236 lines
28 KiB
XML
236 lines
28 KiB
XML
<document id="9425E1D1875DB0AC25511D38AD1AFCB8" ID-DOI="10.1206/3842.1" ID-ISSN="0003-0082" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5368387" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1630260563853" checkinUser="carolina" docAuthor="Tsang, Susan M., Wiantoro, Sigit & Simmons, Nancy B." docDate="2015" docId="03D287EAFF95FF997FB7E2DBFE34ECD1" docLanguage="en" docName="N3842.pdf" docOrigin="American Museum Novitates 2015 (3842)" docSource="http://www.bioone.org/doi/10.1206/3842.1" docStyle="DocumentStyle:26C3580A17D4BBE58BD8D8AC6AE09AC4.6:AmMusNovit.2010-.journal_article" docStyleId="26C3580A17D4BBE58BD8D8AC6AE09AC4" docStyleName="AmMusNovit.2010-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="6" docTitle="Pteropus ocularis" docType="treatment" docVersion="3" lastPageNumber="17" masterDocId="FFEBFF92FF9AFF897E5FE013FFE7EF10" masterDocTitle="New records of flying foxes (Chiroptera: Pteropus sp.) from Seram, Indonesia, with notes on ecology and conservation status" masterLastPageNumber="24" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="16" updateTime="1699201058596" updateUser="plazi" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-4.0">
|
||
<mods:mods id="164B87CFFD2D1B0D0D11BF553C4ED543" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
|
||
<mods:titleInfo id="860C0EEEA7DD8E68A4464260A8C1C7BC">
|
||
<mods:title id="C4BF194223E0520B425BFC41D6EAA428">New records of flying foxes (Chiroptera: Pteropus sp.) from Seram, Indonesia, with notes on ecology and conservation status</mods:title>
|
||
</mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:name id="F02154F9EB422A3361D5D02DB325B6E6" type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role id="BD89EEDB150D16D02C2D2CA46A98C71B">
|
||
<mods:roleTerm id="10E8FE12E9E90C9D8874570925DBCEA3">Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart id="B7E4E5EBD1B841A59E90DAADFBAF52CA">Tsang, Susan M.</mods:namePart>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:name id="3E6ACE810D3E045B6246194575844710" type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role id="4797C1834614FADB424BEB3ACAA66DB1">
|
||
<mods:roleTerm id="B2C8AC873E81160E8917F654EA483BCB">Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart id="1A3386A2D1F47AB85632E19287D8613D">Wiantoro, Sigit</mods:namePart>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:name id="E5631B2E063420A85835D54BA03736AF" type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role id="3F6687F12482EE9798C0C6E159D07E56">
|
||
<mods:roleTerm id="BD9B5125B14AA773BD14E79DB4AE1667">Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart id="696009F9A01B141C17102E7E3AFE7649">Simmons, Nancy B.</mods:namePart>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:typeOfResource id="2C1AF49A50FE72C5C3CF5D1FC5A511F6">text</mods:typeOfResource>
|
||
<mods:relatedItem id="524BA8DFBB695B9BDE1D0FEE73DD0921" type="host">
|
||
<mods:titleInfo id="F7BBC518AA65F84C7C78625727F3DA13">
|
||
<mods:title id="B3DEE8AA14AAA298CB636FB3369B2A51">American Museum Novitates</mods:title>
|
||
</mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:part id="CB02BC6D6AB5BC08163A8202798A1975">
|
||
<mods:date id="7DF899022C32D770F9CA0FD4A127FCD8">2015</mods:date>
|
||
<mods:detail id="CF276F8E35381AE34D57C2E574A3D4F9" type="pubDate">
|
||
<mods:number id="395BF583FB1D172887E8A139AAB847B5">2015-11-23</mods:number>
|
||
</mods:detail>
|
||
<mods:detail id="61B2B8865FFE2FF188ED1AE628DF6CB8" type="volume">
|
||
<mods:number id="C373AB81DB301656B49C2EB8C1CA43CE">2015</mods:number>
|
||
</mods:detail>
|
||
<mods:detail id="B1B8F2677438C54F45A11061FF5E3EF2" type="issue">
|
||
<mods:number id="D0372E5F74FBE63C8EF7BAF51F8EE434">3842</mods:number>
|
||
</mods:detail>
|
||
<mods:extent id="51995037C75181ADAA0AA2C62EC62DEC" unit="page">
|
||
<mods:start id="DF170363A92266FEB67749FF15CCF9C8">1</mods:start>
|
||
<mods:end id="0A6217EEC1B3C3766201D379844289A6">24</mods:end>
|
||
</mods:extent>
|
||
</mods:part>
|
||
</mods:relatedItem>
|
||
<mods:location id="9003EE11A9E0F7FCE8A0CFB4DC39D34E">
|
||
<mods:url id="7DBACA6DA846DA9B1DB967F6A6721E7E">http://www.bioone.org/doi/10.1206/3842.1</mods:url>
|
||
</mods:location>
|
||
<mods:classification id="85872606B9BF375558DFBBE5A2463ADB">journal article</mods:classification>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="63678183FD9D920C51B4BE39375269B1" type="DOI">10.1206/3842.1</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="40F5FF5C4482E1880FC51D43EA5CF1A8" type="ISSN">0003-0082</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="6F670CEACFDC39C81482CC707A1234C1" type="Zenodo-Dep">5368387</mods:identifier>
|
||
</mods:mods>
|
||
<treatment id="03D287EAFF95FF997FB7E2DBFE34ECD1" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03D287EAFF95FF997FB7E2DBFE34ECD1" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D287EAFF95FF997FB7E2DBFE34ECD1" lastPageId="16" lastPageNumber="17" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3616577FF95FF867FB7E2DBFCE6EC09" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" type="nomenclature">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC436FCFF95FF867FB7E2DBFCBFEDF2" blockId="15.[488,856,711,738]" box="[488,856,711,738]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
|
||
<heading id="D08C8190FF95FF867FB7E2DBFCBFEDF2" box="[488,856,711,738]" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" reason="5">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D7FFF95FF867FB7E2DBFCBFEDF2" authority="(Peters, 1867)" baseAuthorityName="Peters" baseAuthorityYear="1867" box="[488,856,711,738]" class="Dothideomycetes" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Pteropus" kingdom="Fungi" order="Chiroptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="ocularis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FEAEEFF95FF867FB7E2DBFD49EDF1" box="[488,686,711,737]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Pteropus ocularis</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEA4B0DFF95FF867CE1E2D4FCB7EDF2" author="Peters, M. B." box="[702,848,711,738]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" pagination="331" refId="ref9374" refString="Peters, M. B. 1867. Pteropus ocularis. Monatsberichte der Koniglichen Preussische Akademie des Wissenschaften zu Berlin 1867: 331." type="journal article" year="1867">Peters, 1867</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC436FCFF95FF867C60E2ECFCE6EC09" blockId="15.[575,769,767,793]" box="[575,769,767,793]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Seram flying fox</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3616577FF95FF867EF7E324FC3BEC8B" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" type="materials_examined">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC436FCFF95FF867EF7E324FCE9EC41" blockId="15.[120,1225,823,1746]" box="[168,782,823,849]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B133CA1FF95FF867EF7E324FCECEC41" box="[168,779,823,849]" collectionCode="LOCALITY" country="Indonesia" location="Seram" municipality="Central" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Maluku Utara" typeStatus="holotype">
|
||
<typeStatus id="54C0885EFF95FF867EF7E324FF04EC41" box="[168,227,823,849]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">TYPE</typeStatus>
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED6AAE39FF95FF867EB4E324FE85EC41" box="[235,354,823,849]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">LOCALITY</collectionCode>
|
||
:
|
||
<location id="8EA46027FF95FF867F2EE324FE59EC41" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03D287EAFF95FF997FB7E2DBFE34ECD1:8EA46027FF95FF867F2EE324FE59EC41" box="[369,446,823,849]" country="Indonesia" municipality="Central" name="Seram" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" stateProvince="Maluku Utara">Seram</location>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingMunicipality id="6BA0AC86FF95FF867F95E324FDC5EC41" box="[458,546,823,849]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Central</collectingMunicipality>
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49BFF81EFF95FF867C75E324FD60EC41" box="[554,647,823,849]" country="Indonesia" name="Maluku Utara" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Maluku</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F36C766CFF95FF867CCBE324FCECEC41" box="[660,779,823,849]" name="Indonesia" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Indonesia</collectingCountry>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC436FCFF95FF867EF7E34EFC3BEC8B" blockId="15.[120,1225,823,1746]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B133CA1FF95FF867EF7E34EFCA5EC8B" collectionCode="NEW, MATERIAL" collectorName="Susan M. Tsang" country="Indonesia" location="Maluku Province" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" specimenCount="1" specimenCount-male="1" stateProvince="Maluku Utara">
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED6AAE39FF95FF867EF7E34EFF06EC67" box="[168,225,861,887]" country="Australia" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/93c9-w2q7" name="University of Newcastle" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">NEW</collectionCode>
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED6AAE39FF95FF867EB6E34FFE82EC66" box="[233,357,860,886]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">MATERIAL</collectionCode>
|
||
: Pulau Marsegu, Seram Bagian Barat Regency,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49BFF81EFF95FF867DCEE34FFBB9EC66" box="[913,1118,860,886]" country="Indonesia" name="Maluku Utara" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Maluku Province</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F36C766CFF95FF867A35E34FFF7CEC8B" name="Indonesia" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Indonesia</collectingCountry>
|
||
. Collected by Sigit Wiantoro and
|
||
<collectorName id="268E532AFF95FF867C75E391FD01EC8C" box="[554,742,898,924]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Susan M. Tsang</collectorName>
|
||
,
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D7DFD75FF95FF867CACE391FCA5EC8B" box="[755,834,897,924]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" type="male">1 male</specimenCount>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B133CA1FF95FF867D16E391FC3EEC8B" accessionNumber="MZB 36928" box="[841,985,897,924]" collectionCode="MZB" country="Indonesia" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Maluku Utara">
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED6AAE39FF95FF867D16E391FC61EC8C" box="[841,902,898,924]" country="Indonesia" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/b9gz-izvg" name="Museum Zoologicum Bogoriense" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" type="Museum">MZB</collectionCode>
|
||
36928
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3616577FF95FF997EF7E3B4FE34ECD1" lastPageId="16" lastPageNumber="17" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC436FCFF95FF867EF7E3B4FB49ECF7" blockId="15.[120,1225,823,1746]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">OTHER SPECIMENS EXAMINED: MZB 0112, MZB 13361, AMNH 234939, ZMB 2958. Additional specimens that we did not examine for this study are housed at the AM and BMNH.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC436FCFF95FF867EF7E3E1FC7AE971" blockId="15.[120,1225,823,1746]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
|
||
OCCURRENCE AND IDENTIFICATION:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D7FFF95FF867C02E3E1FCC3EB1B" baseAuthorityName="Peters" baseAuthorityYear="1867" box="[605,804,1009,1035]" class="Dothideomycetes" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Pteropus" kingdom="Fungi" order="Chiroptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="ocularis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FEAEEFF95FF867C02E3E1FCC3EB1B" box="[605,804,1009,1035]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Pteropus ocularis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is a species that is very rare in collections. We suspect
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D7FFF95FF867F2BE40BFE0CEB21" baseAuthorityName="Peters" baseAuthorityYear="1867" box="[372,491,1047,1073]" class="Dothideomycetes" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Pteropus" kingdom="Fungi" order="Chiroptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="ocularis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FEAEEFF95FF867F2BE40BFE0CEB21" box="[372,491,1047,1073]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">P. ocularis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is unlikely to be found in colonies based on our inability to locate any colonies, the lack of historical or current colony information from local forestry rangers, and having captured an individual under similar circumstances as the other noncolonial
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D7FFF95FF867EF1E49BFE97EBB1" box="[174,368,1159,1185]" class="Dothideomycetes" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Pteropus" kingdom="Fungi" order="Chiroptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FEAEEFF95FF867EF1E49BFEF4EBB1" box="[174,275,1160,1185]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Pteropus</emphasis>
|
||
species
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D7FFF95FF867F22E49BFDFDEBB1" baseAuthorityName="Peters" baseAuthorityYear="1867" box="[381,538,1159,1185]" class="Dothideomycetes" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Pteropus" kingdom="Fungi" order="Chiroptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="temminckii">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FEAEEFF95FF867F22E49BFDFDEBB1" box="[381,538,1159,1185]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">P. temminckii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The IUCN red list assessment of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D7FFF95FF867DE8E49BFBC9EBB1" baseAuthorityName="Peters" baseAuthorityYear="1867" box="[951,1070,1159,1185]" class="Dothideomycetes" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Pteropus" kingdom="Fungi" order="Chiroptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="ocularis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FEAEEFF95FF867DE8E49BFBC9EBB1" box="[951,1070,1159,1185]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">P. ocularis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
states that it has been collected only four times (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEA4B0DFF95FF867C73E4BFFCBEEBD7" author="Helgen, K. M. & L. Salas" box="[556,857,1196,1223]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" refId="ref8733" refString="Helgen, K. M., and L. Salas. 2013 b. Pteropus ocularis: IUCN red list of threatened species. Internet resource (http: // www. iucnredlist. org / details / 18745), accessed December 27, 2014." type="url" year="2013">Helgen and Salas, 2013b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) although we are aware of six previous records: the
|
||
<typeStatus id="54C0885EFF95FF867F28E4C2FE39EBFB" box="[375,478,1233,1259]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
collected by Alfred Russel Wallace (at ZMB),
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D7DFD75FF95FF867DA0E4C1FB6DEBFB" box="[1023,1162,1233,1260]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" type="female">two females</specimenCount>
|
||
(one collected in 1915 and another from 1982) housed at MZB, a series at BMNH, a series from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F36C766CFF95FF867E27E50FFF35EA26" box="[120,210,1308,1334]" name="Indonesia" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Ambon</collectingCountry>
|
||
at NMNL, a female at AM in Sydney (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEA4B0DFF95FF867CEEE50FFC80EA27" author="Flannery, T. F." box="[689,871,1308,1335]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" refId="ref8616" refString="Flannery, T. F. 1995. Mammals of the south-west Pacific and the Moluccan Islands. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press." type="book" year="1995">Flannery, 1995</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), and a male at AMNH with vague locality data (“
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F36C766CFF95FF867F34E552FE05EA4C" box="[363,482,1345,1372]" name="Indonesia" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Moluccas</collectingCountry>
|
||
”). The MZB and BMNH specimens are from Buru, whereas the AM specimen is from an area near Manusela National Park, Seram. Unfortunately, the tag on the
|
||
<typeStatus id="54C0885EFF95FF867EFAE59FFEEBEAB6" box="[165,268,1420,1446]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
and the original description by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEA4B0DFF95FF867CD3E59EFCC0EAB7" author="Peters, M. B." box="[652,807,1420,1447]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" pagination="331" refId="ref9374" refString="Peters, M. B. 1867. Pteropus ocularis. Monatsberichte der Koniglichen Preussische Akademie des Wissenschaften zu Berlin 1867: 331." type="journal article" year="1867">Peters (1867)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
only states that it is from Wallace’s “Ceram” collection. We are doubtful of the species identity of the AMNH specimen because the forearm length (FA =
|
||
<quantity id="4C839B19FF95FF867FEEE5C4FDF0EAE1" box="[433,535,1495,1521]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.18" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" unit="mm" value="118.0">118 mm</quantity>
|
||
) is significantly smaller than expected, and we also ruled out the possibility that it was not a mature adult. Additionally, the ventral fur has a distinct, large, light blond patch that is not characteristic of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D7FFF95FF867C94E631FCD8E92C" baseAuthorityName="Peters" baseAuthorityYear="1867" box="[715,831,1570,1596]" class="Dothideomycetes" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Pteropus" kingdom="Fungi" order="Chiroptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="ocularis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FEAEEFF95FF867C94E631FCD8E92C" box="[715,831,1570,1596]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">P. ocularis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. We could not further investigate because the skin is in such poor condition with the skull still inside.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC436FCFF95FF997EF7E67FFDE4EE81" blockId="15.[120,1225,823,1746]" lastBlockId="16.[120,1225,225,961]" lastPageId="16" lastPageNumber="17" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
|
||
Our collection of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D7FFF95FF867F23E67EFE15E996" baseAuthorityName="Peters" baseAuthorityYear="1867" box="[380,498,1644,1670]" class="Dothideomycetes" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Pteropus" kingdom="Fungi" order="Chiroptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="ocularis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FEAEEFF95FF867F23E67EFE15E996" box="[380,498,1644,1670]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">P. ocularis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is likely the first record from West Seram. Our identification of this specimen is based on pelage pattern and morphological measurements.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEA4B0DFF95FF867A48E681FB2FE9BC" author="Dobson, G. E." box="[1047,1224,1682,1708]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" refId="ref8563" refString="Dobson, G. E. 1878. Catalogue of the Chiroptera in the collection of the British Museum. London: British Museum." type="book" year="1878">Dobson (1878)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
noted that that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D7FFF95FF867F70E6ABFE43E9C1" baseAuthorityName="Peters" baseAuthorityYear="1867" box="[303,420,1719,1745]" class="Dothideomycetes" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Pteropus" kingdom="Fungi" order="Chiroptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="ocularis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FEAEEFF95FF867F70E6ABFE43E9C1" box="[303,420,1719,1745]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">P. ocularis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has distinctive light reddish-brown rings around the eyes similar to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D7FFF8AFF997E27E0F1FECAEFEB" authorityName="Gould" authorityYear="1850" box="[120,301,225,251]" class="Dothideomycetes" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Pteropus" kingdom="Fungi" order="Chiroptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="conspicillatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FEAEEFF8AFF997E27E0F1FECAEFEB" box="[120,301,225,251]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">P. conspicillatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, however,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D7FFF8AFF997FF3E0F1FDC6EFEB" baseAuthorityName="Peters" baseAuthorityYear="1867" box="[428,545,225,251]" class="Dothideomycetes" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Pteropus" kingdom="Fungi" order="Chiroptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="ocularis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FEAEEFF8AFF997FF3E0F1FDC6EFEB" box="[428,545,225,251]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">P. ocularis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is much smaller in size and the body shape of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D7FFF8AFF997A0DE0F1FB2FEFEB" baseAuthorityName="Peters" baseAuthorityYear="1867" box="[1106,1224,225,251]" class="Dothideomycetes" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Pteropus" kingdom="Fungi" order="Chiroptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="ocularis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FEAEEFF8AFF997A0DE0F1FB2FEFEB" box="[1106,1224,225,251]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">P. ocularis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is “
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D7FFF8AFF997EFFE114FEB9EE30" baseAuthorityName="E. Geoffroy" baseAuthorityYear="1810" box="[160,350,263,288]" class="Dothideomycetes" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Pteropus" kingdom="Fungi" order="Chiroptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="griseus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FEAEEFF8AFF997EFFE114FEB9EE30" box="[160,350,263,288]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Pteropus griseus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
-like” with an interfemoral membrane that is narrow in the middle. Our specimen conforms to this description. Our specimen also falls within the expected range of measurements for this species: FA
|
||
<quantity id="4C839B19FF8AFF997C50E141FD24EE7C" box="[527,707,337,364]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.375" metricValueMax="1.45" metricValueMin="1.3" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" unit="mm" value="137.5" valueMax="145.0" valueMin="130.0">130 to 145 mm</quantity>
|
||
, GSL
|
||
<quantity id="4C839B19FF8AFF997D56E142FC45EE7C" box="[777,930,337,364]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.1" metricValueMax="6.3" metricValueMin="5.9" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" unit="mm" value="61.0" valueMax="63.0" valueMin="59.0">59 to 63 mm</quantity>
|
||
, ZB
|
||
<quantity id="4C839B19FF8AFF997D87E141FB97EE7C" box="[984,1136,338,364]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.3" metricValueMax="3.4" metricValueMin="3.2" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" unit="mm" value="33.0" valueMax="34.0" valueMin="32.0">32 to 34 mm</quantity>
|
||
, LIOW
|
||
<quantity id="4C839B19FF8AFF997E27E164FF13EE81" box="[120,244,375,401]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.5" metricValueMax="7.0" metricValueMin="6.0" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" unit="mm" value="6.5" valueMax="7.0" valueMin="6.0">6 to 7 mm</quantity>
|
||
(
|
||
<tableCitation id="C6F90347FF8AFF997F5BE164FEB8EE81" box="[260,351,375,401]" captionStart="TABLE 2" captionStartId="5.[120,194,224,248]" captionText="TABLE 2. Skull and dental measurements of Moluccan Pteropus. All measurements in mm, blanks represent unavailable data. Asterisks indicate type specimens." pageId="16" pageNumber="17">tables 2</tableCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<tableCitation id="C6F90347FF8AFF997FC4E164FE4DEE81" box="[411,426,375,401]" captionStart="TABLE 3" captionStartId="13.[120,195,224,248]" captionText="TABLE 3. External measurements of Moluccan Pteropus. Most external character data are not available for the specimen, as skins are difficult to manipulate. Weight is in grams, all other measurements are in mm, blanks represent unavailable data. Asterisks indicate type specimens." pageId="16" pageNumber="17">3</tableCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="13402A79FF8AFF997FE7E164FE12EE81" box="[440,501,375,401]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="8.[120,162,1706,1727]" captionTargetBox="[120,1220,226,1679]" captionTargetId="figure-11@8.[120,1220,224,1679]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIG. 2. Dorsal views of skulls of A, Pteropus chrysoproctus (MZB 36909♀); B, Pteropus melanopogon (MZB 10753); C, Pteropus ocularis (MZB 369283); D, Pteropus temminckii (MZB 369253)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5368389" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5368389/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC436FCFF8AFF997EF7E18FFB21ED11" blockId="16.[120,1225,225,961]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
|
||
Our specimen was captured in a mangrove forest. The IUCN red list assessment states that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D7FFF8AFF997E27E1D1FF0DEECB" baseAuthorityName="Peters" baseAuthorityYear="1867" box="[120,234,449,475]" class="Dothideomycetes" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Pteropus" kingdom="Fungi" order="Chiroptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="ocularis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FEAEEFF8AFF997E27E1D1FF0DEECB" box="[120,234,449,475]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">P. ocularis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
“probably occurs only in old growth forest,” but the habitat of this specimen indicates that more extensive surveying is necessary to understand the habitat preferences of this species.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC436FCFF8AFF997EF7E21FFB86ED87" blockId="16.[120,1225,225,961]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
|
||
HUMAN DISTURBANCE: It remains unclear whether
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D7FFF8AFF997CABE21EFC82ED36" baseAuthorityName="Peters" baseAuthorityYear="1867" box="[756,869,524,550]" class="Dothideomycetes" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Pteropus" kingdom="Fungi" order="Chiroptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="ocularis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FEAEEFF8AFF997CABE21EFC82ED36" box="[756,869,524,550]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">P. ocularis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
faces persistent, targeted hunting pressure like
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D7FFF8AFF997F60E221FE13ED5B" baseAuthorityName="Temminck" baseAuthorityYear="1837" box="[319,500,561,587]" class="Dothideomycetes" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Pteropus" kingdom="Fungi" order="Chiroptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="chrysoproctus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FEAEEFF8AFF997F60E221FE13ED5B" box="[319,500,561,587]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">P. chrysoproctus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D7FFF8AFF997C6FE221FD05ED5B" baseAuthorityName="Peters" baseAuthorityYear="1867" box="[560,738,561,587]" class="Dothideomycetes" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Pteropus" kingdom="Fungi" order="Chiroptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="melanopogon">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FEAEEFF8AFF997C6FE221FD05ED5B" box="[560,738,561,587]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">P. melanopogon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
since it is a solitary species and relatively rarely encountered. There were no indications that the local villagers knew this species very well from any particular location, but they may consume it as a result of incidental capture.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC436FCFF8AFF997EF7E2B1FE34ECD1" blockId="16.[120,1225,225,961]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
|
||
CONSERVATION:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D7FFF8AFF997F33E2B1FE04EDAB" baseAuthorityName="Peters" baseAuthorityYear="1867" box="[364,483,673,699]" class="Dothideomycetes" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Pteropus" kingdom="Fungi" order="Chiroptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="ocularis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FEAEEFF8AFF997F33E2B1FE04EDAB" box="[364,483,673,699]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">P. ocularis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is currently listed by the IUCN as Vulnerable B1 a, b (iii, v). This categorization means that the extent of the species occurrence is less than
|
||
<quantity id="4C839B19FF8AFF997A65E2D4FB5FEDF1" box="[1082,1208,711,737]" metricMagnitude="7" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" unit="km" value="20000.0">20,000 km</quantity>
|
||
<superScript id="7C0E9BB4FF8AFF997AE7E2D6FB26EDC6" attach="left" box="[1208,1217,709,726]" fontSize="7" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">2</superScript>
|
||
, with fewer than 10 known localities, and continuing decline in both habitat and number of subpopulations. Deforestation in and around Manusela National Park probably affects this species. It is unclear whether the apparent rarity of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D7FFF8AFF997C8CE32BFCA0EC41" baseAuthorityName="Peters" baseAuthorityYear="1867" box="[723,839,823,849]" class="Dothideomycetes" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Pteropus" kingdom="Fungi" order="Chiroptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="ocularis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FEAEEFF8AFF997C8CE32BFCA0EC41" box="[723,839,823,849]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">P. ocularis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is due to low relative abundance or cryptic behavior or whether populations are declining. Further monitoring is necessary to determine whether an IUCN Endangered status may be more appropriate for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D7FFF8AFF997A4BE391FB6DEC8B" baseAuthorityName="Peters" baseAuthorityYear="1867" box="[1044,1162,897,923]" class="Dothideomycetes" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Pteropus" kingdom="Fungi" order="Chiroptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="ocularis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FEAEEFF8AFF997A4BE391FB6DEC8B" box="[1044,1162,897,923]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">P. ocularis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
than its current one of Vulnerable.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |