217 lines
18 KiB
XML
217 lines
18 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6418279" ID-GBIF-Dataset="bc3766a8-d834-42d8-9b39-0612d00293ca" ID-ISBN="978-84-16728-19-0" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6418279" checkinTime="1600873888554" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Don E. Wilson & Russell A. Mittermeier" docDate="2019" docId="194287C9FF9ABA37B19AFBC0B2D1F633" docLanguage="en" docName="hbmw_9_Molossidae_598.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions" docTitle="Otomops harrisoni Ralph, Richards, Taylor, Napier & Lamb 2015" docType="treatment" docVersion="13" lastPageNumber="658" masterDocId="E57BFFB1FFBCBA10B412F760B226FFCE" masterDocTitle="Molossidae" masterLastPageNumber="672" masterPageNumber="598" pageNumber="657" updateTime="1661886293392" updateUser="felipe">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Molossidae</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Don E. Wilson</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Russell A. Mittermeier</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:originInfo>
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<mods:dateIssued>2019</mods:dateIssued>
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<mods:dateOther type="pubDate">2019-10-31</mods:dateOther>
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<mods:publisher>Lynx Edicions</mods:publisher>
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<mods:place>
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<mods:placeTerm>Barcelona</mods:placeTerm>
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</mods:place>
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</mods:originInfo>
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>598</mods:start>
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<mods:end>672</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:classification>book chapter</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6418279</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="GBIF-Dataset">bc3766a8-d834-42d8-9b39-0612d00293ca</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ISBN">978-84-16728-19-0</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Zenodo-Dep">6418279</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6577271" ID-GBIF-Taxon="195583590" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6577271" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:194287C9FF9ABA37B19AFBC0B2D1F633" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/194287C9FF9ABA37B19AFBC0B2D1F633" lastPageId="39" lastPageNumber="658" pageId="38" pageNumber="657">
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<heading pageId="38" pageNumber="657">
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<subSubSection box="[1416,1473,3232,3270]" pageId="38" pageNumber="657" type="multiple">
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<paragraph blockId="38.[1414,2505,3224,3350]" box="[1416,1473,3232,3270]" pageId="38" pageNumber="657">
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<figureCitation box="[1416,1473,3232,3270]" captionStart="Plate 46: Molossidae" captionStartId="34.[169,199,3282,3307]" captionTargetBox="[12,2782,19,3659]" captionTargetPageId="33" captionText="14. Bonda Mastiff Bat (Molossus currentium), 15. Fenton’s Masuft Bat (Molossus fentoni), 17. Pallas’s Mastiff Bat (Molossus molossus), 18. Miller’s Mastiff Bat (Molossus pretiosus), 19. Black Mastiff Bat (Molossus rufus)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6567958" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6567958/files/figure.png" pageId="38" pageNumber="657">94.</figureCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection box="[1490,2072,3232,3270]" pageId="38" pageNumber="657" type="vernacular_names">
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||
<paragraph blockId="38.[1414,2505,3224,3350]" box="[1490,2072,3232,3270]" pageId="38" pageNumber="657">
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<vernacularName box="[1490,2072,3232,3270]" pageId="38" pageNumber="657">Harrison's Giant Mastff Bat</vernacularName>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection box="[2126,2470,3224,3270]" pageId="38" pageNumber="657" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph blockId="38.[1414,2505,3224,3350]" box="[2126,2470,3224,3270]" pageId="38" pageNumber="657">
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Ralph, Richards, Taylor, Napier & Lamb" authorityYear="2015" box="[2126,2470,3224,3270]" class="Mammalia" family="Molossidae" genus="Otomops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="38" pageNumber="657" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="harrisoni">
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<emphasis box="[2126,2470,3224,3270]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="657">Otomops harrisoni</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="38" pageNumber="657" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph blockId="38.[1414,2505,3224,3350]" box="[1416,2504,3288,3309]" pageId="38" pageNumber="657">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[1416,1491,3288,3309]" pageId="38" pageNumber="657">French:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName box="[1496,1701,3288,3309]" pageId="38" pageNumber="657">Tadaride de Harrison</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[1723,1813,3288,3309]" pageId="38" pageNumber="657">German:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName box="[1823,2168,3288,3309]" pageId="38" pageNumber="657">Harrison-Riesenbulldogfledermaus</vernacularName>
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/ Spanish:
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<vernacularName box="[2290,2504,3288,3309]" pageId="38" pageNumber="657">Otomops de Harrison</vernacularName>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="38.[1414,2505,3224,3350]" box="[1415,2073,3328,3349]" pageId="38" pageNumber="657">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[1415,1662,3328,3349]" pageId="38" pageNumber="657">Other common names:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName box="[1672,2073,3328,3349]" pageId="38" pageNumber="657">Harrison's Large-eared Giant Mastiff Bat</vernacularName>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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</heading>
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<subSubSection box="[1415,2059,3394,3427]" pageId="38" pageNumber="657" type="reference_group">
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||
<paragraph blockId="38.[1413,2619,3394,3469]" box="[1415,2059,3394,3427]" pageId="38" pageNumber="657">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[1415,1570,3394,3427]" pageId="38" pageNumber="657">Taxonomy.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Ralph, Richards, Taylor, Napier & Lamb" authorityYear="2015" box="[1583,2054,3394,3427]" class="Mammalia" family="Molossidae" genus="Otomops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="38" pageNumber="657" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="harrisoni">Otomops harrisoni Ralph et al., 2015</taxonomicName>
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,
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="38" pageNumber="657" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph blockId="38.[1413,2619,3394,3469]" pageId="38" pageNumber="657">
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<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3780789421" country="Ethiopia" elevation="1340" latitude="6.9" location="S of Omar Cave" longLatPrecision="1303" longitude="40.8" municipality="Bale District" pageId="38" pageNumber="657" specimenCount="1">
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“
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<collectingCountry box="[2083,2203,3394,3427]" name="Ethiopia" pageId="38" pageNumber="657">Ethiopia</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingMunicipality box="[2218,2389,3394,3427]" pageId="38" pageNumber="657">Bale District</collectingMunicipality>
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,
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<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:194287C9FF9ABA37B19AFBC0B2D1F633:94346004FF9ABA36BD76FA22B81CF2AD" box="[2404,2618,3394,3427]" country="Ethiopia" latitude="6.9" longLatPrecision="1303" longitude="40.8" municipality="Bale District" name="S of Omar Cave" pageId="38" pageNumber="657">S of Omar Cave</location>
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<geoCoordinate box="[1415,1531,3433,3466]" degrees="06" direction="north" minutes="54" orientation="latitude" pageId="38" pageNumber="657" precision="925" value="6.9">06°54’N</geoCoordinate>
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;
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<geoCoordinate box="[1547,1657,3433,3466]" degrees="40" direction="east" minutes="48" orientation="longitude" pageId="38" pageNumber="657" precision="925" value="40.8">40°48’E</geoCoordinate>
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; elevation
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<quantity box="[1813,1914,3433,3466]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.34" pageId="38" pageNumber="657" unit="m" value="1340.0">
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<elevation box="[1813,1914,3433,3466]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.34" pageId="38" pageNumber="657" unit="m" value="1340.0">1340 m</elevation>
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</quantity>
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.”
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</materialsCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="39" pageNumber="658" type="discussion">
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<paragraph blockId="39.[789,1382,273,700]" pageId="39" pageNumber="658">
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<taxonomicName box="[792,899,273,306]" class="Mammalia" family="Molossidae" genus="Otomops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="39" pageNumber="658" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Otomops</taxonomicName>
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harrisoni was until recently included in
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Matschie" authorityYear="1897" box="[940,1140,317,346]" class="Mammalia" family="Molossidae" genus="Otomops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="39" pageNumber="658" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="martiensseni">O. martiensseni</taxonomicName>
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but the two species can be distinguished on molecular, ecological, biogeographic and morphometric grounds. A recent molecular study by B. D. Patterson and colleagues, in 2018, showed that the two species maintain their genetic distinctness where they co-occur (
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<collectingCountry box="[802,916,589,622]" name="Uganda" pageId="39" pageNumber="658">Uganda</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingCountry box="[937,1024,589,622]" name="Kenya" pageId="39" pageNumber="658">Kenya</collectingCountry>
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, and
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<collectingCountry box="[1113,1230,589,622]" name="Rwanda" pageId="39" pageNumber="658">Rwanda</collectingCountry>
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), reinforcing the conclusion that they are valid species. Monotypic.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="39" pageNumber="658" type="distribution">
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<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6567892" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6567892" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6567892/files/figure.png" inLine="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="658" targetBox="[174,765,286,701]" targetPageId="39">
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<paragraph blockId="39.[174,1385,707,2557]" pageId="39" pageNumber="658">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[177,352,707,740]" pageId="39" pageNumber="658">Distribution.</emphasis>
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Occurs patchily in NE & E Africa (
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<collectingCountry box="[868,967,707,740]" name="Eritrea" pageId="39" pageNumber="658">Eritrea</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingCountry box="[986,1103,707,740]" name="Djibouti" pageId="39" pageNumber="658">Djibouti</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingCountry box="[1121,1242,707,740]" name="Ethiopia" pageId="39" pageNumber="658">Ethiopia</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingCountry box="[1262,1374,707,740]" name="Uganda" pageId="39" pageNumber="658">Uganda</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingCountry box="[177,289,751,780]" name="Rwanda" pageId="39" pageNumber="658">Rwanda</collectingCountry>
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, and
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<collectingCountry box="[368,455,751,780]" name="Kenya" pageId="39" pageNumber="658">Kenya</collectingCountry>
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) and SW Arabian Peninsula (
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<collectingCountry box="[875,978,751,780]" name="Yemen" pageId="39" pageNumber="658">Yemen</collectingCountry>
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).
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="39" pageNumber="658" type="description">
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<paragraph blockId="39.[174,1385,707,2557]" pageId="39" pageNumber="658">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[177,432,786,819]" pageId="39" pageNumber="658">Descriptive notes.</emphasis>
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Head-body 90-109 mm, tail 40-58 mm, ear 34-46 mm, hindfoot 11-16 mm, forearm 64-74 mm; weight 27-45 g. Males average slightly larger than females in external and cranial measurements. Fur is similar to that of the Largeeared Giant Mastiff Bat (
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Matschie" authorityYear="1897" box="[528,738,912,937]" class="Mammalia" family="Molossidae" genus="Otomops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="39" pageNumber="658" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="martiensseni">O. martiensseni</taxonomicName>
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), soft, dense, and dark brown with dark rustybrown tinge, or blackish brown, darker on head and body, with pale brown or white band across shoulders, and a thin band of pale brown separating dark dorsal pelage from dark wing membrane on each side; belly is dark brown and throat paler. Face is pink with pig-like snout. Upper lip is expansible with many fine wrinkles and no spoon-hairs. Ears are rounded,fairly stiff, projecting forward well beyond snout; inner margins are joined together and to muzzle. Tragus is minute; antitragusis absent but a semicircular flap extends forward from base of ear and can be folded down to seal ear opening. There is no interaural crest. Gular sac is present in both sexes, well developed in adults. Wings and interfemoral membrane are blackish brown. Anterior of braincase is moderately elevated above plane of rostrum; zygomatic arches have prominent vertical projection; sagittal crest is moderate; lambdoid crest is low or absent; there is no helmet; anterior palatal emargination is very narrow and deep; basisphenoid pits are very deep and wide. Dentition is weak; P* is small but rising well above cingulum of P* M® with third ridge equal to, or slightly shorter than, second; lower incisors are bicuspid; C, has cingula weakly developed and well separated. Dental formula for all members of Otomopsis11/2,C1/1,P 2/2, M 3/3 (x2) = 30. Chromosomal complement in
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<collectingCountry box="[622,709,1575,1608]" name="Kenya" pageId="39" pageNumber="658">Kenya</collectingCountry>
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—which could be either present species or the Large-eared Giant Mastiff Bat—has 2n = 48 and FNa = 56 or 58.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="39" pageNumber="658" type="biology_ecology">
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<paragraph blockId="39.[174,1385,707,2557]" pageId="39" pageNumber="658">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[177,290,1654,1687]" pageId="39" pageNumber="658">Habitat.</emphasis>
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High-elevation areas (above
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<quantity box="[709,811,1654,1687]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="39" pageNumber="658" unit="m" value="1000.0">1000 m</quantity>
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) associated with a diverse range of tropical to semiarid habitats (less than
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<quantity box="[690,808,1698,1727]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="39" pageNumber="658" unit="mm" value="500.0">500 mm</quantity>
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annual rainfall), including woodlands, shrublands, montane grasslands, forests, dry grasslands, bushlands, and thickets.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="39" pageNumber="658" type="food_feeding">
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<paragraph blockId="39.[174,1385,707,2557]" pageId="39" pageNumber="658">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[176,439,1773,1806]" pageId="39" pageNumber="658">Food and Feeding.</emphasis>
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In
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<collectingCountry box="[491,612,1773,1806]" name="Ethiopia" pageId="39" pageNumber="658">Ethiopia</collectingCountry>
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, based on microscopic analysis of fecal pellets, 97% of the diet by volume comprised medium to large
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<taxonomicName box="[844,1018,1812,1845]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="39" pageNumber="658" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Lepidoptera</taxonomicName>
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of three families (
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="39" pageNumber="658" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Noctuidae</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Leach" baseAuthorityYear="1815" box="[244,430,1860,1885]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="39" pageNumber="658" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Geometridae</taxonomicName>
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, and
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<taxonomicName box="[509,677,1860,1885]" class="Insecta" family="Saturniidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="39" pageNumber="658" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Saturniidae</taxonomicName>
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).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection box="[176,550,1891,1924]" pageId="39" pageNumber="658" type="breeding">
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<paragraph blockId="39.[174,1385,707,2557]" box="[176,550,1891,1924]" pageId="39" pageNumber="658">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[176,310,1891,1924]" pageId="39" pageNumber="658">Breeding.</emphasis>
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No information.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="39" pageNumber="658" type="activity">
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<paragraph blockId="39.[174,1385,707,2557]" pageId="39" pageNumber="658">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[174,412,1930,1963]" pageId="39" pageNumber="658">Activity patterns.</emphasis>
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Harrison’s Giant Mastiff Bats typically roost in mountain-associated cave systems, including lava caves (e.g. Mount Suswa and Ithundu in the Rift Valley and Chyulu Hills in
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<collectingCountry box="[395,482,2010,2043]" name="Kenya" pageId="39" pageNumber="658">Kenya</collectingCountry>
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) and karst systems (e.g. Sof Omar cave system of
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<collectingCountry box="[1169,1295,2010,2043]" name="Ethiopia" pageId="39" pageNumber="658">Ethiopia</collectingCountry>
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). One roost was located in a disused railway tunnel near Asmara,
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<collectingCountry box="[1004,1102,2053,2082]" name="Eritrea" pageId="39" pageNumber="658">Eritrea</collectingCountry>
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. At Bungule, southeastern
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<collectingCountry box="[287,375,2088,2121]" name="Kenya" pageId="39" pageNumber="658">Kenya</collectingCountry>
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, an individual was recorded emitting echolocation calls of low frequency (minimum c.10-5 kHz, and peak c.12 kHz) and long duration (9 milliseconds).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="39" pageNumber="658" type="biology_ecology">
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<paragraph blockId="39.[174,1385,707,2557]" pageId="39" pageNumber="658">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[176,882,2168,2201]" pageId="39" pageNumber="658">Movements, Home range and Social organization.</emphasis>
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Harrison's Giant Mastiff Bats roost communally in small to large colonies. Seasonal absences from some roosts suggest that they may migrate.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="39" pageNumber="658" type="conservation">
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<paragraph blockId="39.[174,1385,707,2557]" pageId="39" pageNumber="658">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[176,535,2294,2319]" pageId="39" pageNumber="658">Status and Conservation.</emphasis>
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Classified as Vulnerable on The IUCN Red List, in view of major declines noted at important roostsites in caves of Mount Suswa and Ithundu. Threats include disturbance of caves due to guano mining and tourist-related activities, as well as the blocking of some cave entrances; excessive scientific collecting may also have played a part in these declines.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="39" pageNumber="658" type="bibRefCitation_list">
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<paragraph blockId="39.[174,1385,707,2557]" pageId="39" pageNumber="658">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[177,330,2492,2517]" pageId="39" pageNumber="658">Bibliography.</emphasis>
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ACR (2017), Long (1995), Mutere (1973b), Patterson et al. (2018), Ralph et al. (2015), Richards (2017).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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</treatment>
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</document> |