446 lines
65 KiB
XML
446 lines
65 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="800E8C5ADEA61B8807827E5A4B4691AA">First Record of Holothuria (Cystipus) dura (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea) from Japan, with Notes on Locomotion</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="1A4E240D44CA63EEA96B5F0953C2585A">Woo, Sau Pinn</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="845156A1FA8766C4CE17C982DDC7349B">Department of Natural History Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Hokkaido University, Kita 10 Nishi 8, Kitaku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060 - 0810, Japan E-mail: abe _ woo @ hotmail. com & Corresponding author</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="31D60A17C97271249E4AA62A981128C1">Kajihara, Hiroshi</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="6D8942BA5962F9E967F16505EB79E70A">Department of Natural History Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Hokkaido University, Kita 10 Nishi 8, Kitaku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060 - 0810, Japan E-mail: abe _ woo @ hotmail. com</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="97B505B9B81A7DD054F8C2D3E4832D42" type="email">abe_woo@hotmail.com</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:namePart id="D2E72FBD19E18CA6047E4EA0F76004DC">Iwasaki, Nozomu</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="47BAE34AAF625D4E936BBAEEAE8CF96E">Faculty of Geo-Environmental Science, Rissho University, 1700 Magechi, Kumagaya, Saitama 360 - 0194, Japan</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="0372A0E72BDC36DD215DF8BA0D680CCD">Fujita, Toshihiko</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="30BEDC60F664795AB2AFA3C508D786CB">Department of Zoology, National Museum of Nature and Science, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305 - 0005, Japan</mods:affiliation>
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(
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)
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<emphasis id="99B50824886FFFEAFE645EAD32A9FA79" bold="true" box="[404,454,1467,1491]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="47">dura</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="CF50A9C7886FFFEAFE3C5EAD319FFA79" author="Cherbonnier, G. & Feral, J." box="[460,752,1467,1491]" pageId="2" pageNumber="47" pagination="357 - 412" refId="ref2780" refString="Cherbonnier, G. and Feral, J. 1981. Echinodermes: Holothuries. Resultats des Campagnes MUSORSTOM I. Phillipines (18 - 28 Mars 1976), Collection. Memoires ORSTOM 91: 357 - 412." type="journal article" year="1981">Cherbonnier and Féral, 1981</bibRefCitation>
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(
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<figureCitation id="33FAC8B3886FFFEAFE515ECA3296FA5E" box="[417,505,1500,1524]" captionStart-0="Fig" captionStart-1="Fig" captionStart-2="Fig" captionStart-3="Fig" captionStart-4="Fig" captionStart-5="Fig" captionStartId-0="1.[156,187,1907,1929]" captionStartId-1="2.[156,187,1293,1315]" captionStartId-2="3.[156,187,1910,1932]" captionStartId-3="4.[156,187,1834,1856]" captionStartId-4="5.[156,187,1910,1932]" captionStartId-5="6.[157,188,1456,1478]" captionTargetBox-0="[349,1237,205,1868]" captionTargetBox-1="[189,1398,205,1254]" captionTargetBox-2="[215,1373,206,1870]" captionTargetBox-3="[180,1408,206,1794]" captionTargetBox-4="[211,1376,206,1870]" captionTargetBox-5="[188,1398,207,1416]" captionTargetId-0="figure-7@1.[349,1237,205,1868]" captionTargetId-1="figure-350@2.[189,1398,205,1254]" captionTargetId-2="figure-6@3.[214,1374,205,1871]" captionTargetId-3="figure-98@4.[179,1409,205,1795]" captionTargetId-4="figure-6@5.[210,1377,205,1871]" captionTargetId-5="figure-336@6.[187,1399,205,1417]" captionTargetPageId-0="1" captionTargetPageId-1="2" captionTargetPageId-2="3" captionTargetPageId-3="4" captionTargetPageId-4="5" captionTargetPageId-5="6" captionText-0="Fig. 1. In-situ photography of Holothuria (Cystipus) dura Cherbonnier and Féral, 1981 (NSMT E-9839). A, Dorsal anterior view; B, dorsal view; C, bifurcated tips of the ventro-lateral papillae. Depth: A, 182.4m; B–C, 126.3m." captionText-1="Fig. 2. Holothuria (Cystipus) dura Cherbonnier and Féral, 1981 (NSMT E-9839). A, Dorsal view; B, ventral view." captionText-2="Fig. 3. Ossicles from the dorsal body of Holothuria (Cystipus) dura Cherbonnier and Féral, 1981 (NSMT E-9839). A, Fenestrated ellipsoids; B, modified table forming fenestrated spheroids; C, tables with low spire and multiple spine tips." captionText-3="Fig. 4. Ossicles from the ventral body of Holothuria (Cystipus) dura Cherbonnier and Féral, 1981 (NSMT E-9839). A, Fenestrated ellipsoids; B, modified table forming fenestrated spheroids; C, tables with low spire and multiple spine tips." captionText-4="Fig. 5. Ossicles from the papillae of Holothuria (Cystipus) dura Cherbonnier and Féral, 1981 (NSMT E-9839). A, Modified tables forming fenestrated spheroids; B, modified table forming fenestrated ellipsoid; C, rods with central perforations." captionText-5="Fig. 6. Rod ossicles from the tentacles of Holothuria (Cystipus) dura Cherbonnier and Féral, 1981 (NSMT E-9839)." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4585049" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4585051" figureDoi-2="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4585055" figureDoi-3="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4585057" figureDoi-4="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4585059" figureDoi-5="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4585061" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/4585049/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/4585051/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/4585055/files/figure.png" httpUri-3="https://zenodo.org/record/4585057/files/figure.png" httpUri-4="https://zenodo.org/record/4585059/files/figure.png" httpUri-5="https://zenodo.org/record/4585061/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="47">Figs 1–6</figureCitation>
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)
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</heading>
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="CF50A9C7886FFFEAFE325D0B3261F9FF" author="Cherbonnier, G. & Feral, J." pageId="2" pageNumber="47" pagination="357 - 412" refId="ref2780" refString="Cherbonnier, G. and Feral, J. 1981. Echinodermes: Holothuries. Resultats des Campagnes MUSORSTOM I. Phillipines (18 - 28 Mars 1976), Collection. Memoires ORSTOM 91: 357 - 412." type="journal article" year="1981">Cherbonnier and Féral, 1981: 385–387</bibRefCitation>
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, fig. 17A–M.
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<treatmentCitation id="2A60F227886FFFEAFF6C5D48317AF9DC" author="Ameziane, N." box="[156,533,1630,1654]" page="342" pageId="2" pageNumber="47" year="2007">
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<taxonomicName id="6CC1AFB5886FFFEAFF6C5D48317AF9DC" authority=": Ameziane 2007: 342" authorityName="Ameziane" authorityPageNumber="342" authorityYear="2007" box="[156,533,1630,1654]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Holothuriidae" genus="Holothuria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Aspidochirotida" pageId="2" pageNumber="47" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="dura">
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<emphasis id="99B50824886FFFEAFF6C5D483251F9DC" box="[156,318,1630,1654]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="47">Holothuria dura</emphasis>
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:
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<bibRefCitation id="CF50A9C7886FFFEAFEBA5D48317AF9DC" author="Ameziane, N." box="[330,533,1630,1654]" pageId="2" pageNumber="47" pagination="337 - 347" refId="ref2691" refString="Ameziane, N. 2007. Echinodermata of New Caledonia. Pp. 337 - 347. In: Payri, C. E. and Richer de Forges, B. (Eds) Compendium of Marine Species of New Caledonia, Documents Scientifiques et Techniques II 7, Second Edition. Institut de Recherche pour le Developpement, Noumea." type="book chapter" year="2007">Améziane 2007: 342</bibRefCitation>
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[checklist].
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<emphasis id="99B50824886FFFEAFF455D8932E4F91D" bold="true" box="[181,395,1695,1719]" pageId="2" pageNumber="47">Material examined.</emphasis>
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<location id="AE1E82ED886FFFEAFE545D8932BFF91C" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:23686520886FFFEFFF5C5EAD31AEF8B2:AE1E82ED886FFFEAFE545D8932BFF91C" box="[420,464,1695,1718]" county="Ogasawara Islands" latitude="26.558332" longLatPrecision="20" longitude="142.10834" municipality="Hahajima island" name="Two" pageId="2" pageNumber="47">Two</location>
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specimens: NSMT E-9839, southwest of
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<collectingMunicipality id="4B1A4E4C886FFFEAFEBC5DA93166F97D" box="[332,521,1727,1751]" pageId="2" pageNumber="47">Hahajima island</collectingMunicipality>
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,
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depth
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,
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, ROV Hakuyo, collected by N
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|
||
<materialsCitation id="1BA9DE6B886FFFEAFE195C1731AFF893" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3097568301" country="India" county="Sukumo" elevation="110" location="Iwasaki" municipality="Okinoshima island" pageId="2" pageNumber="47" specimenCount="1">
|
||
.
|
||
<location id="AE1E82ED886FFFEAFE0C5C163125F8B2" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:23686520886FFFEFFF5C5EAD31AEF8B2:AE1E82ED886FFFEAFE0C5C163125F8B2" box="[508,586,1792,1816]" country="India" county="Sukumo" municipality="Okinoshima island" name="Iwasaki" pageId="2" pageNumber="47">Iwasaki</location>
|
||
; NSMT E-9840,
|
||
<collectingMunicipality id="4B1A4E4C886FFFEAFF6C5C373231F893" box="[156,350,1825,1849]" pageId="2" pageNumber="47">Okinoshima island</collectingMunicipality>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCounty id="421FACBA886FFFEAFE985C3732D1F893" box="[360,446,1825,1849]" pageId="2" pageNumber="47">Sukumo</collectingCounty>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="D3D694A6886FFFEAFE375C37316AF893" box="[455,517,1825,1849]" name="India" pageId="2" pageNumber="47">Kochi</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<elevation id="20EC3305886FFFEAFDFF5C3731AFF893" box="[527,704,1825,1849]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.1" metricValueMax="1.2" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="2" pageNumber="47" unit="m" value="110.0" valueMax="120.0" valueMin="100.0">
|
||
<quantity id="6C3979D3886FFFEAFDFF5C373112F892" box="[527,637,1825,1849]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.1" metricValueMax="1.2" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="2" pageNumber="47" unit="m" value="110.0" valueMax="120.0" valueMin="100.0">100–120 m</quantity>
|
||
depth
|
||
</elevation>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="E3DB87BD886FFFECFF455C57367DF7B7" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="49" pageId="2" pageNumber="47" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="AB7ED436886FFFEAFF455C573644F952" blockId="2.[156,767,1695,2077]" lastBlockId="2.[820,1432,1369,2077]" pageId="2" pageNumber="47">
|
||
<emphasis id="99B50824886FFFEAFF455C573256F8F3" bold="true" box="[181,313,1857,1881]" pageId="2" pageNumber="47">Description.</emphasis>
|
||
Body vermiform and straight. Approximate body length 14.0–20.9 cm in preserved state. Body surface of preserved specimens wrinkled and folded. Tentacles retracted; number undetermined. Oral opening ventral, surrounded by single ring of minute papillae. Body surface rough and gritty to touch. Two rows of dorsolateral conical papillae on each side; in living state, tapering with sharp tips and dark coloured with white ring at base; in preserved specimens, blunt in shape and brown in colour. Ventrolateral conical papillae 13 (NSMT E-9839) and 15 (NSMT E-9840) on left side, 15 (NSMT E-9839) and 14 (NSMT E-9840) on right side; some with bifurcate tips, especially those in middle part of body (
|
||
<figureCitation id="33FAC8B3886FFFEAFB955EEA37DEF9BE" box="[1125,1201,1532,1556]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="1.[156,187,1907,1929]" captionTargetBox="[349,1237,205,1868]" captionTargetId="figure-7@1.[349,1237,205,1868]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="Fig. 1. In-situ photography of Holothuria (Cystipus) dura Cherbonnier and Féral, 1981 (NSMT E-9839). A, Dorsal anterior view; B, dorsal view; C, bifurcated tips of the ventro-lateral papillae. Depth: A, 182.4m; B–C, 126.3m." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4585049" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4585049/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="47">Fig. 1C</figureCitation>
|
||
); bifurcation not obvious in preserved state (
|
||
<figureCitation id="33FAC8B3886FFFEAFBD85D0B37F9F99F" box="[1064,1174,1565,1589]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="2.[156,187,1293,1315]" captionTargetBox="[189,1398,205,1254]" captionTargetId="figure-350@2.[189,1398,205,1254]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Fig. 2. Holothuria (Cystipus) dura Cherbonnier and Féral, 1981 (NSMT E-9839). A, Dorsal view; B, ventral view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4585051" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4585051/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="47">Fig. 2A, B</figureCitation>
|
||
). Ventral body flattened, white (
|
||
<figureCitation id="33FAC8B3886FFFEAFC725D2B30BBF9FF" box="[898,980,1597,1621]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="2.[156,187,1293,1315]" captionTargetBox="[189,1398,205,1254]" captionTargetId="figure-350@2.[189,1398,205,1254]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Fig. 2. Holothuria (Cystipus) dura Cherbonnier and Féral, 1981 (NSMT E-9839). A, Dorsal view; B, ventral view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4585051" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4585051/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="47">Fig. 2B</figureCitation>
|
||
; NSMT E-9839) or light brown (NSMT E-9840) in colour. Number of tube feet undetermined due to contraction, not crowded and sparsely distributed along radii and interradii; light brown in colour, paler than dorsolateral conical papillae. Fifteen tentacular ampullae. Gonads single tuft. Respiratory tree single. Anus terminal.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="AB7ED436886FFFECFCBE5C16367DF7B7" blockId="2.[820,1432,1369,2077]" lastBlockId="4.[820,1431,1923,2077]" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="49" pageId="2" pageNumber="47">
|
||
Dorsal body wall containing table ossicles, modified table ossicles, and fenestrated ellipsoid ossicles (
|
||
<figureCitation id="33FAC8B3886FFFEAFB1A5C37364BF893" box="[1258,1316,1825,1849]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="3.[156,187,1910,1932]" captionTargetBox="[215,1373,206,1870]" captionTargetId="figure-6@3.[214,1374,205,1871]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Fig. 3. Ossicles from the dorsal body of Holothuria (Cystipus) dura Cherbonnier and Féral, 1981 (NSMT E-9839). A, Fenestrated ellipsoids; B, modified table forming fenestrated spheroids; C, tables with low spire and multiple spine tips." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4585055" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4585055/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="47">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
A–C). Disc of tables
|
||
<quantity id="6C3979D3886FFFEAFC6C5C573090F8F0" box="[924,1023,1857,1882]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.2" metricValueMax="9.9" metricValueMin="8.5" pageId="2" pageNumber="47" unit="mm" value="92.0" valueMax="99.0" valueMin="85.0">85–99 µm</quantity>
|
||
in diameter, very spinous with multiple perforations; four very low pillars with multiple and crowded short spines (
|
||
<figureCitation id="33FAC8B3886FFFEAFBC15C9437E8F831" box="[1073,1159,1922,1947]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="3.[156,187,1910,1932]" captionTargetBox="[215,1373,206,1870]" captionTargetId="figure-6@3.[214,1374,205,1871]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Fig. 3. Ossicles from the dorsal body of Holothuria (Cystipus) dura Cherbonnier and Féral, 1981 (NSMT E-9839). A, Fenestrated ellipsoids; B, modified table forming fenestrated spheroids; C, tables with low spire and multiple spine tips." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4585055" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4585055/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="47">Fig. 3C</figureCitation>
|
||
). Modified tables always smaller (diameter
|
||
<quantity id="6C3979D3886FFFEAFC065CB53735F811" box="[1014,1114,1955,1979]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.75" metricValueMax="2.0" metricValueMin="1.5" pageId="2" pageNumber="47" unit="mm" value="17.5" valueMax="20.0" valueMin="15.0">15–20 µm</quantity>
|
||
) than tables. Knobs in modified table discs interconnected to spiny pillar forming fenestrated spheroids (
|
||
<figureCitation id="33FAC8B3886FFFEAFC1B5CF23755F856" box="[1003,1082,2020,2044]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="3.[156,187,1910,1932]" captionTargetBox="[215,1373,206,1870]" captionTargetId="figure-6@3.[214,1374,205,1871]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Fig. 3. Ossicles from the dorsal body of Holothuria (Cystipus) dura Cherbonnier and Féral, 1981 (NSMT E-9839). A, Fenestrated ellipsoids; B, modified table forming fenestrated spheroids; C, tables with low spire and multiple spine tips." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4585055" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4585055/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="47">Fig. 3B</figureCitation>
|
||
). Fenestrated ellipsoid (
|
||
<quantity id="6C3979D3886FFFEAFAC35CF236F7F857" box="[1331,1432,2020,2045]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.7" metricValueMax="7.7" metricValueMin="5.7" pageId="2" pageNumber="47" unit="mm" value="67.0" valueMax="77.0" valueMin="57.0">57–77 µm</quantity>
|
||
height) with smooth, knobbed surface, and irregular perforations (
|
||
<figureCitation id="33FAC8B38869FFECFEF55C95323AF831" box="[261,341,1923,1947]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="3.[156,187,1910,1932]" captionTargetBox="[215,1373,206,1870]" captionTargetId="figure-6@3.[214,1374,205,1871]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Fig. 3. Ossicles from the dorsal body of Holothuria (Cystipus) dura Cherbonnier and Féral, 1981 (NSMT E-9839). A, Fenestrated ellipsoids; B, modified table forming fenestrated spheroids; C, tables with low spire and multiple spine tips." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4585055" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4585055/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="49">Fig. 3A</figureCitation>
|
||
). Ventral body wall with tables, modified tables, and fenestrated ellipsoids (
|
||
<figureCitation id="33FAC8B38869FFECFE055CB5315EF811" box="[501,561,1955,1979]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="4.[156,187,1834,1856]" captionTargetBox="[180,1408,206,1794]" captionTargetId="figure-98@4.[179,1409,205,1795]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Fig. 4. Ossicles from the ventral body of Holothuria (Cystipus) dura Cherbonnier and Féral, 1981 (NSMT E-9839). A, Fenestrated ellipsoids; B, modified table forming fenestrated spheroids; C, tables with low spire and multiple spine tips." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4585057" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4585057/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="49">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
||
A–C). Disc of tables in ventral body smaller (diameter
|
||
<quantity id="6C3979D38869FFECFDF15CD2310AF876" box="[513,613,1988,2012]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.0" metricValueMax="8.7" metricValueMin="7.3" pageId="4" pageNumber="49" unit="mm" value="80.0" valueMax="87.0" valueMin="73.0">73–87 µm</quantity>
|
||
) than those in dorsal body (
|
||
<figureCitation id="33FAC8B38869FFECFED65CF23219F856" box="[294,374,2020,2044]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="4.[156,187,1834,1856]" captionTargetBox="[180,1408,206,1794]" captionTargetId="figure-98@4.[179,1409,205,1795]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Fig. 4. Ossicles from the ventral body of Holothuria (Cystipus) dura Cherbonnier and Féral, 1981 (NSMT E-9839). A, Fenestrated ellipsoids; B, modified table forming fenestrated spheroids; C, tables with low spire and multiple spine tips." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4585057" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4585057/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="49">Fig. 4C</figureCitation>
|
||
). Dorsal papillae containing modified tables, fenestrated ellipsoids, and rod ossicles (
|
||
<figureCitation id="33FAC8B38869FFECFD75531331AEF7B7" box="[645,705,2053,2077]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="5.[156,187,1910,1932]" captionTargetBox="[211,1376,206,1870]" captionTargetId="figure-6@5.[210,1377,205,1871]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Fig. 5. Ossicles from the papillae of Holothuria (Cystipus) dura Cherbonnier and Féral, 1981 (NSMT E-9839). A, Modified tables forming fenestrated spheroids; B, modified table forming fenestrated ellipsoid; C, rods with central perforations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4585059" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4585059/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="49">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
|
||
A–C). Modified tables in papillae forming very knobby fenestrated spheroids (
|
||
<figureCitation id="33FAC8B38869FFECFC565CB53097F811" box="[934,1016,1955,1979]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="5.[156,187,1910,1932]" captionTargetBox="[211,1376,206,1870]" captionTargetId="figure-6@5.[210,1377,205,1871]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Fig. 5. Ossicles from the papillae of Holothuria (Cystipus) dura Cherbonnier and Féral, 1981 (NSMT E-9839). A, Modified tables forming fenestrated spheroids; B, modified table forming fenestrated ellipsoid; C, rods with central perforations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4585059" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4585059/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="49">Fig. 5A</figureCitation>
|
||
). Rods in papillae with central perforations; the latter being
|
||
<quantity id="6C3979D38869FFECFBED5CD23703F876" box="[1053,1132,1988,2012]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.048" metricValueMax="5.08" metricValueMin="1.016" pageId="4" pageNumber="49" unit="in" value="12.0" valueMax="20.0" valueMin="4.0">4–20 in</quantity>
|
||
number (
|
||
<figureCitation id="33FAC8B38869FFECFB255CD2364AF871" box="[1237,1317,1987,2012]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="5.[156,187,1910,1932]" captionTargetBox="[211,1376,206,1870]" captionTargetId="figure-6@5.[210,1377,205,1871]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Fig. 5. Ossicles from the papillae of Holothuria (Cystipus) dura Cherbonnier and Féral, 1981 (NSMT E-9839). A, Modified tables forming fenestrated spheroids; B, modified table forming fenestrated ellipsoid; C, rods with central perforations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4585059" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4585059/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="49">Fig. 5C</figureCitation>
|
||
). Tentacles bearing rods with smooth surface; some spinelets present on rods, especially numerous at both ends (
|
||
<figureCitation id="33FAC8B38869FFECFB3A5313366AF7B7" box="[1226,1285,2053,2077]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="6.[157,188,1456,1478]" captionTargetBox="[188,1398,207,1416]" captionTargetId="figure-336@6.[187,1399,205,1417]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Fig. 6. Rod ossicles from the tentacles of Holothuria (Cystipus) dura Cherbonnier and Féral, 1981 (NSMT E-9839)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4585061" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4585061/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="49">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<caption id="FFBE84BE886EFFEBFF6C5C603090F802" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4585055" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4585055" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4585055/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="48" startId="3.[156,187,1910,1932]" targetBox="[215,1373,206,1870]" targetPageId="3">
|
||
<paragraph id="AB7ED436886EFFEBFF6C5C603090F802" blockId="3.[156,1432,1910,1960]" pageId="3" pageNumber="48">
|
||
Fig. 3. Ossicles from the dorsal body of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6CC1AFB5886EFFEBFDE95C60377CF821" authority="Cherbonnier and Feral, 1981" authorityName="Cherbonnier and Feral" authorityYear="1981" box="[537,1043,1910,1932]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Holothuriidae" genus="Holothuria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Aspidochirotida" pageId="3" pageNumber="48" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="dura" subGenus="Cystipus">
|
||
<emphasis id="99B50824886EFFEBFDE95C603114F821" box="[537,635,1910,1931]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="48">Holothuria</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="99B50824886EFFEBFD785C6031BDF821" box="[648,722,1910,1931]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="48">Cystipus</emphasis>
|
||
)
|
||
<emphasis id="99B50824886EFFEBFD2F5C603066F821" box="[735,777,1910,1931]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="48">dura</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CF50A9C7886EFFEBFCFE5C60377CF821" author="Cherbonnier, G. & Feral, J." box="[782,1043,1910,1932]" pageId="3" pageNumber="48" pagination="357 - 412" refId="ref2780" refString="Cherbonnier, G. and Feral, J. 1981. Echinodermes: Holothuries. Resultats des Campagnes MUSORSTOM I. Phillipines (18 - 28 Mars 1976), Collection. Memoires ORSTOM 91: 357 - 412." type="journal article" year="1981">Cherbonnier and Féral, 1981</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(NSMT E-9839). A, Fenestrated ellipsoids; B, modified table forming fenestrated spheroids; C, tables with low spire and multiple spine tips.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="FFBE84BE8869FFECFF6C5C3C3757F8F6" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4585057" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4585057" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4585057/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="49" startId="4.[156,187,1834,1856]" targetBox="[180,1408,206,1794]" targetPageId="4">
|
||
<paragraph id="AB7ED4368869FFECFF6C5C3C3757F8F6" blockId="4.[156,1432,1834,1884]" pageId="4" pageNumber="49">
|
||
Fig. 4. Ossicles from the ventral body of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6CC1AFB58869FFECFDDD5C3C375BF895" authority="Cherbonnier and Feral, 1981" authorityName="Cherbonnier and Feral" authorityYear="1981" box="[557,1076,1834,1856]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Holothuriidae" genus="Holothuria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Aspidochirotida" pageId="4" pageNumber="49" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="dura" subGenus="Cystipus">
|
||
<emphasis id="99B508248869FFECFDDD5C3C31E0F895" box="[557,655,1834,1855]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="49">Holothuria</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="99B508248869FFECFD6E5C3C3187F895" box="[670,744,1834,1855]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="49">Cystipus</emphasis>
|
||
)
|
||
<emphasis id="99B508248869FFECFD075C3C304EF895" box="[759,801,1834,1855]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="49">dura</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CF50A9C78869FFECFCD95C3C375BF895" author="Cherbonnier, G. & Feral, J." box="[809,1076,1834,1856]" pageId="4" pageNumber="49" pagination="357 - 412" refId="ref2780" refString="Cherbonnier, G. and Feral, J. 1981. Echinodermes: Holothuries. Resultats des Campagnes MUSORSTOM I. Phillipines (18 - 28 Mars 1976), Collection. Memoires ORSTOM 91: 357 - 412." type="journal article" year="1981">Cherbonnier and Féral, 1981</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(NSMT E-9839). A, Fenestrated ellipsoids; B, modified table forming fenestrated spheroids; C, tables with low spire and multiple spine tips.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="FFBE84BE8868FFEDFF6C5C60372DF802" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4585059" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4585059" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4585059/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="50" startId="5.[156,187,1910,1932]" targetBox="[211,1376,206,1870]" targetPageId="5">
|
||
<paragraph id="AB7ED4368868FFEDFF6C5C60372DF802" blockId="5.[156,1432,1909,1960]" pageId="5" pageNumber="50">
|
||
Fig. 5. Ossicles from the papillae of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6CC1AFB58868FFEDFE0A5C603095F821" authority="Cherbonnier and Feral, 1981" authorityName="Cherbonnier and Feral" authorityYear="1981" box="[506,1018,1910,1932]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Holothuriidae" genus="Holothuria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Aspidochirotida" pageId="5" pageNumber="50" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="dura" subGenus="Cystipus">
|
||
<emphasis id="99B508248868FFEDFE0A5C603133F821" box="[506,604,1910,1931]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="50">Holothuria</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="99B508248868FFEDFD995C6031DCF821" box="[617,691,1910,1931]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="50">Cystipus</emphasis>
|
||
)
|
||
<emphasis id="99B508248868FFEDFD325C603183F821" box="[706,748,1910,1931]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="50">dura</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CF50A9C78868FFEDFD025C603095F821" author="Cherbonnier, G. & Feral, J." box="[754,1018,1910,1932]" pageId="5" pageNumber="50" pagination="357 - 412" refId="ref2780" refString="Cherbonnier, G. and Feral, J. 1981. Echinodermes: Holothuries. Resultats des Campagnes MUSORSTOM I. Phillipines (18 - 28 Mars 1976), Collection. Memoires ORSTOM 91: 357 - 412." type="journal article" year="1981">Cherbonnier and Féral, 1981</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(NSMT E-9839). A, Modified tables forming fenestrated spheroids; B, modified table forming fenestrated ellipsoid; C, rods with central perforations.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="FFBE84BE886BFFEEFF6D5EA637D5FA6C" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4585061" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4585061" box="[157,1210,1456,1478]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4585061/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="51" startId="6.[157,188,1456,1478]" targetBox="[188,1398,207,1416]" targetPageId="6">
|
||
<paragraph id="AB7ED436886BFFEEFF6D5EA637D5FA6C" blockId="6.[157,1210,1456,1478]" box="[157,1210,1456,1478]" pageId="6" pageNumber="51">
|
||
Fig. 6. Rod ossicles from the tentacles of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6CC1AFB5886BFFEEFDD25EA63772FA6F" authority="Cherbonnier and Feral, 1981" authorityName="Cherbonnier and Feral" authorityYear="1981" box="[546,1053,1456,1478]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Holothuriidae" genus="Holothuria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Aspidochirotida" pageId="6" pageNumber="51" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="dura" subGenus="Cystipus">
|
||
<emphasis id="99B50824886BFFEEFDD25EA631EBFA6F" box="[546,644,1456,1477]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="51">Holothuria</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="99B50824886BFFEEFD615EA631B4FA6F" box="[657,731,1456,1477]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="51">Cystipus</emphasis>
|
||
)
|
||
<emphasis id="99B50824886BFFEEFD185EA6307DFA6F" box="[744,786,1456,1477]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="51">dura</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CF50A9C7886BFFEEFCE75EA63772FA6F" author="Cherbonnier, G. & Feral, J." box="[791,1053,1456,1478]" pageId="6" pageNumber="51" pagination="357 - 412" refId="ref2780" refString="Cherbonnier, G. and Feral, J. 1981. Echinodermes: Holothuries. Resultats des Campagnes MUSORSTOM I. Phillipines (18 - 28 Mars 1976), Collection. Memoires ORSTOM 91: 357 - 412." type="journal article" year="1981">Cherbonnier and Féral, 1981</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(NSMT E-9839).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<subSubSection id="E3DB87BD886BFFEEFF455EEA3116F9FF" pageId="6" pageNumber="51" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph id="AB7ED436886BFFEEFF455EEA3116F9FF" blockId="6.[156,767,1532,2077]" pageId="6" pageNumber="51">
|
||
<emphasis id="99B50824886BFFEEFF455EEA322EF9BE" bold="true" box="[181,321,1532,1556]" pageId="6" pageNumber="51">Distribution.</emphasis>
|
||
<collectingCountry id="D3D694A6886BFFEEFEAA5EEA32A3F9BE" box="[346,460,1532,1556]" name="Philippines" pageId="6" pageNumber="51">Philippines</collectingCountry>
|
||
(South
|
||
<collectingCountry id="D3D694A6886BFFEEFDC75EEA311AF9BE" box="[567,629,1532,1556]" name="China" pageId="6" pageNumber="51">China</collectingCountry>
|
||
Sea),
|
||
<quantity id="6C3979D3886BFFEEFD3D5EEA33B6F99E" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.55" metricValueMax="2.1" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="6" pageNumber="51" unit="m" value="155.0" valueMax="210.0" valueMin="100.0">100– 210 m</quantity>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CF50A9C7886BFFEEFF155D0B3166F99F" author="Cherbonnier, G. & Feral, J." box="[229,521,1565,1589]" pageId="6" pageNumber="51" pagination="357 - 412" refId="ref2780" refString="Cherbonnier, G. and Feral, J. 1981. Echinodermes: Holothuries. Resultats des Campagnes MUSORSTOM I. Phillipines (18 - 28 Mars 1976), Collection. Memoires ORSTOM 91: 357 - 412." type="journal article" year="1981">Cherbonnier and Féral 1981</bibRefCitation>
|
||
);
|
||
<collectingCountry id="D3D694A6886BFFEEFDEA5D0B31D9F99F" box="[538,694,1565,1589]" name="New Caledonia" pageId="6" pageNumber="51">New Caledonia</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CF50A9C7886BFFEEFD335D0B3264F9FF" author="Ameziane, N." pageId="6" pageNumber="51" pagination="337 - 347" refId="ref2691" refString="Ameziane, N. 2007. Echinodermata of New Caledonia. Pp. 337 - 347. In: Payri, C. E. and Richer de Forges, B. (Eds) Compendium of Marine Species of New Caledonia, Documents Scientifiques et Techniques II 7, Second Edition. Institut de Recherche pour le Developpement, Noumea." type="book chapter" year="2007">Améziane 2007</bibRefCitation>
|
||
); and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="D3D694A6886BFFEEFEB75D2832EDF9FF" box="[327,386,1598,1621]" name="Japan" pageId="6" pageNumber="51">Japan</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<quantity id="6C3979D3886BFFEEFE7B5D2B3295F9FF" box="[395,506,1597,1621]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.805" metricValueMax="2.61" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="6" pageNumber="51" unit="m" value="180.5" valueMax="261.0" valueMin="100.0">100–261 m</quantity>
|
||
(this study).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="E3DB87BD886BFFEFFF455D4831AEF8B2" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="52" pageId="6" pageNumber="51" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="AB7ED436886BFFEEFF455D48318CF856" blockId="6.[156,767,1532,2077]" pageId="6" pageNumber="51">
|
||
<emphasis id="99B50824886BFFEEFF455D483276F9DC" bold="true" box="[181,281,1630,1654]" pageId="6" pageNumber="51">Remarks.</emphasis>
|
||
Undoubtedly, our specimens can be identified as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6CC1AFB5886BFFEEFF1D5D68316AF93C" authorityName="Cherbonnier and Feral" authorityYear="1981" box="[237,517,1662,1686]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Holothuriidae" genus="Holothuria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Aspidochirotida" pageId="6" pageNumber="51" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="dura" subGenus="Cystipus">
|
||
<emphasis id="99B50824886BFFEEFF1D5D683235F93C" box="[237,346,1662,1686]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="51">Holothuria</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="99B50824886BFFEEFE9E5D6932AEF93C" box="[366,449,1663,1686]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="51">Cystipus</emphasis>
|
||
)
|
||
<emphasis id="99B50824886BFFEEFE265D68316AF93C" box="[470,517,1662,1686]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="51">dura</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
because they are morphologically consistent with the original description by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CF50A9C7886BFFEEFF6C5DA932BBF972" author="Cherbonnier, G. & Feral, J." box="[156,468,1727,1752]" pageId="6" pageNumber="51" pagination="357 - 412" refId="ref2780" refString="Cherbonnier, G. and Feral, J. 1981. Echinodermes: Holothuries. Resultats des Campagnes MUSORSTOM I. Phillipines (18 - 28 Mars 1976), Collection. Memoires ORSTOM 91: 357 - 412." type="journal article" year="1981">Cherbonnier and Féral (1981)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. It is especially true in terms of the dorsolateral conical papillae, which are entirely darkcoloured with each base bordered by a white ring against the pale-coloured dorsal surface of the body; this character is unique among the 12 members in the subgenus
|
||
<emphasis id="99B50824886BFFEEFD245C5433BCF8D0" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="51">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6CC1AFB5886BFFEEFD245C5433A0F8D0" class="Holothuroidea" family="Holothuriidae" genus="Holothuria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Aspidochirotida" pageId="6" pageNumber="51" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Cystipus">Cystipus</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
One of the new findings in our
|
||
<emphasis id="99B50824886BFFEEFDD75C753108F8D0" box="[551,615,1891,1914]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="51">in-situ</emphasis>
|
||
observation is that the dorso-lateral conical papillae often taper to form an acutely pointed, often slightly curved, cone in the living state, with each tip directed upward (
|
||
<figureCitation id="33FAC8B3886BFFEEFDD25CD231E0F876" box="[546,655,1988,2012]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="1.[156,187,1907,1929]" captionTargetBox="[349,1237,205,1868]" captionTargetId="figure-7@1.[349,1237,205,1868]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="Fig. 1. In-situ photography of Holothuria (Cystipus) dura Cherbonnier and Féral, 1981 (NSMT E-9839). A, Dorsal anterior view; B, dorsal view; C, bifurcated tips of the ventro-lateral papillae. Depth: A, 182.4m; B–C, 126.3m." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4585049" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4585049/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="51">Fig. 1A, B</figureCitation>
|
||
), although they are mostly deformed in the preserved state (
|
||
<figureCitation id="33FAC8B3886BFFEEFD795CF231B8F856" box="[649,727,2020,2044]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="2.[156,187,1293,1315]" captionTargetBox="[189,1398,205,1254]" captionTargetId="figure-350@2.[189,1398,205,1254]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Fig. 2. Holothuria (Cystipus) dura Cherbonnier and Féral, 1981 (NSMT E-9839). A, Dorsal view; B, ventral view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4585051" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4585051/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="51">Fig. 2A</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="AB7ED436886BFFEEFF45531337C2F8F3" blockId="6.[156,767,1532,2077]" lastBlockId="6.[820,1432,1532,2077]" pageId="6" pageNumber="51">
|
||
Our SEM observation of the ossicles revealed that the tables found in the dorsal body and the ones in the papillae are highly modified, forming fenestrated spheroids. A similar ossicle was termed “pseudo-bouttons” (pseudo-buttons) by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CF50A9C7886BFFEEFCA55D4837D0F9DC" author="Cherbonnier, G. & Feral, J." box="[853,1215,1630,1654]" pageId="6" pageNumber="51" pagination="357 - 412" refId="ref2780" refString="Cherbonnier, G. and Feral, J. 1981. Echinodermes: Holothuries. Resultats des Campagnes MUSORSTOM I. Phillipines (18 - 28 Mars 1976), Collection. Memoires ORSTOM 91: 357 - 412." type="journal article" year="1981">Cherbonnier and Féral (1981: 385)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; these were reported to vary in shape [from slightly nodular to elongate], in size, and in fenestration form (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CF50A9C7886BFFEEFBB35D893603F91D" author="Cherbonnier, G. & Feral, J." box="[1091,1388,1695,1719]" pageId="6" pageNumber="51" pagination="357 - 412" refId="ref2780" refString="Cherbonnier, G. and Feral, J. 1981. Echinodermes: Holothuries. Resultats des Campagnes MUSORSTOM I. Phillipines (18 - 28 Mars 1976), Collection. Memoires ORSTOM 91: 357 - 412." type="journal article" year="1981">Cherbonnier and Féral 1981</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: fig. 17M), or to be several arrays of trabeculae (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CF50A9C7886BFFEEFAE25DA930BDF952" author="Cherbonnier, G. & Feral, J." pageId="6" pageNumber="51" pagination="357 - 412" refId="ref2780" refString="Cherbonnier, G. and Feral, J. 1981. Echinodermes: Holothuries. Resultats des Campagnes MUSORSTOM I. Phillipines (18 - 28 Mars 1976), Collection. Memoires ORSTOM 91: 357 - 412." type="journal article" year="1981">Cherbonnier and Féral 1981</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: fig. 17I). Moreover, table ossicles with 2–3 crossbeams (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CF50A9C7886BFFEEFC455C1637B7F8B3" author="Cherbonnier, G. & Feral, J." box="[949,1240,1792,1817]" pageId="6" pageNumber="51" pagination="357 - 412" refId="ref2780" refString="Cherbonnier, G. and Feral, J. 1981. Echinodermes: Holothuries. Resultats des Campagnes MUSORSTOM I. Phillipines (18 - 28 Mars 1976), Collection. Memoires ORSTOM 91: 357 - 412." type="journal article" year="1981">Cherbonnier and Féral 1981</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: fig. 17K) were not observed in our specimens, suggesting that these ossicles may vary in shape within the species.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="AB7ED436886BFFEFFCBE5C743137FD4D" blockId="6.[820,1432,1532,2077]" lastBlockId="7.[156,768,198,1816]" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="52" pageId="6" pageNumber="51">
|
||
With respect to the ventrolateral conical papillae, our study revealed that
|
||
<emphasis id="99B50824886BFFEEFBF95C95377FF830" box="[1033,1040,1923,1946]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="51">i</emphasis>
|
||
) they vary intraspecifically in terms of the number [20 or so on each side in the type material
|
||
<emphasis id="99B50824886BFFEEFCC45CD23027F871" box="[820,840,1988,2011]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="51">vs</emphasis>
|
||
. 13–15 papillae on each side in our material], and
|
||
<emphasis id="99B50824886BFFEEFA965CD2361BF871" box="[1382,1396,1988,2011]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="51">ii</emphasis>
|
||
) at least some of the papillae are bifurcated. The latter condition may be a common feature among some member of the subgenus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6CC1AFB5886AFFEFFEF45BD13238FF74" box="[260,343,199,222]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Holothuriidae" genus="Holothuria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Aspidochirotida" pageId="7" pageNumber="52" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Cystipus">
|
||
<emphasis id="99B50824886AFFEFFEF45BD13238FF74" box="[260,343,199,222]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="52">Cystipus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
that have prominent ventrolateral conical papillae,
|
||
<emphasis id="99B50824886AFFEFFEE95BFE3252FF55" box="[281,317,232,255]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="52">viz.</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6CC1AFB5886AFFEFFEB95BFE31BCFF55" authority="Cherbonnier, 1954" authorityName="Cherbonnier" authorityYear="1954" box="[329,723,231,255]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Holothuriidae" genus="Holothuria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Aspidochirotida" pageId="7" pageNumber="52" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="jousseaumei" subGenus="Cystipus">
|
||
<emphasis id="99B50824886AFFEFFEB95BFE3233FF55" box="[329,348,232,255]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="52">H</emphasis>
|
||
. (
|
||
<emphasis id="99B50824886AFFEFFE805BF132E8FF54" box="[368,391,231,254]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="52">C.</emphasis>
|
||
)
|
||
<emphasis id="99B50824886AFFEFFE655BFE3161FF55" box="[405,526,232,255]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="52">jousseaumei</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CF50A9C7886AFFEFFDE55BF131BCFF55" author="Cherbonnier, G." box="[533,723,231,255]" pageId="7" pageNumber="52" pagination="252 - 260" refId="ref2753" refString="Cherbonnier, G. 1954. Note preliminaire sur holothuries de la Mer Rouge. Bulletin de Museum national d'Histoire naturelle 2: 252 - 260." type="journal article" year="1954">Cherbonnier, 1954</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6CC1AFB5886AFFEFFF6C5A1E31B0FE8A" authority="Laguarda-Figueras and Solis-Marin, 2009" authorityName="Laguarda-Figueras and Solis-Marin" authorityYear="2009" box="[156,735,263,288]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Holothuriidae" genus="Holothuria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Aspidochirotida" pageId="7" pageNumber="52" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="casoae" subGenus="Cystipus">
|
||
<emphasis id="99B50824886AFFEFFF6C5A1E33D9FEB5" box="[156,182,264,287]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="52">H.</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="99B50824886AFFEFFF355A1E33B3FEB5" box="[197,220,264,287]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="52">C.</emphasis>
|
||
)
|
||
<emphasis id="99B50824886AFFEFFF1C5A1E3242FEB5" box="[236,301,264,287]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="52">casoae</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CF50A9C7886AFFEFFEC45A1131B0FE8A" author="Laguarda-Figueras, A. & Solis-Marin, F. A." box="[308,735,263,288]" pageId="7" pageNumber="52" pagination="573 - 578" refId="ref3018" refString="Laguarda-Figueras, A. and Solis-Marin, F. A. 2009. Holothuria (Cystipus) casoae a new species of sea cucumber (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea) from the central-eastern Pacific Ocean. Scientia Marina 73: 573 - 578." type="journal article" year="2009">Laguarda-Figueras and Solís-Marín, 2009</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, in addition to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6CC1AFB5886AFFEFFEE85A3F32F5FEEA" authorityName="Cherbonnier and Feral" authorityYear="1981" box="[280,410,296,320]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Holothuriidae" genus="Holothuria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Aspidochirotida" pageId="7" pageNumber="52" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="dura" subGenus="Cystipus">
|
||
<emphasis id="99B50824886AFFEFFEE85A3F325DFEEA" box="[280,306,297,320]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="52">H.</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="99B50824886AFFEFFEB35A3E3236FE95" box="[323,345,296,319]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="52">C.</emphasis>
|
||
)
|
||
<emphasis id="99B50824886AFFEFFE9B5A3E32F5FEEA" box="[363,410,296,320]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="52">dura</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Although bifurcation of the ventrolateral conical papillae was not mentioned in the original descriptions of these three species (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CF50A9C7886AFFEFFDCA5A7F3194FE2B" author="Cherbonnier, G." box="[570,763,361,385]" pageId="7" pageNumber="52" pagination="252 - 260" refId="ref2753" refString="Cherbonnier, G. 1954. Note preliminaire sur holothuries de la Mer Rouge. Bulletin de Museum national d'Histoire naturelle 2: 252 - 260." type="journal article" year="1954">Cherbonnier 1954</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CF50A9C7886AFFEFFF6C5A9F32ABFE08" author="Cherbonnier, G. & Feral, J." box="[156,452,393,418]" pageId="7" pageNumber="52" pagination="357 - 412" refId="ref2780" refString="Cherbonnier, G. and Feral, J. 1981. Echinodermes: Holothuries. Resultats des Campagnes MUSORSTOM I. Phillipines (18 - 28 Mars 1976), Collection. Memoires ORSTOM 91: 357 - 412." type="journal article" year="1981">Cherbonnier and Féral 1981</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Laguarda-Figueras and Solís-Marín 2009), it holds true at least in two of them,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6CC1AFB5886AFFEFFD465ABD33A4FE49" authorityName="Cherbonnier and Feral" authorityYear="1981" class="Holothuroidea" family="Holothuriidae" genus="Holothuria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Aspidochirotida" pageId="7" pageNumber="52" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="dura" subGenus="Cystipus">
|
||
<emphasis id="99B50824886AFFEFFD465ABD31A0FE68" box="[694,719,427,450]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="52">H.</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="99B50824886AFFEFFD105ABC3198FE6B" box="[736,759,426,449]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="52">C.</emphasis>
|
||
)
|
||
<emphasis id="99B50824886AFFEFFF6C5ADD33A4FE49" box="[156,203,459,483]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="52">dura</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6CC1AFB5886AFFEFFEF35ADD32F5FE48" authorityName="Laguarda-Figueras and Solis-Marin" authorityYear="2009" box="[259,410,459,483]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Holothuriidae" genus="Holothuria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Aspidochirotida" pageId="7" pageNumber="52" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="casoae" subGenus="Cystipus">
|
||
<emphasis id="99B50824886AFFEFFEF35ADD3272FE48" box="[259,285,459,482]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="52">H.</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="99B50824886AFFEFFEDE5ADD322BFE48" box="[302,324,459,482]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="52">C.</emphasis>
|
||
)
|
||
<emphasis id="99B50824886AFFEFFEA65ADD32F5FE48" box="[342,410,459,482]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="52">casoae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="99B50824886AFFEFFE695ADD32F2FE48" box="[409,413,459,482]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="52">.</emphasis>
|
||
As to the latter species, while we were not able to examine the actual specimens, the photograph illustrating the
|
||
<typeStatus id="747A6A94886AFFEFFE8C591A32BAFD8E" box="[380,469,524,548]" pageId="7" pageNumber="52" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
specimen (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CF50A9C7886AFFEFFDBB591A32F7FDEE" author="Laguarda-Figueras, A. & Solis-Marin, F. A." pageId="7" pageNumber="52" pagination="573 - 578" refId="ref3018" refString="Laguarda-Figueras, A. and Solis-Marin, F. A. 2009. Holothuria (Cystipus) casoae a new species of sea cucumber (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea) from the central-eastern Pacific Ocean. Scientia Marina 73: 573 - 578." type="journal article" year="2009">Laguarda-Figueras and Solís-Marín 2009</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: fig. 1) clearly depicts the presence of bifurcation at the ventro-lateral conical papillae. Future studies should address commonality of bifurcation of the ventro-lateral conical papillae among the member of the subgenus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6CC1AFB5886AFFEFFEF059B9323CFD6C" box="[256,339,687,710]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Holothuriidae" genus="Holothuria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Aspidochirotida" pageId="7" pageNumber="52" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Cystipus">
|
||
<emphasis id="99B50824886AFFEFFEF059B9323CFD6C" box="[256,339,687,710]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="52">Cystipus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and other taxa, especially those occurring on sublittoral soft bottoms like
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6CC1AFB5886AFFEFFE2759C6313BFD4D" authorityName="Cherbonnier and Feral" authorityYear="1981" box="[471,596,719,743]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Holothuriidae" genus="Holothuria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Aspidochirotida" pageId="7" pageNumber="52" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="dura" subGenus="Cystipus">
|
||
<emphasis id="99B50824886AFFEFFE2759C6329FFD4D" box="[471,496,720,743]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="52">H.</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="99B50824886AFFEFFE0E59D9317AFD4C" box="[510,533,719,742]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="52">C.</emphasis>
|
||
)
|
||
<emphasis id="99B50824886AFFEFFDD259D9313BFD4D" box="[546,596,719,743]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="52">dura</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="99B50824886AFFEFFDA459D93137FD4D" box="[596,600,719,743]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="52">.</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="AB7ED436886AFFEFFF4559F931AEF8B2" blockId="7.[156,768,198,1816]" pageId="7" pageNumber="52">
|
||
<emphasis id="99B50824886AFFEFFF4559F932CDFCAD" bold="true" box="[181,418,751,775]" pageId="7" pageNumber="52">Notes on locomotion.</emphasis>
|
||
We infer that the ventrolateral conical papillae in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6CC1AFB5886AFFEFFEA958063109FC82" authorityName="Cherbonnier and Feral" authorityYear="1981" box="[345,614,784,808]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Holothuriidae" genus="Holothuria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Aspidochirotida" pageId="7" pageNumber="52" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="dura" subGenus="Cystipus">
|
||
<emphasis id="99B50824886AFFEFFEA9580632A9FC82" box="[345,454,784,808]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="52">Holothuria</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="99B50824886AFFEFFE2558063147FC8D" box="[469,552,784,807]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="52">Cystipus</emphasis>
|
||
)
|
||
<emphasis id="99B50824886AFFEFFDC758063109FC82" box="[567,614,784,808]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="52">dura</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are most likely used for locomotion in a similar manner to those holothurians occurring on deeper bottoms in the bathyal, abyssal, and hadal zones (
|
||
<quantity id="6C3979D3886AFFEFFEA6586732BCFC23" box="[342,467,881,905]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.1" metricValueMax="6.0" metricValueMin="0.2" pageId="7" pageNumber="52" unit="m" value="3100.0" valueMax="6000.0" valueMin="200.0">200–6000 m</quantity>
|
||
depth) (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CF50A9C7886AFFEFFDC0586431D3FC20" author="Hansen, B." box="[560,700,882,906]" pageId="7" pageNumber="52" pagination="461 - 462" refId="ref2909" refString="Hansen, B. 1972. Photographic evidence of a unique type of walking in deep-sea holothurians. Deep-Sea Research 19: 461 - 462." type="journal article" year="1972">Hansen 1972</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CF50A9C7886AFFEFFD3958673193FC23" author="Hansen, B." box="[713,764,881,905]" pageId="7" pageNumber="52" pagination="1950 - 52" refId="ref2935" refString="Hansen, B. 1975. Systematics and biology of the deep-sea holothurians Part 1. Elasipoda. Pp. 7 - 259. In: Wolff, T. (Ed.) Galathea Report Volume 13, Scientific Results of the Danish Deep-sea Expedition Round the World 1950 - 52. Scandinavian Science Press, Conpenhagen." type="book chapter" year="1975">1975</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CF50A9C7886AFFEFFF6C58843243FC00" author="Gebruk, A." box="[156,300,914,938]" pageId="7" pageNumber="52" pagination="95 - 102" refId="ref2820" refString="Gebruk, A. 1995. Locomotory organs in the elasipodid holothurians: Functional-morphological and evolutionary approaches. Pp. 95 - 102. In: Emson, R., Smith, A., and Campbell, A. (Eds) Echinoderm Research 1995. A. A. Balkema, Rotterdam." type="journal article" year="1995">Gebruk 1995</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Contrary to deep-water species, shallowwater sea cucumbers in the intertidal to sublittoral zones (less than ∼
|
||
<quantity id="6C3979D3886AFFEFFED058C53233FC41" box="[288,348,979,1003]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="7" pageNumber="52" unit="m" value="200.0">200 m</quantity>
|
||
depth) generally utilize numerous tube feet to attach to the predominantly hard substratum, move, and undergo a wide range of activities (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CF50A9C7886AFFEFFDC05F0231D7FB86" author="Hyman, L. H." box="[560,696,1044,1068]" pageId="7" pageNumber="52" refId="ref2994" refString="Hyman, L. H. 1955. Invertebrates: Echinodermata, Volume 4. McGraw- Hill, New York, 763 pp." type="book" year="1955">Hyman 1955</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CF50A9C7886AFFEFFD325F0232F1FBE7" author="Flammang, P. & Jangoux, M." pageId="7" pageNumber="52" pagination="167 - 178" refId="ref2876" refString="Flammang, P. and Jangoux, M. 1992. Functional morphology of the locomotory podia of Holothuria forskali (Echinodermata, Holothuroida). Zoomorphology 111: 167 - 178." type="journal article" year="1992">Flammang and Jangoux 1992</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The enlarged ventrolateral conical papillae and the sparse density of ventral tube feet in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6CC1AFB5886AFFEFFD165F403395FB24" authorityName="Cherbonnier and Feral" authorityYear="1981" class="Holothuroidea" family="Holothuriidae" genus="Holothuria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Aspidochirotida" pageId="7" pageNumber="52" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="dura" subGenus="Cystipus">
|
||
<emphasis id="99B50824886AFFEFFD165F40306FFBC7" box="[742,768,1110,1133]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="52">H.</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="99B50824886AFFEFFF555F6033D4FB27" box="[165,187,1142,1165]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="52">C.</emphasis>
|
||
)
|
||
<emphasis id="99B50824886AFFEFFF3B5F603395FB24" box="[203,250,1142,1166]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="52">dura</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
indicate that the species has adopted the ‘walking’ strategy, in which they use ventrolateral conical papillae to move on the soft bottom (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CF50A9C7886AFFEFFE5F5FA13154FB65" author="Hansen, B." box="[431,571,1207,1231]" pageId="7" pageNumber="52" pagination="461 - 462" refId="ref2909" refString="Hansen, B. 1972. Photographic evidence of a unique type of walking in deep-sea holothurians. Deep-Sea Research 19: 461 - 462." type="journal article" year="1972">Hansen 1972</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Furthermore, the bifurcation at the tips of the ventrolateral conical papillae could possibly be an adaptation to increase the surface of contact area against the substratum in order to maintain the efficiency of locomotion, at the same time compensating the decreased number of ventral tube feet. As the protraction and retraction of the ventrolateral conical papillae are maintained by hydrostatic pressure from the fluid contained in the dermal cavities (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CF50A9C7886AFFEFFE625EAD3171FA79" author="Hansen, B." box="[402,542,1467,1491]" pageId="7" pageNumber="52" pagination="461 - 462" refId="ref2909" refString="Hansen, B. 1972. Photographic evidence of a unique type of walking in deep-sea holothurians. Deep-Sea Research 19: 461 - 462." type="journal article" year="1972">Hansen 1972</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CF50A9C7886AFFEFFDDC5EAD33BFFA59" author="VandenSpiegel, D. & Flammang, F. & Fourmeau, D. & Jangoux, M." pageId="7" pageNumber="52" pagination="457 - 465" refId="ref3140" refString="VandenSpiegel, D., Flammang, F., Fourmeau, D., and Jangoux, M. 1995. Fine structure of the dorsal papillae in the holothurioid Holothuria forskali (Echinodermata). Tissue & Cell 27: 457 - 465." type="journal article" year="1995">
|
||
VandenSpiegel
|
||
<emphasis id="99B50824886AFFEFFD3B5EAA306FFA79" box="[715,768,1467,1491]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="52">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
1995
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), bifurcation of the tips of the ventrolateral conical papillae in preserved specimens are obscured due to the loss of water content within the dermal cavities. However, judging from the
|
||
<emphasis id="99B50824886AFFEFFF0A5D283255F9FF" box="[250,314,1598,1621]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="52">in-situ</emphasis>
|
||
photographs, bifurcation of papillae appears to be more obvious in the middle part of body rather than in the posterior and anterior ends (
|
||
<figureCitation id="33FAC8B3886AFFEFFDE35D68310DF93C" box="[531,610,1662,1686]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="1.[156,187,1907,1929]" captionTargetBox="[349,1237,205,1868]" captionTargetId="figure-7@1.[349,1237,205,1868]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="Fig. 1. In-situ photography of Holothuria (Cystipus) dura Cherbonnier and Féral, 1981 (NSMT E-9839). A, Dorsal anterior view; B, dorsal view; C, bifurcated tips of the ventro-lateral papillae. Depth: A, 182.4m; B–C, 126.3m." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4585049" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4585049/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="52">Fig. 1B</figureCitation>
|
||
). We speculate that this would be because papillae in the middle body require increased surface area against the bottom for powerful propulsion, whereas those in both ends of the body would be mainly used to control the direction of locomotion.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |