216 lines
22 KiB
XML
216 lines
22 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6418279" ID-GBIF-Dataset="bc3766a8-d834-42d8-9b39-0612d00293ca" ID-ISBN="978-84-16728-19-0" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6418279" checkinTime="1600873888554" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Don E. Wilson & Russell A. Mittermeier" docDate="2019" docId="194287C9FF8CBA21B19EF4B5B71DFAF2" docLanguage="en" docName="hbmw_9_Molossidae_598.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions" docTitle="Austronomus australis" docType="treatment" docVersion="14" lastPageNumber="668" masterDocId="E57BFFB1FFBCBA10B412F760B226FFCE" masterDocTitle="Molossidae" masterLastPageNumber="672" masterPageNumber="598" pageNumber="667" updateTime="1661886293392" updateUser="felipe">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Molossidae</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Don E. Wilson</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Russell A. Mittermeier</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:originInfo>
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<mods:dateIssued>2019</mods:dateIssued>
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<mods:dateOther type="pubDate">2019-10-31</mods:dateOther>
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<mods:publisher>Lynx Edicions</mods:publisher>
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<mods:place>
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<mods:placeTerm>Barcelona</mods:placeTerm>
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</mods:place>
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</mods:originInfo>
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>598</mods:start>
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<mods:end>672</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:classification>book chapter</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6418279</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="GBIF-Dataset">bc3766a8-d834-42d8-9b39-0612d00293ca</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ISBN">978-84-16728-19-0</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Zenodo-Dep">6418279</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6418882" ID-GBIF-Taxon="195583675" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6418882" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:194287C9FF8CBA21B19EF4B5B71DFAF2" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/194287C9FF8CBA21B19EF4B5B71DFAF2" lastPageId="49" lastPageNumber="668" pageId="48" pageNumber="667">
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<heading pageId="48" pageNumber="667">
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<subSubSection box="[1420,1500,981,1027]" pageId="48" pageNumber="667" type="multiple">
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<paragraph blockId="48.[1416,2591,981,1107]" box="[1420,1500,981,1027]" pageId="48" pageNumber="667">
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<figureCitation box="[1420,1500,981,1027]" captionStart="On" captionStartId="44.[151,181,3247,3272]" captionTargetBox="[16,2784,13,3655]" captionTargetPageId="43" captionText="On following pages: 105. Roberts's Flat-headed Bat (Sauromys petrophilus); 106. Brazilian Free-tailed Bat (Tadarida brasiliensis); 107. European Free-tailed Bat (7adarida teniotis); 108. Egyptian Free-tailed Bat (7adarida aegyptiaca); 109. Kenyan Big-eared Free-tailed Bat (Tadarida lobata); 110. African Giant Free-tailed Bat (Tadarida ventralis); 111. Malagasy Free-tailed Bat (7adarida fulminans); 112. East Asian Free-tailed Bat (7adarida insignis); 113. La Touche's Free-tailed Bat (Tadarida latouchei); 114. New Guinea Free-tailed Bat (Austronomus kuboriensis); 115. White-striped Free-tailed Bat (Austronomus australis); 116. East Coast Free-tailed Bat (Micronomus norfolkensis); 117. Beccari's Free-tailed Bat (Ozimops beccaril); 118. Northern Coastal Free-tailed Bat (Ozimops cobourgianus); 119. Cape York Free-tailed Bat (Ozimops hall); 120. South-western Free-tailed Bat (Ozimops kitchener); 121. Loria’s Free-tailed Bat (Ozimops loriae); 122. Lumsden'’s Free-tailed Bat (Ozimops lumsdenae); 123. Inland Free-tailed Bat (Ozimops petersi); 124. Southern Free-tailed Bat (Ozimops planiceps); 125. Ride's Free-tailed Bat (Ozimops ride); 126. Hairy-nosed Free-tailed Bat (Setirostris eleryi)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6567964" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6567964/files/figure.png" pageId="48" pageNumber="667">115.</figureCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection box="[1515,2115,981,1027]" pageId="48" pageNumber="667" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph blockId="48.[1416,2591,981,1107]" box="[1515,2115,981,1027]" pageId="48" pageNumber="667">
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<vernacularName box="[1515,2115,981,1027]" pageId="48" pageNumber="667">White-striped Free-tailed Bat</vernacularName>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection box="[2185,2590,981,1027]" pageId="48" pageNumber="667" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph blockId="48.[1416,2591,981,1107]" box="[2185,2590,981,1027]" pageId="48" pageNumber="667">
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<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Gray" baseAuthorityYear="1839" box="[2185,2590,981,1027]" class="Mammalia" family="Molossidae" genus="Austronomus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="48" pageNumber="667" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="australis">
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<emphasis box="[2185,2590,981,1027]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="667">Austronomus australis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="48" pageNumber="667" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph blockId="48.[1416,2591,981,1107]" box="[1417,2492,1045,1066]" pageId="48" pageNumber="667">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[1417,1493,1045,1066]" pageId="48" pageNumber="667">French:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName box="[1498,1667,1045,1066]" pageId="48" pageNumber="667">Tadaride australe</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[1688,1779,1045,1066]" pageId="48" pageNumber="667">German:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName box="[1785,2110,1045,1066]" pageId="48" pageNumber="667">\Weil3streifen-Bulldogfledermaus</vernacularName>
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/ Spanish: Murciélago rabudo austral
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="48.[1416,2591,981,1107]" box="[1417,1925,1085,1106]" pageId="48" pageNumber="667">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[1417,1664,1085,1106]" pageId="48" pageNumber="667">Other common names:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName box="[1671,1925,1085,1106]" pageId="48" pageNumber="667">\White-striped Mastiff Bat</vernacularName>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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</heading>
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<subSubSection pageId="48" pageNumber="667" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph blockId="48.[2029,2626,1159,1578]" pageId="48" pageNumber="667">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[2029,2185,1159,1184]" pageId="48" pageNumber="667">Taxonomy.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName authority="J. E. Gray, 1838" authorityName="J. E. Gray" authorityYear="1838" class="Mammalia" family="Molossidae" genus="Molossus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="48" pageNumber="667" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="australis">Molossus australis J. E. Gray, 1838</taxonomicName>
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,
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection box="[2115,2390,1199,1224]" pageId="48" pageNumber="667" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph blockId="48.[2029,2626,1159,1578]" box="[2115,2390,1199,1224]" pageId="48" pageNumber="667">
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<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3780789409" box="[2115,2390,1199,1224]" pageId="48" pageNumber="667">
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“
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<collectingRegion box="[2126,2375,1199,1224]" country="Australia" name="New South Wales" pageId="48" pageNumber="667">New South Wales</collectingRegion>
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.”
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</materialsCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="48" pageNumber="667" type="discussion">
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<paragraph blockId="48.[2029,2626,1159,1578]" pageId="48" pageNumber="667">
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<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Gray" baseAuthorityYear="1839" box="[2030,2317,1234,1263]" class="Mammalia" family="Molossidae" genus="Austronomus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="48" pageNumber="667" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="australis">Austronomus australis</taxonomicName>
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was the first molossid bat to be described from
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<collectingCountry box="[2385,2513,1269,1302]" name="Australia" pageId="48" pageNumber="667">Australia</collectingCountry>
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. Historic misunderstandings about the extent of variability of the white flank markings on individuals led, in 1884, to the description of a new species, “albidus’, by W. Leche, who was confused by G. E. Dobson’s incorrect statement in 1878 that females lacked the white flank markings and gular patch.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="48.[1416,2627,1585,3470]" pageId="48" pageNumber="667">
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O. Thomas in 1924 also described a new subspecies “atrata,” on the basis of a single melanistic specimen from Ooldea (
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<collectingRegion box="[1981,2202,1624,1657]" country="Australia" name="South Australia" pageId="48" pageNumber="667">South Australia</collectingRegion>
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) that lacked white markings. Neither albidus nor atrata is currently recognized as a distinct taxonomic entity, and instead they are considered representatives of natural color patterns within
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<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Gray" baseAuthorityYear="1839" box="[2507,2617,1703,1736]" class="Mammalia" family="Molossidae" genus="Austronomus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="48" pageNumber="667" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="australis">australis</taxonomicName>
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. Monotypic.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection box="[1417,2353,1782,1815]" pageId="48" pageNumber="667" type="distribution">
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<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6567938" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6567938" box="[1417,2353,1782,1815]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6567938/files/figure.png" inLine="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="667" targetBox="[1414,2006,1161,1576]" targetPageId="48">
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<paragraph blockId="48.[1416,2627,1585,3470]" box="[1417,2353,1782,1815]" pageId="48" pageNumber="667">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[1417,1593,1782,1815]" pageId="48" pageNumber="667">Distribution.</emphasis>
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Most of
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<collectingCountry box="[1717,1843,1782,1815]" name="Australia" pageId="48" pageNumber="667">Australia</collectingCountry>
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except far tropical N and
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<collectingRegion box="[2213,2349,1782,1815]" country="Australia" name="Tasmania" pageId="48" pageNumber="667">Tasmania</collectingRegion>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="48" pageNumber="667" type="description">
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<paragraph blockId="48.[1416,2627,1585,3470]" pageId="48" pageNumber="667">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[1417,1665,1821,1854]" pageId="48" pageNumber="667">Descriptive notes.</emphasis>
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Head—body
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<quantity box="[1845,2003,1821,1854]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.25" metricValueMax="10.0" metricValueMin="8.5" pageId="48" pageNumber="667" unit="mm" value="92.5" valueMax="100.0" valueMin="85.0">85-100 mm</quantity>
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,tail
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<quantity box="[2075,2222,1821,1854]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.75" metricValueMax="5.5" metricValueMin="4.0" pageId="48" pageNumber="667" unit="mm" value="47.5" valueMax="55.0" valueMin="40.0">40-55 mm</quantity>
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, ear
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<quantity box="[2290,2437,1821,1854]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.55" metricValueMax="2.8" metricValueMin="2.3" pageId="48" pageNumber="667" unit="mm" value="25.5" valueMax="28.0" valueMin="23.0">23-28 mm</quantity>
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, forearm
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<quantity metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.1" metricValueMax="6.5" metricValueMin="5.7" pageId="48" pageNumber="667" unit="mm" value="61.0" valueMax="65.0" valueMin="57.0">57- 65 mm</quantity>
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; weight
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<quantity box="[1630,1738,1861,1894]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="3.7" metricValueMax="4.8" metricValueMin="2.6" pageId="48" pageNumber="667" unit="g" value="37.0" valueMax="48.0" valueMin="26.0">26-48 g</quantity>
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. The White-striped Free-tailed Bat is the largest of all Australian free-tailed bats,easily identified byits large size and very dark brown fur, usually with a distinct white stripe of fur along ventral wing line on each side of body; white patches are also commonly seen on other areas of chest, but rarely they are absent. Ears are rounded, and wings long and narrow. Superficially like the Greater Northern Freetailed Bat (
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<taxonomicName authorityName="G. S. Miller" authorityYear="1902" box="[1580,1848,2058,2091]" class="Mammalia" family="Molossidae" genus="Chaerephon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="48" pageNumber="667" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="jobensis">Chaerephon jobensis</taxonomicName>
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), which also has rounded ears, but the White-striped Free-tailed Bat is much larger, with distinctive white markings.
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection pageId="48" pageNumber="667" type="biology_ecology">
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||
<paragraph blockId="48.[1416,2627,1585,3470]" pageId="48" pageNumber="667">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[1417,1529,2137,2170]" pageId="48" pageNumber="667">Habitat.</emphasis>
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The White-striped Free-tailed Bat has been found in most habitats across its range, from alpine areas to deserts and tropical environments. It inhabits forests, woodlands, savannas, grasslands, shrublands, agricultural lands, and urban landscapes, provided suitable large hollow-bearing trees are within flying distance. In
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<collectingRegion box="[2473,2580,2255,2288]" country="Australia" name="Victoria" pageId="48" pageNumber="667">Victoria</collectingRegion>
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,it has been recorded from sea level to elevations of
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<quantity box="[2116,2218,2295,2328]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.4" pageId="48" pageNumber="667" unit="m" value="1400.0">1400 m</quantity>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection pageId="48" pageNumber="667" type="food_feeding">
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<paragraph blockId="48.[1416,2627,1585,3470]" pageId="48" pageNumber="667">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[1417,1692,2334,2367]" pageId="48" pageNumber="667">Food and Feeding.</emphasis>
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White-striped Free-tailed Bats forage in open airspaces, either above the canopy or in treeless areas. Experiments using helium-filled balloons and radar in the South
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<collectingRegion box="[1691,1952,2413,2446]" country="Papua New Guinea" name="Eastern Highlands" pageId="48" pageNumber="667">Eastern Highlands</collectingRegion>
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found that they dominate bat activity at
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<quantity box="[2538,2622,2413,2446]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="48" pageNumber="667" unit="m" value="100.0">100 m</quantity>
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aboveground and may fly well above
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||
<quantity box="[1940,2039,2452,2485]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="48" pageNumber="667" unit="m" value="1500.0">1500 m</quantity>
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in altitude in search of high-flying moths and other invertebrates. The species may show clear preferences to forage in certain habitats, but these seem to vary across its range. In the Simpson Desert it shows a preference to forage over dune and swale habitats and near permanent water sources. In the urban area of Brisbane,
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<collectingRegion box="[1867,2039,2610,2643]" country="Australia" name="Queensland" pageId="48" pageNumber="667">Queensland</collectingRegion>
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, White-striped Free-tailed Bats preferred to forage over riverine and floodplain habitats; in rural parts of
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<collectingRegion box="[2327,2439,2650,2683]" country="Australia" name="Victoria" pageId="48" pageNumber="667">Victoria</collectingRegion>
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they showed no significant preference related to tree density, and foraged over all areas including paddocks.
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="48" pageNumber="667" type="breeding">
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||
<paragraph blockId="48.[1416,2627,1585,3470]" pageId="48" pageNumber="667">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[1418,1552,2768,2801]" pageId="48" pageNumber="667">Breeding.</emphasis>
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Despite its vast range, encompassing many broad climatic zones, Whitestriped Free-tailed Bats have a surprisingly consistent breeding ecology. Females are monoestrous. Copulation, ovulation, and fertilization all take place in late August. Most females, including the previous year’s young, give birth to a single young from mid-December to late January, sometimes as late as February. Females gather in maternity colonies which may number several hundred individuals. Young are weaned by May.
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection pageId="48" pageNumber="667" type="activity">
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||
<paragraph blockId="48.[1416,2627,1585,3470]" pageId="48" pageNumber="667">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[1416,1656,3044,3077]" pageId="48" pageNumber="667">Activity patterns.</emphasis>
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The White-striped Free-tailed Bat is nocturnal, emerging after dark and often flying very rapidly—on average
|
||
<quantity box="[2028,2124,3083,3116]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.4" pageId="48" pageNumber="667" unit="km" value="44.0">44 km</quantity>
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/h, but up to a maximum speed of over
|
||
<quantity box="[1492,1589,3126,3155]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" pageId="48" pageNumber="667" unit="km" value="60.0">60 km</quantity>
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/h, within the first 30 minutes—to commute to suitable foraging areas. Once the species arrives at its preferred habitat, it slows its flight to an average of
|
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<quantity box="[1420,1499,3201,3234]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.0" pageId="48" pageNumber="667" unit="km" value="7.0">7 km</quantity>
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/h. When foraging,it tends to fly in generally straight lines or wide arcs scanning the area ahead and below and dropping down to capture prey. White-striped Free-tailed Bats roost primarily in large (old or dead) eucalypts, often occupying their hollow trunks. They do not hibernate. Echolocation call is of very low frequency and loud (c.11-13 kHz); it is readily audible to most humans from a considerable distance, and is a characteristic sound of summer nights throughout much of
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||
<collectingCountry box="[1417,1546,3441,3470]" name="Australia" pageId="48" pageNumber="667">Australia</collectingCountry>
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||
.
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||
</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="49" pageNumber="668" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="49.[176,1383,286,1345]" pageId="49" pageNumber="668">
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||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[177,897,286,315]" pageId="49" pageNumber="668">Movements, Home range and Social organization.</emphasis>
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When not in maternity colonies, White-striped Free-tailed Bats generally roost alone or in small groups. They have been observed frequently flying more than
|
||
<quantity box="[737,827,361,394]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="49" pageNumber="668" unit="km" value="50.0">50 km</quantity>
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||
from the roost to foraging area each night, but average distance is closer to
|
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<quantity box="[718,788,400,433]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.0" pageId="49" pageNumber="668" unit="km" value="7.0">7 km</quantity>
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. A study in the Brisbane region found that they have a complex social organization focused around a single shared colonial roost, with a network of connected smaller roosts spanning an area of
|
||
<quantity box="[1082,1177,479,512]" metricMagnitude="5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="49" pageNumber="668" unit="km" value="200.0">200 km</quantity>
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®. There is evidence to suggest that, in the northern part of the range, the species migrates north in the cooler months to utilize tropical areas that are unsuitable for it during the humid hot months. There has also been speculation in the southern part of its range that the species may migrate north during the southern winter, but conclusive evidence supporting this has not been provided and at least some individuals remain active. White-striped Free-tailed Bats are known to fly long distances over the ocean, and individuals were reported landing on a fishing boat
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||
<quantity box="[861,962,755,788]" metricMagnitude="5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="49" pageNumber="668" unit="km" value="150.0">150 km</quantity>
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||
off the West Australian coast, and flying across the Bass Strait to
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<collectingRegion box="[661,794,794,827]" country="Australia" name="Tasmania" pageId="49" pageNumber="668">Tasmania</collectingRegion>
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at least occasionally. It is unclearif it is an occasional migrant orif the species is undergoing a southward expansion ofits range.
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||
</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="49" pageNumber="668" type="conservation">
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<paragraph blockId="49.[176,1383,286,1345]" pageId="49" pageNumber="668">
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||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[177,524,874,907]" pageId="49" pageNumber="668">Status and Conservation.</emphasis>
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Classified as Least Concern on The [UCN Red List. The Whitestriped Free-tailed Bat has one of the broadest distributions of any Australian bat and a very large area of occupancy. It is known to occur in many protected areas. Population is likely to have declined due to habitat loss in parts ofits range, but is still believed to be very large. Since the 1970s, the species has frequently been reported being killed by wind turbines: the expansion of large-scale windpower generation in parts of the species’ range, particularly in south-eastern
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[744,871,1109,1142]" name="Australia" pageId="49" pageNumber="668">Australia</collectingCountry>
|
||
, may pose risks to local populations.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="49" pageNumber="668" type="bibRefCitation_list">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="49.[176,1383,286,1345]" pageId="49" pageNumber="668">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[177,330,1157,1182]" pageId="49" pageNumber="668">Bibliography.</emphasis>
|
||
Adams et al. (1988), Allison (1989), Ammerman et al. (2012), Cawthen (2013, 2014), Dobson (1878), Dunlop & Bullen (2011), Hill (1961), Iredale & Troughton (1934), Jackson & Groves (2015), Kitchener & Hudson (1982), Leche (1884), Lumsden & Bennett (2005), Mahoney & Walton (1988), Mills & Pennay (2018), Pennay & Mills (2018), Rhodes (2006), Rhodes & Wardell-Johnson (2006), Reardon et al. (2014), Thomas (1924b), Troughton (1926, 1941), Van Dyck et al. (2013), Williams & Dickman (2004), Woinarski et al. (2014).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |