC18356FF90FF2E1097FE3FFD6D" author="Kratochvil" box="[191,403,647,673]" firstAuthor="Kratochvil" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" pagination="1 - 16" refId="ref33789" refString="Kratochvil J. 1932. Prispevek k poznani Araneid stredni Slavonie. Sbornik Vysoke Skoly Zemedelske, Brno (C) 23: 1 - 16." type="journal article" year="1932">Kratochvíl (1932)</bibRefCitation>
provides “characters that are purported to differentiate the taxon”, satisfying ICZN Article 13.1.1; and he explicitly names “
<taxonomicName id="4C258CB38356FF90FD2310BBFC30FD08" authority="Kulcz." authorityName="Kulczynski" authorityYear="1914" box="[690,924,682,708]" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Holocnemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="absoloni">
<emphasis id="B9512B228356FF90FD2310BBFCECFD08" box="[690,832,682,708]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">H. absoloni</emphasis>
Kulcz.
</taxonomicName>
” as the only species to be included in the genus, satisfying the requirements of ICZN Article 13.3 regarding the fixation of a
<typeStatus id="549E49928356FF90FB4F10DEFABDFD24" box="[1246,1297,718,744]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">type</typeStatus>
species. From a formal perspective,
<bibRefCitation id="EFB48AC18356FF90FD9910E1FD5CFCC7" author="Kratochvil's" box="[520,752,753,779]" firstAuthor="Kratochvil's" journalOrPublisher="Mitteilungen uber Hohlen- und Karstforschung" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" pagination="73 - 81" part="1932" refId="ref31914" refString="Absolon K. &amp; Kratochvil J. 1932. Zur Kenntnis der hohlenbewohnenden Araneae der illyrischen Karstgebiete. Mitteilungen uber Hohlen- und Karstforschung 1932: 73 - 81." title="Zur Kenntnis der hohlenbewohnenden Araneae der illyrischen Karstgebiete" type="journal article" year="1932">Kratochvíl’s (1932)</bibRefCitation>
intentions (of making the name available later) are as irrelevant as the confusion between genus rank (in the Czech text) and subgenus rank (in the French summary), and the minimalist nature of his diagnosis: he mentions that (1) the female sternum process present in
<taxonomicName id="4C258CB38356FF90FED3114AFD96FCB8" baseAuthorityName="Scopoli" baseAuthorityYear="1763" box="[322,570,858,884]" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Holocnemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pluchei">
<emphasis id="B9512B228356FF90FED3114AFD96FCB8" box="[322,570,858,884]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Holocnemus pluchei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is absent in
<taxonomicName id="4C258CB38356FF90FD73114AFC2CFCB8" authorityName="Huber &amp; Pavlek &amp; Komnenov" authorityYear="2021" box="[738,896,858,884]" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Stygopholcus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9512B228356FF90FD73114AFC2CFCB8" box="[738,896,858,884]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Stygopholcus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; (2) the abdomen shape differs between
<taxonomicName id="4C258CB38356FF90FF2C116EFEFDFC54" authorityName="Simon" authorityYear="1873" box="[189,337,894,920]" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Holocnemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9512B228356FF90FF2C116EFEFDFC54" box="[189,337,894,920]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Holocnemus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C258CB38356FF90FE01116EFD80FC54" authorityName="Huber &amp; Pavlek &amp; Komnenov" authorityYear="2021" box="[400,556,894,920]" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Stygopholcus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9512B228356FF90FE01116EFD80FC54" box="[400,556,894,920]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Stygopholcus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; (3) the female palp of
<taxonomicName id="4C258CB38356FF90FCDD116EFC46FC54" authorityName="Huber &amp; Pavlek &amp; Komnenov" authorityYear="2021" box="[844,1002,894,920]" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Stygopholcus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9512B228356FF90FCDD116EFC46FC54" box="[844,1002,894,920]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Stygopholcus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
resembles that of
<taxonomicName id="4C258CB38356FF90FB5A116EFA86FC54" authorityName="Walckenaer" authorityYear="1805" box="[1227,1322,894,920]" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Pholcus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9512B228356FF90FB5A116EFA86FC54" box="[1227,1322,894,920]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Pholcus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
rather than that of
<taxonomicName id="4C258CB38356FF90FEC111B1FDE8FC77" baseAuthorityName="Scopoli" baseAuthorityYear="1763" box="[336,580,929,955]" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Holocnemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pluchei">
<emphasis id="B9512B228356FF90FEC111B1FDE8FC77" box="[336,580,929,955]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Holocnemus pluchei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(which is enlarged); and (4)
<taxonomicName id="4C258CB38356FF90FC0E11B1FB91FC77" authorityName="Huber &amp; Pavlek &amp; Komnenov" authorityYear="2021" box="[927,1085,929,955]" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Stygopholcus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9512B228356FF90FC0E11B1FB91FC77" box="[927,1085,929,955]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Stygopholcus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has cheliceral stridulation like
<taxonomicName id="4C258CB38356FF90FF6111D4FE28FC12" authorityName="Simon" authorityYear="1873" box="[240,388,964,990]" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Holocnemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9512B228356FF90FF6111D4FE28FC12" box="[240,388,964,990]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Holocnemus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(in contrast to
<taxonomicName id="4C258CB38356FF90FDA711D4FD39FC12" authorityName="Walckenaer" authorityYear="1805" box="[566,661,964,990]" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Pholcus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9512B228356FF90FDA711D4FD39FC12" box="[566,661,964,990]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Pholcus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9AF7308356FF90FF2C1616FB8DFBEC" blockId="4.[189,1057,1029,1056]" box="[189,1057,1029,1056]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
We conclude that
<taxonomicName id="4C258CB38356FF90FE1E1615FD81FBD3" authorityName="Huber &amp; Pavlek &amp; Komnenov" authorityYear="2021" box="[399,557,1029,1055]" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Stygopholcus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9512B228356FF90FE1E1615FD81FBD3" box="[399,557,1029,1055]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Stygopholcus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was made available by
<bibRefCitation id="EFB48AC18356FF90FCD71615FBB1FBEC" author="Kratochvil" box="[838,1053,1029,1056]" firstAuthor="Kratochvil" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" pagination="1 - 16" refId="ref33789" refString="Kratochvil J. 1932. Prispevek k poznani Araneid stredni Slavonie. Sbornik Vysoke Skoly Zemedelske, Brno (C) 23: 1 - 16." type="journal article" year="1932">Kratochvíl (1932)</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9AF7308356FF90FF2C1657FCE2FBAC" blockId="4.[189,846,1094,1121]" box="[189,846,1094,1121]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<heading id="D0D2405C8356FF90FF2C1657FCE2FBAC" bold="true" box="[189,846,1094,1121]" fontSize="11" level="3" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" reason="3">
<emphasis id="B9512B228356FF90FF2C1657FCE2FBAC" bold="true" box="[189,846,1094,1121]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
Identity of
<taxonomicName id="4C258CB38356FF90FED81656FCE2FBAC" authority="(Kulczynski, 1914)" baseAuthorityName="Kulczynski" baseAuthorityYear="1914" box="[329,846,1094,1121]" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Stygopholcus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="absoloni">
<emphasis id="B9512B228356FF90FED81656FDF0FBAD" bold="true" box="[329,604,1094,1121]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Stygopholcus absoloni</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFB48AC18356FF90FDFA1656FCEBFBAC" author="Kulczynski" box="[619,839,1094,1121]" firstAuthor="Kulczynski" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" pagination="353 - 387" refId="ref34047" refString="Kulczynski W. 1914. Aranearum species novae minusve cognitae, in montibus Kras dictis a Dre C. Absolon aliisque collectae. Bulletin international de l'Academie des Sciences de Cracovie 1914: 353 - 387, pl. 16." type="journal article" year="1914">Kulczyński, 1914</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9AF7308356FF90FF2C1666FEECFA4A" blockId="4.[189,1400,1141,1414]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
In the original description of “
<taxonomicName id="4C258CB38356FF90FDA11665FBA8FB43" authority="Absolonii" authorityName="Absolonii Kulczynski" authorityYear="1914" box="[560,1028,1141,1168]" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Holocnemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Hoplopholcus">
<emphasis id="B9512B228356FF90FDA11665FD68FB43" box="[560,708,1141,1167]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Holocnemus</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="B9512B228356FF90FD491665FCD2FB43" box="[728,894,1141,1167]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Hoplopholcus</emphasis>
)
<emphasis id="B9512B228356FF90FC031665FBA8FB43" box="[914,1028,1141,1167]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Absolonii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
”,
<bibRefCitation id="EFB48AC18356FF90FBB21665FAACFB5C" author="Kulczynski" box="[1059,1280,1141,1168]" firstAuthor="Kulczynski" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" pagination="353 - 387" refId="ref34047" refString="Kulczynski W. 1914. Aranearum species novae minusve cognitae, in montibus Kras dictis a Dre C. Absolon aliisque collectae. Bulletin international de l'Academie des Sciences de Cracovie 1914: 353 - 387, pl. 16." type="journal article" year="1914">Kulczyński (1914)</bibRefCitation>
mentions two caves near Trebinje by name: “Mares et feminae lecta sunt prope Trebinje in speluncis: Ilijina pećina … et Zovica jama…” [“
<emphasis id="B9512B228356FF90FDA216ACFE01FB35" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">males and females were collected in caves near Trebinje: Ilijina cave … and Zovica pit …</emphasis>
”]. He then notes that according to Absolon (“Teste Cel. C. Absolon”), this species has been found in many other caves in southeastern
<collectingCountry id="F332B7A08356FF90FCA51712FC66FAD0" box="[820,970,1282,1308]" name="Bosnia and Herzegovina" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Herzegovina</collectingCountry>
(southern region of modern
<collectingCountry id="F332B7A08356FF90FAB41712FE20FA8C" name="Bosnia and Herzegovina" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Bosnia and Herzegovina</collectingCountry>
). This strongly suggests that he had only seen the specimens from the two caves near Trebinje. Any specimens he had from these caves, and only these specimens, constitute the type series (
<typeStatus id="549E49928356FF90FF57177CFE9FFA4A" box="[198,307,1388,1414]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" type="syntype">syntypes</typeStatus>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9AF7308356FF90FF2C17BEFB72F9BB" blockId="4.[189,1399,1453,1656]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
In
<bibRefCitation id="EFB48AC18356FF90FF7217BDFE7BFA0B" author="Kulczynski's" box="[227,471,1453,1479]" firstAuthor="Kulczynski's" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" pagination="353 - 387" refId="ref34047" refString="Kulczynski W. 1914. Aranearum species novae minusve cognitae, in montibus Kras dictis a Dre C. Absolon aliisque collectae. Bulletin international de l'Academie des Sciences de Cracovie 1914: 353 - 387, pl. 16." type="journal article" year="1914">Kulczyński’s (1914)</bibRefCitation>
long original text, the morphology is described in considerable detail but complex shapes are notoriously difficult to understand from text alone. However, he was obviously aware of differences among the specimens available to him, starting a paragraph with “Maris palpi variant paululo formâ, etiam mandibularum armatura paulo mutabilis” [“
<emphasis id="B9512B228356FF90FBB71407FC55F998" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">the male palps vary slightly in shape, and also the armature of the chelicerae is slightly variable</emphasis>
”]. He clearly interpreted this as intraspecific variation, but without specifying to which variant(s) his four figures referred.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9AF7308356FF90FF2C148FFA9CF87C" blockId="4.[188,1398,1695,1968]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
When
<bibRefCitation id="EFB48AC18356FF90FE9F148FFE4FF975" author="Kratochvil" box="[270,483,1695,1721]" firstAuthor="Kratochvil" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" pagination="1 - 26" refId="ref33863" refString="Kratochvil J. 1940. Etude sur les araignees cavernicoles du genre Stygopholcus Krat. Acta Societatis Scientiarum Naturalium Moraviae 12: 1 - 26." type="journal article" year="1940">Kratochvíl (1940)</bibRefCitation>
made a first careful and detailed revision of
<taxonomicName id="4C258CB38356FF90FB9C148FFB07F975" authorityName="Huber &amp; Pavlek &amp; Komnenov" authorityYear="2021" box="[1037,1195,1695,1721]" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Stygopholcus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9512B228356FF90FB9C148FFB07F975" box="[1037,1195,1695,1721]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Stygopholcus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, he realized that
<bibRefCitation id="EFB48AC18356FF90FF2C14D2FE02F910" author="Kulczynski's" box="[189,430,1730,1756]" firstAuthor="Kulczynski's" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" pagination="353 - 387" refId="ref34047" refString="Kulczynski W. 1914. Aranearum species novae minusve cognitae, in montibus Kras dictis a Dre C. Absolon aliisque collectae. Bulletin international de l'Academie des Sciences de Cracovie 1914: 353 - 387, pl. 16." type="journal article" year="1914">Kulczyński’s (1914)</bibRefCitation>
figures represented the two variants, which Kratochvíl interpreted (correctly) as different species. He considered
<bibRefCitation id="EFB48AC18356FF90FDD114F5FC9CF933" author="Kulczynski's" box="[576,816,1765,1791]" firstAuthor="Kulczynski's" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" pagination="353 - 387" refId="ref34047" refString="Kulczynski W. 1914. Aranearum species novae minusve cognitae, in montibus Kras dictis a Dre C. Absolon aliisque collectae. Bulletin international de l'Academie des Sciences de Cracovie 1914: 353 - 387, pl. 16." type="journal article" year="1914">Kulczyński’s (1914)</bibRefCitation>
fig. 25 to represent one species, figs 24, and 26– 27 the other species. This view was accepted by subsequent cataloguers and authors, also by
<bibRefCitation id="EFB48AC18356FF90FA8F1518FEAAF88A" author="Senglet" firstAuthor="Senglet" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" pagination="345 - 359" refId="ref35007" refString="Senglet A. 1971. Note sur les Pholcidae (Arachn.) de Grece. Mitteilungen der Schweizerischen Entomologischen Gesellschaft 44: 345 - 359. https: // doi. org / 10.5169 / seals- 401666" type="journal article" year="1971">Senglet (1971</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFB48AC18356FF90FE84153CFEF8F88A" author="Senglet" box="[277,340,1836,1862]" firstAuthor="Senglet" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" pagination="43 - 67" refId="ref35045" refString="Senglet A. 2001. Copulatory mechanisms in Hoplopholcus, Stygopholcus (revalidated), Pholcus, Spermophora and Spermophorides (Araneae, Pholcidae), with additional faunistic and taxonomic data. Mitteilungen der Schweizerischen Entomologischen Gesellschaft 74: 43 - 67. https: // doi. org / 10.5169 / seals- 402796" type="journal article" year="2001">2001</bibRefCitation>
), the only author other than Kratochvíl who studied
<taxonomicName id="4C258CB38356FF90FC40153BFBC3F889" authorityName="Huber &amp; Pavlek &amp; Komnenov" authorityYear="2021" box="[977,1135,1835,1861]" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Stygopholcus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9512B228356FF90FC40153BFBC3F889" box="[977,1135,1835,1861]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Stygopholcus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in some detail. Since
<bibRefCitation id="EFB48AC18356FF90FF2C155FFE01F8A5" author="Kulczynski's" box="[189,429,1871,1897]" firstAuthor="Kulczynski's" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" pagination="353 - 387" refId="ref34047" refString="Kulczynski W. 1914. Aranearum species novae minusve cognitae, in montibus Kras dictis a Dre C. Absolon aliisque collectae. Bulletin international de l'Academie des Sciences de Cracovie 1914: 353 - 387, pl. 16." type="journal article" year="1914">Kulczyński’s (1914)</bibRefCitation>
figures of the male palps are in different views, we checked
<bibRefCitation id="EFB48AC18356FF90FB1F155FFADAF8A5" author="Kratochvil's" box="[1166,1398,1871,1897]" firstAuthor="Kratochvil's" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" pagination="1 - 26" refId="ref33863" refString="Kratochvil J. 1940. Etude sur les araignees cavernicoles du genre Stygopholcus Krat. Acta Societatis Scientiarum Naturalium Moraviae 12: 1 - 26." type="journal article" year="1940">Kratochvíl’s (1940)</bibRefCitation>
distinction of the two putative species by orienting palps of both species in exactly the same positions as in
<bibRefCitation id="EFB48AC18356FF90FF4B1585FE65F863" author="Kulczynski's" box="[218,457,1941,1967]" firstAuthor="Kulczynski's" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" pagination="353 - 387" refId="ref34047" refString="Kulczynski W. 1914. Aranearum species novae minusve cognitae, in montibus Kras dictis a Dre C. Absolon aliisque collectae. Bulletin international de l'Academie des Sciences de Cracovie 1914: 353 - 387, pl. 16." type="journal article" year="1914">Kulczyński’s (1914)</bibRefCitation>
figures. There is no doubt that
<bibRefCitation id="EFB48AC18356FF90FCA61585FBA6F863" author="Kratochvil" box="[823,1034,1941,1967]" firstAuthor="Kratochvil" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" pagination="1 - 26" refId="ref33863" refString="Kratochvil J. 1940. Etude sur les araignees cavernicoles du genre Stygopholcus Krat. Acta Societatis Scientiarum Naturalium Moraviae 12: 1 - 26." type="journal article" year="1940">Kratochvíl (1940)</bibRefCitation>
was right in this respect.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9AF7308357FF91FF2C1319FE63FDD6" blockId="5.[189,1400,265,538]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<bibRefCitation id="EFB48AC18357FF91FF2C1319FE0AFEEF" author="Kratochvil's" box="[189,422,265,291]" firstAuthor="Kratochvil's" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="1 - 26" refId="ref33863" refString="Kratochvil J. 1940. Etude sur les araignees cavernicoles du genre Stygopholcus Krat. Acta Societatis Scientiarum Naturalium Moraviae 12: 1 - 26." type="journal article" year="1940">Kratochvíl’s (1940)</bibRefCitation>
error was that he felt either entitled or obliged (or both) to designate new
<typeStatus id="549E49928357FF91FAA81319FADBFEEF" box="[1337,1399,265,291]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">types</typeStatus>
from a new
<typeStatus id="549E49928357FF91FEDF133DFE2DFE8B" box="[334,385,301,327]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">type</typeStatus>
locality for
<taxonomicName id="4C258CB38357FF91FD84133DFD35FE8A" baseAuthorityName="Kulczynski" baseAuthorityYear="1914" box="[533,665,300,327]" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Stygopholcus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="absoloni">
<emphasis id="B9512B228357FF91FD84133DFD35FE8A" box="[533,665,300,327]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">S. absoloni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, choosing a cave ~
<quantity id="4CDD5AD58357FF91FCEE133CFC66FE8A" box="[895,970,300,327]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.5" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" unit="km" value="35.0">35 km</quantity>
NW of Trebinje, “Grabova peć kod Grabova dola”. We can only speculate about his motivation, but it seems reasonable to assume that he had been postponing his detailed revision of the genus for many years (at least since 1932), hoping to eventually be able to see Kulczyński’s
<typeStatus id="549E49928357FF91FD1D1386FD13FE7C" box="[652,703,406,432]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">type</typeStatus>
series. This hope was frustrated, as indicated in a footnote (
<bibRefCitation id="EFB48AC18357FF91FF5413A9FE1FFE18" author="Kratochvil" box="[197,435,441,468]" firstAuthor="Kratochvil" page="16" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="1 - 26" refId="ref33863" refString="Kratochvil J. 1940. Etude sur les araignees cavernicoles du genre Stygopholcus Krat. Acta Societatis Scientiarum Naturalium Moraviae 12: 1 - 26." type="journal article" year="1940">Kratochvíl 1940: 16</bibRefCitation>
) where he explicitly stated that the specimens from Ilijina pećina and Zovica jama were not accessible to him. Unfortunately, among his rich new material there were no specimens from any of these two caves.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9AF7308357FF91FF2C1051FF52FCB8" blockId="5.[187,1399,577,884]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
We made a major effort to locate Kulczyński’s
<typeStatus id="549E49928357FF91FD471051FCBBFD97" box="[726,791,577,603]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">types</typeStatus>
, but found only one vial, deposited in the Museum &amp; Institute of Zoology, PAS, in Warsaw,
<collectingCountry id="F332B7A08357FF91FDE51074FD65FDB2" box="[628,713,612,638]" name="Poland" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Poland</collectingCountry>
. The supposed
<typeStatus id="549E49928357FF91FCE81075FC1BFDB3" box="[889,951,613,639]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">types</typeStatus>
of
<taxonomicName id="4C258CB38357FF91FC481074FBF7FDB2" baseAuthorityName="Kulczynski" baseAuthorityYear="1914" box="[985,1115,612,638]" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Stygopholcus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="absoloni">
<emphasis id="B9512B228357FF91FC481074FBF7FDB2" box="[985,1115,612,638]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">S. absoloni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
deposited in Prague and listed in
<bibRefCitation id="EFB48AC18357FF91FE8F1097FDB9FD6E" author="Ruzicka" box="[286,533,647,674]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Ruzicka" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="13 - 64" refId="ref34907" refString="Ruzicka V., Kurka A., Buchar J. &amp; Rezac M. 2005. Czech Republic - the type material of spiders (Araneae). Casopis Narodniho muzea, Rada prirodovedna 174: 13 - 64." type="journal article" year="2005">
Růžička
<emphasis id="B9512B228357FF91FE171098FE6CFD6D" box="[390,448,647,673]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">et al.</emphasis>
(2005)
</bibRefCitation>
are Kratochvíl’s erroneous ‘types’ from “Grabova peć kod Grabova dola”. Kulczyński’s true
<typeStatus id="549E49928357FF91FE0710BBFE65FD09" box="[406,457,683,709]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">type</typeStatus>
vial contains a label in his own handwriting, but the only locality information on this label is “Trebinje”. A second, very detailed label says “Ilijina pećina”, but other information on this label leaves no doubt that it was added much later. Fortunately, Kulczyński’s original catalogue (in Warsaw) offers a clear hint about the origin of the specimens in the vial. It says “Jaskinie koło Trebinje” [“
<emphasis id="B9512B228357FF91FF451128FE16FC9D" box="[212,442,823,849]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">caves near Trebinje</emphasis>
”], suggesting that Kulczyński joined the specimens from Ilijina pećina and Zovica jama.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9AF7308357FF91FF2C118CFC5FFB8F" blockId="5.[189,1399,924,1092]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
This
<typeStatus id="549E49928357FF91FF6A118CFE82FC7A" box="[251,302,924,950]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">type</typeStatus>
vial contains only
<specimenCount id="9D233CB98357FF91FD86118CFD74FC7A" box="[535,728,924,950]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" type="generic">three specimens</specimenCount>
,
<specimenCount id="9D233CB98357FF91FD76118CFCF8FC7A" box="[743,852,924,950]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" type="male">one male</specimenCount>
and
<specimenCount id="9D233CB98357FF91FC03118CFB8BFC7A" box="[914,1063,924,950]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" type="female">two females</specimenCount>
. This is clearly only part of Kulczyński’s material, because he obviously had at least
<specimenCount id="9D233CB98357FF91FCF011D0FC75FC15" box="[865,985,959,986]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" type="male">two males</specimenCount>
available. However, both variants/ species are represented in this vial. Circumstantial evidence suggests that
<specimenCount id="9D233CB98357FF91FBAE11F3FB68FC30" box="[1087,1220,994,1021]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" type="female">one female</specimenCount>
is from Ilijina pećina (it corresponds to more recently collected females from this cave). This forces us to conclude that the other specimens (
<specimenCount id="9D233CB98357FF91FE241639FD8EFB8F" box="[437,546,1065,1091]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" type="male">one male</specimenCount>
and
<specimenCount id="9D233CB98357FF91FDCA1639FD73FB88" box="[603,735,1065,1092]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" type="female">one female</specimenCount>
) are from Zovica jama.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9AF7308357FF91FF2C167AFB6EFA94" blockId="5.[189,1401,1130,1368]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
This is clearly a case where a
<typeStatus id="549E49928357FF91FDD0167AFD01FB48" box="[577,685,1130,1156]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" type="lectotype">lectotype</typeStatus>
should be designated for
<taxonomicName id="4C258CB38357FF91FC64167AFBD3FB48" baseAuthorityName="Kulczynski" baseAuthorityYear="1914" box="[1013,1151,1130,1156]" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Stygopholcus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="absoloni">
<emphasis id="B9512B228357FF91FC64167AFBD3FB48" box="[1013,1151,1130,1156]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">S. absoloni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in order to provide stability and avoid further confusion about the basics (ICZN Recommendation 74G). However, it is not obvious which specimen would best serve as a
<typeStatus id="549E49928357FF91FD6416A0FCC8FB06" box="[757,868,1200,1226]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" type="lectotype">lectotype</typeStatus>
. Selecting the male specimen has one major disadvantage: it makes Zovica jama the type locality, a cave that we were not able to locate, and that was even unknown to local cavers in Trebinje we met in 2014. On the other hand, Ilijina pećina is well known and easily accessible, providing a precise type locality. Selecting the female from Ilijina pećina would thus seem to better satisfy ICZN Recommendation 74E (Verification of locality).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9AF7308357FF91FF2C176FFAB2F986" blockId="5.[189,1399,1407,1610]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
At the same time, selecting the male specimen as
<typeStatus id="549E49928357FF91FCB9176FFC38FA55" box="[808,916,1407,1433]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" type="lectotype">lectotype</typeStatus>
has also advantages. Most importantly, it preserves the prevailing usage of the name. This male is the same variant/species as
<bibRefCitation id="EFB48AC18357FF91FB7417B2FEA7FA13" author="Kratochvil's" firstAuthor="Kratochvil's" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="1 - 26" refId="ref33863" refString="Kratochvil J. 1940. Etude sur les araignees cavernicoles du genre Stygopholcus Krat. Acta Societatis Scientiarum Naturalium Moraviae 12: 1 - 26." type="journal article" year="1940">Kratochvíl’s (1940)</bibRefCitation>
<taxonomicName id="4C258CB38357FF91FE8617D5FE32FA13" baseAuthorityName="Kulczynski" baseAuthorityYear="1914" box="[279,414,1477,1503]" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Stygopholcus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="absoloni">
<emphasis id="B9512B228357FF91FE8617D5FE32FA13" box="[279,414,1477,1503]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">S. absoloni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
ʻtypesʼ from “Grabova peć kod Grabova dola”, and it also corresponds to what
<bibRefCitation id="EFB48AC18357FF91FF2C17F8FEC2F9CE" author="Senglet" box="[189,366,1512,1538]" firstAuthor="Senglet" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="345 - 359" refId="ref35007" refString="Senglet A. 1971. Note sur les Pholcidae (Arachn.) de Grece. Mitteilungen der Schweizerischen Entomologischen Gesellschaft 44: 345 - 359. https: // doi. org / 10.5169 / seals- 401666" type="journal article" year="1971">Senglet (1971)</bibRefCitation>
interpreted as
<taxonomicName id="4C258CB38357FF91FDB717F9FD01F9CE" baseAuthorityName="Kulczynski" baseAuthorityYear="1914" box="[550,685,1512,1539]" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Stygopholcus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="absoloni">
<emphasis id="B9512B228357FF91FDB717F9FD01F9CE" box="[550,685,1512,1539]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">S. absoloni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Thus, selecting the male satisfies ICZN Recommendation 74A (Agreement with previous restriction). Asecond (minor) advantage is the fact that species in
<taxonomicName id="4C258CB38357FF91FF2C143FFEF7F985" authorityName="Huber &amp; Pavlek &amp; Komnenov" authorityYear="2021" box="[189,347,1583,1609]" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Stygopholcus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9512B228357FF91FF2C143FFEF7F985" box="[189,347,1583,1609]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Stygopholcus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are slightly easier to distinguish by males than by females (as in most
<taxonomicName id="4C258CB38357FF91FB08143FFABEF986" authorityName="C. L. Koch" authorityYear="1850" box="[1177,1298,1583,1610]" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Pholcidae</taxonomicName>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9AF7308357FF91FF2C1460FB6BF91C" blockId="5.[187,1398,1648,1745]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
Thus, we decided to select the male as
<typeStatus id="549E49928357FF91FDE91460FD4BF946" box="[632,743,1648,1674]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" type="lectotype">lectotype</typeStatus>
, mainly for two reasons: it seems to better serve stability, one of the major guiding principles of the Code. Second, it is possible that the exact location of Zovica jama will eventually be determined, weakening the argument against selecting the male.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C33FA4BB8357FF92FF2C14E8FB2FFE8A" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="8B9AF7308357FF91FF2C14E8FE9BF8DE" blockId="5.[189,311,1784,1810]" box="[189,311,1784,1810]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<heading id="D0D2405C8357FF91FF2C14E8FE9BF8DE" bold="true" box="[189,311,1784,1810]" fontSize="11" level="3" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" reason="3">
<emphasis id="B9512B228357FF91FF2C14E8FE9BF8DE" bold="true" box="[189,311,1784,1810]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Diagnosis</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9AF7308357FF91FF2C1536FADBF866" blockId="5.[188,1399,1830,1963]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<taxonomicName id="4C258CB38357FF91FF2C1536FEF7F88C" authorityName="Huber &amp; Pavlek &amp; Komnenov" authorityYear="2021" box="[189,347,1830,1856]" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Stygopholcus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9512B228357FF91FF2C1536FEF7F88C" box="[189,347,1830,1856]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Stygopholcus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
includes relatively large (total body length: ~5–6), long-legged spiders with oval abdomen (
<figureCitation id="131EEBB58357FF91FF55155AFE9CF8A8" box="[196,304,1865,1892]" captionStart="Figs 1–5" captionStartId="6.[189,242,1855,1881]" captionTargetBox="[189,1398,484,1816]" captionTargetId="figure-44@6.[189,1398,484,1816]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figs 1–5. Stygopholcus Kratochvíl, 1932; live specimens. 1. S. absoloni (Kulczyński, 1914); male from Vjetrenica, Bosnia and Herzegovina. 2. S. skotophilus Kratochvíl, 1940; male from Pavlova pećina, Bosnia and Herzegovina. 3. S. montenegrinus Kratochvíl, 1940; male and female with egg-sac from Studenačka pećina, Montenegro. 4–5. S. photophilus Senglet, 1971; male and female from Episkopi, Crete. Photos: BAH." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4958810" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4958810/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Figs 1–5</figureCitation>
). Males of
<taxonomicName id="4C258CB38357FF91FE2A155AFDF5F8A8" authorityName="Huber &amp; Pavlek &amp; Komnenov" authorityYear="2021" box="[443,601,1866,1892]" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Stygopholcus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9512B228357FF91FE2A155AFDF5F8A8" box="[443,601,1866,1892]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Stygopholcus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are easily distinguished from all other Smeringopinae by modified (club-shaped) hairs frontally on chelicerae (
<figureCitation id="131EEBB58357FF91FD22157DFCA0F84B" box="[691,780,1901,1927]" captionStart="Figs 19–22" captionStartId="13.[189,242,1892,1918]" captionTargetBox="[195,1391,762,1833]" captionTargetId="figure-105@13.[189,1398,762,1835]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="Figs 19–22. Stygopholcus absoloni (Kulczyński, 1914); male from Balićeva špilja, Croatia (ZFMK (Ar 22195)), female from Zavala, Bosnia and Herzegovina (MHNG). 19–20. Male chelicerae, frontal and lateral views. 21–22. Cleared female genitalia, ventral and dorsal views, showing epigynal measure F. Scale bars: 0.5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4958818" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4958818/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Figs 19</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="131EEBB58357FF91FC86157DFC9BF844" box="[791,823,1901,1928]" captionStart="Figs 51–54" captionStartId="23.[189,242,1892,1918]" captionTargetBox="[207,1369,688,1819]" captionTargetId="figure-127@23.[189,1398,678,1832]" captionTargetPageId="23" captionText="Figs 51–54. Stygopholcus skotophilus Kratochvíl, 1940; male from Ilijina pećina, Bosnia and Herzegovina (ZFMK (Ar 22198)), female from Pećina u Ivici, Montenegro (ZFMK (Ar 22196)). 51– 52. Male chelicerae, frontal and lateral views. 53–54. Cleared female genitalia, ventral and dorsal views. Scale bars: 0.5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4958828" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4958828/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">51</figureCitation>
); also by unique transparent or weakly sclerotized dorsal bulbal process (arrows in
<figureCitation id="131EEBB58357FF91FDC81580FD14F866" box="[601,696,1936,1962]" captionStart="Figs 12–18" captionStartId="12.[189,242,1752,1778]" captionTargetBox="[189,1393,398,1705]" captionTargetId="figure-12@12.[189,1398,398,1713]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="Figs 12–18. Stygopholcus absoloni (Kulczyński, 1914); male from Balićeva špilja, Croatia (ZFMK (Ar 22195)).12–13. Left tarsus and procursus, prolateral and retrolateral views; asterisk in Fig. 12 marks prolateral hump. 14. Tip of left procursus, prolateral (slightly ventral) view; arrow points at distinctive prolateral sclerite. 15–18. Left genital bulb, retrolateral, ventral, prolateral-distal, and dorso-distal views, showing bulb measures A–E; arrow in Fig. 17 points at transparent bulbal process; asterisk in Fig. 18 marks connecting sclerite that is absent in specimen from Jama na Brezdanu. Abbreviations: bs = basal sclerite; dp = dorsal process; ds = dorsal sclerite; rp = retrolateral process; vs = ventral sclerite. Scale bars: 12–13, 15–18 = 0.5 mm; 14 = 0.25 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4958816" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4958816/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Figs 17</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="131EEBB58357FF91FD5A1580FD5BF866" box="[715,759,1936,1962]" captionStart="Figs 113–118" captionStartId="41.[189,242,1857,1883]" captionTargetBox="[196,1385,467,1819]" captionTargetId="figure-70@41.[196,1391,466,1820]" captionTargetPageId="41" captionText="Figs 113–118. Stygopholcus photophilus Senglet, 1971; male from Episkopi, Crete (ZFMK (Ar 22205)). 113–114. Left tarsus and procursus, prolateral and retrolateral views. 115–118. Left genital bulb, retrolateral, ventral, prolateral-distal, and dorso-distal views; arrow points at weakly sclerotized process. Abbreviations: bs = basal sclerite; dp = dorsal process; ds = dorsal sclerite; rp = retrolateral process; vs = ventral sclerite. Scale bars: 0.5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4958864" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4958864/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">117</figureCitation>
) and by distinct brushes of hair-shaped retrolateral
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9AF7308354FF92FF2C1319FB2FFE8A" blockId="6.[189,1398,265,327]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
membranous processes at tip of procursus (
<figureCitation id="131EEBB58354FF92FD2E1319FCB0FEEF" box="[703,796,265,291]" captionStart="Figs 27–34" captionStartId="15.[189,242,1788,1814]" captionTargetBox="[189,1398,339,1749]" captionTargetId="figure-11@15.[189,1398,339,1749]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="Figs 27–34. Stygopholcus absoloni (Kulczyński, 1914); male from Počitelj/Čapljina, Bosnia and Herzegovina (MHNG). 27. Modified hair frontally on male chelicerae. 28. Left male cheliceral apophysis with modified hairs. 29. Tip of left procursus, retrolateral view. 30. Male palpal tarsal organ. 31. Retrolateral bulbal process, distal view. 32. Bulbal processes; arrow points at opening of sperm duct. 33. Transparent bulbal process. 34. Comb hairs on left tarsus 4, prolateral view. Abbreviations: dp = dorsal process; ds = dorsal sclerite; rp = retrolateral process; vs = ventral sclerite. Scale bars: 27, 30, 33, 34 = 10 µm; 28, 31 = 20 µm; 29, 32 = 100 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4958822" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4958822/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Figs 29</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="131EEBB58354FF92FCB81319FCE5FEEF" box="[809,841,265,291]" captionStart="Figs 61–68" captionStartId="26.[189,242,1788,1814]" captionTargetBox="[190,1398,265,1749]" captionTargetId="figure-12@26.[190,1398,265,1749]" captionTargetPageId="26" captionText="Figs 61–68. Stygopholcus skotophilus Kratochvíl, 1940; male and female from Ilijina pećina, Bosnia and Herzegovina (ZFMK (Ar 22198)). 61. Male ocular area, frontal view; arrows point at ‘pseudoeyes’. 62. Male gonopore and epiandrous spigots. 63–64. Modified hairs frontally on male chelicerae. 65. Stridulatory pick on male palpal femur. 66. Male palpal tarsal organ. 67. Tip of left procursus, retrolateral view. 68. Hair-like structures on tip of procursus (detail of previous image). Abbreviations: ds = dorsal sclerite; vs = ventral sclerite. Scale bars: 61 = 100 µm; 62, 67 = 20 µm; 63, 66, 68 = 10 µm; 64–65 = 2 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4958832" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4958832/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">67</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="131EEBB58354FF92FCC71319FCDAFEEF" box="[854,886,265,291]" captionStart="Figs 99–106" captionStartId="36.[189,242,1787,1813]" captionTargetBox="[189,1398,287,1749]" captionTargetId="figure-12@36.[189,1398,287,1749]" captionTargetPageId="36" captionText="Figs 99–106. Stygopholcus montenegrinus Kratochvíl, 1940; male and female from Studenačka pećina, Montenegro (ZFMK (Ar 22201)). 99. Tip of right procursus, retrolateral view. 100–101. Tip of left procursus, prolateral and dorsal views; arrow points at distinctive prolateral sclerite. 102. Hair-like structures on tip of procursus.103. Stridulatory pick on male palpal femur. 104. Male palpal tarsal organ. 105. Retrolateral bulbal process, distal view. 106. Possible glandular pores on retrolateral bulbal process (detail of previous photo). Abbreviations: dp = dorsal process; ds = dorsal sclerite; rp = retrolateral process; vs = ventral sclerite. Scale bars: 99–101, 105 = 100 µm; 102 = 20 µm; 103–104, 106 = 10 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4958856" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4958856/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">99</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="131EEBB58354FF92FC121319FC1FFEEF" box="[899,947,265,291]" captionStart="Figs 137–144" captionStartId="45.[189,242,1787,1813]" captionTargetBox="[189,1398,264,1749]" captionTargetId="figure-11@45.[189,1398,264,1749]" captionTargetPageId="45" captionText="Figs 137–144. Stygopholcus photophilus Senglet, 1971; male and female from Choumerion/Pérama, Crete (MHNG). 137–138. Tip of left procursus, retrolateral (slightly ventral) and ventral views. 139. Detail of previous figure. 140. Dorsal bulbal process and transparent bulbal process (arrow); note hair-like structures on dorsal bulbal process. 141. Female palpal tarsal organ. 142. Tarsal organ on female tarsus 4. 143. Male gonopore and epiandrous spigots. 144. Anterior part of epigynum showing strong ridges; arrows point at pair of anterior bulges. Abbreviations: ds = dorsal sclerite; vs = ventral sclerite. Scale bars: 137–138, 140, 143–144 = 100 µm; 139, 141–142 = 10 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4958878" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4958878/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">137</figureCitation>
). Males and females differ from other Smeringopinae by tarsal organs of legs with undulating rim (
<figureCitation id="131EEBB58354FF92FC16133CFC4EFE8A" box="[903,994,300,326]" captionStart="Figs 35–42" captionStartId="17.[189,242,1822,1848]" captionTargetBox="[193,1394,354,1783]" captionTargetId="figure-11@17.[193,1394,354,1783]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="Figs 35–42. Stygopholcus absoloni (Kulczyński, 1914); male and female from Počitelj/Čapljina, Bosnia and Herzegovina (MHNG). 35–36. Stridulatory files on male and female chelicerae. 37. Female palpal tarsal organ. 38. Tarsal organ on female tarsus 2. 39. Female prosoma, oblique dorsal view; arrows point at posterior humps acting against modified areas on abdomen. 40. Epigynum, ventral view. 41. Female ALS. 42. Female PMS. Scale bars: 35 = 30 µm; 36 = 20 µm; 37–38 = 10 µm, 39 = 200 µm; 40 = 100 µm; 41–42 = 10 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4958824" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4958824/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Figs 38</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="131EEBB58354FF92FC7F133CFBA2FE8B" box="[1006,1038,300,327]" captionStart="Figs 69–76" captionStartId="27.[189,242,1822,1848]" captionTargetBox="[189,1398,345,1784]" captionTargetId="figure-11@27.[189,1398,345,1784]" captionTargetPageId="27" captionText="Figs 69–76. Stygopholcus skotophilus Kratochvíl, 1940; male and female from Ilijina pećina, Bosnia and Herzegovina (ZFMK (Ar 22198)). 69. Male ALS. 70. Female ALS and PMS. 71–72. Stridulatory files on male and female chelicerae. 73. Spines on male femur 1. 74. Tip of male right tarsus 4, ventral view; arrows point at comb-hairs. 75. Tarsal organ on male tarsus 4. 76. Epigynum, ventral view. Abbreviations: ALS = anterior lateral spinneret; PMS = posterior median spinneret. Scale bars: 69–70, 72, 74 = 10 µm; 71, 73 = 20 µm; 75 = 2 µm; 76 = 100 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4958838" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4958838/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">75</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="131EEBB58354FF92FB8B133CFB96FE8A" box="[1050,1082,300,326]" captionStart="Figs 91–98" captionStartId="35.[189,242,1822,1848]" captionTargetBox="[189,1398,300,1783]" captionTargetId="figure-11@35.[189,1398,300,1783]" captionTargetPageId="35" captionText="Figs 91–98. Stygopholcus montenegrinus Kratochvíl, 1940; male and female from Studenačka pećina, Montenegro (ZFMK (Ar 22201)). 91. Male carapace and ocular area, frontal-dorsal view. 92. Male gonopore and epiandrous spigots. 93. Male clypeus and chelicerae, frontal view. 94. Modified hairs frontally on male chelicerae.95–96. Stridulatory files on male and female chelicerae. 97. Tarsal organ on male tarsus 1. 98. Transparent process on genital bulb. Scale bars: 91, 93 = 100 µm; 92, 95–96 = 20 µm; 94, 97–98 = 10 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4958850" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4958850/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">97</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="131EEBB58354FF92FBD7133CFBDAFE8A" box="[1094,1142,300,326]" captionStart="Figs 137–144" captionStartId="45.[189,242,1787,1813]" captionTargetBox="[189,1398,264,1749]" captionTargetId="figure-11@45.[189,1398,264,1749]" captionTargetPageId="45" captionText="Figs 137–144. Stygopholcus photophilus Senglet, 1971; male and female from Choumerion/Pérama, Crete (MHNG). 137–138. Tip of left procursus, retrolateral (slightly ventral) and ventral views. 139. Detail of previous figure. 140. Dorsal bulbal process and transparent bulbal process (arrow); note hair-like structures on dorsal bulbal process. 141. Female palpal tarsal organ. 142. Tarsal organ on female tarsus 4. 143. Male gonopore and epiandrous spigots. 144. Anterior part of epigynum showing strong ridges; arrows point at pair of anterior bulges. Abbreviations: ds = dorsal sclerite; vs = ventral sclerite. Scale bars: 137–138, 140, 143–144 = 100 µm; 139, 141–142 = 10 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4958878" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4958878/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">142</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<caption id="DF5AA7B88354FF92FF2C152FFE1CF82B" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4958810" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4958810" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4958810/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" startId="6.[189,242,1855,1881]" targetBox="[189,1398,484,1816]" targetPageId="6">
<paragraph id="8B9AF7308354FF92FF2C152FFE1CF82B" blockId="6.[189,1398,1855,2023]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<emphasis id="B9512B228354FF92FF2C152FFE80F896" bold="true" box="[189,300,1855,1882]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Figs 1–5.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C258CB38354FF92FEA31550FD0EF896" authority="Kratochvil, 1932" authorityName="Kratochvil" authorityYear="1932" box="[306,674,1856,1882]" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Stygopholcus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9512B228354FF92FEA31550FE7CF896" box="[306,464,1856,1882]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Stygopholcus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFB48AC18354FF92FE461550FD0EF896" author="Kratochvil" box="[471,674,1856,1882]" firstAuthor="Kratochvil" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="1 - 16" refId="ref33789" refString="Kratochvil J. 1932. Prispevek k poznani Araneid stredni Slavonie. Sbornik Vysoke Skoly Zemedelske, Brno (C) 23: 1 - 16." type="journal article" year="1932">Kratochvíl, 1932</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
; live specimens.
<emphasis id="B9512B228354FF92FCF81550FCD4F896" bold="true" box="[873,888,1856,1882]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">1</emphasis>
.
<taxonomicName id="4C258CB38354FF92FC171550FB58F896" authority="(Kulczynski, 1914)" baseAuthorityName="Kulczynski" baseAuthorityYear="1914" box="[902,1268,1856,1882]" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Stygopholcus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="absoloni">
<emphasis id="B9512B228354FF92FC171550FBA4F896" box="[902,1032,1856,1882]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">S. absoloni</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFB48AC18354FF92FB861550FB46F896" author="Kulczynski" box="[1047,1258,1856,1882]" firstAuthor="Kulczynski" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="353 - 387" refId="ref34047" refString="Kulczynski W. 1914. Aranearum species novae minusve cognitae, in montibus Kras dictis a Dre C. Absolon aliisque collectae. Bulletin international de l'Academie des Sciences de Cracovie 1914: 353 - 387, pl. 16." type="journal article" year="1914">Kulczyński, 1914</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
; male from Vjetrenica, Bosnia and Herzegovina.
<emphasis id="B9512B228354FF92FD131573FD3DF8B1" bold="true" box="[642,657,1891,1917]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">2</emphasis>
.
<taxonomicName id="4C258CB38354FF92FD321573FB8FF8B1" authority="Kratochvil, 1940" authorityName="Kratochvil" authorityYear="1940" box="[675,1059,1891,1917]" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Stygopholcus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="skotophilus">
<emphasis id="B9512B228354FF92FD321573FCE7F8B1" box="[675,843,1891,1917]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">S. skotophilus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFB48AC18354FF92FCC41573FB8FF8B1" author="Kratochvil" box="[853,1059,1891,1917]" firstAuthor="Kratochvil" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="1 - 26" refId="ref33863" refString="Kratochvil J. 1940. Etude sur les araignees cavernicoles du genre Stygopholcus Krat. Acta Societatis Scientiarum Naturalium Moraviae 12: 1 - 26." type="journal article" year="1940">Kratochvíl, 1940</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
; male from Pavlova pećina, Bosnia and Herzegovina.
<emphasis id="B9512B228354FF92FE651596FDAFF86C" bold="true" box="[500,515,1926,1952]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">3</emphasis>
.
<taxonomicName id="4C258CB38354FF92FD851597FC10F86C" authority="Kratochvil, 1940" authorityName="Kratochvil" authorityYear="1940" box="[532,956,1926,1953]" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Stygopholcus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="montenegrinus">
<emphasis id="B9512B228354FF92FD851597FD49F86C" box="[532,741,1927,1953]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">S. montenegrinus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFB48AC18354FF92FD7E1596FC10F86C" author="Kratochvil" box="[751,956,1926,1952]" firstAuthor="Kratochvil" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="1 - 26" refId="ref33863" refString="Kratochvil J. 1940. Etude sur les araignees cavernicoles du genre Stygopholcus Krat. Acta Societatis Scientiarum Naturalium Moraviae 12: 1 - 26." type="journal article" year="1940">Kratochvíl, 1940</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
; male and female with egg-sac from Studenačka pećina, Montenegro.
<emphasis id="B9512B228354FF92FDDD15B9FDD4F80F" bold="true" box="[588,632,1961,1987]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">4–5</emphasis>
.
<taxonomicName id="4C258CB38354FF92FD1815BAFC4AF80F" authority="Senglet, 1971" authorityName="Senglet" authorityYear="1971" box="[649,998,1961,1988]" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Stygopholcus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="photophilus">
<emphasis id="B9512B228354FF92FD1815BAFC99F80F" box="[649,821,1961,1988]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">S. photophilus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFB48AC18354FF92FCAE15B9FC4AF80F" author="Senglet A." box="[831,998,1961,1987]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="345 - 359" refId="ref35007" refString="Senglet A. 1971. Note sur les Pholcidae (Arachn.) de Grece. Mitteilungen der Schweizerischen Entomologischen Gesellschaft 44: 345 - 359. https: // doi. org / 10.5169 / seals- 401666" type="journal article" year="1971">Senglet, 1971</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
; male and female from Episkopi, Crete. Photos: BAH.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<subSubSection id="C33FA4BB8355FF9DFF2C1318FB33F88A" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="10" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" type="description">
<paragraph id="8B9AF7308355FF93FF2C1318FEE3FEEE" blockId="7.[189,335,264,290]" box="[189,335,264,290]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<heading id="D0D2405C8355FF93FF2C1318FEE3FEEE" bold="true" box="[189,335,264,290]" fontSize="11" level="3" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" reason="3">
<emphasis id="B9512B228355FF93FF2C1318FEE3FEEE" bold="true" box="[189,335,264,290]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Description</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9AF7308355FF93FF7B1327FE86FE9D" blockId="7.[189,1399,311,654]" box="[234,298,311,337]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<emphasis id="B9512B228355FF93FF7B1327FE86FE9D" bold="true" box="[234,298,311,337]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Male</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9AF7308355FF93FF2C134BFC1FFD42" blockId="7.[189,1399,311,654]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
BODY. Total body length ~5–6; carapace width ~1.5–2.5. Carapace with deep central pit and pair of shallow furrows diverging from posterior side of pit toward posterior rim (
<figureCitation id="131EEBB58355FF93FBB9136DFB2FFE54" box="[1064,1155,381,408]" captionStart="Figs 35–42" captionStartId="17.[189,242,1822,1848]" captionTargetBox="[193,1394,354,1783]" captionTargetId="figure-11@17.[193,1394,354,1783]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="Figs 35–42. Stygopholcus absoloni (Kulczyński, 1914); male and female from Počitelj/Čapljina, Bosnia and Herzegovina (MHNG). 35–36. Stridulatory files on male and female chelicerae. 37. Female palpal tarsal organ. 38. Tarsal organ on female tarsus 2. 39. Female prosoma, oblique dorsal view; arrows point at posterior humps acting against modified areas on abdomen. 40. Epigynum, ventral view. 41. Female ALS. 42. Female PMS. Scale bars: 35 = 30 µm; 36 = 20 µm; 37–38 = 10 µm, 39 = 200 µm; 40 = 100 µm; 41–42 = 10 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4958824" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4958824/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Figs 39</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="131EEBB58355FF93FB01136DFB1CFE5B" box="[1168,1200,381,407]" captionStart="Figs 61–68" captionStartId="26.[189,242,1788,1814]" captionTargetBox="[190,1398,265,1749]" captionTargetId="figure-12@26.[190,1398,265,1749]" captionTargetPageId="26" captionText="Figs 61–68. Stygopholcus skotophilus Kratochvíl, 1940; male and female from Ilijina pećina, Bosnia and Herzegovina (ZFMK (Ar 22198)). 61. Male ocular area, frontal view; arrows point at ‘pseudoeyes’. 62. Male gonopore and epiandrous spigots. 63–64. Modified hairs frontally on male chelicerae. 65. Stridulatory pick on male palpal femur. 66. Male palpal tarsal organ. 67. Tip of left procursus, retrolateral view. 68. Hair-like structures on tip of procursus (detail of previous image). Abbreviations: ds = dorsal sclerite; vs = ventral sclerite. Scale bars: 61 = 100 µm; 62, 67 = 20 µm; 63, 66, 68 = 10 µm; 64–65 = 2 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4958832" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4958832/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">61</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="131EEBB58355FF93FB2D136EFB70FE54" box="[1212,1244,382,408]" captionStart="Figs 91–98" captionStartId="35.[189,242,1822,1848]" captionTargetBox="[189,1398,300,1783]" captionTargetId="figure-11@35.[189,1398,300,1783]" captionTargetPageId="35" captionText="Figs 91–98. Stygopholcus montenegrinus Kratochvíl, 1940; male and female from Studenačka pećina, Montenegro (ZFMK (Ar 22201)). 91. Male carapace and ocular area, frontal-dorsal view. 92. Male gonopore and epiandrous spigots. 93. Male clypeus and chelicerae, frontal view. 94. Modified hairs frontally on male chelicerae.95–96. Stridulatory files on male and female chelicerae. 97. Tarsal organ on male tarsus 1. 98. Transparent process on genital bulb. Scale bars: 91, 93 = 100 µm; 92, 95–96 = 20 µm; 94, 97–98 = 10 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4958850" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4958850/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">91</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="131EEBB58355FF93FB79136EFAB4FE54" box="[1256,1304,382,408]" captionStart="Figs 107–112" captionStartId="37.[189,242,1822,1848]" captionTargetBox="[189,1398,627,1784]" captionTargetId="figure-176@37.[189,1398,627,1784]" captionTargetPageId="37" captionText="Figs 107–112. Stygopholcus montenegrinus Kratochvíl, 1940; male and female from Studenačka pećina, Montenegro (ZFMK (Ar 22201)). 107. Female prosoma; arrows point at humps opposing modified areas on abdomen. 108. Female anterior lateral spinneret (ALS) and posterior median spinneret (PMS). 109. Tip of female palp, dorsal view. 110. Tip of female tarsus 1. 111. Epigynum, ventral view. 112. Indentations (muscle attachment sites) between epigynum and spinnerets. Scale bars: 107 = 200 µm; 108 = 10 µm; 109–110 = 20 µm; 111–112 = 100 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4958860" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4958860/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">107</figureCitation>
); ocular area slightly raised, eye triads relatively close together (distance PME–PME similar to PME diameter), each secondary eye (especially PME) accompanied by indistinct elevation (arrows in
<figureCitation id="131EEBB58355FF93FB3B13D4FAACFE12" box="[1194,1280,452,478]" captionStart="Figs 61–68" captionStartId="26.[189,242,1788,1814]" captionTargetBox="[190,1398,265,1749]" captionTargetId="figure-12@26.[190,1398,265,1749]" captionTargetPageId="26" captionText="Figs 61–68. Stygopholcus skotophilus Kratochvíl, 1940; male and female from Ilijina pećina, Bosnia and Herzegovina (ZFMK (Ar 22198)). 61. Male ocular area, frontal view; arrows point at ‘pseudoeyes’. 62. Male gonopore and epiandrous spigots. 63–64. Modified hairs frontally on male chelicerae. 65. Stridulatory pick on male palpal femur. 66. Male palpal tarsal organ. 67. Tip of left procursus, retrolateral view. 68. Hair-like structures on tip of procursus (detail of previous image). Abbreviations: ds = dorsal sclerite; vs = ventral sclerite. Scale bars: 61 = 100 µm; 62, 67 = 20 µm; 63, 66, 68 = 10 µm; 64–65 = 2 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4958832" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4958832/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Fig. 61</figureCitation>
; “pseudoeyes”; cf.
<bibRefCitation id="EFB48AC18355FF93FEA313F7FE6DFDCD" author="Huber B. A." box="[306,449,487,513]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="2491 - 2523" refId="ref33228" refString="Huber B. A. 2009. Life on leaves: leaf-dwelling pholcids of Guinea, with emphasis on Crossopriza cylindrogaster, a spider with inverted resting position, pseudo-eyes, lampshade web, and tetrahedral egg-sac (Araneae: Pholcidae). Journal of Natural History 43: 2491 - 2523. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222930903207876" type="journal article" year="2009">Huber 2009</bibRefCitation>
), AME relatively large (usually ~40–50% of PME small diameter). Clypeus high, unmodified or with indistinct modified area medially (arrow in
<figureCitation id="131EEBB58355FF93FC0D101AFBADFDE8" box="[924,1025,522,548]" captionStart="Figs 129–136" captionStartId="44.[189,242,1822,1848]" captionTargetBox="[198,1389,265,1785]" captionTargetId="figure-12@44.[198,1389,265,1785]" captionTargetPageId="44" captionText="Figs 129–136. Stygopholcus photophilus Senglet, 1971; male and female from Choumerion/Pérama, Crete (MHNG). 129. Male clypeus, frontal view; arrow points at modified median area. 130. Male chelicerae, frontal view. 131. Modified area medially on male chelicerae. 132. Modified hairs frontally on male chelicerae. 133. Stridulatory files on male chelicerae. 134. Absence of stridulatory files on female chelicerae. 135. Male ALS. 136. Female anterior lateral spinneret (ALS) and posterior median spinneret (PMS). Scale bars: 129–130 = 100 µm; 131, 134–136 = 20 µm; 132–133 = 10 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4958874" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4958874/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Fig. 129</figureCitation>
). Abdomen oval, never elevated or pointed above spinnerets (
<figureCitation id="131EEBB58355FF93FD80103DFDD7FD84" box="[529,635,557,584]" captionStart="Figs 1–5" captionStartId="6.[189,242,1855,1881]" captionTargetBox="[189,1398,484,1816]" captionTargetId="figure-44@6.[189,1398,484,1816]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figs 1–5. Stygopholcus Kratochvíl, 1932; live specimens. 1. S. absoloni (Kulczyński, 1914); male from Vjetrenica, Bosnia and Herzegovina. 2. S. skotophilus Kratochvíl, 1940; male from Pavlova pećina, Bosnia and Herzegovina. 3. S. montenegrinus Kratochvíl, 1940; male and female with egg-sac from Studenačka pećina, Montenegro. 4–5. S. photophilus Senglet, 1971; male and female from Episkopi, Crete. Photos: BAH." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4958810" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4958810/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Figs 1–5</figureCitation>
). Male gonopore with 4–8 epiandrous spigots (
<figureCitation id="131EEBB58355FF93FB34103DFAADFD8B" box="[1189,1281,557,583]" captionStart="Figs 61–68" captionStartId="26.[189,242,1788,1814]" captionTargetBox="[190,1398,265,1749]" captionTargetId="figure-12@26.[190,1398,265,1749]" captionTargetPageId="26" captionText="Figs 61–68. Stygopholcus skotophilus Kratochvíl, 1940; male and female from Ilijina pećina, Bosnia and Herzegovina (ZFMK (Ar 22198)). 61. Male ocular area, frontal view; arrows point at ‘pseudoeyes’. 62. Male gonopore and epiandrous spigots. 63–64. Modified hairs frontally on male chelicerae. 65. Stridulatory pick on male palpal femur. 66. Male palpal tarsal organ. 67. Tip of left procursus, retrolateral view. 68. Hair-like structures on tip of procursus (detail of previous image). Abbreviations: ds = dorsal sclerite; vs = ventral sclerite. Scale bars: 61 = 100 µm; 62, 67 = 20 µm; 63, 66, 68 = 10 µm; 64–65 = 2 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4958832" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4958832/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Figs 62</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="131EEBB58355FF93FA9C103EFA81FD84" box="[1293,1325,558,584]" captionStart="Figs 91–98" captionStartId="35.[189,242,1822,1848]" captionTargetBox="[189,1398,300,1783]" captionTargetId="figure-11@35.[189,1398,300,1783]" captionTargetPageId="35" captionText="Figs 91–98. Stygopholcus montenegrinus Kratochvíl, 1940; male and female from Studenačka pećina, Montenegro (ZFMK (Ar 22201)). 91. Male carapace and ocular area, frontal-dorsal view. 92. Male gonopore and epiandrous spigots. 93. Male clypeus and chelicerae, frontal view. 94. Modified hairs frontally on male chelicerae.95–96. Stridulatory files on male and female chelicerae. 97. Tarsal organ on male tarsus 1. 98. Transparent process on genital bulb. Scale bars: 91, 93 = 100 µm; 92, 95–96 = 20 µm; 94, 97–98 = 10 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4958850" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4958850/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">92</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="131EEBB58355FF93FAA8103EFAC4FD84" box="[1337,1384,558,584]" captionStart="Figs 137–144" captionStartId="45.[189,242,1787,1813]" captionTargetBox="[189,1398,264,1749]" captionTargetId="figure-11@45.[189,1398,264,1749]" captionTargetPageId="45" captionText="Figs 137–144. Stygopholcus photophilus Senglet, 1971; male and female from Choumerion/Pérama, Crete (MHNG). 137–138. Tip of left procursus, retrolateral (slightly ventral) and ventral views. 139. Detail of previous figure. 140. Dorsal bulbal process and transparent bulbal process (arrow); note hair-like structures on dorsal bulbal process. 141. Female palpal tarsal organ. 142. Tarsal organ on female tarsus 4. 143. Male gonopore and epiandrous spigots. 144. Anterior part of epigynum showing strong ridges; arrows point at pair of anterior bulges. Abbreviations: ds = dorsal sclerite; vs = ventral sclerite. Scale bars: 137–138, 140, 143–144 = 100 µm; 139, 141–142 = 10 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4958878" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4958878/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">143</figureCitation>
), ALS with only two spigots each: one large widened spigot and one pointed spigot (
<figureCitation id="131EEBB58355FF93FB1E1041FB46FDA6" box="[1167,1258,592,619]" captionStart="Figs 69–76" captionStartId="27.[189,242,1822,1848]" captionTargetBox="[189,1398,345,1784]" captionTargetId="figure-11@27.[189,1398,345,1784]" captionTargetPageId="27" captionText="Figs 69–76. Stygopholcus skotophilus Kratochvíl, 1940; male and female from Ilijina pećina, Bosnia and Herzegovina (ZFMK (Ar 22198)). 69. Male ALS. 70. Female ALS and PMS. 71–72. Stridulatory files on male and female chelicerae. 73. Spines on male femur 1. 74. Tip of male right tarsus 4, ventral view; arrows point at comb-hairs. 75. Tarsal organ on male tarsus 4. 76. Epigynum, ventral view. Abbreviations: ALS = anterior lateral spinneret; PMS = posterior median spinneret. Scale bars: 69–70, 72, 74 = 10 µm; 71, 73 = 20 µm; 75 = 2 µm; 76 = 100 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4958838" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4958838/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Figs 69</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="131EEBB58355FF93FB671040FA8AFDA7" box="[1270,1318,592,619]" captionStart="Figs 129–136" captionStartId="44.[189,242,1822,1848]" captionTargetBox="[198,1389,265,1785]" captionTargetId="figure-12@44.[198,1389,265,1785]" captionTargetPageId="44" captionText="Figs 129–136. Stygopholcus photophilus Senglet, 1971; male and female from Choumerion/Pérama, Crete (MHNG). 129. Male clypeus, frontal view; arrow points at modified median area. 130. Male chelicerae, frontal view. 131. Modified area medially on male chelicerae. 132. Modified hairs frontally on male chelicerae. 133. Stridulatory files on male chelicerae. 134. Absence of stridulatory files on female chelicerae. 135. Male ALS. 136. Female anterior lateral spinneret (ALS) and posterior median spinneret (PMS). Scale bars: 129–130 = 100 µm; 131, 134–136 = 20 µm; 132–133 = 10 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4958874" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4958874/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">135</figureCitation>
); PMS with two spigots each (cf. female,
<figureCitation id="131EEBB58355FF93FDC01064FD05FD42" box="[593,681,628,654]" captionStart="Figs 35–42" captionStartId="17.[189,242,1822,1848]" captionTargetBox="[193,1394,354,1783]" captionTargetId="figure-11@17.[193,1394,354,1783]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="Figs 35–42. Stygopholcus absoloni (Kulczyński, 1914); male and female from Počitelj/Čapljina, Bosnia and Herzegovina (MHNG). 35–36. Stridulatory files on male and female chelicerae. 37. Female palpal tarsal organ. 38. Tarsal organ on female tarsus 2. 39. Female prosoma, oblique dorsal view; arrows point at posterior humps acting against modified areas on abdomen. 40. Epigynum, ventral view. 41. Female ALS. 42. Female PMS. Scale bars: 35 = 30 µm; 36 = 20 µm; 37–38 = 10 µm, 39 = 200 µm; 40 = 100 µm; 41–42 = 10 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4958824" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4958824/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Fig. 42</figureCitation>
); PLS without spigots.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9AF7308355FF93FF2C10A5FABAFC0A" blockId="7.[189,1399,693,966]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
COLOR. In general ochre-yellow to brown, with distinct dark pattern in
<taxonomicName id="4C258CB38355FF93FB9710A6FB1CFD03" authorityName="Senglet" authorityYear="1971" box="[1030,1200,693,720]" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Stygopholcus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="photophilus">
<emphasis id="B9512B228355FF93FB9710A6FB1CFD03" box="[1030,1200,693,720]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">S. photophilus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, without or with reduced dark pattern in other (troglophile) species. Carapace mostly pale, with darker ocular area and posterior triangle (
<figureCitation id="131EEBB58355FF93FE0D10ECFD84FCDA" box="[412,552,764,790]" captionStart="Figs 1–5" captionStartId="6.[189,242,1855,1881]" captionTargetBox="[189,1398,484,1816]" captionTargetId="figure-44@6.[189,1398,484,1816]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figs 1–5. Stygopholcus Kratochvíl, 1932; live specimens. 1. S. absoloni (Kulczyński, 1914); male from Vjetrenica, Bosnia and Herzegovina. 2. S. skotophilus Kratochvíl, 1940; male from Pavlova pećina, Bosnia and Herzegovina. 3. S. montenegrinus Kratochvíl, 1940; male and female with egg-sac from Studenačka pećina, Montenegro. 4–5. S. photophilus Senglet, 1971; male and female from Episkopi, Crete. Photos: BAH." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4958810" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4958810/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Figs 1–2, 4</figureCitation>
); sternum either dark brown to black (
<taxonomicName id="4C258CB38355FF93FC6A10ECFB0BFCDA" authorityName="Senglet" authorityYear="1971" box="[1019,1191,764,790]" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Stygopholcus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="photophilus">
<emphasis id="B9512B228355FF93FC6A10ECFB0BFCDA" box="[1019,1191,764,790]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">S. photophilus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), or light brown, with darker brown radial marks (other species). Legs in
<taxonomicName id="4C258CB38355FF93FCE8110FFB8BFCF5" authorityName="Senglet" authorityYear="1971" box="[889,1063,799,825]" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Stygopholcus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="photophilus">
<emphasis id="B9512B228355FF93FCE8110FFB8BFCF5" box="[889,1063,799,825]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">S. photophilus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
with dark rings on femora (subdistally) and tibiae (proximally and subdistally) and with short dark longitudinal lines dorsally on femora (
<figureCitation id="131EEBB58355FF93FED61175FE43FCB3" box="[327,495,869,895]" captionStart="Figs 123–128" captionStartId="43.[189,242,1892,1918]" captionTargetBox="[189,1398,439,1854]" captionTargetId="figure-69@43.[189,1398,439,1854]" captionTargetPageId="43" captionText="Figs 123–128. Stygopholcus photophilus Senglet, 1971; epigyna, ventral views, and details of male femora 2 and 3, dorsal views. 123. Thessaly, Omolio, Tempi Valley (MHNG). 124. Corfu, Loutses (MHNG). 125. Peloponnese, Agios Dimitrios/Lefktro (MHNG); arrows point at internal sclerites. 126– 128. Crete, Episkopi (ZFMK (Ar 22205)). Scale bars: 123–126 = 0.5 mm; 127–128 = 0.2 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4958870" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4958870/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Figs 127–128</figureCitation>
); in other species monochromous, without dark rings and longitudinal lines. Abdomen in
<taxonomicName id="4C258CB38355FF93FEC61199FDADFC6E" authorityName="Senglet" authorityYear="1971" box="[343,513,904,931]" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Stygopholcus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="photophilus">
<emphasis id="B9512B228355FF93FEC61199FDADFC6E" box="[343,513,904,931]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">S. photophilus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
with distinct dorsal and ventral patterns; in other species with fewer dorsal and lateral dark marks restricted to posterior part and without or with indistinct ventral pattern.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9AF7308355FF93FF2C11FDFADFFBBD" blockId="7.[189,1399,1005,1137]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
CHELICERAE. Chelicerae with 1–4 modified (cone-shaped to club-shaped) hairs on each distal cheliceral apophysis and ~10–40 club-shaped hairs on frontal face (
<figureCitation id="131EEBB58355FF93FCF71600FC6DFBE6" box="[870,961,1040,1066]" captionStart="Figs 19–22" captionStartId="13.[189,242,1892,1918]" captionTargetBox="[195,1391,762,1833]" captionTargetId="figure-105@13.[189,1398,762,1835]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="Figs 19–22. Stygopholcus absoloni (Kulczyński, 1914); male from Balićeva špilja, Croatia (ZFMK (Ar 22195)), female from Zavala, Bosnia and Herzegovina (MHNG). 19–20. Male chelicerae, frontal and lateral views. 21–22. Cleared female genitalia, ventral and dorsal views, showing epigynal measure F. Scale bars: 0.5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4958818" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4958818/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Figs 19</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="131EEBB58355FF93FC5E1600FBB0FBE6" box="[975,1052,1040,1066]" captionStart="Figs 27–34" captionStartId="15.[189,242,1788,1814]" captionTargetBox="[189,1398,339,1749]" captionTargetId="figure-11@15.[189,1398,339,1749]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="Figs 27–34. Stygopholcus absoloni (Kulczyński, 1914); male from Počitelj/Čapljina, Bosnia and Herzegovina (MHNG). 27. Modified hair frontally on male chelicerae. 28. Left male cheliceral apophysis with modified hairs. 29. Tip of left procursus, retrolateral view. 30. Male palpal tarsal organ. 31. Retrolateral bulbal process, distal view. 32. Bulbal processes; arrow points at opening of sperm duct. 33. Transparent bulbal process. 34. Comb hairs on left tarsus 4, prolateral view. Abbreviations: dp = dorsal process; ds = dorsal sclerite; rp = retrolateral process; vs = ventral sclerite. Scale bars: 27, 30, 33, 34 = 10 µm; 28, 31 = 20 µm; 29, 32 = 100 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4958822" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4958822/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">27–28</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="131EEBB58355FF93FBB81600FBE5FBE7" box="[1065,1097,1040,1067]" captionStart="Figs 51–54" captionStartId="23.[189,242,1892,1918]" captionTargetBox="[207,1369,688,1819]" captionTargetId="figure-127@23.[189,1398,678,1832]" captionTargetPageId="23" captionText="Figs 51–54. Stygopholcus skotophilus Kratochvíl, 1940; male from Ilijina pećina, Bosnia and Herzegovina (ZFMK (Ar 22198)), female from Pećina u Ivici, Montenegro (ZFMK (Ar 22196)). 51– 52. Male chelicerae, frontal and lateral views. 53–54. Cleared female genitalia, ventral and dorsal views. Scale bars: 0.5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4958828" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4958828/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">51</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="131EEBB58355FF93FBC71600FB0EFBE6" box="[1110,1186,1040,1066]" captionStart="Figs 61–68" captionStartId="26.[189,242,1788,1814]" captionTargetBox="[190,1398,265,1749]" captionTargetId="figure-12@26.[190,1398,265,1749]" captionTargetPageId="26" captionText="Figs 61–68. Stygopholcus skotophilus Kratochvíl, 1940; male and female from Ilijina pećina, Bosnia and Herzegovina (ZFMK (Ar 22198)). 61. Male ocular area, frontal view; arrows point at ‘pseudoeyes’. 62. Male gonopore and epiandrous spigots. 63–64. Modified hairs frontally on male chelicerae. 65. Stridulatory pick on male palpal femur. 66. Male palpal tarsal organ. 67. Tip of left procursus, retrolateral view. 68. Hair-like structures on tip of procursus (detail of previous image). Abbreviations: ds = dorsal sclerite; vs = ventral sclerite. Scale bars: 61 = 100 µm; 62, 67 = 20 µm; 63, 66, 68 = 10 µm; 64–65 = 2 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4958832" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4958832/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">63–64</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="131EEBB58355FF93FB3E1600FB50FBE6" box="[1199,1276,1040,1066]" captionStart="Figs 91–98" captionStartId="35.[189,242,1822,1848]" captionTargetBox="[189,1398,300,1783]" captionTargetId="figure-11@35.[189,1398,300,1783]" captionTargetPageId="35" captionText="Figs 91–98. Stygopholcus montenegrinus Kratochvíl, 1940; male and female from Studenačka pećina, Montenegro (ZFMK (Ar 22201)). 91. Male carapace and ocular area, frontal-dorsal view. 92. Male gonopore and epiandrous spigots. 93. Male clypeus and chelicerae, frontal view. 94. Modified hairs frontally on male chelicerae.95–96. Stridulatory files on male and female chelicerae. 97. Tarsal organ on male tarsus 1. 98. Transparent process on genital bulb. Scale bars: 91, 93 = 100 µm; 92, 95–96 = 20 µm; 94, 97–98 = 10 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4958850" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4958850/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">93–94</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="131EEBB58355FF93FA991600FA9AFBE6" box="[1288,1334,1040,1066]" captionStart="Figs 119–120" captionStartId="42.[190,243,1928,1954]" captionTargetBox="[195,1385,663,1827]" captionTargetId="figure-155@42.[189,1398,662,1843]" captionTargetPageId="42" captionText="Figs 119–120. Stygopholcus photophilus Senglet, 1971; male from Episkopi, Crete (ZFMK (Ar 22205)), female from Choumerion/Pérama, Crete (MHNG). 119–120. Male chelicerae, frontal and lateral views. 121–122. Cleared female genitalia, ventral and dorsal views. Scale bars: 0.5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4958868" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4958868/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">119</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="131EEBB58355FF93FAD21600FF42FB82" captionStart="Figs 129–136" captionStartId="44.[189,242,1822,1848]" captionTargetBox="[198,1389,265,1785]" captionTargetId="figure-12@44.[198,1389,265,1785]" captionTargetPageId="44" captionText="Figs 129–136. Stygopholcus photophilus Senglet, 1971; male and female from Choumerion/Pérama, Crete (MHNG). 129. Male clypeus, frontal view; arrow points at modified median area. 130. Male chelicerae, frontal view. 131. Modified area medially on male chelicerae. 132. Modified hairs frontally on male chelicerae. 133. Stridulatory files on male chelicerae. 134. Absence of stridulatory files on female chelicerae. 135. Male ALS. 136. Female anterior lateral spinneret (ALS) and posterior median spinneret (PMS). Scale bars: 129–130 = 100 µm; 131, 134–136 = 20 µm; 132–133 = 10 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4958874" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4958874/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">130, 132</figureCitation>
); in
<taxonomicName id="4C258CB38355FF93FEBD1624FE70FB81" authorityName="Senglet" authorityYear="1971" box="[300,476,1075,1102]" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Stygopholcus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="photophilus">
<emphasis id="B9512B228355FF93FEBD1624FE70FB81" box="[300,476,1075,1102]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">S. photophilus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
with strongly sculptured median edge (
<figureCitation id="131EEBB58355FF93FC401623FB91FB82" box="[977,1085,1075,1102]" captionStart="Figs 129–136" captionStartId="44.[189,242,1822,1848]" captionTargetBox="[198,1389,265,1785]" captionTargetId="figure-12@44.[198,1389,265,1785]" captionTargetPageId="44" captionText="Figs 129–136. Stygopholcus photophilus Senglet, 1971; male and female from Choumerion/Pérama, Crete (MHNG). 129. Male clypeus, frontal view; arrow points at modified median area. 130. Male chelicerae, frontal view. 131. Modified area medially on male chelicerae. 132. Modified hairs frontally on male chelicerae. 133. Stridulatory files on male chelicerae. 134. Absence of stridulatory files on female chelicerae. 135. Male ALS. 136. Female anterior lateral spinneret (ALS) and posterior median spinneret (PMS). Scale bars: 129–130 = 100 µm; 131, 134–136 = 20 µm; 132–133 = 10 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4958874" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4958874/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Fig. 131</figureCitation>
); with stridulatory ridges (
<figureCitation id="131EEBB58355FF93FF541647FE8DFBBD" box="[197,289,1110,1137]" captionStart="Figs 35–42" captionStartId="17.[189,242,1822,1848]" captionTargetBox="[193,1394,354,1783]" captionTargetId="figure-11@17.[193,1394,354,1783]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="Figs 35–42. Stygopholcus absoloni (Kulczyński, 1914); male and female from Počitelj/Čapljina, Bosnia and Herzegovina (MHNG). 35–36. Stridulatory files on male and female chelicerae. 37. Female palpal tarsal organ. 38. Tarsal organ on female tarsus 2. 39. Female prosoma, oblique dorsal view; arrows point at posterior humps acting against modified areas on abdomen. 40. Epigynum, ventral view. 41. Female ALS. 42. Female PMS. Scale bars: 35 = 30 µm; 36 = 20 µm; 37–38 = 10 µm, 39 = 200 µm; 40 = 100 µm; 41–42 = 10 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4958824" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4958824/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Figs 35</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="131EEBB58355FF93FEBC1647FEE1FBBD" box="[301,333,1111,1137]" captionStart="Figs 69–76" captionStartId="27.[189,242,1822,1848]" captionTargetBox="[189,1398,345,1784]" captionTargetId="figure-11@27.[189,1398,345,1784]" captionTargetPageId="27" captionText="Figs 69–76. Stygopholcus skotophilus Kratochvíl, 1940; male and female from Ilijina pećina, Bosnia and Herzegovina (ZFMK (Ar 22198)). 69. Male ALS. 70. Female ALS and PMS. 71–72. Stridulatory files on male and female chelicerae. 73. Spines on male femur 1. 74. Tip of male right tarsus 4, ventral view; arrows point at comb-hairs. 75. Tarsal organ on male tarsus 4. 76. Epigynum, ventral view. Abbreviations: ALS = anterior lateral spinneret; PMS = posterior median spinneret. Scale bars: 69–70, 72, 74 = 10 µm; 71, 73 = 20 µm; 75 = 2 µm; 76 = 100 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4958838" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4958838/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">71</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="131EEBB58355FF93FEC81646FED5FBBD" box="[345,377,1110,1137]" captionStart="Figs 91–98" captionStartId="35.[189,242,1822,1848]" captionTargetBox="[189,1398,300,1783]" captionTargetId="figure-11@35.[189,1398,300,1783]" captionTargetPageId="35" captionText="Figs 91–98. Stygopholcus montenegrinus Kratochvíl, 1940; male and female from Studenačka pećina, Montenegro (ZFMK (Ar 22201)). 91. Male carapace and ocular area, frontal-dorsal view. 92. Male gonopore and epiandrous spigots. 93. Male clypeus and chelicerae, frontal view. 94. Modified hairs frontally on male chelicerae.95–96. Stridulatory files on male and female chelicerae. 97. Tarsal organ on male tarsus 1. 98. Transparent process on genital bulb. Scale bars: 91, 93 = 100 µm; 92, 95–96 = 20 µm; 94, 97–98 = 10 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4958850" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4958850/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">95</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="131EEBB58355FF93FE141647FE18FBBD" box="[389,436,1111,1137]" captionStart="Figs 129–136" captionStartId="44.[189,242,1822,1848]" captionTargetBox="[198,1389,265,1785]" captionTargetId="figure-12@44.[198,1389,265,1785]" captionTargetPageId="44" captionText="Figs 129–136. Stygopholcus photophilus Senglet, 1971; male and female from Choumerion/Pérama, Crete (MHNG). 129. Male clypeus, frontal view; arrow points at modified median area. 130. Male chelicerae, frontal view. 131. Modified area medially on male chelicerae. 132. Modified hairs frontally on male chelicerae. 133. Stridulatory files on male chelicerae. 134. Absence of stridulatory files on female chelicerae. 135. Male ALS. 136. Female anterior lateral spinneret (ALS) and posterior median spinneret (PMS). Scale bars: 129–130 = 100 µm; 131, 134–136 = 20 µm; 132–133 = 10 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4958874" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4958874/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">133</figureCitation>
), distances between ridges ~
<quantity id="4CDD5AD58355FF93FC921647FCF3FBBD" box="[771,863,1111,1137]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.5" metricValueMax="9.0" metricValueMin="6.0" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" unit="mm" value="7.5" valueMax="9.0" valueMin="6.0">6–9 µm</quantity>
in ‘northern clade’, ~
<quantity id="4CDD5AD58355FF93FBF11647FB31FBBD" box="[1120,1181,1111,1137]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" unit="mm" value="3.0">3 µm</quantity>
in
<taxonomicName id="4C258CB38355FF93FB531647FAC0FBBD" authorityName="Senglet" authorityYear="1971" box="[1218,1388,1111,1137]" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Stygopholcus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="photophilus">
<emphasis id="B9512B228355FF93FB531647FAC0FBBD" box="[1218,1388,1111,1137]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">S. photophilus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9AF7308355FF93FF2C1689FE8DF995" blockId="7.[187,1399,1176,1625]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
PALPS. In general as in
<figureCitation id="131EEBB58355FF93FE4A1688FDF9FB7E" box="[475,597,1176,1202]" captionStart="Figs 6–11" captionStartId="8.[190,243,1822,1848]" captionTargetBox="[189,1398,454,1784]" captionTargetId="figure-63@8.[189,1398,454,1784]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figs 6–11. Stygopholcus Kratochvíl, 1932; left male pedipalps, prolateral, dorsal, and retrolateral views. 6–8. S. skotophilus Kratochvíl, 1940; from Ilijina pećina, Bosnia and Herzegovina (ZFMK (Ar 22198)). 9–11. S. photophilus Senglet, 1971; from Episkopi, Crete (ZFMK (Ar 22205)).Abbreviations: b = genital bulb; dp = dorsal process (of genital bulb); p = procursus; rp = retrolateral process (of genital bulb). Arrows point at joints shifted toward prolateral (femur-patella) and retrolateral (tibia-tarsus). Scale bars: 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4958812" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4958812/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Figs 6–11</figureCitation>
; coxa with rounded retrolateral hump; trochanter barely modified; femur widening distally, slightly curved towards dorsal, with proximal retrolateral process, indistinct transversal dark line on retrolateral side, and stridulatory pick (modified hair) on prolateral side (
<figureCitation id="131EEBB58355FF93FA8B16CEFADEFB35" box="[1306,1394,1246,1273]" captionStart="Figs 61–68" captionStartId="26.[189,242,1788,1814]" captionTargetBox="[190,1398,265,1749]" captionTargetId="figure-12@26.[190,1398,265,1749]" captionTargetPageId="26" captionText="Figs 61–68. Stygopholcus skotophilus Kratochvíl, 1940; male and female from Ilijina pećina, Bosnia and Herzegovina (ZFMK (Ar 22198)). 61. Male ocular area, frontal view; arrows point at ‘pseudoeyes’. 62. Male gonopore and epiandrous spigots. 63–64. Modified hairs frontally on male chelicerae. 65. Stridulatory pick on male palpal femur. 66. Male palpal tarsal organ. 67. Tip of left procursus, retrolateral view. 68. Hair-like structures on tip of procursus (detail of previous image). Abbreviations: ds = dorsal sclerite; vs = ventral sclerite. Scale bars: 61 = 100 µm; 62, 67 = 20 µm; 63, 66, 68 = 10 µm; 64–65 = 2 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4958832" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4958832/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Figs 65</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="131EEBB58355FF93FF2C1712FF41FAD0" box="[189,237,1282,1308]" captionStart="Figs 99–106" captionStartId="36.[189,242,1787,1813]" captionTargetBox="[189,1398,287,1749]" captionTargetId="figure-12@36.[189,1398,287,1749]" captionTargetPageId="36" captionText="Figs 99–106. Stygopholcus montenegrinus Kratochvíl, 1940; male and female from Studenačka pećina, Montenegro (ZFMK (Ar 22201)). 99. Tip of right procursus, retrolateral view. 100–101. Tip of left procursus, prolateral and dorsal views; arrow points at distinctive prolateral sclerite. 102. Hair-like structures on tip of procursus.103. Stridulatory pick on male palpal femur. 104. Male palpal tarsal organ. 105. Retrolateral bulbal process, distal view. 106. Possible glandular pores on retrolateral bulbal process (detail of previous photo). Abbreviations: dp = dorsal process; ds = dorsal sclerite; rp = retrolateral process; vs = ventral sclerite. Scale bars: 99–101, 105 = 100 µm; 102 = 20 µm; 103–104, 106 = 10 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4958856" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4958856/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">103</figureCitation>
); femur-patella joints shifted toward prolateral side (arrows in
<figureCitation id="131EEBB58355FF93FC7B1712FB98FAD1" box="[1002,1076,1282,1309]" captionStart="Figs 6–11" captionStartId="8.[190,243,1822,1848]" captionTargetBox="[189,1398,454,1784]" captionTargetId="figure-63@8.[189,1398,454,1784]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figs 6–11. Stygopholcus Kratochvíl, 1932; left male pedipalps, prolateral, dorsal, and retrolateral views. 6–8. S. skotophilus Kratochvíl, 1940; from Ilijina pećina, Bosnia and Herzegovina (ZFMK (Ar 22198)). 9–11. S. photophilus Senglet, 1971; from Episkopi, Crete (ZFMK (Ar 22205)).Abbreviations: b = genital bulb; dp = dorsal process (of genital bulb); p = procursus; rp = retrolateral process (of genital bulb). Arrows point at joints shifted toward prolateral (femur-patella) and retrolateral (tibia-tarsus). Scale bars: 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4958812" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4958812/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
); tibia-tarsus joints shifted toward retrolateral side (arrows in
<figureCitation id="131EEBB58355FF93FDC21735FD35FAF3" box="[595,665,1317,1343]" captionStart="Figs 6–11" captionStartId="8.[190,243,1822,1848]" captionTargetBox="[189,1398,454,1784]" captionTargetId="figure-63@8.[189,1398,454,1784]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figs 6–11. Stygopholcus Kratochvíl, 1932; left male pedipalps, prolateral, dorsal, and retrolateral views. 6–8. S. skotophilus Kratochvíl, 1940; from Ilijina pećina, Bosnia and Herzegovina (ZFMK (Ar 22198)). 9–11. S. photophilus Senglet, 1971; from Episkopi, Crete (ZFMK (Ar 22205)).Abbreviations: b = genital bulb; dp = dorsal process (of genital bulb); p = procursus; rp = retrolateral process (of genital bulb). Arrows point at joints shifted toward prolateral (femur-patella) and retrolateral (tibia-tarsus). Scale bars: 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4958812" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4958812/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
); palpal tarsus without dorsal macrotrichia, palpal tarsal organ exposed (
<figureCitation id="131EEBB58355FF93FEBA1758FE28FAAE" box="[299,388,1352,1378]" captionStart="Figs 27–34" captionStartId="15.[189,242,1788,1814]" captionTargetBox="[189,1398,339,1749]" captionTargetId="figure-11@15.[189,1398,339,1749]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="Figs 27–34. Stygopholcus absoloni (Kulczyński, 1914); male from Počitelj/Čapljina, Bosnia and Herzegovina (MHNG). 27. Modified hair frontally on male chelicerae. 28. Left male cheliceral apophysis with modified hairs. 29. Tip of left procursus, retrolateral view. 30. Male palpal tarsal organ. 31. Retrolateral bulbal process, distal view. 32. Bulbal processes; arrow points at opening of sperm duct. 33. Transparent bulbal process. 34. Comb hairs on left tarsus 4, prolateral view. Abbreviations: dp = dorsal process; ds = dorsal sclerite; rp = retrolateral process; vs = ventral sclerite. Scale bars: 27, 30, 33, 34 = 10 µm; 28, 31 = 20 µm; 29, 32 = 100 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4958822" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4958822/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Figs 30</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="131EEBB58355FF93FE1F1758FE12FAAE" box="[398,446,1352,1378]" captionStart="Figs 99–106" captionStartId="36.[189,242,1787,1813]" captionTargetBox="[189,1398,287,1749]" captionTargetId="figure-12@36.[189,1398,287,1749]" captionTargetPageId="36" captionText="Figs 99–106. Stygopholcus montenegrinus Kratochvíl, 1940; male and female from Studenačka pećina, Montenegro (ZFMK (Ar 22201)). 99. Tip of right procursus, retrolateral view. 100–101. Tip of left procursus, prolateral and dorsal views; arrow points at distinctive prolateral sclerite. 102. Hair-like structures on tip of procursus.103. Stridulatory pick on male palpal femur. 104. Male palpal tarsal organ. 105. Retrolateral bulbal process, distal view. 106. Possible glandular pores on retrolateral bulbal process (detail of previous photo). Abbreviations: dp = dorsal process; ds = dorsal sclerite; rp = retrolateral process; vs = ventral sclerite. Scale bars: 99–101, 105 = 100 µm; 102 = 20 µm; 103–104, 106 = 10 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4958856" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4958856/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">104</figureCitation>
); procursus dorsally with approximately five (
<taxonomicName id="4C258CB38355FF93FC411758FBD4FAAE" authorityName="Senglet" authorityYear="1971" box="[976,1144,1352,1378]" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Stygopholcus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="photophilus">
<emphasis id="B9512B228355FF93FC411758FBD4FAAE" box="[976,1144,1352,1378]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">S. photophilus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) to ten (other species) weakly to strongly curved hairs; procursus without ventral ‘knee’, distally with strong ventral spine, with dorsal and prolateral processes of variable size, and distinctive brushes of hair-shaped retrolateral membranous processes (
<figureCitation id="131EEBB58355FF93FE4A17A2FD99FA00" box="[475,565,1458,1484]" captionStart="Figs 27–34" captionStartId="15.[189,242,1788,1814]" captionTargetBox="[189,1398,339,1749]" captionTargetId="figure-11@15.[189,1398,339,1749]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="Figs 27–34. Stygopholcus absoloni (Kulczyński, 1914); male from Počitelj/Čapljina, Bosnia and Herzegovina (MHNG). 27. Modified hair frontally on male chelicerae. 28. Left male cheliceral apophysis with modified hairs. 29. Tip of left procursus, retrolateral view. 30. Male palpal tarsal organ. 31. Retrolateral bulbal process, distal view. 32. Bulbal processes; arrow points at opening of sperm duct. 33. Transparent bulbal process. 34. Comb hairs on left tarsus 4, prolateral view. Abbreviations: dp = dorsal process; ds = dorsal sclerite; rp = retrolateral process; vs = ventral sclerite. Scale bars: 27, 30, 33, 34 = 10 µm; 28, 31 = 20 µm; 29, 32 = 100 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4958822" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4958822/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Figs 29</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="131EEBB58355FF93FDD117A2FDCCFA00" box="[576,608,1458,1484]" captionStart="Figs 61–68" captionStartId="26.[189,242,1788,1814]" captionTargetBox="[190,1398,265,1749]" captionTargetId="figure-12@26.[190,1398,265,1749]" captionTargetPageId="26" captionText="Figs 61–68. Stygopholcus skotophilus Kratochvíl, 1940; male and female from Ilijina pećina, Bosnia and Herzegovina (ZFMK (Ar 22198)). 61. Male ocular area, frontal view; arrows point at ‘pseudoeyes’. 62. Male gonopore and epiandrous spigots. 63–64. Modified hairs frontally on male chelicerae. 65. Stridulatory pick on male palpal femur. 66. Male palpal tarsal organ. 67. Tip of left procursus, retrolateral view. 68. Hair-like structures on tip of procursus (detail of previous image). Abbreviations: ds = dorsal sclerite; vs = ventral sclerite. Scale bars: 61 = 100 µm; 62, 67 = 20 µm; 63, 66, 68 = 10 µm; 64–65 = 2 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4958832" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4958832/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">67</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="131EEBB58355FF93FDFD17A2FD20FA00" box="[620,652,1458,1484]" captionStart="Figs 99–106" captionStartId="36.[189,242,1787,1813]" captionTargetBox="[189,1398,287,1749]" captionTargetId="figure-12@36.[189,1398,287,1749]" captionTargetPageId="36" captionText="Figs 99–106. Stygopholcus montenegrinus Kratochvíl, 1940; male and female from Studenačka pećina, Montenegro (ZFMK (Ar 22201)). 99. Tip of right procursus, retrolateral view. 100–101. Tip of left procursus, prolateral and dorsal views; arrow points at distinctive prolateral sclerite. 102. Hair-like structures on tip of procursus.103. Stridulatory pick on male palpal femur. 104. Male palpal tarsal organ. 105. Retrolateral bulbal process, distal view. 106. Possible glandular pores on retrolateral bulbal process (detail of previous photo). Abbreviations: dp = dorsal process; ds = dorsal sclerite; rp = retrolateral process; vs = ventral sclerite. Scale bars: 99–101, 105 = 100 µm; 102 = 20 µm; 103–104, 106 = 10 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4958856" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4958856/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">99</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="131EEBB58355FF93FD0617A2FD6BFA00" box="[663,711,1458,1484]" captionStart="Figs 137–144" captionStartId="45.[189,242,1787,1813]" captionTargetBox="[189,1398,264,1749]" captionTargetId="figure-11@45.[189,1398,264,1749]" captionTargetPageId="45" captionText="Figs 137–144. Stygopholcus photophilus Senglet, 1971; male and female from Choumerion/Pérama, Crete (MHNG). 137–138. Tip of left procursus, retrolateral (slightly ventral) and ventral views. 139. Detail of previous figure. 140. Dorsal bulbal process and transparent bulbal process (arrow); note hair-like structures on dorsal bulbal process. 141. Female palpal tarsal organ. 142. Tarsal organ on female tarsus 4. 143. Male gonopore and epiandrous spigots. 144. Anterior part of epigynum showing strong ridges; arrows point at pair of anterior bulges. Abbreviations: ds = dorsal sclerite; vs = ventral sclerite. Scale bars: 137–138, 140, 143–144 = 100 µm; 139, 141–142 = 10 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4958878" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4958878/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">137</figureCitation>
); genital bulb with basal sclerite connecting to tarsus (bs in
<figureCitation id="131EEBB58355FF93FF2C17C5FEBBFA3C" box="[189,279,1493,1520]" captionStart="Figs 12–18" captionStartId="12.[189,242,1752,1778]" captionTargetBox="[189,1393,398,1705]" captionTargetId="figure-12@12.[189,1398,398,1713]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="Figs 12–18. Stygopholcus absoloni (Kulczyński, 1914); male from Balićeva špilja, Croatia (ZFMK (Ar 22195)).12–13. Left tarsus and procursus, prolateral and retrolateral views; asterisk in Fig. 12 marks prolateral hump. 14. Tip of left procursus, prolateral (slightly ventral) view; arrow points at distinctive prolateral sclerite. 15–18. Left genital bulb, retrolateral, ventral, prolateral-distal, and dorso-distal views, showing bulb measures A–E; arrow in Fig. 17 points at transparent bulbal process; asterisk in Fig. 18 marks connecting sclerite that is absent in specimen from Jama na Brezdanu. Abbreviations: bs = basal sclerite; dp = dorsal process; ds = dorsal sclerite; rp = retrolateral process; vs = ventral sclerite. Scale bars: 12–13, 15–18 = 0.5 mm; 14 = 0.25 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4958816" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4958816/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Figs 15</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="131EEBB58355FF93FEB417C5FEFFFA23" box="[293,339,1493,1519]" captionStart="Figs 113–118" captionStartId="41.[189,242,1857,1883]" captionTargetBox="[196,1385,467,1819]" captionTargetId="figure-70@41.[196,1391,466,1820]" captionTargetPageId="41" captionText="Figs 113–118. Stygopholcus photophilus Senglet, 1971; male from Episkopi, Crete (ZFMK (Ar 22205)). 113–114. Left tarsus and procursus, prolateral and retrolateral views. 115–118. Left genital bulb, retrolateral, ventral, prolateral-distal, and dorso-distal views; arrow points at weakly sclerotized process. Abbreviations: bs = basal sclerite; dp = dorsal process; ds = dorsal sclerite; rp = retrolateral process; vs = ventral sclerite. Scale bars: 0.5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4958864" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4958864/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">118</figureCitation>
), with small and weakly sclerotized (
<taxonomicName id="4C258CB38355FF93FC8117C5FC17FA23" authorityName="Senglet" authorityYear="1971" box="[784,955,1493,1519]" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Stygopholcus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="photophilus">
<emphasis id="B9512B228355FF93FC8117C5FC17FA23" box="[784,955,1493,1519]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">S. photophilus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) or transparent (other species) dorsal process (arrows in
<figureCitation id="131EEBB58355FF93FE0817E8FE5DF9DE" box="[409,497,1528,1554]" captionStart="Figs 12–18" captionStartId="12.[189,242,1752,1778]" captionTargetBox="[189,1393,398,1705]" captionTargetId="figure-12@12.[189,1398,398,1713]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="Figs 12–18. Stygopholcus absoloni (Kulczyński, 1914); male from Balićeva špilja, Croatia (ZFMK (Ar 22195)).12–13. Left tarsus and procursus, prolateral and retrolateral views; asterisk in Fig. 12 marks prolateral hump. 14. Tip of left procursus, prolateral (slightly ventral) view; arrow points at distinctive prolateral sclerite. 15–18. Left genital bulb, retrolateral, ventral, prolateral-distal, and dorso-distal views, showing bulb measures A–E; arrow in Fig. 17 points at transparent bulbal process; asterisk in Fig. 18 marks connecting sclerite that is absent in specimen from Jama na Brezdanu. Abbreviations: bs = basal sclerite; dp = dorsal process; ds = dorsal sclerite; rp = retrolateral process; vs = ventral sclerite. Scale bars: 12–13, 15–18 = 0.5 mm; 14 = 0.25 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4958816" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4958816/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Figs 17</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="131EEBB58355FF93FE6C17E8FD87F9DE" box="[509,555,1528,1554]" captionStart="Figs 113–118" captionStartId="41.[189,242,1857,1883]" captionTargetBox="[196,1385,467,1819]" captionTargetId="figure-70@41.[196,1391,466,1820]" captionTargetPageId="41" captionText="Figs 113–118. Stygopholcus photophilus Senglet, 1971; male from Episkopi, Crete (ZFMK (Ar 22205)). 113–114. Left tarsus and procursus, prolateral and retrolateral views. 115–118. Left genital bulb, retrolateral, ventral, prolateral-distal, and dorso-distal views; arrow points at weakly sclerotized process. Abbreviations: bs = basal sclerite; dp = dorsal process; ds = dorsal sclerite; rp = retrolateral process; vs = ventral sclerite. Scale bars: 0.5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4958864" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4958864/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">117</figureCitation>
), and main sclerite consisting of retrolateral and dorsal processes (rp and dp in
<figureCitation id="131EEBB58355FF93FF6E140BFE29F9FA" box="[255,389,1563,1590]" captionStart="Figs 12–18" captionStartId="12.[189,242,1752,1778]" captionTargetBox="[189,1393,398,1705]" captionTargetId="figure-12@12.[189,1398,398,1713]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="Figs 12–18. Stygopholcus absoloni (Kulczyński, 1914); male from Balićeva špilja, Croatia (ZFMK (Ar 22195)).12–13. Left tarsus and procursus, prolateral and retrolateral views; asterisk in Fig. 12 marks prolateral hump. 14. Tip of left procursus, prolateral (slightly ventral) view; arrow points at distinctive prolateral sclerite. 15–18. Left genital bulb, retrolateral, ventral, prolateral-distal, and dorso-distal views, showing bulb measures A–E; arrow in Fig. 17 points at transparent bulbal process; asterisk in Fig. 18 marks connecting sclerite that is absent in specimen from Jama na Brezdanu. Abbreviations: bs = basal sclerite; dp = dorsal process; ds = dorsal sclerite; rp = retrolateral process; vs = ventral sclerite. Scale bars: 12–13, 15–18 = 0.5 mm; 14 = 0.25 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4958816" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4958816/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Figs 15–18</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="131EEBB58355FF93FE03140BFE6DF9F9" box="[402,449,1563,1589]" captionStart="Figs 113–118" captionStartId="41.[189,242,1857,1883]" captionTargetBox="[196,1385,467,1819]" captionTargetId="figure-70@41.[196,1391,466,1820]" captionTargetPageId="41" captionText="Figs 113–118. Stygopholcus photophilus Senglet, 1971; male from Episkopi, Crete (ZFMK (Ar 22205)). 113–114. Left tarsus and procursus, prolateral and retrolateral views. 115–118. Left genital bulb, retrolateral, ventral, prolateral-distal, and dorso-distal views; arrow points at weakly sclerotized process. Abbreviations: bs = basal sclerite; dp = dorsal process; ds = dorsal sclerite; rp = retrolateral process; vs = ventral sclerite. Scale bars: 0.5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4958864" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4958864/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">118</figureCitation>
); sperm duct opening directly on genital bulb at basis of dorsal process (arrow in
<figureCitation id="131EEBB58355FF93FF2C142EFEB8F995" box="[189,276,1598,1625]" captionStart="Figs 27–34" captionStartId="15.[189,242,1788,1814]" captionTargetBox="[189,1398,339,1749]" captionTargetId="figure-11@15.[189,1398,339,1749]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="Figs 27–34. Stygopholcus absoloni (Kulczyński, 1914); male from Počitelj/Čapljina, Bosnia and Herzegovina (MHNG). 27. Modified hair frontally on male chelicerae. 28. Left male cheliceral apophysis with modified hairs. 29. Tip of left procursus, retrolateral view. 30. Male palpal tarsal organ. 31. Retrolateral bulbal process, distal view. 32. Bulbal processes; arrow points at opening of sperm duct. 33. Transparent bulbal process. 34. Comb hairs on left tarsus 4, prolateral view. Abbreviations: dp = dorsal process; ds = dorsal sclerite; rp = retrolateral process; vs = ventral sclerite. Scale bars: 27, 30, 33, 34 = 10 µm; 28, 31 = 20 µm; 29, 32 = 100 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4958822" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4958822/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Fig. 32</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9AF7308355FF9CFF2C1491FEE9FEEF" blockId="7.[189,1400,1664,1972]" lastBlockId="8.[189,1399,265,397]" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="9" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
LEGS. Legs long and relatively thin, leg 1 length ~35–60, tibia 1 length ~10–15, tibia 2 longer than tibia 4 (1.1–1.2×). Tibia 1 L/d ~60–75. Femur 1 usually with spines ventrally in one row (
<taxonomicName id="4C258CB38355FF93FB3214B4FAE1F971" authorityName="Senglet" authorityYear="1971" box="[1187,1357,1699,1726]" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Stygopholcus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="photophilus">
<emphasis id="B9512B228355FF93FB3214B4FAE1F971" box="[1187,1357,1699,1726]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">S. photophilus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) or two rows (other species) (
<figureCitation id="131EEBB58355FF93FE7414D6FD96F92C" box="[485,570,1734,1760]" captionStart="Figs 69–76" captionStartId="27.[189,242,1822,1848]" captionTargetBox="[189,1398,345,1784]" captionTargetId="figure-11@27.[189,1398,345,1784]" captionTargetPageId="27" captionText="Figs 69–76. Stygopholcus skotophilus Kratochvíl, 1940; male and female from Ilijina pećina, Bosnia and Herzegovina (ZFMK (Ar 22198)). 69. Male ALS. 70. Female ALS and PMS. 71–72. Stridulatory files on male and female chelicerae. 73. Spines on male femur 1. 74. Tip of male right tarsus 4, ventral view; arrows point at comb-hairs. 75. Tarsal organ on male tarsus 4. 76. Epigynum, ventral view. Abbreviations: ALS = anterior lateral spinneret; PMS = posterior median spinneret. Scale bars: 69–70, 72, 74 = 10 µm; 71, 73 = 20 µm; 75 = 2 µm; 76 = 100 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4958838" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4958838/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Fig. 73</figureCitation>
), in very small males rarely without spines; spines proximally gradually transforming into regular setae; spines never present on femur 2 or on tibia 1; legs without curved hairs; with few short vertical hairs; retrolateral trichobothrium in proximal position (at 2–4% of tibia length in tibia 1), prolateral trichobothrium absent on tibia 1, present on other tibiae. Tarsal pseudosegments very indistinct, never regular rings but rather indistinct irregular platelets. Tarsus 4 with two rows of prolatero-ventral comb-hairs (
<figureCitation id="131EEBB58355FF93FDB01566FDD7F85C" box="[545,635,1910,1936]" captionStart="Figs 27–34" captionStartId="15.[189,242,1788,1814]" captionTargetBox="[189,1398,339,1749]" captionTargetId="figure-11@15.[189,1398,339,1749]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="Figs 27–34. Stygopholcus absoloni (Kulczyński, 1914); male from Počitelj/Čapljina, Bosnia and Herzegovina (MHNG). 27. Modified hair frontally on male chelicerae. 28. Left male cheliceral apophysis with modified hairs. 29. Tip of left procursus, retrolateral view. 30. Male palpal tarsal organ. 31. Retrolateral bulbal process, distal view. 32. Bulbal processes; arrow points at opening of sperm duct. 33. Transparent bulbal process. 34. Comb hairs on left tarsus 4, prolateral view. Abbreviations: dp = dorsal process; ds = dorsal sclerite; rp = retrolateral process; vs = ventral sclerite. Scale bars: 27, 30, 33, 34 = 10 µm; 28, 31 = 20 µm; 29, 32 = 100 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4958822" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4958822/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Figs 34</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="131EEBB58355FF93FD191566FD05F85C" box="[648,681,1910,1936]" captionStart="Figs 69–76" captionStartId="27.[189,242,1822,1848]" captionTargetBox="[189,1398,345,1784]" captionTargetId="figure-11@27.[189,1398,345,1784]" captionTargetPageId="27" captionText="Figs 69–76. Stygopholcus skotophilus Kratochvíl, 1940; male and female from Ilijina pećina, Bosnia and Herzegovina (ZFMK (Ar 22198)). 69. Male ALS. 70. Female ALS and PMS. 71–72. Stridulatory files on male and female chelicerae. 73. Spines on male femur 1. 74. Tip of male right tarsus 4, ventral view; arrows point at comb-hairs. 75. Tarsal organ on male tarsus 4. 76. Epigynum, ventral view. Abbreviations: ALS = anterior lateral spinneret; PMS = posterior median spinneret. Scale bars: 69–70, 72, 74 = 10 µm; 71, 73 = 20 µm; 75 = 2 µm; 76 = 100 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4958838" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4958838/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">74</figureCitation>
; see also
<bibRefCitation id="EFB48AC18355FF93FC8D1566FBC4F85C" author="Huber B. A. &amp; Fleckenstein N." box="[796,1128,1910,1936]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="232 - 240" refId="ref33574" refString="Huber B. A. &amp; Fleckenstein N. 2008. Comb-hairs on the fourth tarsi in pholcid spiders (Araneae, Pholcidae). Journal of Arachnology 36: 232 - 240. https: // doi. org / 10.1636 / CSh 07 - 71.1" type="journal article" year="2008">Huber &amp; Fleckenstein 2008</bibRefCitation>
: fig. 13). Tarsal organs of legs capsulate, with weakly (
<taxonomicName id="4C258CB38355FF93FDA1158AFD76F87F" authorityName="Senglet" authorityYear="1971" box="[560,730,1945,1972]" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Stygopholcus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="photophilus">
<emphasis id="B9512B228355FF93FDA1158AFD76F87F" box="[560,730,1945,1972]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">S. photophilus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) to strongly (other species) undulating rim (
<figureCitation id="131EEBB58355FF93FB701589FA90F878" box="[1249,1340,1945,1972]" captionStart="Figs 69–76" captionStartId="27.[189,242,1822,1848]" captionTargetBox="[189,1398,345,1784]" captionTargetId="figure-11@27.[189,1398,345,1784]" captionTargetPageId="27" captionText="Figs 69–76. Stygopholcus skotophilus Kratochvíl, 1940; male and female from Ilijina pećina, Bosnia and Herzegovina (ZFMK (Ar 22198)). 69. Male ALS. 70. Female ALS and PMS. 71–72. Stridulatory files on male and female chelicerae. 73. Spines on male femur 1. 74. Tip of male right tarsus 4, ventral view; arrows point at comb-hairs. 75. Tarsal organ on male tarsus 4. 76. Epigynum, ventral view. Abbreviations: ALS = anterior lateral spinneret; PMS = posterior median spinneret. Scale bars: 69–70, 72, 74 = 10 µm; 71, 73 = 20 µm; 75 = 2 µm; 76 = 100 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4958838" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4958838/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Figs 75</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="131EEBB58355FF93FAD9158AFAC5F878" box="[1352,1385,1946,1972]" captionStart="Figs 91–98" captionStartId="35.[189,242,1822,1848]" captionTargetBox="[189,1398,300,1783]" captionTargetId="figure-11@35.[189,1398,300,1783]" captionTargetPageId="35" captionText="Figs 91–98. Stygopholcus montenegrinus Kratochvíl, 1940; male and female from Studenačka pećina, Montenegro (ZFMK (Ar 22201)). 91. Male carapace and ocular area, frontal-dorsal view. 92. Male gonopore and epiandrous spigots. 93. Male clypeus and chelicerae, frontal view. 94. Modified hairs frontally on male chelicerae.95–96. Stridulatory files on male and female chelicerae. 97. Tarsal organ on male tarsus 1. 98. Transparent process on genital bulb. Scale bars: 91, 93 = 100 µm; 92, 95–96 = 20 µm; 94, 97–98 = 10 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4958850" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4958850/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">97</figureCitation>
).
<emphasis id="B9512B22835AFF9CFF7B1319FEE9FEEF" bold="true" box="[234,325,265,291]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Female</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9AF730835AFF9DFF2C133CFD21FDF1" blockId="8.[189,1399,265,397]" lastBlockId="9.[189,1399,265,573]" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="10" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
In general very similar to male; chelicerae with less distinct or without stridulatory files (
<figureCitation id="131EEBB5835AFF9CFB50133CFAB0FE8A" box="[1217,1308,300,326]" captionStart="Figs 35–42" captionStartId="17.[189,242,1822,1848]" captionTargetBox="[193,1394,354,1783]" captionTargetId="figure-11@17.[193,1394,354,1783]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="Figs 35–42. Stygopholcus absoloni (Kulczyński, 1914); male and female from Počitelj/Čapljina, Bosnia and Herzegovina (MHNG). 35–36. Stridulatory files on male and female chelicerae. 37. Female palpal tarsal organ. 38. Tarsal organ on female tarsus 2. 39. Female prosoma, oblique dorsal view; arrows point at posterior humps acting against modified areas on abdomen. 40. Epigynum, ventral view. 41. Female ALS. 42. Female PMS. Scale bars: 35 = 30 µm; 36 = 20 µm; 37–38 = 10 µm, 39 = 200 µm; 40 = 100 µm; 41–42 = 10 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4958824" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4958824/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Figs 36</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="131EEBB5835AFF9CFAB6133CFAEBFE8A" box="[1319,1351,300,326]" captionStart="Figs 69–76" captionStartId="27.[189,242,1822,1848]" captionTargetBox="[189,1398,345,1784]" captionTargetId="figure-11@27.[189,1398,345,1784]" captionTargetPageId="27" captionText="Figs 69–76. Stygopholcus skotophilus Kratochvíl, 1940; male and female from Ilijina pećina, Bosnia and Herzegovina (ZFMK (Ar 22198)). 69. Male ALS. 70. Female ALS and PMS. 71–72. Stridulatory files on male and female chelicerae. 73. Spines on male femur 1. 74. Tip of male right tarsus 4, ventral view; arrows point at comb-hairs. 75. Tarsal organ on male tarsus 4. 76. Epigynum, ventral view. Abbreviations: ALS = anterior lateral spinneret; PMS = posterior median spinneret. Scale bars: 69–70, 72, 74 = 10 µm; 71, 73 = 20 µm; 75 = 2 µm; 76 = 100 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4958838" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4958838/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">72</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="131EEBB5835AFF9CFAC3133CFADEFE8A" box="[1362,1394,300,326]" captionStart="Figs 91–98" captionStartId="35.[189,242,1822,1848]" captionTargetBox="[189,1398,300,1783]" captionTargetId="figure-11@35.[189,1398,300,1783]" captionTargetPageId="35" captionText="Figs 91–98. Stygopholcus montenegrinus Kratochvíl, 1940; male and female from Studenačka pećina, Montenegro (ZFMK (Ar 22201)). 91. Male carapace and ocular area, frontal-dorsal view. 92. Male gonopore and epiandrous spigots. 93. Male clypeus and chelicerae, frontal view. 94. Modified hairs frontally on male chelicerae.95–96. Stridulatory files on male and female chelicerae. 97. Tarsal organ on male tarsus 1. 98. Transparent process on genital bulb. Scale bars: 91, 93 = 100 µm; 92, 95–96 = 20 µm; 94, 97–98 = 10 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4958850" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4958850/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">96</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="131EEBB5835AFF9CFF2C135FFF41FEA5" box="[189,237,335,361]" captionStart="Figs 129–136" captionStartId="44.[189,242,1822,1848]" captionTargetBox="[198,1389,265,1785]" captionTargetId="figure-12@44.[198,1389,265,1785]" captionTargetPageId="44" captionText="Figs 129–136. Stygopholcus photophilus Senglet, 1971; male and female from Choumerion/Pérama, Crete (MHNG). 129. Male clypeus, frontal view; arrow points at modified median area. 130. Male chelicerae, frontal view. 131. Modified area medially on male chelicerae. 132. Modified hairs frontally on male chelicerae. 133. Stridulatory files on male chelicerae. 134. Absence of stridulatory files on female chelicerae. 135. Male ALS. 136. Female anterior lateral spinneret (ALS) and posterior median spinneret (PMS). Scale bars: 129–130 = 100 µm; 131, 134–136 = 20 µm; 132–133 = 10 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4958874" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4958874/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">134</figureCitation>
); legs slightly shorter than in male, without spines. All tarsal organs capsulate (i.e., also on palps;
<figureCitation id="131EEBB5835AFF9CFF2C1362FEB4FE40" box="[189,280,370,396]" captionStart="Figs 35–42" captionStartId="17.[189,242,1822,1848]" captionTargetBox="[193,1394,354,1783]" captionTargetId="figure-11@17.[193,1394,354,1783]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="Figs 35–42. Stygopholcus absoloni (Kulczyński, 1914); male and female from Počitelj/Čapljina, Bosnia and Herzegovina (MHNG). 35–36. Stridulatory files on male and female chelicerae. 37. Female palpal tarsal organ. 38. Tarsal organ on female tarsus 2. 39. Female prosoma, oblique dorsal view; arrows point at posterior humps acting against modified areas on abdomen. 40. Epigynum, ventral view. 41. Female ALS. 42. Female PMS. Scale bars: 35 = 30 µm; 36 = 20 µm; 37–38 = 10 µm, 39 = 200 µm; 40 = 100 µm; 41–42 = 10 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4958824" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4958824/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Figs 37</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="131EEBB5835AFF9CFEB41362FEF8FE40" box="[293,340,370,396]" captionStart="Figs 107–112" captionStartId="37.[189,242,1822,1848]" captionTargetBox="[189,1398,627,1784]" captionTargetId="figure-176@37.[189,1398,627,1784]" captionTargetPageId="37" captionText="Figs 107–112. Stygopholcus montenegrinus Kratochvíl, 1940; male and female from Studenačka pećina, Montenegro (ZFMK (Ar 22201)). 107. Female prosoma; arrows point at humps opposing modified areas on abdomen. 108. Female anterior lateral spinneret (ALS) and posterior median spinneret (PMS). 109. Tip of female palp, dorsal view. 110. Tip of female tarsus 1. 111. Epigynum, ventral view. 112. Indentations (muscle attachment sites) between epigynum and spinnerets. Scale bars: 107 = 200 µm; 108 = 10 µm; 109–110 = 20 µm; 111–112 = 100 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4958860" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4958860/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">109</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="131EEBB5835AFF9CFEF11362FE3CFE40" box="[352,400,370,396]" captionStart="Figs 137–144" captionStartId="45.[189,242,1787,1813]" captionTargetBox="[189,1398,264,1749]" captionTargetId="figure-11@45.[189,1398,264,1749]" captionTargetPageId="45" captionText="Figs 137–144. Stygopholcus photophilus Senglet, 1971; male and female from Choumerion/Pérama, Crete (MHNG). 137–138. Tip of left procursus, retrolateral (slightly ventral) and ventral views. 139. Detail of previous figure. 140. Dorsal bulbal process and transparent bulbal process (arrow); note hair-like structures on dorsal bulbal process. 141. Female palpal tarsal organ. 142. Tarsal organ on female tarsus 4. 143. Male gonopore and epiandrous spigots. 144. Anterior part of epigynum showing strong ridges; arrows point at pair of anterior bulges. Abbreviations: ds = dorsal sclerite; vs = ventral sclerite. Scale bars: 137–138, 140, 143–144 = 100 µm; 139, 141–142 = 10 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4958878" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4958878/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">141</figureCitation>
). Representatives of the ‘northern clade’ with pair of indistinct processes posteriorly on carapace (arrows in
<figureCitation id="131EEBB5835BFF9DFE5C1319FD8AFEEF" box="[461,550,265,291]" captionStart="Figs 35–42" captionStartId="17.[189,242,1822,1848]" captionTargetBox="[193,1394,354,1783]" captionTargetId="figure-11@17.[193,1394,354,1783]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="Figs 35–42. Stygopholcus absoloni (Kulczyński, 1914); male and female from Počitelj/Čapljina, Bosnia and Herzegovina (MHNG). 35–36. Stridulatory files on male and female chelicerae. 37. Female palpal tarsal organ. 38. Tarsal organ on female tarsus 2. 39. Female prosoma, oblique dorsal view; arrows point at posterior humps acting against modified areas on abdomen. 40. Epigynum, ventral view. 41. Female ALS. 42. Female PMS. Scale bars: 35 = 30 µm; 36 = 20 µm; 37–38 = 10 µm, 39 = 200 µm; 40 = 100 µm; 41–42 = 10 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4958824" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4958824/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Figs 39</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="131EEBB5835BFF9DFDA31319FDF3FEEF" box="[562,607,265,291]" captionStart="Figs 107–112" captionStartId="37.[189,242,1822,1848]" captionTargetBox="[189,1398,627,1784]" captionTargetId="figure-176@37.[189,1398,627,1784]" captionTargetPageId="37" captionText="Figs 107–112. Stygopholcus montenegrinus Kratochvíl, 1940; male and female from Studenačka pećina, Montenegro (ZFMK (Ar 22201)). 107. Female prosoma; arrows point at humps opposing modified areas on abdomen. 108. Female anterior lateral spinneret (ALS) and posterior median spinneret (PMS). 109. Tip of female palp, dorsal view. 110. Tip of female tarsus 1. 111. Epigynum, ventral view. 112. Indentations (muscle attachment sites) between epigynum and spinnerets. Scale bars: 107 = 200 µm; 108 = 10 µm; 109–110 = 20 µm; 111–112 = 100 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4958860" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4958860/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">107</figureCitation>
) acting against pair of poorly visible plates on abdomen. Epigynum usually consisting of large, simple anterior plate and short but wide posterior plate (
<figureCitation id="131EEBB5835BFF9DFB24133CFAB8FE8A" box="[1205,1300,300,326]" captionStart="Figs 23–26" captionStartId="14.[189,242,1892,1918]" captionTargetBox="[189,1398,945,1854]" captionTargetId="figure-204@14.[189,1398,945,1854]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="Figs 23–26. Stygopholcus absoloni (Kulczyński, 1914); epigyna, ventral views. 23. Balićeva špilja, Croatia (ZFMK (Ar 22195)). 24. Biokovo, Kukor, Croatia (CBSS (Ar 3367)). 25. Studenci (grotte), Bosnia and Herzegovina (MHNG); arrows point at distinctive internal sclerites. 26. Vjetrenica, Bosnia and Herzegovina (ZFMK (Ar 22192)). Scale bar: 0.5 mm (all at same scale)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4958820" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4958820/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Figs 23</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="131EEBB5835BFF9DFAB2133CFAEFFE8B" box="[1315,1347,300,327]" captionStart="Figs 55–60" captionStartId="25.[189,242,1892,1918]" captionTargetBox="[189,1398,447,1853]" captionTargetId="figure-90@25.[189,1398,447,1853]" captionTargetPageId="25" captionText="Figs 55–60. Stygopholcus skotophilus Kratochvíl, 1940; epigyna, ventral views. 55–56. Pećina u Ivici, Montenegro (ZFMK (Ar 22196)). 57. Ilijina pećina, Bosnia and Herzegovina (ZFMK (Ar 22198)). 58. Studena pećina, Bosnia and Herzegovina (CMK). 59–60. Specimens assigned tentatively from Grabova pećina, Sedlari, Bosnia and Herzegovina (MHNG). Scale bar: 0.5 mm (all at same scale)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4958830" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4958830/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">55</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="131EEBB5835BFF9DFAC0133CFADDFE8B" box="[1361,1393,300,327]" captionStart="Figs 85–90" captionStartId="34.[189,242,1892,1918]" captionTargetBox="[189,1398,434,1854]" captionTargetId="figure-67@34.[189,1398,434,1854]" captionTargetPageId="34" captionText="Figs 85–90. Stygopholcus montenegrinus Kratochvíl, 1940; epigyna, ventral views. 85-86. Studenačka pećina, Montenegro (ZFMK (Ar 22201)). 87. Golubinja pećina, Montenegro (CMK). 88. Ljuboviči, Montenegro (CMK). 89. Nëngurit Cave, Albania (CMK). 90. Petnjik Cave, Montenegro (CMK). Scale bar: 0.5 mm (all at same scale)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4958846" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4958846/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">85</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="131EEBB5835BFF9DFF2C135FFF41FEA5" box="[189,237,335,361]" captionStart="Figs 123–128" captionStartId="43.[189,242,1892,1918]" captionTargetBox="[189,1398,439,1854]" captionTargetId="figure-69@43.[189,1398,439,1854]" captionTargetPageId="43" captionText="Figs 123–128. Stygopholcus photophilus Senglet, 1971; epigyna, ventral views, and details of male femora 2 and 3, dorsal views. 123. Thessaly, Omolio, Tempi Valley (MHNG). 124. Corfu, Loutses (MHNG). 125. Peloponnese, Agios Dimitrios/Lefktro (MHNG); arrows point at internal sclerites. 126– 128. Crete, Episkopi (ZFMK (Ar 22205)). Scale bars: 123–126 = 0.5 mm; 127–128 = 0.2 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4958870" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4958870/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">123</figureCitation>
); in
<taxonomicName id="4C258CB3835BFF9DFEB11340FE65FEA5" authorityName="Senglet" authorityYear="1971" box="[288,457,335,362]" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Stygopholcus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="photophilus">
<emphasis id="B9512B22835BFF9DFEB11340FE65FEA5" box="[288,457,335,362]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">S. photophilus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
with pair of bulging areas in front of anterior plate (arrows in
<figureCitation id="131EEBB5835BFF9DFB33135FFAABFEA5" box="[1186,1287,335,361]" captionStart="Figs 137–144" captionStartId="45.[189,242,1787,1813]" captionTargetBox="[189,1398,264,1749]" captionTargetId="figure-11@45.[189,1398,264,1749]" captionTargetPageId="45" captionText="Figs 137–144. Stygopholcus photophilus Senglet, 1971; male and female from Choumerion/Pérama, Crete (MHNG). 137–138. Tip of left procursus, retrolateral (slightly ventral) and ventral views. 139. Detail of previous figure. 140. Dorsal bulbal process and transparent bulbal process (arrow); note hair-like structures on dorsal bulbal process. 141. Female palpal tarsal organ. 142. Tarsal organ on female tarsus 4. 143. Male gonopore and epiandrous spigots. 144. Anterior part of epigynum showing strong ridges; arrows point at pair of anterior bulges. Abbreviations: ds = dorsal sclerite; vs = ventral sclerite. Scale bars: 137–138, 140, 143–144 = 100 µm; 139, 141–142 = 10 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4958878" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4958878/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Fig. 144</figureCitation>
). Internal genitalia (
<figureCitation id="131EEBB5835BFF9DFEA41362FE70FE41" box="[309,476,370,397]" captionStart-0="Figs 145–152" captionStart-1="Figs 153–156" captionStartId-0="46.[189,242,1857,1883]" captionStartId-1="47.[189,242,1822,1848]" captionTargetBox-0="[189,1398,283,1819]" captionTargetBox-1="[189,1398,807,1782]" captionTargetId-0="figure-12@46.[189,1398,283,1819]" captionTargetId-1="figure-259@47.[189,1398,807,1782]" captionTargetPageId-0="46" captionTargetPageId-1="47" captionText-0="Figs 145–152. Stygopholcus Kratochvíl, 1932; cleared female genitalia, ventral and dorsal views. 145–146. S. absoloni (Kulczyński, 1914); from Zavala, Bosnia and Herzegovina (MHNG). 147– 148. S. skotophilus Kratochvíl, 1940; from Pećina u Ivici, Montenegro ((ZFMK Ar 22196)). 149– 150. S. montenegrinus Kratochvíl, 1940; from Golubinja pećina, Montenegro (CMK). 151–152. S. photophilus Senglet, 1971; from Choumerion/Pérama, Crete (MHNG)." captionText-1="Figs 153–156. Stygopholcus Kratochvíl, 1932; cleared female genitalia in dorsal views; dorsal sclerotized arcs tilted towards the back. 153. S. absoloni (Kulczyński, 1914); from Balićeva špilja, Croatia (ZFMK (Ar 22195)). 154. S. skotophilus Kratochvíl, 1940; from Pećina u Ivici, Montenegro (ZFMK (Ar 22196)). 155. S. montenegrinus Kratochvíl, 1940; from Studenačka pećina, Montenegro (ZFMK (Ar 22201)). 156. S. photophilus Senglet, 1971; from Choumerion/Pérama, Crete (MHNG). Abbreviations: da = dorsal arc; e = epigynal plate; v = ʻvalve’; va = ventral arc." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4958880" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4958884" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/4958880/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/4958884/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Figs 145–156</figureCitation>
) with sclerotized arc that consists of dorsal and ventral parts (da and va in
<figureCitation id="131EEBB5835BFF9DFF2C1386FECBFE7D" box="[189,359,406,433]" captionStart="Figs 153–156" captionStartId="47.[189,242,1822,1848]" captionTargetBox="[189,1398,807,1782]" captionTargetId="figure-259@47.[189,1398,807,1782]" captionTargetPageId="47" captionText="Figs 153–156. Stygopholcus Kratochvíl, 1932; cleared female genitalia in dorsal views; dorsal sclerotized arcs tilted towards the back. 153. S. absoloni (Kulczyński, 1914); from Balićeva špilja, Croatia (ZFMK (Ar 22195)). 154. S. skotophilus Kratochvíl, 1940; from Pećina u Ivici, Montenegro (ZFMK (Ar 22196)). 155. S. montenegrinus Kratochvíl, 1940; from Studenačka pećina, Montenegro (ZFMK (Ar 22201)). 156. S. photophilus Senglet, 1971; from Choumerion/Pérama, Crete (MHNG). Abbreviations: da = dorsal arc; e = epigynal plate; v = ʻvalve’; va = ventral arc." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4958884" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4958884/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Figs 153, 156</figureCitation>
) and is variably visible in uncleared specimens; uterus externus with median ventral pouch, usually clearly visible as round or oval structure in untreated specimens (e.g.,
<figureCitation id="131EEBB5835BFF9DFB4C13A9FAC5FE18" box="[1245,1385,441,468]" captionStart="Figs 55–60" captionStartId="25.[189,242,1892,1918]" captionTargetBox="[189,1398,447,1853]" captionTargetId="figure-90@25.[189,1398,447,1853]" captionTargetPageId="25" captionText="Figs 55–60. Stygopholcus skotophilus Kratochvíl, 1940; epigyna, ventral views. 55–56. Pećina u Ivici, Montenegro (ZFMK (Ar 22196)). 57. Ilijina pećina, Bosnia and Herzegovina (ZFMK (Ar 22198)). 58. Studena pećina, Bosnia and Herzegovina (CMK). 59–60. Specimens assigned tentatively from Grabova pećina, Sedlari, Bosnia and Herzegovina (MHNG). Scale bar: 0.5 mm (all at same scale)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4958830" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4958830/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Figs 55–60</figureCitation>
); with pair of sclerites originating from posterior margin and either slightly converging anteriorly or parallel (arrows in
<figureCitation id="131EEBB5835BFF9DFE0913EFFE5DFDD6" box="[408,497,511,538]" captionStart="Figs 23–26" captionStartId="14.[189,242,1892,1918]" captionTargetBox="[189,1398,945,1854]" captionTargetId="figure-204@14.[189,1398,945,1854]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="Figs 23–26. Stygopholcus absoloni (Kulczyński, 1914); epigyna, ventral views. 23. Balićeva špilja, Croatia (ZFMK (Ar 22195)). 24. Biokovo, Kukor, Croatia (CBSS (Ar 3367)). 25. Studenci (grotte), Bosnia and Herzegovina (MHNG); arrows point at distinctive internal sclerites. 26. Vjetrenica, Bosnia and Herzegovina (ZFMK (Ar 22192)). Scale bar: 0.5 mm (all at same scale)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4958820" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4958820/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Figs 25</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="131EEBB5835BFF9DFE6D13EFFD87FDD6" box="[508,555,511,538]" captionStart="Figs 123–128" captionStartId="43.[189,242,1892,1918]" captionTargetBox="[189,1398,439,1854]" captionTargetId="figure-69@43.[189,1398,439,1854]" captionTargetPageId="43" captionText="Figs 123–128. Stygopholcus photophilus Senglet, 1971; epigyna, ventral views, and details of male femora 2 and 3, dorsal views. 123. Thessaly, Omolio, Tempi Valley (MHNG). 124. Corfu, Loutses (MHNG). 125. Peloponnese, Agios Dimitrios/Lefktro (MHNG); arrows point at internal sclerites. 126– 128. Crete, Episkopi (ZFMK (Ar 22205)). Scale bars: 123–126 = 0.5 mm; 127–128 = 0.2 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4958870" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4958870/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">125</figureCitation>
), indistinct in
<taxonomicName id="4C258CB3835BFF9DFD5E1010FCDFFDD5" authorityName="Kratochvil" authorityYear="1940" box="[719,883,511,538]" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Stygopholcus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="skotophilus">
<emphasis id="B9512B22835BFF9DFD5E1010FCDFFDD5" box="[719,883,511,538]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">S. skotophilus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; pore plates large, flat, with homogeneously distributed pores (
<figureCitation id="131EEBB5835BFF9DFE001032FE40FDF1" box="[401,492,546,573]" captionStart="Figs 19–22" captionStartId="13.[189,242,1892,1918]" captionTargetBox="[195,1391,762,1833]" captionTargetId="figure-105@13.[189,1398,762,1835]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="Figs 19–22. Stygopholcus absoloni (Kulczyński, 1914); male from Balićeva špilja, Croatia (ZFMK (Ar 22195)), female from Zavala, Bosnia and Herzegovina (MHNG). 19–20. Male chelicerae, frontal and lateral views. 21–22. Cleared female genitalia, ventral and dorsal views, showing epigynal measure F. Scale bars: 0.5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4958818" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4958818/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Figs 22</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="131EEBB5835BFF9DFE691032FDB4FDF1" box="[504,536,546,573]" captionStart="Figs 51–54" captionStartId="23.[189,242,1892,1918]" captionTargetBox="[207,1369,688,1819]" captionTargetId="figure-127@23.[189,1398,678,1832]" captionTargetPageId="23" captionText="Figs 51–54. Stygopholcus skotophilus Kratochvíl, 1940; male from Ilijina pećina, Bosnia and Herzegovina (ZFMK (Ar 22198)), female from Pećina u Ivici, Montenegro (ZFMK (Ar 22196)). 51– 52. Male chelicerae, frontal and lateral views. 53–54. Cleared female genitalia, ventral and dorsal views. Scale bars: 0.5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4958828" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4958828/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">54</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="131EEBB5835BFF9DFDB51033FDE8FDF1" box="[548,580,547,573]" captionStart="Figs 77–84" captionStartId="33.[189,242,1822,1848]" captionTargetBox="[189,1393,371,1679]" captionTargetId="figure-11@33.[189,1398,366,1681]" captionTargetPageId="33" captionText="Figs 77–84. Stygopholcus montenegrinus Kratochvíl, 1940. 77–78. Males from Studenačka pećina, Montenegro (ZFMK (Ar 22201)) and from Zeze Cave, Albania (CMK), tips of left procursi, prolateral (slightly ventral) views; arrows point at distinctive prolateral sclerites. 79–82. Male from Studenačka pećina (ZFMK (Ar 22201)), left genital bulb, retrolateral, ventral, prolateral-distal, and dorso-distal views. 83–84. Female from Studenačka pećina (ZFMK (Ar 22201)), cleared female genitalia, ventral and dorsal views. Scale bars: 0.5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4958840" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4958840/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">84</figureCitation>
, 122).
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF5AA7B8835AFF9CFF2F150EFEABF825" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4958812" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4958812" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4958812/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" startId="8.[190,243,1822,1848]" targetBox="[189,1398,454,1784]" targetPageId="8">
<paragraph id="8B9AF730835AFF9CFF2F150EFEABF825" blockId="8.[188,1399,1822,2025]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
<emphasis id="B9512B22835AFF9CFF2F150EFE94F8F4" bold="true" box="[190,312,1822,1848]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Figs 6–11.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C258CB3835AFF9CFEAC150EFD07F8F4" authority="Kratochvil, 1932" authorityName="Kratochvil" authorityYear="1932" box="[317,683,1822,1848]" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Stygopholcus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9512B22835AFF9CFEAC150EFE77F8F4" box="[317,475,1822,1848]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Stygopholcus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFB48AC1835AFF9CFE71150EFD07F8F4" author="Kratochvil J." box="[480,683,1822,1848]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="1 - 16" refId="ref33789" refString="Kratochvil J. 1932. Prispevek k poznani Araneid stredni Slavonie. Sbornik Vysoke Skoly Zemedelske, Brno (C) 23: 1 - 16." type="journal article" year="1932">Kratochvíl, 1932</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
; left male pedipalps, prolateral, dorsal, andretrolateral views.
<emphasis id="B9512B22835AFF9CFF2C1551FF45F897" bold="true" box="[189,233,1857,1883]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">6–8</emphasis>
.
<taxonomicName id="4C258CB3835AFF9CFF661552FDC7F897" authority="Kratochvil, 1940" authorityName="Kratochvil" authorityYear="1940" box="[247,619,1857,1884]" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Stygopholcus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="skotophilus">
<emphasis id="B9512B22835AFF9CFF661552FE37F897" box="[247,411,1857,1884]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">S. skotophilus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFB48AC1835AFF9CFE331551FDC7F897" author="Kratochvil J." box="[418,619,1857,1883]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="1 - 26" refId="ref33863" refString="Kratochvil J. 1940. Etude sur les araignees cavernicoles du genre Stygopholcus Krat. Acta Societatis Scientiarum Naturalium Moraviae 12: 1 - 26." type="journal article" year="1940">Kratochvíl, 1940</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
; from Ilijina pećina, Bosnia and Herzegovina (ZFMK (Ar 22198)).
<emphasis id="B9512B22835AFF9CFF2C1574FF5BF8B2" bold="true" box="[189,247,1892,1918]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">9–11</emphasis>
.
<taxonomicName id="4C258CB3835AFF9CFE921575FDFEF8B3" authority="Senglet, 1971" authorityName="Senglet" authorityYear="1971" box="[259,594,1892,1919]" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Stygopholcus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="photophilus">
<emphasis id="B9512B22835AFF9CFE921575FE07F8B2" box="[259,427,1892,1919]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">S. photophilus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFB48AC1835AFF9CFE211574FDFEF8B3" author="Senglet A." box="[432,594,1892,1919]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="345 - 359" refId="ref35007" refString="Senglet A. 1971. Note sur les Pholcidae (Arachn.) de Grece. Mitteilungen der Schweizerischen Entomologischen Gesellschaft 44: 345 - 359. https: // doi. org / 10.5169 / seals- 401666" type="journal article" year="1971">Senglet, 1971</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
; from Episkopi, Crete (ZFMK (Ar 22205)).Abbreviations: b = genital bulb; dp = dorsal process (of genital bulb); p = procursus; rp = retrolateral process (of genital bulb). Arrows point at joints shifted toward prolateral (femur-patella) and retrolateral (tibia-tarsus). Scale bars: 1 mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8B9AF730835BFF9DFF2C1074FEC4FDB2" blockId="9.[189,360,612,638]" box="[189,360,612,638]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<heading id="D0D2405C835BFF9DFF2C1074FEC4FDB2" bold="true" box="[189,360,612,638]" fontSize="11" level="3" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" reason="3">
<emphasis id="B9512B22835BFF9DFF2C1074FEC4FDB2" bold="true" box="[189,360,612,638]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Relationships</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9AF730835BFF9DFF2C1082FC3AFCF6" blockId="9.[187,1401,658,826]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<taxonomicName id="4C258CB3835BFF9DFF2C1082FEF7FD60" authorityName="Kratochvil" authorityYear="1932" box="[189,347,658,684]" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Stygopholcus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9512B22835BFF9DFF2C1082FEF7FD60" box="[189,347,658,684]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Stygopholcus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is morphologically very similar and geographically very close to
<taxonomicName id="4C258CB3835BFF9DFBE71082FEABFD1C" authority="(Huber 2020)" baseAuthorityName="Huber" baseAuthorityYear="2020" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Hoplopholcus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9512B22835BFF9DFBE71082FAB0FD60" box="[1142,1308,658,684]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Hoplopholcus</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFB48AC1835BFF9DFABA1082FF53FD1C" author="Huber B. A." pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="1 - 94" refId="ref33491" refString="Huber B. A. 2020. Revision of the spider genus Hoplopholcus Kulczynski (Araneae, Pholcidae). Zootaxa 4726: 1 - 94. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4726.1.1" type="journal article" year="2020">Huber 2020</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
. This led to a debate between A. Senglet and P. Brignoli in the 1970s and 80s, on whether the two genera should be synonymized or not (
<bibRefCitation id="EFB48AC1835BFF9DFD1E10C9FC9CFD3F" author="Senglet A." box="[655,816,729,755]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="345 - 359" refId="ref35007" refString="Senglet A. 1971. Note sur les Pholcidae (Arachn.) de Grece. Mitteilungen der Schweizerischen Entomologischen Gesellschaft 44: 345 - 359. https: // doi. org / 10.5169 / seals- 401666" type="journal article" year="1971">Senglet 1971</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFB48AC1835BFF9DFCAF10C9FC4AFD3F" author="Brignoli P. M." box="[830,998,729,755]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="255 - 267" refId="ref32242" refString="Brignoli P. M. 1971. Beitrag zur Kenntnis der mediterranen Pholcidae (Arachnida, Araneae). Mitteilungen aus dem Zoologischen Museum in Berlin 47: 255 - 267. https: // doi. org / 10.1002 / mmnz. 1971047020" type="journal article" year="1971">Brignoli 1971</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFB48AC1835BFF9DFC6510C9FB9DFD3F" author="Brignoli P. M." box="[1012,1073,729,755]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="539 - 578" refId="ref32286" refString="Brignoli P. M. 1976. Ragni di Grecia IX. Specie nuove o interessanti delle famiglie Leptonetidae, Dysderidae, Pholcidae ed Agelenidae (Araneae). Revue suisse de Zoologie 83: 539 - 578. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 91452" type="journal article" year="1976">1976</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFB48AC1835BFF9DFBAE10C9FBD2FD3F" author="Brignoli P. M." box="[1087,1150,729,755]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" refId="ref32339" refString="Brignoli P. M. 1983. A Catalogue of the Araneae described between 1940 and 1981. Manchester University Press, Manchester." type="book" year="1983">1983</bibRefCitation>
). In the end,
<bibRefCitation id="EFB48AC1835BFF9DFA8F10C9FEA7FCDA" author="Senglet A." pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="43 - 67" refId="ref35045" refString="Senglet A. 2001. Copulatory mechanisms in Hoplopholcus, Stygopholcus (revalidated), Pholcus, Spermophora and Spermophorides (Araneae, Pholcidae), with additional faunistic and taxonomic data. Mitteilungen der Schweizerischen Entomologischen Gesellschaft 74: 43 - 67. https: // doi. org / 10.5169 / seals- 402796" type="journal article" year="2001">Senglet (2001)</bibRefCitation>
presented a series of morphological differences, and since version 2.5 of the World Spider Catalog (
<bibRefCitation id="EFB48AC1835BFF9DFF52110FFEC4FCF5" author="Platnick N. I." box="[195,360,799,825]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" refId="ref34735" refString="Platnick N. I. 2002. The World Spider Catalog, Version 2.5. Available from https: // wsc. nmbe. ch / archive / [accessed 8 May 2021]." type="url" year="2002">Platnick 2002</bibRefCitation>
)
<taxonomicName id="4C258CB3835BFF9DFEEB110FFDB4FCF5" authorityName="Kratochvil" authorityYear="1932" box="[378,536,799,825]" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Stygopholcus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9512B22835BFF9DFEEB110FFDB4FCF5" box="[378,536,799,825]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Stygopholcus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has been listed as a valid genus.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9AF730835BFF9DFF2C1171FB67FB59" blockId="9.[189,1400,865,1173]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
The most recent molecular phylogeny of
<taxonomicName id="4C258CB3835BFF9DFD0A1171FC54FCB7" authority="(Eberle et al. 2018)" baseAuthorityName="Eberle" baseAuthorityYear="2018" box="[667,1016,865,891]" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">
Pholcidae (
<bibRefCitation id="EFB48AC1835BFF9DFC8C1171FC43FCB7" author="Eberle J. &amp; Dimitrov D. &amp; Valdez-Mondragon A. &amp; Huber B. A." box="[797,1007,865,891]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="141" refId="ref32893" refString="Eberle J., Dimitrov D., Valdez-Mondragon A. &amp; Huber B. A. 2018. Microhabitat change drives diversification in pholcid spiders. BMC Evolutionary Biology 18: 141. https: // doi. org / 10.1186 / s 12862 - 018 - 1244 - 8" type="journal article" year="2018">
Eberle
<emphasis id="B9512B22835BFF9DFCE01172FC00FCB7" box="[881,940,865,891]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">et al.</emphasis>
2018
</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
has suggested that
<taxonomicName id="4C258CB3835BFF9DFB491171FADAFCB7" authorityName="Kratochvil" authorityYear="1932" box="[1240,1398,865,891]" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Stygopholcus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9512B22835BFF9DFB491171FADAFCB7" box="[1240,1398,865,891]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Stygopholcus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C258CB3835BFF9DFF661194FE31FC52" baseAuthorityName="Huber" baseAuthorityYear="2020" box="[247,413,900,926]" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Hoplopholcus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9512B22835BFF9DFF661194FE31FC52" box="[247,413,900,926]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Hoplopholcus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are not even sister taxa, placing
<taxonomicName id="4C258CB3835BFF9DFCC41194FC5FFC52" authorityName="Kratochvil" authorityYear="1932" box="[853,1011,900,926]" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Stygopholcus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9512B22835BFF9DFCC41194FC5FFC52" box="[853,1011,900,926]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Stygopholcus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
closer to
<taxonomicName id="4C258CB3835BFF9DFBEF1194FAA2FC52" authorityName="Simon" authorityYear="1893" box="[1150,1294,900,926]" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Crossopriza" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9512B22835BFF9DFBEF1194FAA2FC52" box="[1150,1294,900,926]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Crossopriza</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
than to
<taxonomicName id="4C258CB3835BFF9DFF2C11B7FECFFC0D" baseAuthorityName="Huber" baseAuthorityYear="2020" box="[189,355,935,961]" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Hoplopholcus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9512B22835BFF9DFF2C11B7FECFFC0D" box="[189,355,935,961]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Hoplopholcus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(with a ‘reasonable’ bootstrap support of 87). Morphological characters that support a sister-group relationship between
<taxonomicName id="4C258CB3835BFF9DFDC011DAFD43FC28" authorityName="Kratochvil" authorityYear="1932" box="[593,751,970,996]" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Stygopholcus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9512B22835BFF9DFDC011DAFD43FC28" box="[593,751,970,996]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Stygopholcus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C258CB3835BFF9DFCBD11DBFC10FC29" authorityName="Simon" authorityYear="1893" box="[812,956,971,997]" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Crossopriza" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9512B22835BFF9DFCBD11DBFC10FC29" box="[812,956,971,997]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Crossopriza</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are the female stridulatory apparatus between prosoma and abdomen and the dark lines on the legs. However, a convincing morphological analysis will require a detailed study of
<taxonomicName id="4C258CB3835BFF9DFD091601FC84FBE7" authorityName="Simon" authorityYear="1893" box="[664,808,1041,1067]" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Crossopriza" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9512B22835BFF9DFD091601FC84FBE7" box="[664,808,1041,1067]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Crossopriza</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(a revision is in preparation) and of
<taxonomicName id="4C258CB3835BFF9DFB4D1601FAC3FBE7" authorityName="Simon" authorityYear="1873" box="[1244,1391,1041,1067]" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Holocnemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9512B22835BFF9DFB4D1601FAC3FBE7" box="[1244,1391,1041,1067]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Holocnemus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The
<typeStatus id="549E4992835BFF9DFF601625FE88FB83" box="[241,292,1077,1103]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">type</typeStatus>
species of
<taxonomicName id="4C258CB3835BFF9DFE351624FD94FB82" authorityName="Simon" authorityYear="1873" box="[420,568,1076,1102]" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Holocnemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9512B22835BFF9DFE351624FD94FB82" box="[420,568,1076,1102]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Holocnemus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<taxonomicName id="4C258CB3835BFF9DFDD81625FD68FB82" baseAuthorityName="Scopoli" baseAuthorityYear="1763" box="[585,708,1076,1102]" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Holocnemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pluchei">
<emphasis id="B9512B22835BFF9DFDD81625FD68FB82" box="[585,708,1076,1102]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">H. pluchei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) was not included in the molecular analysis of
<bibRefCitation id="EFB48AC1835BFF9DFB781624FEA2FBBD" author="Eberle J. &amp; Dimitrov D. &amp; Valdez-Mondragon A. &amp; Huber B. A." pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="141" refId="ref32893" refString="Eberle J., Dimitrov D., Valdez-Mondragon A. &amp; Huber B. A. 2018. Microhabitat change drives diversification in pholcid spiders. BMC Evolutionary Biology 18: 141. https: // doi. org / 10.1186 / s 12862 - 018 - 1244 - 8" type="journal article" year="2018">
Eberle
<emphasis id="B9512B22835BFF9DFAAA1625FADAFB82" box="[1339,1398,1076,1102]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">et al.</emphasis>
(2018)
</bibRefCitation>
, and the two species of
<taxonomicName id="4C258CB3835BFF9DFDB41647FD15FBBD" authorityName="Simon" authorityYear="1873" box="[549,697,1111,1137]" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Holocnemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9512B22835BFF9DFDB41647FD15FBBD" box="[549,697,1111,1137]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Holocnemus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
that were included (
<taxonomicName id="4C258CB3835BFF9DFC3B1648FB95FBBD" baseAuthorityName="Dufour" baseAuthorityYear="1820" box="[938,1081,1111,1137]" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Holocnemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="caudatus">
<emphasis id="B9512B22835BFF9DFC3B1648FB95FBBD" box="[938,1081,1111,1137]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">H. caudatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C258CB3835BFF9DFBE31648FAB9FBBD" authorityName="Wiehle" authorityYear="1933" box="[1138,1301,1111,1137]" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Holocnemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hispanicus">
<emphasis id="B9512B22835BFF9DFBE31648FAB9FBBD" box="[1138,1301,1111,1137]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">H. hispanicus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) may in fact be misplaced in
<taxonomicName id="4C258CB3835BFF9DFE21166AFDE8FB58" authorityName="Simon" authorityYear="1873" box="[432,580,1146,1172]" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Holocnemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9512B22835BFF9DFE21166AFDE8FB58" box="[432,580,1146,1172]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Holocnemus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and belong to
<taxonomicName id="4C258CB3835BFF9DFD63166BFC2EFB59" authorityName="Simon" authorityYear="1893" box="[754,898,1147,1173]" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Crossopriza" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9512B22835BFF9DFD63166BFC2EFB59" box="[754,898,1147,1173]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Crossopriza</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(B.A. Huber, unpubl. data).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9AF730835BFF9DFF2C16ACFB49FA8C" blockId="9.[189,1399,1212,1344]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
The monophyly of
<taxonomicName id="4C258CB3835BFF9DFE0F16ACFD90FB1A" authorityName="Kratochvil" authorityYear="1932" box="[414,572,1212,1238]" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Stygopholcus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9512B22835BFF9DFE0F16ACFD90FB1A" box="[414,572,1212,1238]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Stygopholcus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is strongly supported by molecular data (maximum bootstrap support;
<bibRefCitation id="EFB48AC1835BFF9DFF2C16CFFE3CFB35" author="Eberle J. &amp; Dimitrov D. &amp; Valdez-Mondragon A. &amp; Huber B. A." box="[189,400,1247,1273]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="141" refId="ref32893" refString="Eberle J., Dimitrov D., Valdez-Mondragon A. &amp; Huber B. A. 2018. Microhabitat change drives diversification in pholcid spiders. BMC Evolutionary Biology 18: 141. https: // doi. org / 10.1186 / s 12862 - 018 - 1244 - 8" type="journal article" year="2018">
Eberle
<emphasis id="B9512B22835BFF9DFE8016F0FEE0FB35" box="[273,332,1247,1273]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">et al.</emphasis>
2018
</bibRefCitation>
) and by several putative synapomorphies: (1) male chelicerae with club-shaped hairs on frontal face (
<figureCitation id="131EEBB5835BFF9DFEEA1712FE7AFAD0" box="[379,470,1282,1308]" captionStart="Figs 19–22" captionStartId="13.[189,242,1892,1918]" captionTargetBox="[195,1391,762,1833]" captionTargetId="figure-105@13.[189,1398,762,1835]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="Figs 19–22. Stygopholcus absoloni (Kulczyński, 1914); male from Balićeva špilja, Croatia (ZFMK (Ar 22195)), female from Zavala, Bosnia and Herzegovina (MHNG). 19–20. Male chelicerae, frontal and lateral views. 21–22. Cleared female genitalia, ventral and dorsal views, showing epigynal measure F. Scale bars: 0.5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4958818" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4958818/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Figs 19</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="131EEBB5835BFF9DFE741712FDA9FAD1" box="[485,517,1282,1309]" captionStart="Figs 51–54" captionStartId="23.[189,242,1892,1918]" captionTargetBox="[207,1369,688,1819]" captionTargetId="figure-127@23.[189,1398,678,1832]" captionTargetPageId="23" captionText="Figs 51–54. Stygopholcus skotophilus Kratochvíl, 1940; male from Ilijina pećina, Bosnia and Herzegovina (ZFMK (Ar 22198)), female from Pećina u Ivici, Montenegro (ZFMK (Ar 22196)). 51– 52. Male chelicerae, frontal and lateral views. 53–54. Cleared female genitalia, ventral and dorsal views. Scale bars: 0.5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4958828" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4958828/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">51</figureCitation>
); (2) unique undulating rim of leg tarsal organs (
<figureCitation id="131EEBB5835BFF9DFBDB1712FB0AFAD0" box="[1098,1190,1282,1308]" captionStart="Figs 35–42" captionStartId="17.[189,242,1822,1848]" captionTargetBox="[193,1394,354,1783]" captionTargetId="figure-11@17.[193,1394,354,1783]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="Figs 35–42. Stygopholcus absoloni (Kulczyński, 1914); male and female from Počitelj/Čapljina, Bosnia and Herzegovina (MHNG). 35–36. Stridulatory files on male and female chelicerae. 37. Female palpal tarsal organ. 38. Tarsal organ on female tarsus 2. 39. Female prosoma, oblique dorsal view; arrows point at posterior humps acting against modified areas on abdomen. 40. Epigynum, ventral view. 41. Female ALS. 42. Female PMS. Scale bars: 35 = 30 µm; 36 = 20 µm; 37–38 = 10 µm, 39 = 200 µm; 40 = 100 µm; 41–42 = 10 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4958824" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4958824/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Figs 38</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="131EEBB5835BFF9DFB251712FB78FAD1" box="[1204,1236,1282,1309]" captionStart="Figs 69–76" captionStartId="27.[189,242,1822,1848]" captionTargetBox="[189,1398,345,1784]" captionTargetId="figure-11@27.[189,1398,345,1784]" captionTargetPageId="27" captionText="Figs 69–76. Stygopholcus skotophilus Kratochvíl, 1940; male and female from Ilijina pećina, Bosnia and Herzegovina (ZFMK (Ar 22198)). 69. Male ALS. 70. Female ALS and PMS. 71–72. Stridulatory files on male and female chelicerae. 73. Spines on male femur 1. 74. Tip of male right tarsus 4, ventral view; arrows point at comb-hairs. 75. Tarsal organ on male tarsus 4. 76. Epigynum, ventral view. Abbreviations: ALS = anterior lateral spinneret; PMS = posterior median spinneret. Scale bars: 69–70, 72, 74 = 10 µm; 71, 73 = 20 µm; 75 = 2 µm; 76 = 100 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4958838" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4958838/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">75</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="131EEBB5835BFF9DFB701712FAADFAD0" box="[1249,1281,1282,1308]" captionStart="Figs 91–98" captionStartId="35.[189,242,1822,1848]" captionTargetBox="[189,1398,300,1783]" captionTargetId="figure-11@35.[189,1398,300,1783]" captionTargetPageId="35" captionText="Figs 91–98. Stygopholcus montenegrinus Kratochvíl, 1940; male and female from Studenačka pećina, Montenegro (ZFMK (Ar 22201)). 91. Male carapace and ocular area, frontal-dorsal view. 92. Male gonopore and epiandrous spigots. 93. Male clypeus and chelicerae, frontal view. 94. Modified hairs frontally on male chelicerae.95–96. Stridulatory files on male and female chelicerae. 97. Tarsal organ on male tarsus 1. 98. Transparent process on genital bulb. Scale bars: 91, 93 = 100 µm; 92, 95–96 = 20 µm; 94, 97–98 = 10 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4958850" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4958850/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">97</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="131EEBB5835BFF9DFA9F1712FA92FAD0" box="[1294,1342,1282,1308]" captionStart="Figs 137–144" captionStartId="45.[189,242,1787,1813]" captionTargetBox="[189,1398,264,1749]" captionTargetId="figure-11@45.[189,1398,264,1749]" captionTargetPageId="45" captionText="Figs 137–144. Stygopholcus photophilus Senglet, 1971; male and female from Choumerion/Pérama, Crete (MHNG). 137–138. Tip of left procursus, retrolateral (slightly ventral) and ventral views. 139. Detail of previous figure. 140. Dorsal bulbal process and transparent bulbal process (arrow); note hair-like structures on dorsal bulbal process. 141. Female palpal tarsal organ. 142. Tarsal organ on female tarsus 4. 143. Male gonopore and epiandrous spigots. 144. Anterior part of epigynum showing strong ridges; arrows point at pair of anterior bulges. Abbreviations: ds = dorsal sclerite; vs = ventral sclerite. Scale bars: 137–138, 140, 143–144 = 100 µm; 139, 141–142 = 10 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4958878" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4958878/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">142</figureCitation>
); (3) transparent to weakly sclerotized process dorsally on genital bulb (arrows in
<figureCitation id="131EEBB5835BFF9DFBD21735FB30FA8C" box="[1091,1180,1317,1344]" captionStart="Figs 12–18" captionStartId="12.[189,242,1752,1778]" captionTargetBox="[189,1393,398,1705]" captionTargetId="figure-12@12.[189,1398,398,1713]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="Figs 12–18. Stygopholcus absoloni (Kulczyński, 1914); male from Balićeva špilja, Croatia (ZFMK (Ar 22195)).12–13. Left tarsus and procursus, prolateral and retrolateral views; asterisk in Fig. 12 marks prolateral hump. 14. Tip of left procursus, prolateral (slightly ventral) view; arrow points at distinctive prolateral sclerite. 15–18. Left genital bulb, retrolateral, ventral, prolateral-distal, and dorso-distal views, showing bulb measures A–E; arrow in Fig. 17 points at transparent bulbal process; asterisk in Fig. 18 marks connecting sclerite that is absent in specimen from Jama na Brezdanu. Abbreviations: bs = basal sclerite; dp = dorsal process; ds = dorsal sclerite; rp = retrolateral process; vs = ventral sclerite. Scale bars: 12–13, 15–18 = 0.5 mm; 14 = 0.25 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4958816" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4958816/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Figs 17</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="131EEBB5835BFF9DFB381736FB74FA8C" box="[1193,1240,1318,1344]" captionStart="Figs 113–118" captionStartId="41.[189,242,1857,1883]" captionTargetBox="[196,1385,467,1819]" captionTargetId="figure-70@41.[196,1391,466,1820]" captionTargetPageId="41" captionText="Figs 113–118. Stygopholcus photophilus Senglet, 1971; male from Episkopi, Crete (ZFMK (Ar 22205)). 113–114. Left tarsus and procursus, prolateral and retrolateral views. 115–118. Left genital bulb, retrolateral, ventral, prolateral-distal, and dorso-distal views; arrow points at weakly sclerotized process. Abbreviations: bs = basal sclerite; dp = dorsal process; ds = dorsal sclerite; rp = retrolateral process; vs = ventral sclerite. Scale bars: 0.5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4958864" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4958864/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">117</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9AF730835BFF9DFF2C1777FCC0F998" blockId="9.[188,1399,1383,1620]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
Within
<taxonomicName id="4C258CB3835BFF9DFE881777FE1BFA4D" authorityName="Kratochvil" authorityYear="1932" box="[281,439,1383,1409]" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Stygopholcus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9512B22835BFF9DFE881777FE1BFA4D" box="[281,439,1383,1409]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Stygopholcus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, there is strong evidence that
<taxonomicName id="4C258CB3835BFF9DFCA01777FC73FA4D" authorityName="Senglet" authorityYear="1971" box="[817,991,1383,1409]" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Stygopholcus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="photophilus">
<emphasis id="B9512B22835BFF9DFCA01777FC73FA4D" box="[817,991,1383,1409]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">S. photophilus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is sister to all other species (the ‘northern clade’). Both a six genes approach (
<bibRefCitation id="EFB48AC1835BFF9DFD5D179AFC31FA68" author="Eberle J. &amp; Dimitrov D. &amp; Valdez-Mondragon A. &amp; Huber B. A." box="[716,925,1418,1444]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="141" refId="ref32893" refString="Eberle J., Dimitrov D., Valdez-Mondragon A. &amp; Huber B. A. 2018. Microhabitat change drives diversification in pholcid spiders. BMC Evolutionary Biology 18: 141. https: // doi. org / 10.1186 / s 12862 - 018 - 1244 - 8" type="journal article" year="2018">
Eberle
<emphasis id="B9512B22835BFF9DFCB1179BFCF6FA68" box="[800,858,1418,1444]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">et al.</emphasis>
2018
</bibRefCitation>
) and a study using hundreds of universal single-copy orthologs (L. Dietz
<emphasis id="B9512B22835BFF9DFDD117BEFDD0FA0B" box="[576,636,1453,1479]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">et al.</emphasis>
, unpublished data) consistently recovered this relationship, and numerous morphological characters are shared by all species except
<taxonomicName id="4C258CB3835BFF9DFC7817C1FB3FFA26" authorityName="Senglet" authorityYear="1971" box="[1001,1171,1488,1515]" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Stygopholcus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="photophilus">
<emphasis id="B9512B22835BFF9DFC7817C1FB3FFA26" box="[1001,1171,1488,1515]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">S. photophilus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Some of these are likely to be synapomorphies: (1) spines on male femur 1 arranged in two rows rather than in just one (
<figureCitation id="131EEBB5835BFF9DFF561407FEB2F9FD" box="[199,286,1559,1585]" captionStart="Figs 69–76" captionStartId="27.[189,242,1822,1848]" captionTargetBox="[189,1398,345,1784]" captionTargetId="figure-11@27.[189,1398,345,1784]" captionTargetPageId="27" captionText="Figs 69–76. Stygopholcus skotophilus Kratochvíl, 1940; male and female from Ilijina pećina, Bosnia and Herzegovina (ZFMK (Ar 22198)). 69. Male ALS. 70. Female ALS and PMS. 71–72. Stridulatory files on male and female chelicerae. 73. Spines on male femur 1. 74. Tip of male right tarsus 4, ventral view; arrows point at comb-hairs. 75. Tarsal organ on male tarsus 4. 76. Epigynum, ventral view. Abbreviations: ALS = anterior lateral spinneret; PMS = posterior median spinneret. Scale bars: 69–70, 72, 74 = 10 µm; 71, 73 = 20 µm; 75 = 2 µm; 76 = 100 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4958838" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4958838/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Fig. 73</figureCitation>
); (2) dorsalbulbal processwithtwoseparatetips (
<figureCitation id="131EEBB5835BFF9DFCE21407FC56F9FD" box="[883,1018,1559,1585]" captionStart="Figs 12–18" captionStartId="12.[189,242,1752,1778]" captionTargetBox="[189,1393,398,1705]" captionTargetId="figure-12@12.[189,1398,398,1713]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="Figs 12–18. Stygopholcus absoloni (Kulczyński, 1914); male from Balićeva špilja, Croatia (ZFMK (Ar 22195)).12–13. Left tarsus and procursus, prolateral and retrolateral views; asterisk in Fig. 12 marks prolateral hump. 14. Tip of left procursus, prolateral (slightly ventral) view; arrow points at distinctive prolateral sclerite. 15–18. Left genital bulb, retrolateral, ventral, prolateral-distal, and dorso-distal views, showing bulb measures A–E; arrow in Fig. 17 points at transparent bulbal process; asterisk in Fig. 18 marks connecting sclerite that is absent in specimen from Jama na Brezdanu. Abbreviations: bs = basal sclerite; dp = dorsal process; ds = dorsal sclerite; rp = retrolateral process; vs = ventral sclerite. Scale bars: 12–13, 15–18 = 0.5 mm; 14 = 0.25 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4958816" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4958816/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Figs 17–18</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="131EEBB5835BFF9DFB961407FBF8F9FE" box="[1031,1108,1559,1586]" captionStart="Figs 43–50" captionStartId="22.[189,242,1752,1778]" captionTargetBox="[205,1385,276,1688]" captionTargetId="figure-13@22.[201,1387,265,1711]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="Figs 43–50. Stygopholcus skotophilus Kratochvíl, 1940. 43–44. Male from Ilijina pećina, Bosnia and Herzegovina (ZFMK (Ar 22198)), left tarsus and procursus, prolateral and retrolateral views. 45– 46. Males from Pećina u Ivici, Montenegro (ZFMK (Ar 22196)) and from Grabova pećina, Sedlari, Bosnia and Herzegovina (MHNG), tip of left procursus, prolateral (slightly ventral) views; arrows point at distinctive prolateral sclerites. 47–50. Male from Ilijina pećina (ZFMK (Ar 22198)), left genital bulb, retrolateral, ventral, prolateral-distal, and dorso-distal views; arrow points at wart that is more strongly developed in specimens from near Sedlari. ds = dorsal sclerite. Scale bars: 43–44, 47–50 = 0.5 mm; 45–46 = 0.25 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4958826" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4958826/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">49–50</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="131EEBB5835BFF9DFBF11407FB06F9FD" box="[1120,1194,1559,1585]" captionStart="Figs 77–84" captionStartId="33.[189,242,1822,1848]" captionTargetBox="[189,1393,371,1679]" captionTargetId="figure-11@33.[189,1398,366,1681]" captionTargetPageId="33" captionText="Figs 77–84. Stygopholcus montenegrinus Kratochvíl, 1940. 77–78. Males from Studenačka pećina, Montenegro (ZFMK (Ar 22201)) and from Zeze Cave, Albania (CMK), tips of left procursi, prolateral (slightly ventral) views; arrows point at distinctive prolateral sclerites. 79–82. Male from Studenačka pećina (ZFMK (Ar 22201)), left genital bulb, retrolateral, ventral, prolateral-distal, and dorso-distal views. 83–84. Female from Studenačka pećina (ZFMK (Ar 22201)), cleared female genitalia, ventral and dorsal views. Scale bars: 0.5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4958840" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4958840/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">81–82</figureCitation>
); (3) troglophile mode of life and corresponding pale coloration (
<figureCitation id="131EEBB5835BFF9DFD62142AFCF2F998" box="[755,862,1594,1620]" captionStart="Figs 1–5" captionStartId="6.[189,242,1855,1881]" captionTargetBox="[189,1398,484,1816]" captionTargetId="figure-44@6.[189,1398,484,1816]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figs 1–5. Stygopholcus Kratochvíl, 1932; live specimens. 1. S. absoloni (Kulczyński, 1914); male from Vjetrenica, Bosnia and Herzegovina. 2. S. skotophilus Kratochvíl, 1940; male from Pavlova pećina, Bosnia and Herzegovina. 3. S. montenegrinus Kratochvíl, 1940; male and female with egg-sac from Studenačka pećina, Montenegro. 4–5. S. photophilus Senglet, 1971; male and female from Episkopi, Crete. Photos: BAH." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4958810" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4958810/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Figs 1–2</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9AF730835BFF9DFF2C146BFB33F88A" blockId="9.[189,1399,1659,1862]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
Within the ‘northern clade’, there is equally strong support for the relationship
<taxonomicName id="4C258CB3835BFF9DFBF1146BFB6AF959" baseAuthorityName="Kulczynski" baseAuthorityYear="1914" box="[1120,1222,1659,1685]" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Stygopholcus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="absoloni">
<emphasis id="B9512B22835BFF9DFBF1146BFB6AF959" box="[1120,1222,1659,1685]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">absoloni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
+ (
<taxonomicName id="4C258CB3835BFF9DFB7E146BFADAF959" authorityName="Kratochvil" authorityYear="1940" box="[1263,1398,1659,1685]" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Stygopholcus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="skotophilus">
<emphasis id="B9512B22835BFF9DFB7E146BFADAF959" box="[1263,1398,1659,1685]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">skotophilus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
+
<taxonomicName id="4C258CB3835BFF9DFF49148FFE24F974" authorityName="Kratochvil" authorityYear="1940" box="[216,392,1695,1720]" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Stygopholcus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="montenegrinus">
<emphasis id="B9512B22835BFF9DFF49148FFE24F974" box="[216,392,1695,1720]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">montenegrinus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
). Several morphological characters shared by
<taxonomicName id="4C258CB3835BFF9DFC2C148FFBC9F975" authorityName="Kratochvil" authorityYear="1940" box="[957,1125,1695,1721]" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Stygopholcus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="skotophilus">
<emphasis id="B9512B22835BFF9DFC2C148FFBC9F975" box="[957,1125,1695,1721]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">S. skotophilus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C258CB3835BFF9DFB34148FFADAF974" authorityName="Kratochvil" authorityYear="1940" box="[1189,1398,1695,1721]" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Stygopholcus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="montenegrinus">
<emphasis id="B9512B22835BFF9DFB34148FFADAF974" box="[1189,1398,1695,1721]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">S. montenegrinus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
support this view, even though it is not clear yet if all of these shared similarities are synapomorphies: (1) procursus straight (rather than weakly curved toward femur as in
<taxonomicName id="4C258CB3835BFF9DFC7214F5FBCAF933" baseAuthorityName="Kulczynski" baseAuthorityYear="1914" box="[995,1126,1765,1791]" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Stygopholcus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="absoloni">
<emphasis id="B9512B22835BFF9DFC7214F5FBCAF933" box="[995,1126,1765,1791]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">S. absoloni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) (
<figureCitation id="131EEBB5835BFF9DFB1114F5FB74F933" box="[1152,1240,1765,1791]" captionStart="Figs 43–50" captionStartId="22.[189,242,1752,1778]" captionTargetBox="[205,1385,276,1688]" captionTargetId="figure-13@22.[201,1387,265,1711]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="Figs 43–50. Stygopholcus skotophilus Kratochvíl, 1940. 43–44. Male from Ilijina pećina, Bosnia and Herzegovina (ZFMK (Ar 22198)), left tarsus and procursus, prolateral and retrolateral views. 45– 46. Males from Pećina u Ivici, Montenegro (ZFMK (Ar 22196)) and from Grabova pećina, Sedlari, Bosnia and Herzegovina (MHNG), tip of left procursus, prolateral (slightly ventral) views; arrows point at distinctive prolateral sclerites. 47–50. Male from Ilijina pećina (ZFMK (Ar 22198)), left genital bulb, retrolateral, ventral, prolateral-distal, and dorso-distal views; arrow points at wart that is more strongly developed in specimens from near Sedlari. ds = dorsal sclerite. Scale bars: 43–44, 47–50 = 0.5 mm; 45–46 = 0.25 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4958826" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4958826/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Fig. 44</figureCitation>
); (2) distance betweentipsof dorsalbulbalprocess (bulbal measure D;
<figureCitation id="131EEBB5835BFF9DFCDB1518FC37F8EE" box="[842,923,1800,1826]" captionStart="Figs 12–18" captionStartId="12.[189,242,1752,1778]" captionTargetBox="[189,1393,398,1705]" captionTargetId="figure-12@12.[189,1398,398,1713]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="Figs 12–18. Stygopholcus absoloni (Kulczyński, 1914); male from Balićeva špilja, Croatia (ZFMK (Ar 22195)).12–13. Left tarsus and procursus, prolateral and retrolateral views; asterisk in Fig. 12 marks prolateral hump. 14. Tip of left procursus, prolateral (slightly ventral) view; arrow points at distinctive prolateral sclerite. 15–18. Left genital bulb, retrolateral, ventral, prolateral-distal, and dorso-distal views, showing bulb measures A–E; arrow in Fig. 17 points at transparent bulbal process; asterisk in Fig. 18 marks connecting sclerite that is absent in specimen from Jama na Brezdanu. Abbreviations: bs = basal sclerite; dp = dorsal process; ds = dorsal sclerite; rp = retrolateral process; vs = ventral sclerite. Scale bars: 12–13, 15–18 = 0.5 mm; 14 = 0.25 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4958816" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4958816/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Fig. 17</figureCitation>
)&gt; 0.24 (&lt;
<quantity id="4CDD5AD5835BFF9DFB861518FBCAF8EE" box="[1047,1126,1800,1826]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.096" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" unit="in" value="0.24">0.24 in</quantity>
<taxonomicName id="4C258CB3835BFF9DFBFA1519FB40F8EE" baseAuthorityName="Kulczynski" baseAuthorityYear="1914" box="[1131,1260,1800,1827]" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Stygopholcus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="absoloni">
<emphasis id="B9512B22835BFF9DFBFA1519FB40F8EE" box="[1131,1260,1800,1827]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">S. absoloni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) (
<figureCitation id="131EEBB5835BFF9DFA951518FAC5F8EF" box="[1284,1385,1800,1827]" captionStart="Figs 157–160" captionStartId="48.[189,242,1857,1883]" captionTargetBox="[192,1395,1000,1804]" captionTargetId="figure-349@48.[189,1398,988,1817]" captionTargetPageId="48" captionText="Figs 157–160. Bulbal measures B–E for the three species of the ‘northern clade’ of Stygopholcus Kratochvíl, 1932 (cf. Figs 15–18). Bulbal measure A is strongly correlated with measure C and therefore not shown. Bulbal measures sorted from smallest to biggest for each species of the ‘northern clade’. The bulb of S. photophilus was not measured (it differs strongly in shape, and measure D is inapplicable). Asterisk in Fig. 160 = dubious specimen from Jama na Brezdanu (see text)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4958888" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4958888/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Fig. 159</figureCitation>
); (3) sizeofbulb (bulbal measure E;
<figureCitation id="131EEBB5835BFF9DFDCD153BFD03F88A" box="[604,687,1835,1862]" captionStart="Figs 12–18" captionStartId="12.[189,242,1752,1778]" captionTargetBox="[189,1393,398,1705]" captionTargetId="figure-12@12.[189,1398,398,1713]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="Figs 12–18. Stygopholcus absoloni (Kulczyński, 1914); male from Balićeva špilja, Croatia (ZFMK (Ar 22195)).12–13. Left tarsus and procursus, prolateral and retrolateral views; asterisk in Fig. 12 marks prolateral hump. 14. Tip of left procursus, prolateral (slightly ventral) view; arrow points at distinctive prolateral sclerite. 15–18. Left genital bulb, retrolateral, ventral, prolateral-distal, and dorso-distal views, showing bulb measures A–E; arrow in Fig. 17 points at transparent bulbal process; asterisk in Fig. 18 marks connecting sclerite that is absent in specimen from Jama na Brezdanu. Abbreviations: bs = basal sclerite; dp = dorsal process; ds = dorsal sclerite; rp = retrolateral process; vs = ventral sclerite. Scale bars: 12–13, 15–18 = 0.5 mm; 14 = 0.25 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4958816" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4958816/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Fig. 15</figureCitation>
)&gt; 0.80 (&lt;
<quantity id="4CDD5AD5835BFF9DFCA5153CFC2AF889" box="[820,902,1835,1862]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.9812" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" unit="in" value="0.78">0.78 in</quantity>
<taxonomicName id="4C258CB3835BFF9DFC1C153CFBBDF889" baseAuthorityName="Kulczynski" baseAuthorityYear="1914" box="[909,1041,1835,1862]" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Stygopholcus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="absoloni">
<emphasis id="B9512B22835BFF9DFC1C153CFBBDF889" box="[909,1041,1835,1862]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">S. absoloni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) (
<figureCitation id="131EEBB5835BFF9DFBBA153BFB3DF88A" box="[1067,1169,1835,1862]" captionStart="Figs 157–160" captionStartId="48.[189,242,1857,1883]" captionTargetBox="[192,1395,1000,1804]" captionTargetId="figure-349@48.[189,1398,988,1817]" captionTargetPageId="48" captionText="Figs 157–160. Bulbal measures B–E for the three species of the ‘northern clade’ of Stygopholcus Kratochvíl, 1932 (cf. Figs 15–18). Bulbal measure A is strongly correlated with measure C and therefore not shown. Bulbal measures sorted from smallest to biggest for each species of the ‘northern clade’. The bulb of S. photophilus was not measured (it differs strongly in shape, and measure D is inapplicable). Asterisk in Fig. 160 = dubious specimen from Jama na Brezdanu (see text)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4958888" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4958888/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Fig. 160</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C33FA4BB835BFF9EFF2C157DFE9BFB46" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="11" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph id="8B9AF730835BFF9DFF2C157DFE2CF84B" blockId="9.[189,384,1901,1927]" box="[189,384,1901,1927]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<heading id="D0D2405C835BFF9DFF2C157DFE2CF84B" bold="true" box="[189,384,1901,1927]" fontSize="11" level="3" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" reason="3">
<emphasis id="B9512B22835BFF9DFF2C157DFE2CF84B" bold="true" box="[189,384,1901,1927]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Natural history</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9AF730835BFF9EFF2C158BFD78FE3A" blockId="9.[189,1398,1947,2009]" lastBlockId="10.[189,1401,265,503]" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="11" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<taxonomicName id="4C258CB3835BFF9DFF2C158BFE5DF879" authorityName="Senglet" authorityYear="1971" box="[189,497,1947,1973]" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Stygopholcus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="photophilus">
<emphasis id="B9512B22835BFF9DFF2C158BFE5DF879" box="[189,497,1947,1973]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Stygopholcus photophilus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
can be classified as an epigean species. It tolerates direct sunlight, is often found in exposed webs among the vegetation, and enters caves only occasionally. Compared to epigean relatives in the genera
<taxonomicName id="4C258CB38358FF9EFE471319FDC6FEEF" authorityName="Simon" authorityYear="1873" box="[470,618,265,291]" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Holocnemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9512B228358FF9EFE471319FDC6FEEF" box="[470,618,265,291]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Holocnemus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C258CB38358FF9EFDEC1319FC8FFEEF" baseAuthorityName="Huber" baseAuthorityYear="2020" box="[637,803,265,291]" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Hoplopholcus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9512B228358FF9EFDEC1319FC8FFEEF" box="[637,803,265,291]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Hoplopholcus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and
<taxonomicName id="4C258CB38358FF9EFCFA1319FC57FEEF" authorityName="Simon" authorityYear="1893" box="[875,1019,265,291]" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Crossopriza" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9512B228358FF9EFCFA1319FC57FEEF" box="[875,1019,265,291]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Crossopriza</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, it does not show any obvious troglomorphism. By contrast, all other congeners are slightly troglomorphic. While eye size and leg length do not seem to indicate troglomorphism, their general coloration is paler and they have fewer dark marks on the abdomen and legs. This reflects their strong preference for dark sheltered spaces like caves, deep fissures and cracks, and spaces under rocks in forests. Most records of these species are from caves, but this is probably due to the fact that access to caves is usually much easier for collectors than access to other shallow subterranean habitats.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9AF7308358FF9EFF2C100EFE34FCC7" blockId="10.[188,1400,542,779]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
According to
<bibRefCitation id="EFB48AC18358FF9EFEF5100EFD91FDF4" author="Kratochvil J." box="[356,573,542,568]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="1 - 26" refId="ref33863" refString="Kratochvil J. 1940. Etude sur les araignees cavernicoles du genre Stygopholcus Krat. Acta Societatis Scientiarum Naturalium Moraviae 12: 1 - 26." type="journal article" year="1940">Kratochvíl (1940)</bibRefCitation>
, cave-dwelling
<taxonomicName id="4C258CB38358FF9EFD6D100EFC36FDF4" authorityName="Kratochvil" authorityYear="1932" box="[764,922,542,568]" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Stygopholcus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9512B228358FF9EFD6D100EFC36FDF4" box="[764,922,542,568]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Stygopholcus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
prefer dry caves, or dry areas of caves that include humid sections. We do not have quantitative data on this, but our impression was that
<taxonomicName id="4C258CB38358FF9EFF2C1074FEF7FDB2" authorityName="Kratochvil" authorityYear="1932" box="[189,347,612,638]" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Stygopholcus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9512B228358FF9EFF2C1074FEF7FDB2" box="[189,347,612,638]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Stygopholcus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
requires high humidity; specimens were occasionally found even on dripping wet rocks. They seem to prefer the twilight area, avoiding both direct sunlight at the cave entrance and complete darkness. As already noted by
<bibRefCitation id="EFB48AC18358FF9EFDB110BAFD59FD09" author="Kratochvil J." box="[544,757,682,709]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="1 - 26" refId="ref33863" refString="Kratochvil J. 1940. Etude sur les araignees cavernicoles du genre Stygopholcus Krat. Acta Societatis Scientiarum Naturalium Moraviae 12: 1 - 26." type="journal article" year="1940">Kratochvíl (1940)</bibRefCitation>
, individual specimens are occasionally found in deeper parts of caves. As usual in
<taxonomicName id="4C258CB38358FF9EFE6B10DEFDC2FD24" box="[506,622,718,744]" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Pholcidae</taxonomicName>
in general, they avoid caves or cave sections with strong air flow (
<bibRefCitation id="EFB48AC18358FF9EFF5410E1FE27FCC7" author="Kratochvil J." box="[197,395,753,779]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="1 - 26" refId="ref33863" refString="Kratochvil J. 1940. Etude sur les araignees cavernicoles du genre Stygopholcus Krat. Acta Societatis Scientiarum Naturalium Moraviae 12: 1 - 26." type="journal article" year="1940">Kratochvíl 1940</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9AF7308358FF9EFF2C1122FE9BFB46" blockId="10.[188,1399,818,1162]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
Beyond basic habitat information, little is known about the biology of
<taxonomicName id="4C258CB38358FF9EFBB71122FB68FC80" authorityName="Kratochvil" authorityYear="1932" box="[1062,1220,818,844]" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Stygopholcus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9512B228358FF9EFBB71122FB68FC80" box="[1062,1220,818,844]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Stygopholcus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
spiders. Adult specimens of representatives of the northern clade were found throughout the year (20 of 186 collecting events between December and February); we have no records of
<taxonomicName id="4C258CB38358FF9EFC741169FB38FC5F" authorityName="Senglet" authorityYear="1971" box="[997,1172,889,915]" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Stygopholcus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="photophilus">
<emphasis id="B9512B228358FF9EFC741169FB38FC5F" box="[997,1172,889,915]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">S. photophilus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from January and February. Our limited observations (MK, unpublished data) suggest that representatives of the northern clade produce egg-sacs between May and August. In a cave near Podgorica in
<collectingCountry id="F332B7A08358FF9EFBEF11D0FABCFC16" box="[1150,1296,960,986]" name="Serbia" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Montenegro</collectingCountry>
, the last author observed a mating of
<taxonomicName id="4C258CB38358FF9EFD8711F3FD49FC30" authorityName="Kratochvil" authorityYear="1940" box="[534,741,995,1021]" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Stygopholcus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="montenegrinus">
<emphasis id="B9512B228358FF9EFD8711F3FD49FC30" box="[534,741,995,1021]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">S. montenegrinus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
where the female kept holding on to her egg-sac while mating.
<bibRefCitation id="EFB48AC18358FF9EFEB31615FE7FFBEC" author="Senglet A." box="[290,467,1029,1056]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="43 - 67" refId="ref35045" refString="Senglet A. 2001. Copulatory mechanisms in Hoplopholcus, Stygopholcus (revalidated), Pholcus, Spermophora and Spermophorides (Araneae, Pholcidae), with additional faunistic and taxonomic data. Mitteilungen der Schweizerischen Entomologischen Gesellschaft 74: 43 - 67. https: // doi. org / 10.5169 / seals- 402796" type="journal article" year="2001">Senglet (2001)</bibRefCitation>
observed mating in
<taxonomicName id="4C258CB38358FF9EFD5E1616FCD0FBD3" authorityName="Senglet" authorityYear="1971" box="[719,892,1029,1056]" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Stygopholcus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="photophilus">
<emphasis id="B9512B228358FF9EFD5E1616FCD0FBD3" box="[719,892,1029,1056]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">S. photophilus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and studied genital mechanics by freezefixing mating pairs. He described rhythmic palpal movements during copulation, sperm uptake with a single thread held between legs 3, and was able to ascribe specific functions to individual genitalic structures.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C33FA4BB8358FF9EFF2C16A0FC71FAAF" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" type="description">
<paragraph id="8B9AF7308358FF9EFF2C16A0FEF2FB06" blockId="10.[189,350,1200,1226]" box="[189,350,1200,1226]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<heading id="D0D2405C8358FF9EFF2C16A0FEF2FB06" bold="true" box="[189,350,1200,1226]" fontSize="11" level="3" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" reason="3">
<emphasis id="B9512B228358FF9EFF2C16A0FEF2FB06" bold="true" box="[189,350,1200,1226]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Composition</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9AF7308358FF9EFF2C16CFFC71FAAF" blockId="10.[188,1399,1247,1379]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
The genus includes four named species and this number is unlikely to change substantially in the future. However, some specimens assigned tentatively to
<taxonomicName id="4C258CB38358FF9EFC8B1713FC0CFAD0" baseAuthorityName="Kulczynski" baseAuthorityYear="1914" box="[794,928,1282,1309]" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Stygopholcus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="absoloni">
<emphasis id="B9512B228358FF9EFC8B1713FC0CFAD0" box="[794,928,1282,1309]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">S. absoloni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C258CB38358FF9EFC201713FBF5FAD0" authorityName="Kratochvil" authorityYear="1940" box="[945,1113,1282,1309]" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Stygopholcus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="skotophilus">
<emphasis id="B9512B228358FF9EFC201713FBF5FAD0" box="[945,1113,1282,1309]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">S. skotophilus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and
<taxonomicName id="4C258CB38358FF9EFB0E1713FAC3FAD0" authorityName="Kratochvil" authorityYear="1940" box="[1183,1391,1283,1309]" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Stygopholcus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="montenegrinus">
<emphasis id="B9512B228358FF9EFB0E1713FAC3FAD0" box="[1183,1391,1283,1309]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">S. montenegrinus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, respectively, may represent separate species. Aconvincing resolution of species limits will probably require both a denser sampling and a massive use of molecular data.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C33FA4BB8358FF9EFF2C179AFB63F9AC" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="8B9AF7308358FF9EFF2C179AFEF4FA68" blockId="10.[189,344,1418,1444]" box="[189,344,1418,1444]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<heading id="D0D2405C8358FF9EFF2C179AFEF4FA68" bold="true" box="[189,344,1418,1444]" fontSize="11" level="3" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" reason="3">
<emphasis id="B9512B228358FF9EFF2C179AFEF4FA68" bold="true" box="[189,344,1418,1444]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Distribution</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9AF7308358FF9EFF2C17A9FB63F9AC" blockId="10.[189,1399,1465,1632]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
The genus is restricted to the Mediterranean part of the Balkan Peninsula, ranging from southern
<collectingCountry id="F332B7A08358FF9EFF2C17CCFEBFFA3A" box="[189,275,1500,1526]" name="Croatia" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Croatia</collectingCountry>
to Crete (
<figureCitation id="131EEBB58358FF9EFE1A17CCFE5EFA3B" box="[395,498,1500,1527]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="50.[189,232,1928,1954]" captionTargetBox="[189,1398,871,1888]" captionTargetId="figure-173@50.[189,1398,871,1888]" captionTargetPageId="50" captionText="Fig. 167. Known distribution of Stygopholcus Kratochvíl, 1932. For the ‘northern clade’, see Fig. 168. Abbreviations: Alb = Albania; BaH = Bosnia and Herzegovina; Cro = Croatia; Gre = Greece; Mon = Montenegro." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4958892" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4958892/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Fig. 167</figureCitation>
). The epigean
<taxonomicName id="4C258CB38358FF9EFD3017CCFCE7FA3A" authorityName="Senglet" authorityYear="1971" box="[673,843,1500,1526]" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Stygopholcus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="photophilus">
<emphasis id="B9512B228358FF9EFD3017CCFCE7FA3A" box="[673,843,1500,1526]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">S. photophilus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has a wide distribution, ranging from southern
<collectingCountry id="F332B7A08358FF9EFF2F17EFFEB7F9D5" box="[190,283,1535,1561]" name="Albania" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Albania</collectingCountry>
to Crete. The three troglophile species of the ‘northern clade’,
<taxonomicName id="4C258CB38358FF9EFB9517EFFB24F9D5" baseAuthorityName="Kulczynski" baseAuthorityYear="1914" box="[1028,1160,1535,1561]" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Stygopholcus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="absoloni">
<emphasis id="B9512B228358FF9EFB9517EFFB24F9D5" box="[1028,1160,1535,1561]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">S. absoloni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C258CB38358FF9EFB0617EFFA91F9D5" authorityName="Kratochvil" authorityYear="1940" box="[1175,1341,1535,1561]" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Stygopholcus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="skotophilus">
<emphasis id="B9512B228358FF9EFB0617EFFA91F9D5" box="[1175,1341,1535,1561]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">S. skotophilus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and
<taxonomicName id="4C258CB38358FF9EFF2F1433FE20F9F0" authorityName="Kratochvil" authorityYear="1940" box="[190,396,1571,1597]" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Stygopholcus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="montenegrinus">
<emphasis id="B9512B228358FF9EFF2F1433FE20F9F0" box="[190,396,1571,1597]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">S. montenegrinus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, range from southern
<collectingCountry id="F332B7A08358FF9EFD021432FD45F9F0" box="[659,745,1570,1596]" name="Croatia" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Croatia</collectingCountry>
to northern
<collectingCountry id="F332B7A08358FF9EFCEB1432FC7BF9F0" box="[890,983,1570,1596]" name="Albania" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Albania</collectingCountry>
(
<figureCitation id="131EEBB58358FF9EFC761432FBE3F9F1" box="[999,1103,1570,1597]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="51.[188,231,1928,1954]" captionTargetBox="[189,1398,1186,1887]" captionTargetId="figure-327@51.[189,1398,1186,1887]" captionTargetPageId="51" captionText="Fig. 168. Known distribution of the ‘northern clade’ ofStygopholcus Kratochvíl, 1932. Pale blue and pale orange marks denote specimens that are assigned tentatively to the respective species. Abbreviations: Alb = Albania; BaH = Bosnia and Herzegovina; Cro = Croatia; Mon = Montenegro." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4958894" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4958894/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Fig. 168</figureCitation>
). They seem to be relicts that have survived further north by adapting to subterranean conditions (see Discussion).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C33FA4BB8358FF9EFF2C1497FE36F96D" box="[189,410,1671,1697]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8B9AF7308358FF9EFF2C1497FE36F96D" blockId="10.[189,410,1671,1697]" box="[189,410,1671,1697]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<heading id="D0D2405C8358FF9EFF2C1497FE36F96D" bold="true" box="[189,410,1671,1697]" fontSize="11" level="3" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" reason="3">
<emphasis id="B9512B228358FF9EFF2C1497FE36F96D" bold="true" box="[189,410,1671,1697]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Identification key</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C33FA4BB8358FF9FFF2C14A5FADBFCBC" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="12" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" type="key">
<key id="FFB4A0018358FF9FFF2C14A5FADBFCBC" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="12" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<paragraph id="8B9AF7308358FF9EFF2C14A5FADBF890" blockId="10.[189,1399,1717,1991]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<keyStep id="30D1EF958358FF9EFF2C14A5FADBF890" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<keyLead id="30D454058358FF9EFF2C14A5FADBF890" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
1. Distinct dark marks on entire abdomen, also dorsally in anterior half (
<figureCitation id="131EEBB58358FF9EFBAA14A5FB05F91C" box="[1083,1193,1717,1744]" captionStart="Figs 1–5" captionStartId="6.[189,242,1855,1881]" captionTargetBox="[189,1398,484,1816]" captionTargetId="figure-44@6.[189,1398,484,1816]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figs 1–5. Stygopholcus Kratochvíl, 1932; live specimens. 1. S. absoloni (Kulczyński, 1914); male from Vjetrenica, Bosnia and Herzegovina. 2. S. skotophilus Kratochvíl, 1940; male from Pavlova pećina, Bosnia and Herzegovina. 3. S. montenegrinus Kratochvíl, 1940; male and female with egg-sac from Studenačka pećina, Montenegro. 4–5. S. photophilus Senglet, 1971; male and female from Episkopi, Crete. Photos: BAH." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4958810" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4958810/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Figs 4–5</figureCitation>
); leg femora and tibiae with dark rings; procursus distally with strongly projecting dorsal sclerite (ds in
<figureCitation id="131EEBB58358FF9EFB4314C8FA94F93F" box="[1234,1336,1752,1779]" captionStart="Figs 113–118" captionStartId="41.[189,242,1857,1883]" captionTargetBox="[196,1385,467,1819]" captionTargetId="figure-70@41.[196,1391,466,1820]" captionTargetPageId="41" captionText="Figs 113–118. Stygopholcus photophilus Senglet, 1971; male from Episkopi, Crete (ZFMK (Ar 22205)). 113–114. Left tarsus and procursus, prolateral and retrolateral views. 115–118. Left genital bulb, retrolateral, ventral, prolateral-distal, and dorso-distal views; arrow points at weakly sclerotized process. Abbreviations: bs = basal sclerite; dp = dorsal process; ds = dorsal sclerite; rp = retrolateral process; vs = ventral sclerite. Scale bars: 0.5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4958864" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4958864/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Figs 113</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="131EEBB58358FF9EFAD214C9FEB6F8DA" captionStart="Figs 137–144" captionStartId="45.[189,242,1787,1813]" captionTargetBox="[189,1398,264,1749]" captionTargetId="figure-11@45.[189,1398,264,1749]" captionTargetPageId="45" captionText="Figs 137–144. Stygopholcus photophilus Senglet, 1971; male and female from Choumerion/Pérama, Crete (MHNG). 137–138. Tip of left procursus, retrolateral (slightly ventral) and ventral views. 139. Detail of previous figure. 140. Dorsal bulbal process and transparent bulbal process (arrow); note hair-like structures on dorsal bulbal process. 141. Female palpal tarsal organ. 142. Tarsal organ on female tarsus 4. 143. Male gonopore and epiandrous spigots. 144. Anterior part of epigynum showing strong ridges; arrows point at pair of anterior bulges. Abbreviations: ds = dorsal sclerite; vs = ventral sclerite. Scale bars: 137–138, 140, 143–144 = 100 µm; 139, 141–142 = 10 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4958878" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4958878/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">137, 138</figureCitation>
); spines on malefemur
<quantity id="4CDD5AD58358FF9EFDBC14ECFD3FF8DA" box="[557,659,1788,1814]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.54" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" unit="in" value="1.0">1 inonly</quantity>
one row; tibia 1&gt; 1.40 × longerthantibia
<quantity id="4CDD5AD58358FF9EFBEF14ECFB58F8DA" box="[1150,1268,1788,1814]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.08" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" unit="in" value="2.0">2 inmales</quantity>
(
<figureCitation id="131EEBB58358FF9EFA9514ECFAC4F8DB" box="[1284,1384,1788,1815]" captionStart="Figs 161–166" captionStartId="49.[189,242,1892,1918]" captionTargetBox="[201,1386,659,1844]" captionTargetId="figure-114@49.[195,1392,647,1853]" captionTargetPageId="49" captionText="Figs 161–166. Procursus length, number of modified hairs on each male chelicera, epigynum width/ length, epigynum measure F (cf. Fig. 21), and relationships between tibia 1 and tibia 2 lengths in males and females. Measures/counts sorted from smallest to biggest for each species. Abbreviations: abs. = S. absoloni; sko. = S. skotophilus; mon. = S. montenegrinus; pho. = S. photophilus." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4958890" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4958890/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Fig. 165</figureCitation>
),&gt; 1.45 × in females (
<figureCitation id="131EEBB58358FF9EFE77150FFDE3F8F6" box="[486,591,1823,1850]" captionStart="Figs 161–166" captionStartId="49.[189,242,1892,1918]" captionTargetBox="[201,1386,659,1844]" captionTargetId="figure-114@49.[195,1392,647,1853]" captionTargetPageId="49" captionText="Figs 161–166. Procursus length, number of modified hairs on each male chelicera, epigynum width/ length, epigynum measure F (cf. Fig. 21), and relationships between tibia 1 and tibia 2 lengths in males and females. Measures/counts sorted from smallest to biggest for each species. Abbreviations: abs. = S. absoloni; sko. = S. skotophilus; mon. = S. montenegrinus; pho. = S. photophilus." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4958890" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4958890/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Fig. 166</figureCitation>
); strong transversal ridges on anterior part of epigynum (Figs 121, 144); epigynum width/length usually &lt;1.75 (
<figureCitation id="131EEBB58358FF9EFD6E1552FCCFF891" box="[767,867,1858,1885]" captionStart="Figs 161–166" captionStartId="49.[189,242,1892,1918]" captionTargetBox="[201,1386,659,1844]" captionTargetId="figure-114@49.[195,1392,647,1853]" captionTargetPageId="49" captionText="Figs 161–166. Procursus length, number of modified hairs on each male chelicera, epigynum width/ length, epigynum measure F (cf. Fig. 21), and relationships between tibia 1 and tibia 2 lengths in males and females. Measures/counts sorted from smallest to biggest for each species. Abbreviations: abs. = S. absoloni; sko. = S. skotophilus; mon. = S. montenegrinus; pho. = S. photophilus." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4958890" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4958890/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Fig. 163</figureCitation>
) ......................
<taxonomicName id="4C258CB38358FF9EFB8C1552FADBF890" ID-CoL="6ZZQ4" authority="Senglet, 1971" authorityName="Senglet" authorityYear="1971" box="[1053,1399,1858,1885]" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Stygopholcus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="photophilus">
<emphasis id="B9512B228358FF9EFB8C1552FB62F891" bold="true" box="[1053,1230,1858,1885]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">S. photophilus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFB48AC18358FF9EFB441552FADBF890" author="Senglet A." box="[1237,1399,1858,1884]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="345 - 359" refId="ref35007" refString="Senglet A. 1971. Note sur les Pholcidae (Arachn.) de Grece. Mitteilungen der Schweizerischen Entomologischen Gesellschaft 44: 345 - 359. https: // doi. org / 10.5169 / seals- 401666" type="journal article" year="1971">Senglet, 1971</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</keyLead>
</keyStep>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9AF7308358FF9FFF501576FADBFE8A" blockId="10.[189,1399,1717,1991]" lastBlockId="11.[189,1399,265,880]" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="12" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<keyLead id="30D454058358FF9FFF501576FADBFE8A" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="12" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
– Dark marks on abdomen dorsally restricted to posterior half (
<figureCitation id="131EEBB58358FF9EFC361575FBBCF8B3" box="[935,1040,1893,1919]" captionStart="Figs 1–5" captionStartId="6.[189,242,1855,1881]" captionTargetBox="[189,1398,484,1816]" captionTargetId="figure-44@6.[189,1398,484,1816]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figs 1–5. Stygopholcus Kratochvíl, 1932; live specimens. 1. S. absoloni (Kulczyński, 1914); male from Vjetrenica, Bosnia and Herzegovina. 2. S. skotophilus Kratochvíl, 1940; male from Pavlova pećina, Bosnia and Herzegovina. 3. S. montenegrinus Kratochvíl, 1940; male and female with egg-sac from Studenačka pećina, Montenegro. 4–5. S. photophilus Senglet, 1971; male and female from Episkopi, Crete. Photos: BAH." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4958810" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4958810/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Figs 1–2</figureCitation>
); leg femora and tibiae without dark rings; dorsal sclerite distally on procursus distinct but not projecting (ds in
<figureCitation id="131EEBB58358FF9EFB031598FB46F86F" box="[1170,1258,1928,1955]" captionStart="Figs 12–18" captionStartId="12.[189,242,1752,1778]" captionTargetBox="[189,1393,398,1705]" captionTargetId="figure-12@12.[189,1398,398,1713]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="Figs 12–18. Stygopholcus absoloni (Kulczyński, 1914); male from Balićeva špilja, Croatia (ZFMK (Ar 22195)).12–13. Left tarsus and procursus, prolateral and retrolateral views; asterisk in Fig. 12 marks prolateral hump. 14. Tip of left procursus, prolateral (slightly ventral) view; arrow points at distinctive prolateral sclerite. 15–18. Left genital bulb, retrolateral, ventral, prolateral-distal, and dorso-distal views, showing bulb measures A–E; arrow in Fig. 17 points at transparent bulbal process; asterisk in Fig. 18 marks connecting sclerite that is absent in specimen from Jama na Brezdanu. Abbreviations: bs = basal sclerite; dp = dorsal process; ds = dorsal sclerite; rp = retrolateral process; vs = ventral sclerite. Scale bars: 12–13, 15–18 = 0.5 mm; 14 = 0.25 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4958816" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4958816/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Figs 13</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="131EEBB58358FF9EFB661599FAB4F86F" box="[1271,1304,1929,1955]" captionStart="Figs 43–50" captionStartId="22.[189,242,1752,1778]" captionTargetBox="[205,1385,276,1688]" captionTargetId="figure-13@22.[201,1387,265,1711]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="Figs 43–50. Stygopholcus skotophilus Kratochvíl, 1940. 43–44. Male from Ilijina pećina, Bosnia and Herzegovina (ZFMK (Ar 22198)), left tarsus and procursus, prolateral and retrolateral views. 45– 46. Males from Pećina u Ivici, Montenegro (ZFMK (Ar 22196)) and from Grabova pećina, Sedlari, Bosnia and Herzegovina (MHNG), tip of left procursus, prolateral (slightly ventral) views; arrows point at distinctive prolateral sclerites. 47–50. Male from Ilijina pećina (ZFMK (Ar 22198)), left genital bulb, retrolateral, ventral, prolateral-distal, and dorso-distal views; arrow points at wart that is more strongly developed in specimens from near Sedlari. ds = dorsal sclerite. Scale bars: 43–44, 47–50 = 0.5 mm; 45–46 = 0.25 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4958826" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4958826/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">44</figureCitation>
); spines on malefemur
<quantity id="4CDD5AD58358FF9EFE3315BCFDAAF80A" box="[418,518,1964,1990]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.54" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" unit="in" value="1.0">1 intwo</quantity>
rows; tibia 1 &lt;1.40 × longerthantibia
<quantity id="4CDD5AD58358FF9EFC7615BCFBCFF80A" box="[999,1123,1964,1990]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.08" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" unit="in" value="2.0">2 inmales</quantity>
(
<figureCitation id="131EEBB58358FF9EFBE715BCFB72F80B" box="[1142,1246,1964,1991]" captionStart="Figs 161–166" captionStartId="49.[189,242,1892,1918]" captionTargetBox="[201,1386,659,1844]" captionTargetId="figure-114@49.[195,1392,647,1853]" captionTargetPageId="49" captionText="Figs 161–166. Procursus length, number of modified hairs on each male chelicera, epigynum width/ length, epigynum measure F (cf. Fig. 21), and relationships between tibia 1 and tibia 2 lengths in males and females. Measures/counts sorted from smallest to biggest for each species. Abbreviations: abs. = S. absoloni; sko. = S. skotophilus; mon. = S. montenegrinus; pho. = S. photophilus." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4958890" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4958890/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Fig. 165</figureCitation>
), &lt;1.45 × in
<keyStep id="30D1EF958359FF9FFF7B1319FADBFE8A" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
females (
<figureCitation id="131EEBB58359FF9FFEC81319FE6FFEE8" box="[345,451,265,292]" captionStart="Figs 161–166" captionStartId="49.[189,242,1892,1918]" captionTargetBox="[201,1386,659,1844]" captionTargetId="figure-114@49.[195,1392,647,1853]" captionTargetPageId="49" captionText="Figs 161–166. Procursus length, number of modified hairs on each male chelicera, epigynum width/ length, epigynum measure F (cf. Fig. 21), and relationships between tibia 1 and tibia 2 lengths in males and females. Measures/counts sorted from smallest to biggest for each species. Abbreviations: abs. = S. absoloni; sko. = S. skotophilus; mon. = S. montenegrinus; pho. = S. photophilus." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4958890" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4958890/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Fig. 166</figureCitation>
); epigynum with weak transversal ridges (e.g.,
<figureCitation id="131EEBB58359FF9FFB941319FBCEFEEF" box="[1029,1122,265,291]" captionStart="Figs 23–26" captionStartId="14.[189,242,1892,1918]" captionTargetBox="[189,1398,945,1854]" captionTargetId="figure-204@14.[189,1398,945,1854]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="Figs 23–26. Stygopholcus absoloni (Kulczyński, 1914); epigyna, ventral views. 23. Balićeva špilja, Croatia (ZFMK (Ar 22195)). 24. Biokovo, Kukor, Croatia (CBSS (Ar 3367)). 25. Studenci (grotte), Bosnia and Herzegovina (MHNG); arrows point at distinctive internal sclerites. 26. Vjetrenica, Bosnia and Herzegovina (ZFMK (Ar 22192)). Scale bar: 0.5 mm (all at same scale)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4958820" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4958820/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Figs 23</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="131EEBB58359FF9FFBE31319FB3FFEE8" box="[1138,1171,265,292]" captionStart="Figs 55–60" captionStartId="25.[189,242,1892,1918]" captionTargetBox="[189,1398,447,1853]" captionTargetId="figure-90@25.[189,1398,447,1853]" captionTargetPageId="25" captionText="Figs 55–60. Stygopholcus skotophilus Kratochvíl, 1940; epigyna, ventral views. 55–56. Pećina u Ivici, Montenegro (ZFMK (Ar 22196)). 57. Ilijina pećina, Bosnia and Herzegovina (ZFMK (Ar 22198)). 58. Studena pećina, Bosnia and Herzegovina (CMK). 59–60. Specimens assigned tentatively from Grabova pećina, Sedlari, Bosnia and Herzegovina (MHNG). Scale bar: 0.5 mm (all at same scale)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4958830" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4958830/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">55</figureCitation>
); epigynum width/ length usually&gt; 1.75 (
<figureCitation id="131EEBB58359FF9FFE63133CFDFAFE8B" box="[498,598,300,327]" captionStart="Figs 161–166" captionStartId="49.[189,242,1892,1918]" captionTargetBox="[201,1386,659,1844]" captionTargetId="figure-114@49.[195,1392,647,1853]" captionTargetPageId="49" captionText="Figs 161–166. Procursus length, number of modified hairs on each male chelicera, epigynum width/ length, epigynum measure F (cf. Fig. 21), and relationships between tibia 1 and tibia 2 lengths in males and females. Measures/counts sorted from smallest to biggest for each species. Abbreviations: abs. = S. absoloni; sko. = S. skotophilus; mon. = S. montenegrinus; pho. = S. photophilus." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4958890" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4958890/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Fig. 163</figureCitation>
) ...........................................................................‘northern clade’ – 2
</keyStep>
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<keyStep id="30D1EF958359FF9FFF2C137EFADBFDB2" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<paragraph id="8B9AF7308359FF9FFF2C137EFADAFE3D" blockId="11.[189,1399,265,880]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<keyLead id="30D454058359FF9FFF2C137EFADAFE3D" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
2. Prolateral sclerite distally on procursus large, heavily sclerotized, and triangular (arrow in
<figureCitation id="131EEBB58359FF9FFA83137EFAC4FE44" box="[1298,1384,366,392]" captionStart="Figs 12–18" captionStartId="12.[189,242,1752,1778]" captionTargetBox="[189,1393,398,1705]" captionTargetId="figure-12@12.[189,1398,398,1713]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="Figs 12–18. Stygopholcus absoloni (Kulczyński, 1914); male from Balićeva špilja, Croatia (ZFMK (Ar 22195)).12–13. Left tarsus and procursus, prolateral and retrolateral views; asterisk in Fig. 12 marks prolateral hump. 14. Tip of left procursus, prolateral (slightly ventral) view; arrow points at distinctive prolateral sclerite. 15–18. Left genital bulb, retrolateral, ventral, prolateral-distal, and dorso-distal views, showing bulb measures A–E; arrow in Fig. 17 points at transparent bulbal process; asterisk in Fig. 18 marks connecting sclerite that is absent in specimen from Jama na Brezdanu. Abbreviations: bs = basal sclerite; dp = dorsal process; ds = dorsal sclerite; rp = retrolateral process; vs = ventral sclerite. Scale bars: 12–13, 15–18 = 0.5 mm; 14 = 0.25 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4958816" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4958816/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Fig. 14</figureCitation>
), procursus slightly curved towards femur (
<figureCitation id="131EEBB58359FF9FFD481381FC9CFE67" box="[729,816,401,427]" captionStart="Figs 12–18" captionStartId="12.[189,242,1752,1778]" captionTargetBox="[189,1393,398,1705]" captionTargetId="figure-12@12.[189,1398,398,1713]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="Figs 12–18. Stygopholcus absoloni (Kulczyński, 1914); male from Balićeva špilja, Croatia (ZFMK (Ar 22195)).12–13. Left tarsus and procursus, prolateral and retrolateral views; asterisk in Fig. 12 marks prolateral hump. 14. Tip of left procursus, prolateral (slightly ventral) view; arrow points at distinctive prolateral sclerite. 15–18. Left genital bulb, retrolateral, ventral, prolateral-distal, and dorso-distal views, showing bulb measures A–E; arrow in Fig. 17 points at transparent bulbal process; asterisk in Fig. 18 marks connecting sclerite that is absent in specimen from Jama na Brezdanu. Abbreviations: bs = basal sclerite; dp = dorsal process; ds = dorsal sclerite; rp = retrolateral process; vs = ventral sclerite. Scale bars: 12–13, 15–18 = 0.5 mm; 14 = 0.25 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4958816" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4958816/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Fig. 13</figureCitation>
), procursus short (&lt;1.3;
<figureCitation id="131EEBB58359FF9FFBCD1381FB6EFE60" box="[1116,1218,401,428]" captionStart="Figs 161–166" captionStartId="49.[189,242,1892,1918]" captionTargetBox="[201,1386,659,1844]" captionTargetId="figure-114@49.[195,1392,647,1853]" captionTargetPageId="49" captionText="Figs 161–166. Procursus length, number of modified hairs on each male chelicera, epigynum width/ length, epigynum measure F (cf. Fig. 21), and relationships between tibia 1 and tibia 2 lengths in males and females. Measures/counts sorted from smallest to biggest for each species. Abbreviations: abs. = S. absoloni; sko. = S. skotophilus; mon. = S. montenegrinus; pho. = S. photophilus." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4958890" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4958890/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Fig. 161</figureCitation>
), bulb measure Dsmall (&lt;0.23;
<figureCitation id="131EEBB58359FF9FFE2013A4FDBAFE03" box="[433,534,436,463]" captionStart="Figs 157–160" captionStartId="48.[189,242,1857,1883]" captionTargetBox="[192,1395,1000,1804]" captionTargetId="figure-349@48.[189,1398,988,1817]" captionTargetPageId="48" captionText="Figs 157–160. Bulbal measures B–E for the three species of the ‘northern clade’ of Stygopholcus Kratochvíl, 1932 (cf. Figs 15–18). Bulbal measure A is strongly correlated with measure C and therefore not shown. Bulbal measures sorted from smallest to biggest for each species of the ‘northern clade’. The bulb of S. photophilus was not measured (it differs strongly in shape, and measure D is inapplicable). Asterisk in Fig. 160 = dubious specimen from Jama na Brezdanu (see text)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4958888" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4958888/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Fig. 159</figureCitation>
); posterior sclerites in female internal genitalia parallel and close together (distance ~0.2–0.4;
<figureCitation id="131EEBB58359FF9FFE4213C7FDF5FE3D" box="[467,601,471,497]" captionStart="Figs 23–26" captionStartId="14.[189,242,1892,1918]" captionTargetBox="[189,1398,945,1854]" captionTargetId="figure-204@14.[189,1398,945,1854]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="Figs 23–26. Stygopholcus absoloni (Kulczyński, 1914); epigyna, ventral views. 23. Balićeva špilja, Croatia (ZFMK (Ar 22195)). 24. Biokovo, Kukor, Croatia (CBSS (Ar 3367)). 25. Studenci (grotte), Bosnia and Herzegovina (MHNG); arrows point at distinctive internal sclerites. 26. Vjetrenica, Bosnia and Herzegovina (ZFMK (Ar 22192)). Scale bar: 0.5 mm (all at same scale)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4958820" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4958820/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Figs 23–26</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="131EEBB58359FF9FFDF413C7FD3EFE3E" box="[613,658,471,498]" captionStart="Figs 161–166" captionStartId="49.[189,242,1892,1918]" captionTargetBox="[201,1386,659,1844]" captionTargetId="figure-114@49.[195,1392,647,1853]" captionTargetPageId="49" captionText="Figs 161–166. Procursus length, number of modified hairs on each male chelicera, epigynum width/ length, epigynum measure F (cf. Fig. 21), and relationships between tibia 1 and tibia 2 lengths in males and females. Measures/counts sorted from smallest to biggest for each species. Abbreviations: abs. = S. absoloni; sko. = S. skotophilus; mon. = S. montenegrinus; pho. = S. photophilus." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4958890" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4958890/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">164</figureCitation>
) ...............................................
<taxonomicName id="4C258CB38359FF9FFB9413C7FADAFE3D" ID-CoL="538TY" authority="(Kulczynski, 1914)" baseAuthorityName="Kulczynski" baseAuthorityYear="1914" box="[1029,1398,471,498]" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Stygopholcus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="absoloni">
<emphasis id="B9512B228359FF9FFB9413C7FB21FE3E" bold="true" box="[1029,1165,471,498]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">S. absoloni</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFB48AC18359FF9FFB0D13C7FAC2FE3D" author="Kulczynski W." box="[1180,1390,471,497]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" pagination="353 - 387" refId="ref34047" refString="Kulczynski W. 1914. Aranearum species novae minusve cognitae, in montibus Kras dictis a Dre C. Absolon aliisque collectae. Bulletin international de l'Academie des Sciences de Cracovie 1914: 353 - 387, pl. 16." type="journal article" year="1914">Kulczyński, 1914</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9AF7308359FF9FFF5013EBFADBFDB2" blockId="11.[189,1399,265,880]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<keyLead id="30D454058359FF9FFF5013EBFADBFDB2" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
– Prolateral sclerite distally on procursus small, weakly sclerotized, and cylindrical (arrows in
<figureCitation id="131EEBB58359FF9FFF7B100EFEDDFDF4" box="[234,369,541,568]" captionStart="Figs 43–50" captionStartId="22.[189,242,1752,1778]" captionTargetBox="[205,1385,276,1688]" captionTargetId="figure-13@22.[201,1387,265,1711]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="Figs 43–50. Stygopholcus skotophilus Kratochvíl, 1940. 43–44. Male from Ilijina pećina, Bosnia and Herzegovina (ZFMK (Ar 22198)), left tarsus and procursus, prolateral and retrolateral views. 45– 46. Males from Pećina u Ivici, Montenegro (ZFMK (Ar 22196)) and from Grabova pećina, Sedlari, Bosnia and Herzegovina (MHNG), tip of left procursus, prolateral (slightly ventral) views; arrows point at distinctive prolateral sclerites. 47–50. Male from Ilijina pećina (ZFMK (Ar 22198)), left genital bulb, retrolateral, ventral, prolateral-distal, and dorso-distal views; arrow points at wart that is more strongly developed in specimens from near Sedlari. ds = dorsal sclerite. Scale bars: 43–44, 47–50 = 0.5 mm; 45–46 = 0.25 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4958826" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4958826/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Figs 45–46</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="131EEBB58359FF9FFEED100EFE65FDF4" box="[380,457,542,568]" captionStart="Figs 77–84" captionStartId="33.[189,242,1822,1848]" captionTargetBox="[189,1393,371,1679]" captionTargetId="figure-11@33.[189,1398,366,1681]" captionTargetPageId="33" captionText="Figs 77–84. Stygopholcus montenegrinus Kratochvíl, 1940. 77–78. Males from Studenačka pećina, Montenegro (ZFMK (Ar 22201)) and from Zeze Cave, Albania (CMK), tips of left procursi, prolateral (slightly ventral) views; arrows point at distinctive prolateral sclerites. 79–82. Male from Studenačka pećina (ZFMK (Ar 22201)), left genital bulb, retrolateral, ventral, prolateral-distal, and dorso-distal views. 83–84. Female from Studenačka pećina (ZFMK (Ar 22201)), cleared female genitalia, ventral and dorsal views. Scale bars: 0.5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4958840" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4958840/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">77–78</figureCitation>
), procursusstraight (
<figureCitation id="131EEBB58359FF9FFD2F100EFCB9FDF4" box="[702,789,542,568]" captionStart="Figs 43–50" captionStartId="22.[189,242,1752,1778]" captionTargetBox="[205,1385,276,1688]" captionTargetId="figure-13@22.[201,1387,265,1711]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="Figs 43–50. Stygopholcus skotophilus Kratochvíl, 1940. 43–44. Male from Ilijina pećina, Bosnia and Herzegovina (ZFMK (Ar 22198)), left tarsus and procursus, prolateral and retrolateral views. 45– 46. Males from Pećina u Ivici, Montenegro (ZFMK (Ar 22196)) and from Grabova pećina, Sedlari, Bosnia and Herzegovina (MHNG), tip of left procursus, prolateral (slightly ventral) views; arrows point at distinctive prolateral sclerites. 47–50. Male from Ilijina pećina (ZFMK (Ar 22198)), left genital bulb, retrolateral, ventral, prolateral-distal, and dorso-distal views; arrow points at wart that is more strongly developed in specimens from near Sedlari. ds = dorsal sclerite. Scale bars: 43–44, 47–50 = 0.5 mm; 45–46 = 0.25 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4958826" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4958826/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Fig. 44</figureCitation>
), procursuslonger (usually&gt; 1.3, exceptinsmallest specimens;
<figureCitation id="131EEBB58359FF9FFEE51051FE75FD90" box="[372,473,577,604]" captionStart="Figs 161–166" captionStartId="49.[189,242,1892,1918]" captionTargetBox="[201,1386,659,1844]" captionTargetId="figure-114@49.[195,1392,647,1853]" captionTargetPageId="49" captionText="Figs 161–166. Procursus length, number of modified hairs on each male chelicera, epigynum width/ length, epigynum measure F (cf. Fig. 21), and relationships between tibia 1 and tibia 2 lengths in males and females. Measures/counts sorted from smallest to biggest for each species. Abbreviations: abs. = S. absoloni; sko. = S. skotophilus; mon. = S. montenegrinus; pho. = S. photophilus." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4958890" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4958890/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Fig. 161</figureCitation>
), bulb measure Dlarge (&gt; 0.24;
<figureCitation id="131EEBB58359FF9FFCC41051FC17FD90" box="[853,955,577,604]" captionStart="Figs 157–160" captionStartId="48.[189,242,1857,1883]" captionTargetBox="[192,1395,1000,1804]" captionTargetId="figure-349@48.[189,1398,988,1817]" captionTargetPageId="48" captionText="Figs 157–160. Bulbal measures B–E for the three species of the ‘northern clade’ of Stygopholcus Kratochvíl, 1932 (cf. Figs 15–18). Bulbal measure A is strongly correlated with measure C and therefore not shown. Bulbal measures sorted from smallest to biggest for each species of the ‘northern clade’. The bulb of S. photophilus was not measured (it differs strongly in shape, and measure D is inapplicable). Asterisk in Fig. 160 = dubious specimen from Jama na Brezdanu (see text)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4958888" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4958888/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Fig. 159</figureCitation>
); posterior sclerites in female internal genitalia either wider apart (
<figureCitation id="131EEBB58359FF9FFDA41074FD17FDB3" box="[565,699,612,639]" captionStart="Figs 55–60" captionStartId="25.[189,242,1892,1918]" captionTargetBox="[189,1398,447,1853]" captionTargetId="figure-90@25.[189,1398,447,1853]" captionTargetPageId="25" captionText="Figs 55–60. Stygopholcus skotophilus Kratochvíl, 1940; epigyna, ventral views. 55–56. Pećina u Ivici, Montenegro (ZFMK (Ar 22196)). 57. Ilijina pećina, Bosnia and Herzegovina (ZFMK (Ar 22198)). 58. Studena pećina, Bosnia and Herzegovina (CMK). 59–60. Specimens assigned tentatively from Grabova pećina, Sedlari, Bosnia and Herzegovina (MHNG). Scale bar: 0.5 mm (all at same scale)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4958830" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4958830/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Figs 55–60</figureCitation>
) or converging anteriorly (
<figureCitation id="131EEBB58359FF9FFC661074FBD1FDB3" box="[1015,1149,612,639]" captionStart="Figs 85–90" captionStartId="34.[189,242,1892,1918]" captionTargetBox="[189,1398,434,1854]" captionTargetId="figure-67@34.[189,1398,434,1854]" captionTargetPageId="34" captionText="Figs 85–90. Stygopholcus montenegrinus Kratochvíl, 1940; epigyna, ventral views. 85-86. Studenačka pećina, Montenegro (ZFMK (Ar 22201)). 87. Golubinja pećina, Montenegro (CMK). 88. Ljuboviči, Montenegro (CMK). 89. Nëngurit Cave, Albania (CMK). 90. Petnjik Cave, Montenegro (CMK). Scale bar: 0.5 mm (all at same scale)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4958846" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4958846/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Figs 85–90</figureCitation>
) ............................ 3
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
<keyStep id="30D1EF958359FF9FFF2C10B6FADBFCBC" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<paragraph id="8B9AF7308359FF9FFF2C10B6FADBFCCA" blockId="11.[189,1399,265,880]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<keyLead id="30D454058359FF9FFF2C10B6FADBFCCA" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
3. Prolateral sclerite on procursus wide (
<figureCitation id="131EEBB58359FF9FFD5510B5FCFFFD0C" box="[708,851,677,704]" captionStart="Figs 43–50" captionStartId="22.[189,242,1752,1778]" captionTargetBox="[205,1385,276,1688]" captionTargetId="figure-13@22.[201,1387,265,1711]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="Figs 43–50. Stygopholcus skotophilus Kratochvíl, 1940. 43–44. Male from Ilijina pećina, Bosnia and Herzegovina (ZFMK (Ar 22198)), left tarsus and procursus, prolateral and retrolateral views. 45– 46. Males from Pećina u Ivici, Montenegro (ZFMK (Ar 22196)) and from Grabova pećina, Sedlari, Bosnia and Herzegovina (MHNG), tip of left procursus, prolateral (slightly ventral) views; arrows point at distinctive prolateral sclerites. 47–50. Male from Ilijina pećina (ZFMK (Ar 22198)), left genital bulb, retrolateral, ventral, prolateral-distal, and dorso-distal views; arrow points at wart that is more strongly developed in specimens from near Sedlari. ds = dorsal sclerite. Scale bars: 43–44, 47–50 = 0.5 mm; 45–46 = 0.25 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4958826" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4958826/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Figs 45–46</figureCitation>
); bulb measure Csmall (&lt;0.16;
<figureCitation id="131EEBB58359FF9FFB6C10B5FAC5FD0C" box="[1277,1385,677,704]" captionStart="Figs 157–160" captionStartId="48.[189,242,1857,1883]" captionTargetBox="[192,1395,1000,1804]" captionTargetId="figure-349@48.[189,1398,988,1817]" captionTargetPageId="48" captionText="Figs 157–160. Bulbal measures B–E for the three species of the ‘northern clade’ of Stygopholcus Kratochvíl, 1932 (cf. Figs 15–18). Bulbal measure A is strongly correlated with measure C and therefore not shown. Bulbal measures sorted from smallest to biggest for each species of the ‘northern clade’. The bulb of S. photophilus was not measured (it differs strongly in shape, and measure D is inapplicable). Asterisk in Fig. 160 = dubious specimen from Jama na Brezdanu (see text)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4958888" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4958888/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Fig. 158</figureCitation>
); epigynal measure Flarge (usually&gt; 0.39, smaller in specimens from near Sedlari;
<figureCitation id="131EEBB58359FF9FFB7910D9FADEFD2F" box="[1256,1394,712,739]" captionStart="Figs 55–60" captionStartId="25.[189,242,1892,1918]" captionTargetBox="[189,1398,447,1853]" captionTargetId="figure-90@25.[189,1398,447,1853]" captionTargetPageId="25" captionText="Figs 55–60. Stygopholcus skotophilus Kratochvíl, 1940; epigyna, ventral views. 55–56. Pećina u Ivici, Montenegro (ZFMK (Ar 22196)). 57. Ilijina pećina, Bosnia and Herzegovina (ZFMK (Ar 22198)). 58. Studena pećina, Bosnia and Herzegovina (CMK). 59–60. Specimens assigned tentatively from Grabova pećina, Sedlari, Bosnia and Herzegovina (MHNG). Scale bar: 0.5 mm (all at same scale)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4958830" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4958830/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Figs 55–60</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="131EEBB58359FF9FFF7B10FCFEBBFCCB" box="[234,279,748,775]" captionStart="Figs 161–166" captionStartId="49.[189,242,1892,1918]" captionTargetBox="[201,1386,659,1844]" captionTargetId="figure-114@49.[195,1392,647,1853]" captionTargetPageId="49" captionText="Figs 161–166. Procursus length, number of modified hairs on each male chelicera, epigynum width/ length, epigynum measure F (cf. Fig. 21), and relationships between tibia 1 and tibia 2 lengths in males and females. Measures/counts sorted from smallest to biggest for each species. Abbreviations: abs. = S. absoloni; sko. = S. skotophilus; mon. = S. montenegrinus; pho. = S. photophilus." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4958890" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4958890/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">164</figureCitation>
) ..................................................................................................
<taxonomicName id="4C258CB38359FF9FFC6C10FCFADBFCCA" ID-CoL="6ZZPR" authority="Kratochvil, 1940" authorityName="Kratochvil" authorityYear="1940" box="[1021,1399,747,774]" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Stygopholcus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="skotophilus">
<emphasis id="B9512B228359FF9FFC6C10FCFB04FCCA" bold="true" box="[1021,1192,747,774]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">S. skotophilus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFB48AC18359FF9FFB2110FCFADBFCCA" author="Kratochvil J." box="[1200,1399,748,774]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" pagination="1 - 26" refId="ref33863" refString="Kratochvil J. 1940. Etude sur les araignees cavernicoles du genre Stygopholcus Krat. Acta Societatis Scientiarum Naturalium Moraviae 12: 1 - 26." type="journal article" year="1940">Kratochvíl, 1940</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9AF7308359FF9FFF501100FADBFCBC" blockId="11.[189,1399,265,880]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<keyLead id="30D454058359FF9FFF501100FADBFCBC" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
– Prolateralscleriteonprocursusnarrow (
<figureCitation id="131EEBB58359FF9FFD26111FFC93FCE5" box="[695,831,783,809]" captionStart="Figs 77–84" captionStartId="33.[189,242,1822,1848]" captionTargetBox="[189,1393,371,1679]" captionTargetId="figure-11@33.[189,1398,366,1681]" captionTargetPageId="33" captionText="Figs 77–84. Stygopholcus montenegrinus Kratochvíl, 1940. 77–78. Males from Studenačka pećina, Montenegro (ZFMK (Ar 22201)) and from Zeze Cave, Albania (CMK), tips of left procursi, prolateral (slightly ventral) views; arrows point at distinctive prolateral sclerites. 79–82. Male from Studenačka pećina (ZFMK (Ar 22201)), left genital bulb, retrolateral, ventral, prolateral-distal, and dorso-distal views. 83–84. Female from Studenačka pećina (ZFMK (Ar 22201)), cleared female genitalia, ventral and dorsal views. Scale bars: 0.5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4958840" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4958840/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Figs 77–78</figureCitation>
); bulbmeasure Clarge (usually&gt; 0.23, smallerin eastern specimens;
<figureCitation id="131EEBB58359FF9FFE5C1122FD9DFC81" box="[461,561,818,845]" captionStart="Figs 157–160" captionStartId="48.[189,242,1857,1883]" captionTargetBox="[192,1395,1000,1804]" captionTargetId="figure-349@48.[189,1398,988,1817]" captionTargetPageId="48" captionText="Figs 157–160. Bulbal measures B–E for the three species of the ‘northern clade’ of Stygopholcus Kratochvíl, 1932 (cf. Figs 15–18). Bulbal measure A is strongly correlated with measure C and therefore not shown. Bulbal measures sorted from smallest to biggest for each species of the ‘northern clade’. The bulb of S. photophilus was not measured (it differs strongly in shape, and measure D is inapplicable). Asterisk in Fig. 160 = dubious specimen from Jama na Brezdanu (see text)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4958888" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4958888/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Fig. 158</figureCitation>
); epigynal measure F small (usually &lt;0.41, larger in eastern specimens;
<figureCitation id="131EEBB58359FF9FFF7B1145FEFDFCBC" box="[234,337,853,880]" captionStart="Figs 161–166" captionStartId="49.[189,242,1892,1918]" captionTargetBox="[201,1386,659,1844]" captionTargetId="figure-114@49.[195,1392,647,1853]" captionTargetPageId="49" captionText="Figs 161–166. Procursus length, number of modified hairs on each male chelicera, epigynum width/ length, epigynum measure F (cf. Fig. 21), and relationships between tibia 1 and tibia 2 lengths in males and females. Measures/counts sorted from smallest to biggest for each species. Abbreviations: abs. = S. absoloni; sko. = S. skotophilus; mon. = S. montenegrinus; pho. = S. photophilus." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4958890" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4958890/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Figs 164</figureCitation>
) ....................................................................................
<taxonomicName id="4C258CB38359FF9FFC411145FADBFCBC" ID-CoL="98YWC" authority="Kratochvil, 1940" authorityName="Kratochvil" authorityYear="1940" box="[976,1399,853,880]" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Stygopholcus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="montenegrinus">
<emphasis id="B9512B228359FF9FFC411145FB04FCA3" bold="true" box="[976,1192,853,879]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">S. montenegrinus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFB48AC18359FF9FFB211145FADBFCBC" author="Kratochvil J." box="[1200,1399,853,880]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" pagination="1 - 26" refId="ref33863" refString="Kratochvil J. 1940. Etude sur les araignees cavernicoles du genre Stygopholcus Krat. Acta Societatis Scientiarum Naturalium Moraviae 12: 1 - 26." type="journal article" year="1940">Kratochvíl, 1940</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
</key>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
Reference in a new issue View git blame Copy permalink