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<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.961.54846" ID-GBIF-Dataset="a5c61646-70dc-471b-9bd8-0b407e1cedc4" ID-PMC="PMC7449986" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-961-1" ID-Pensoft-UUID="634A9CDA65075FEE8D7C196F5E37F6FC" ID-PubMed="32904058" ID-ZooBank="C5E8BED7F08549A999C60C3AA8492D09" ModsDocID="1313-2970-961-1" checkinTime="1597940209253" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Breedy, Odalisca &amp; Guzman, Hector M." docDate="2020" docId="2AD15E96D0BA5222A839AB091F10895B" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 961: 1-30" docOrigin="ZooKeys 961" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.961.54846" docTitle="Psammogorgia arbuscula" docType="treatment" docVersion="4" id="634A9CDA65075FEE8D7C196F5E37F6FC" lastPageNumber="1" masterDocId="634A9CDA65075FEE8D7C196F5E37F6FC" masterDocTitle="A revision of the genus Psammogorgia Verrill, 1868 (Cnidaria, Anthozoa, Octocorallia) in the tropical eastern Pacific Ocean" masterLastPageNumber="30" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="1" updateTime="1668169285062" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title>A revision of the genus Psammogorgia Verrill, 1868 (Cnidaria, Anthozoa, Octocorallia) in the tropical eastern Pacific Ocean</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart>Breedy, Odalisca</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>Centro de Investigacion en Estructuras Microscopicas, Centro de Investigacion en Ciencias del Mar y Limnologia, Escuela de Biologia, Universidad de Costa Rica. P. O. Box 11501 - 2060, Universidad de Costa Rica, San Jose, Costa Rica &amp; Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, P. O. Box 0843 - 03092, Panama, Republic of Panama</mods:affiliation>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="email">odaliscab@gmail.com</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:namePart>Guzman, Hector M.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, P. O. Box 0843 - 03092, Panama, Republic of Panama</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:number>961</mods:number>
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<taxonomicName LSID="2AD15E96-D0BA-5222-A839-AB091F10895B" authority="(Verrill, 1866)" baseAuthorityName="Verrill" baseAuthorityYear="1866" class="Anthozoa" family="Plexauridae" genus="Psammogorgia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Psammogorgia arbuscula" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="arbuscula">Psammogorgia arbuscula (Verrill, 1866)</taxonomicName>
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Psammogorgia arbuscula (Verrill, 1866) YPM 573 A colony B detail of branches C coenenchymal and anthocodial sclerites." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.961.54846.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/442675" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figures 2</figureCitation>
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. Psammogorgia arbuscula (Verrill, 1866) YPM 573 A spindles B radiates C wart clubs D anthocodial spindles." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.961.54846.figure3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/442676" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">, 3</figureCitation>
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figure 4. Psammogorgia arbuscula (Verrill, 1866). A In situ colony, 13 m deep, Rocas Corcovado, Osa Peninsula, Costa Rica. Photograph: Manu San Felix, National Geographic Pristine Seas." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.961.54846.figure4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/442677" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">, 4</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Verrill" authorityYear="1866" class="Anthozoa" family="Plexauridae" genus="Echinogorgia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Echinogorgia arbuscula" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="arbuscula">Echinogorgia arbuscula</taxonomicName>
Verrill, 1866: 329.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Verrill" baseAuthorityYear="1866" class="Anthozoa" family="Plexauridae" genus="Psammogorgia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Psammogorgia arbuscula" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="arbuscula">Psammogorgia arbuscula</taxonomicName>
Verrill, 1868a: 414; 1868b: 414-415; not 
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.5479/si.00963801.35-1658.681" author="Nutting, CC" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the United States National Museum" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="681 - 727" refId="B27" refString="Nutting, CC, 1909. Alcyonaria of the California coast. Proceedings of the United States National Museum 35: 681 - 727, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5479/si.00963801.35-1658.681" title="Alcyonaria of the California coast." url="https://doi.org/10.5479/si.00963801.35-1658.681" volume="35" year="1909">Nutting 1909</bibRefCitation>
: 719-720; 
<bibRefCitation author="Nutting, CC" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the United States National Museum" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" publicationUrl="https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/12044392" refId="B28" refString="Nutting, CC, 1910. The Gorgonacea of the Siboga Expedition. IV. The Plexauridae. Siboga Expedition Monograph 13b1: 1-20. [+ 4 pls] https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/12044392" title="The Gorgonacea of the Siboga Expedition. IV. The Plexauridae. Siboga Expedition Monograph 13 b 1: 1 - 20. [+ 4 pls]" url="https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/12044392" year="1910">Nutting 1910</bibRefCitation>
: 16; 
<bibRefCitation author="Kuekenthal, W" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Zoological Society, London" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B22" refString="Kuekenthal, W, 1919. Gorgonaria. Wissenschaftliche Ergebnisse der deutsche Tiefsee-Expeditionen &quot;Valdivia&quot; 1898-99, 13(2): 1-946." title="Gorgonaria. Wissenschaftliche Ergebnisse der deutsche Tiefsee-Expeditionen &quot; Valdivia &quot; 1898 - 99, 13 (2): 1 - 946." year="1919">
<normalizedToken originalValue="Kükenthal">Kuekenthal</normalizedToken>
1919
</bibRefCitation>
: 236-237; 
<bibRefCitation author="Kuekenthal, W" journalOrPublisher="Walter de Gruyter and Company, Berlin, und Leipzig" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B23" refString="Kuekenthal, W, 1924. Gorgonaria. Das Tierreich, Vol. 47. Walter de Gruyter and Company, Berlin, und Leipzig" title="Gorgonaria. Das Tierreich, Vol. 47." year="1924">
<normalizedToken originalValue="Kükenthal">Kuekenthal</normalizedToken>
1924
</bibRefCitation>
: 107; 
<bibRefCitation author="Bayer, FM" journalOrPublisher="Memoires du Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Nouvelle Series, Serie A (Zoologie)" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="41 - 56" publicationUrl="https://repository.si.edu/handle/10088/891" refId="B3" refString="Bayer, FM, 1958. Les Octocoralliaires plexaurides des cotes occidentals d'Amerique. Memoires du Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Nouvelle Series, Serie A (Zoologie) 16 (2): 41 - 56, https://repository.si.edu/handle/10088/891" title="Les Octocoralliaires plexaurides des cotes occidentals d'Amerique." url="https://repository.si.edu/handle/10088/891" volume="16" year="1958">Bayer 1958</bibRefCitation>
: 44; 
<bibRefCitation author="Harden, DG" journalOrPublisher="Annals and Magazine of Natural History" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B20" refString="Harden, DG, 1979. Intuitive and Numerical Classification of East Pacific Gorgonacea (Octocorallia). PhD thesis, Illinois, Illinois State University." title="Intuitive and Numerical Classification of East Pacific Gorgonacea (Octocorallia). PhD thesis, Illinois, Illinois State University." year="1979">Harden 1979</bibRefCitation>
: 114-116.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Plexauridae" genus="Psammogorgia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Psammogorgia arbuscula subsp. typica" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="subSpecies" species="arbuscula" subSpecies="typica">Psammogorgia arbuscula typica</taxonomicName>
<normalizedToken originalValue="Kükenthal">Kuekenthal</normalizedToken>
, 1924: 107.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="type material">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Type material.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Lectotype</emphasis>
(designated herein). YPM 573, dry, Pearl Islands, Gulf of 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Panamá">Panama</normalizedToken>
, 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Panamá">Panama</normalizedToken>
, F.H. Bradley, 1866-1867, no additional data.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Paralectotypes</emphasis>
.
</emphasis>
YPM 573 a-h; MCZ 425B, MCZ 573 (part of YPM 573), MCZ 727, 728A-B (4916=YPM 1577), MCZ 4017-4019, MCZ 4021-4022, MCZ 4024, MCZ 4998 (=MCZ 728) same data as the lectotype. MCZ 7009, dry, Nicoya Gulf, Costa Rica, collected by pearl divers, J.A. Mc. Neil, 1866-1867, no additional data.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="type locality">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Type locality.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
Pearl Islands, 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Panamá">Panama</normalizedToken>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Colonies bushy, irregularly dichotomous. Stems short, slightly flattened, one to several stems emerging from a common holdfast. Branches and branchlets thin, rounded with long free ends in large colonies. Holdfasts encrusting with a thin layer of coenenchyme often with polyps. Coenenchyme of branches moderately thick and granulose. Coenenchymal sclerites: irregular spindles with acute or bifurcated ends, up to 0.30 mm long; warty and irregular radiates up to 0.13 mm long and some crosses. Calyces prominent and swollen, all around the branches, mostly closely placed in two or three longitudinal rows on each side of the branches. Calyces with thorny and irregular spindles and wart-clubs, up to 0.19 mm long, around the calyx rim. Anthocodial spindles up to 0.26 mm long, in collaret and points arrangements. Sclerites red and orange. Dry colonies red to red-orange, dark red when alive. Polyps bright yellow when alive.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="description">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Description.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
(see also 
<bibRefCitation author="Verrill, AE" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural History" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="323 - 333" refId="B39" refString="Verrill, AE, 1866. On the polyps and corals from Panama with descriptions of new species. Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural History 10: 323 - 333" title="On the polyps and corals from Panama with descriptions of new species." volume="10" year="1866">Verrill 1866</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation author="Verrill, AE" journalOrPublisher="Transactions of the Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sciences, (Second Edition)" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="377 - 558" publicationUrl="https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/13465394" refId="B41" refString="Verrill, AE, 1868b. Notes on Radiata in the Museum of Yale College, with descriptions of new genera and species. No. 6. Review of the corals and polyps of the West Coast of America. Transactions of the Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sciences, (Second Edition) 1 (2): 377 - 558, https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/13465394" title="Notes on Radiata in the Museum of Yale College, with descriptions of new genera and species. No. 6. Review of the corals and polyps of the West Coast of America." url="https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/13465394" volume="1" year="1868 b">1868b</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation author="Bayer, FM" journalOrPublisher="Journal of the Washington Academy of Science" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B2" refString="Bayer, FM, 1956. Octocorallia, Part F. Coelenterata. In: Moore RC (Ed.) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology. Geological Society of America and University of Kansas Press, Lawrence-Kansas, F166-F231." title="Octocorallia, Part F. Coelenterata. In: Moore RC (Ed.) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology. Geological Society of America and University of Kansas Press, Lawrence-Kansas, F 166 - F 231." year="1956">Bayer 1956</bibRefCitation>
). The lectotype is a bushy, irregularly dichotomous dry colony, 12 cm long and 9.5 cm wide. The colony is of a red orange colour (Fig. 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Psammogorgia arbuscula (Verrill, 1866) YPM 573 A colony B detail of branches C coenenchymal and anthocodial sclerites." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.961.54846.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/442675" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">2A, B</figureCitation>
). Nine stems arise from an oval encrusting holdfast which is ~ 4.5 cm in diameter (Fig. 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Psammogorgia arbuscula (Verrill, 1866) YPM 573 A colony B detail of branches C coenenchymal and anthocodial sclerites." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.961.54846.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/442675" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">2A</figureCitation>
). The holdfast is covered by a thin layer of coenenchyme with polyps. Most of the stems are 3.0-3.2 mm in diameter bifurcating a few mm above the base, two of them raising up to 2 cm before subdividing in several branches 2-4 mm in diameter including calyces. The colony branches up to eight times. The branches emerge at angles of 45-90°, ascending parallel and slightly curved at the end. Terminal branchlets are 2.5-10 mm long (Fig. 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Psammogorgia arbuscula (Verrill, 1866) YPM 573 A colony B detail of branches C coenenchymal and anthocodial sclerites." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.961.54846.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/442675" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">2A</figureCitation>
). The calyces are with rounded somewhat tapered tips. Calyces are closely arranged around the branches, mostly in 2-3 longitudinal rows on each side of the branches; somehow in quincunx (arrangements of five) as 
<bibRefCitation author="Verrill, AE" journalOrPublisher="Transactions of the Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sciences, (Second Edition)" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="377 - 558" publicationUrl="https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/13465394" refId="B41" refString="Verrill, AE, 1868b. Notes on Radiata in the Museum of Yale College, with descriptions of new genera and species. No. 6. Review of the corals and polyps of the West Coast of America. Transactions of the Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sciences, (Second Edition) 1 (2): 377 - 558, https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/13465394" title="Notes on Radiata in the Museum of Yale College, with descriptions of new genera and species. No. 6. Review of the corals and polyps of the West Coast of America." url="https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/13465394" volume="1" year="1868 b">Verrill (1868b)</bibRefCitation>
mentioned (Fig. 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Psammogorgia arbuscula (Verrill, 1866) YPM 573 A colony B detail of branches C coenenchymal and anthocodial sclerites." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.961.54846.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/442675" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">2B</figureCitation>
). The calyces are prominent, up to 1 mm tall and around 2 mm diameter, composed of eight marginal swollen lobes around the polyp apertures, which is evident when polyps are withdraw or in dry condition (Fig. 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Psammogorgia arbuscula (Verrill, 1866) YPM 573 A colony B detail of branches C coenenchymal and anthocodial sclerites." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.961.54846.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/442675" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">2B</figureCitation>
). Calyces present a concentration of thorny, irregular spindles and wart-clubs around the borders. The coenenchyme is moderately thick, granulose and brittle in the dry lectotype. Coenenchymal sclerites are dark red, red, orange and of lighter hues (Fig. 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Psammogorgia arbuscula (Verrill, 1866) YPM 573 A colony B detail of branches C coenenchymal and anthocodial sclerites." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.961.54846.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/442675" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">2C</figureCitation>
), and of different forms: irregular spindles with acute or bifurcated ends, some being slightly curved (Figs 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Psammogorgia arbuscula (Verrill, 1866) YPM 573 A colony B detail of branches C coenenchymal and anthocodial sclerites." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.961.54846.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/442675" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">2C</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. Psammogorgia arbuscula (Verrill, 1866) YPM 573 A spindles B radiates C wart clubs D anthocodial spindles." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.961.54846.figure3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/442676" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">3A</figureCitation>
), 0.14-0.20 mm long and 0.06-0.07 mm wide. Warty radiates are 0.07-0.13 mm long and 0.065-0.085 mm wide (Fig. 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. Psammogorgia arbuscula (Verrill, 1866) YPM 573 A spindles B radiates C wart clubs D anthocodial spindles." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.961.54846.figure3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/442676" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">3B</figureCitation>
); and some warty crosses up to 0.11 mm by 0.1 mm. Wart-clubs are 0.09-0.18 mm long and 0.049-0.12 mm wide, variable in form and with a larger end expanded and covered with thorny warts (Fig. 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. Psammogorgia arbuscula (Verrill, 1866) YPM 573 A spindles B radiates C wart clubs D anthocodial spindles." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.961.54846.figure3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/442676" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">3C</figureCitation>
). They are concentrated at the calyx rims and the base of the anthocodia. The anthocodial armature is well developed. It is composed of spiny spindles arranged in a collaret and points, 0.13-0.17 mm long (0.20-0.26 mm long according to 
<bibRefCitation author="Verrill, AE" journalOrPublisher="Transactions of the Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sciences, (Second Edition)" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="377 - 558" publicationUrl="https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/13465394" refId="B41" refString="Verrill, AE, 1868b. Notes on Radiata in the Museum of Yale College, with descriptions of new genera and species. No. 6. Review of the corals and polyps of the West Coast of America. Transactions of the Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sciences, (Second Edition) 1 (2): 377 - 558, https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/13465394" title="Notes on Radiata in the Museum of Yale College, with descriptions of new genera and species. No. 6. Review of the corals and polyps of the West Coast of America." url="https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/13465394" volume="1" year="1868 b">Verrill (1868b)</bibRefCitation>
) and 0.02-0.045 mm wide (Fig. 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. Psammogorgia arbuscula (Verrill, 1866) YPM 573 A spindles B radiates C wart clubs D anthocodial spindles." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.961.54846.figure3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/442676" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">3D</figureCitation>
); its flat spindles are with small tubercles and scattered warts.
</paragraph>
<caption doi="10.3897/zookeys.961.54846.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/442675" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" start="Figure 2" startId="F2">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figure 2.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Verrill" baseAuthorityYear="1866" class="Anthozoa" family="Plexauridae" genus="Psammogorgia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Psammogorgia arbuscula" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="arbuscula">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Psammogorgia arbuscula</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Verrill, 1866) YPM 573 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A</emphasis>
colony 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">B</emphasis>
detail of branches 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C</emphasis>
coenenchymal and anthocodial sclerites.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption doi="10.3897/zookeys.961.54846.figure3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/442676" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" start="Figure 3" startId="F3">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figure 3.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Verrill" baseAuthorityYear="1866" class="Anthozoa" family="Plexauridae" genus="Psammogorgia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Psammogorgia arbuscula" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="arbuscula">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Psammogorgia arbuscula</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Verrill, 1866) YPM 573 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A</emphasis>
spindles 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">B</emphasis>
radiates 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C</emphasis>
wart clubs 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">D</emphasis>
anthocodial spindles.
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="variability">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Variability.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
Most of the type material of the form typica of 
<taxonomicName lsidName="P. arbuscula" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="arbuscula">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. arbuscula</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is constituted of small colonies 5-15 cm long and 3-7 cm wide or fragments of colonies, the largest specimen being MCZ 7009 (28 cm long and 20 cm wide), with unbranched ends up to 15 cm long. Stems can reach up to 4 mm diameter, branches up to 3.5-3.8 mm in diameter and branchlets up to 2.0-2.6 mm in diameter. The sclerites content is consistent among the types. When alive, the colonies are dark red and the polyps are bright yellow (
<bibRefCitation author="Verrill, AE" journalOrPublisher="Transactions of the Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sciences, (Second Edition)" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="377 - 558" publicationUrl="https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/13465394" refId="B41" refString="Verrill, AE, 1868b. Notes on Radiata in the Museum of Yale College, with descriptions of new genera and species. No. 6. Review of the corals and polyps of the West Coast of America. Transactions of the Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sciences, (Second Edition) 1 (2): 377 - 558, https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/13465394" title="Notes on Radiata in the Museum of Yale College, with descriptions of new genera and species. No. 6. Review of the corals and polyps of the West Coast of America." url="https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/13465394" volume="1" year="1868 b">Verrill 1868b</bibRefCitation>
) (Fig. 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figure 4. Psammogorgia arbuscula (Verrill, 1866). A In situ colony, 13 m deep, Rocas Corcovado, Osa Peninsula, Costa Rica. Photograph: Manu San Felix, National Geographic Pristine Seas." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.961.54846.figure4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/442677" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">4</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<caption doi="10.3897/zookeys.961.54846.figure4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/442677" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" start="Figure 4" startId="F4">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figure 4.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Verrill" baseAuthorityYear="1866" class="Anthozoa" family="Plexauridae" genus="Psammogorgia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Psammogorgia arbuscula" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="arbuscula">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Psammogorgia arbuscula</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Verrill, 1866). A 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">In situ</emphasis>
colony, 13 m deep, Rocas Corcovado, Osa Peninsula, Costa Rica. Photograph: Manu San Felix, National Geographic Pristine Seas.
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="distribution">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Distribution.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
Tropical eastern Pacific: 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Panamá">Panama</normalizedToken>
, Costa Rica, Ecuador, 
<normalizedToken originalValue="México">Mexico</normalizedToken>
and El Salvador.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="remarks">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Remarks and comparison.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
The 
<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Plexauridae" genus="Psammogorgia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Psammogorgia arbuscula subsp. typica" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="subSpecies" species="arbuscula" subSpecies="typica">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Psammogorgia arbuscula typica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is different in calyx structure, size of sclerites and colour from the varieties 
<taxonomicName lsidName="P. arbuscula subsp. var. var. dowii" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="variety" species="arbuscula" subSpecies="var." variety="dowii">P. arbuscula var. dowii</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName lsidName="P. arbuscula subsp. var. var. pallida" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="variety" species="arbuscula" subSpecies="var." variety="pallida">P. arbuscula var. pallida</taxonomicName>
(see Tables 
<tableCitation captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="T1" captionText="Table 1. Comparative features of Psammogorgia colonies from the tropical eastern Pacific, according to analyses of type material from museums (YPM, MCZ, MNHN), and taxonomic descriptions by Verrill (1868 b, 1870) and Bayer (1958). Diameter of the branches includes calyces. Measurements in millimetres." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/B8D52D66E392F1F5E140A65F2133FE82" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" tableUuid="B8D52D66E392F1F5E140A65F2133FE82">1</tableCitation>
, 
<tableCitation captionStart="Table 2" captionStartId="T2" captionText="Table 2. Comparative features of sclerites of Psammogorgia species in the tropical eastern Pacific Ocean according to an analysis of type material from museums (YPM, MCZ, MNHN) and taxonomic descriptions by Verrill (1868 b, 1870), Bayer (1958), Breedy and Guzman (2014), and Breedy et al. (2020)." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/35FA6373B922CFFCE4727644BEB7890F" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" tableUuid="35FA6373B922CFFCE4727644BEB7890F">2</tableCitation>
). These other varieties lack the prominent and swollen calyces present in 
<taxonomicName lsidName="P. arbuscula subsp. typica" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="subSpecies" species="arbuscula" subSpecies="typica">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. arbuscula typica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Verrill" authorityYear="1868" class="Anthozoa" family="Plexauridae" genus="Psammogorgia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Psammogorgia gracilis" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="gracilis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Psammogorgia gracilis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Breedy &amp; Guzman" authorityYear="2014" class="Anthozoa" family="Plexauridae" genus="Psammogorgia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Psammogorgia hookeri" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="hookeri">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Psammogorgia hookeri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
have prominent calyces however, there are many other differences that separate them from 
<taxonomicName lsidName="P. arbuscula" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="arbuscula">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. arbuscula</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Tables 
<tableCitation captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="T1" captionText="Table 1. Comparative features of Psammogorgia colonies from the tropical eastern Pacific, according to analyses of type material from museums (YPM, MCZ, MNHN), and taxonomic descriptions by Verrill (1868 b, 1870) and Bayer (1958). Diameter of the branches includes calyces. Measurements in millimetres." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/B8D52D66E392F1F5E140A65F2133FE82" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" tableUuid="B8D52D66E392F1F5E140A65F2133FE82">1</tableCitation>
, 
<tableCitation captionStart="Table 2" captionStartId="T2" captionText="Table 2. Comparative features of sclerites of Psammogorgia species in the tropical eastern Pacific Ocean according to an analysis of type material from museums (YPM, MCZ, MNHN) and taxonomic descriptions by Verrill (1868 b, 1870), Bayer (1958), Breedy and Guzman (2014), and Breedy et al. (2020)." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/35FA6373B922CFFCE4727644BEB7890F" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" tableUuid="35FA6373B922CFFCE4727644BEB7890F">2</tableCitation>
). 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Verrill" authorityYear="1868" class="Anthozoa" family="Plexauridae" genus="Psammogorgia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Psammogorgia gracilis" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="gracilis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Psammogorgia gracilis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has thinner and longer branchlets as well as shorter spindles, longer wart clubs, and shorter anthocodial sclerites (Tables 
<tableCitation captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="T1" captionText="Table 1. Comparative features of Psammogorgia colonies from the tropical eastern Pacific, according to analyses of type material from museums (YPM, MCZ, MNHN), and taxonomic descriptions by Verrill (1868 b, 1870) and Bayer (1958). Diameter of the branches includes calyces. Measurements in millimetres." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/B8D52D66E392F1F5E140A65F2133FE82" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" tableUuid="B8D52D66E392F1F5E140A65F2133FE82">1</tableCitation>
, 
<tableCitation captionStart="Table 2" captionStartId="T2" captionText="Table 2. Comparative features of sclerites of Psammogorgia species in the tropical eastern Pacific Ocean according to an analysis of type material from museums (YPM, MCZ, MNHN) and taxonomic descriptions by Verrill (1868 b, 1870), Bayer (1958), Breedy and Guzman (2014), and Breedy et al. (2020)." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/35FA6373B922CFFCE4727644BEB7890F" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" tableUuid="35FA6373B922CFFCE4727644BEB7890F">2</tableCitation>
). 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Breedy &amp; Guzman" authorityYear="2014" class="Anthozoa" family="Plexauridae" genus="Psammogorgia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Psammogorgia hookeri" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="hookeri">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Psammogorgia hookeri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has smaller bushy colonies with a typical coral red colour, different from the larger colonies of 
<taxonomicName lsidName="P. arbuscula" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="arbuscula">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. arbuscula</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. In general, 
<taxonomicName lsidName="P. hookeri" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="hookeri">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. hookeri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has star-like sclerites absent in the later, and smaller sclerites than in 
<taxonomicName lsidName="P. arbuscula" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="arbuscula">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. arbuscula</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<caption ID-Table-UUID="B8D52D66E392F1F5E140A65F2133FE82" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/B8D52D66E392F1F5E140A65F2133FE82" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" start="Table 1" startId="T1">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Table 1.</emphasis>
Comparative features of 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Verrill" authorityYear="1868" class="Anthozoa" family="Plexauridae" genus="Psammogorgia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Psammogorgia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Psammogorgia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
colonies from the tropical eastern Pacific, according to analyses of type material from museums (YPM, MCZ, MNHN), and taxonomic descriptions by 
<bibRefCitation author="Verrill, AE" journalOrPublisher="Transactions of the Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sciences, (Second Edition)" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="377 - 558" publicationUrl="https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/13465394" refId="B41" refString="Verrill, AE, 1868b. Notes on Radiata in the Museum of Yale College, with descriptions of new genera and species. No. 6. Review of the corals and polyps of the West Coast of America. Transactions of the Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sciences, (Second Edition) 1 (2): 377 - 558, https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/13465394" title="Notes on Radiata in the Museum of Yale College, with descriptions of new genera and species. No. 6. Review of the corals and polyps of the West Coast of America." url="https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/13465394" volume="1" year="1868 b">Verrill (1868b</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation author="Verrill, AE" journalOrPublisher="Transactions of the Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sciences, (Second Edition)" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B42" refString="Verrill, AE, 1870. Critical remarks on the halcyonoid polyps with descriptions of new species in the Museum of Yale College, No. 4. American Journal of Science and Arts, Series 2, 48: 419-429." title="Critical remarks on the halcyonoid polyps with descriptions of new species in the Museum of Yale College, No. 4. American Journal of Science and Arts, Series 2, 48: 419 - 429." year="1870">1870</bibRefCitation>
) and 
<bibRefCitation author="Bayer, FM" journalOrPublisher="Memoires du Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Nouvelle Series, Serie A (Zoologie)" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="41 - 56" publicationUrl="https://repository.si.edu/handle/10088/891" refId="B3" refString="Bayer, FM, 1958. Les Octocoralliaires plexaurides des cotes occidentals d'Amerique. Memoires du Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Nouvelle Series, Serie A (Zoologie) 16 (2): 41 - 56, https://repository.si.edu/handle/10088/891" title="Les Octocoralliaires plexaurides des cotes occidentals d'Amerique." url="https://repository.si.edu/handle/10088/891" volume="16" year="1958">Bayer (1958)</bibRefCitation>
. Diameter of the branches includes calyces. Measurements in millimetres.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<table pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<th colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">Species</th>
<th colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">Colony colour</th>
<th colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">Colony shape and branching pattern</th>
<th colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">Maximum # branching</th>
<th colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">Length of terminal branchlets</th>
<th colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">Diameter of branchlets</th>
<th colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">Branch anastomosis</th>
<th colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">Calyx of branchlets</th>
<th colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">Presence of swollen calyx rims</th>
<th colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">Calyx arrangement at branchlets</th>
</tr>
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName lsidName="P. arbuscula" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="arbuscula">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. arbuscula</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Verrill, 1866)
</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">dark red</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">bushy, irregularly dichotomous</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">8</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">2.5-15</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">2-4</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">absent</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">prominent</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">yes</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">close</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName lsidName="P. arbuscula subsp. var. var. dowii" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="variety" species="arbuscula" subSpecies="var." variety="dowii">P. arbuscula var. dowii</taxonomicName>
Verrill, 1868b
</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">dark red</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">*flabellate, dichotomous</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">2</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">6-35</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">2</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">absent</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">slightly raised</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">no</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">sparse</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName lsidName="P. arbuscula subsp. var. var. pallida" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="variety" species="arbuscula" subSpecies="var." variety="pallida">P. arbuscula var. pallida</taxonomicName>
Verrill, 1868b
</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">yellowish</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">flabellate, irregularly dichotomous</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">15</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">40</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">2-3</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">absent</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">flat/ slightly raised</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">no</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">sparse</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName lsidName="P. fucosa" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="fucosa">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. fucosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Valenciennes, 1846
</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">reddish</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">bushy, irregularly dichotomous</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">12</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">12.7-25.4</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">3-4.5</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">absent</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">flat</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">no</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">sparse</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName lsidName="P. gracilis" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="gracilis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. gracilis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Verrill, 1868
</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">red</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">*flabellate, irregular dichotomous</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">9</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">60</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">1.5-1.6</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">absent</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">prominent</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">yes</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">close</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName lsidName="P. hookeri" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="hookeri">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. hookeri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Breedy &amp; Guzman, 2014
</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">coral red</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">bushy, irregularly dichotomous</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">8</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">10-15</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">2-2.5</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">absent</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">prominent</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">yes</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">close</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName lsidName="P. pax" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="pax">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. pax</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.5343/bms.2019.0072" author="Breedy, O" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of Marine Science" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="169 - 179" refId="B13" refString="Breedy, O, Guzman, HM, Murillo, C, Vargas, S, 2020. A new species of the genus Psammogorgia (Cnidaria: Anthozoa: Octocorallia) from the Hannibal Bank in Pacific Panama. Bulletin of Marine Science 96 (1): 169 - 179, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5343/bms.2019.0072" title="A new species of the genus Psammogorgia (Cnidaria: Anthozoa: Octocorallia) from the Hannibal Bank in Pacific Panama." url="https://doi.org/10.5343/bms.2019.0072" volume="96" year="2020">Breedy et al. 2020</bibRefCitation>
</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">white</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">flabellate, irregularly dichotomous</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">20</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">10-125</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">3-4</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">present</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">slightly raised</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">no</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">sparse</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName lsidName="P. teres" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="teres">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. teres</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Verrill, 1868
</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">red orange</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">bushy, irregularly dichotomous</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">12</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">5-60</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">3-5</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">absent</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">flat</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">no</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">sparse</td>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<tableNote pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
*Data from 
<bibRefCitation author="Verrill, AE" journalOrPublisher="Transactions of the Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sciences, (Second Edition)" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="377 - 558" publicationUrl="https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/13465394" refId="B41" refString="Verrill, AE, 1868b. Notes on Radiata in the Museum of Yale College, with descriptions of new genera and species. No. 6. Review of the corals and polyps of the West Coast of America. Transactions of the Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sciences, (Second Edition) 1 (2): 377 - 558, https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/13465394" title="Notes on Radiata in the Museum of Yale College, with descriptions of new genera and species. No. 6. Review of the corals and polyps of the West Coast of America." url="https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/13465394" volume="1" year="1868 b">Verrill (1868b)</bibRefCitation>
: syntype colony is small or a fragment.
</tableNote>
</paragraph>
<caption ID-Table-UUID="35FA6373B922CFFCE4727644BEB7890F" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/35FA6373B922CFFCE4727644BEB7890F" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" start="Table 2" startId="T2">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Table 2.</emphasis>
Comparative features of sclerites of 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Verrill" authorityYear="1868" class="Anthozoa" family="Plexauridae" genus="Psammogorgia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Psammogorgia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Psammogorgia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species in the tropical eastern Pacific Ocean according to an analysis of type material from museums (YPM, MCZ, MNHN) and taxonomic descriptions by 
<bibRefCitation author="Verrill, AE" journalOrPublisher="Transactions of the Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sciences, (Second Edition)" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="377 - 558" publicationUrl="https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/13465394" refId="B41" refString="Verrill, AE, 1868b. Notes on Radiata in the Museum of Yale College, with descriptions of new genera and species. No. 6. Review of the corals and polyps of the West Coast of America. Transactions of the Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sciences, (Second Edition) 1 (2): 377 - 558, https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/13465394" title="Notes on Radiata in the Museum of Yale College, with descriptions of new genera and species. No. 6. Review of the corals and polyps of the West Coast of America." url="https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/13465394" volume="1" year="1868 b">Verrill (1868b</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation author="Verrill, AE" journalOrPublisher="Transactions of the Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sciences, (Second Edition)" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B42" refString="Verrill, AE, 1870. Critical remarks on the halcyonoid polyps with descriptions of new species in the Museum of Yale College, No. 4. American Journal of Science and Arts, Series 2, 48: 419-429." title="Critical remarks on the halcyonoid polyps with descriptions of new species in the Museum of Yale College, No. 4. American Journal of Science and Arts, Series 2, 48: 419 - 429." year="1870">1870</bibRefCitation>
), 
<bibRefCitation author="Bayer, FM" journalOrPublisher="Memoires du Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Nouvelle Series, Serie A (Zoologie)" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="41 - 56" publicationUrl="https://repository.si.edu/handle/10088/891" refId="B3" refString="Bayer, FM, 1958. Les Octocoralliaires plexaurides des cotes occidentals d'Amerique. Memoires du Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Nouvelle Series, Serie A (Zoologie) 16 (2): 41 - 56, https://repository.si.edu/handle/10088/891" title="Les Octocoralliaires plexaurides des cotes occidentals d'Amerique." url="https://repository.si.edu/handle/10088/891" volume="16" year="1958">Bayer (1958)</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1017/S0025315413001835" author="Breedy, O" journalOrPublisher="Journal of the Marine Biological Association" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="493 - 498" refId="B10" refString="Breedy, O, Guzman, HM, 2014. A new species of alcyonacean octocoral from the Peruvian Zoogeographic Region. Journal of the Marine Biological Association 94 (3): 493 - 498, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0025315413001835" title="A new species of alcyonacean octocoral from the Peruvian Zoogeographic Region." url="https://doi.org/10.1017/S0025315413001835" volume="94" year="2014">Breedy and Guzman (2014)</bibRefCitation>
, and 
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.5343/bms.2019.0072" author="Breedy, O" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of Marine Science" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="169 - 179" refId="B13" refString="Breedy, O, Guzman, HM, Murillo, C, Vargas, S, 2020. A new species of the genus Psammogorgia (Cnidaria: Anthozoa: Octocorallia) from the Hannibal Bank in Pacific Panama. Bulletin of Marine Science 96 (1): 169 - 179, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5343/bms.2019.0072" title="A new species of the genus Psammogorgia (Cnidaria: Anthozoa: Octocorallia) from the Hannibal Bank in Pacific Panama." url="https://doi.org/10.5343/bms.2019.0072" volume="96" year="2020">Breedy et al. (2020)</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<table pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<th colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">Species</th>
<th colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">Spindle length (mm)</th>
<th colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">Wart club length (mm)</th>
<th colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">Radiates length (mm)</th>
<th colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">Anthocodials length (mm)</th>
<th colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">Colour of coenenchymal sclerites</th>
<th colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">Colour of anthocodial sclerites</th>
</tr>
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName lsidName="P. arbuscula" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="arbuscula">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. arbuscula</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Verrill, 1866)
</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">0.14-0.30</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">0.09-0.18</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">0.07-0.13</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">0.12-0.26</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">dark red, red, orange</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">red, orange</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName lsidName="P. arbuscula subsp. var. var. dowii" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="variety" species="arbuscula" subSpecies="var." variety="dowii">P. arbuscula var. dowii</taxonomicName>
Verrill, 1868
</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">0.14-0.21</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">0.11-0.18</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">0.13-0.15</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">0.12-0.20</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">dark red, red, orange</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">red, orange</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName lsidName="P. arbuscula subsp. var. var. pallida" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="variety" species="arbuscula" subSpecies="var." variety="pallida">P. arbuscula var. pallida</taxonomicName>
Verrill, 1868
</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">0.15-0.23</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">0.11-0.16</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">0.08-0.16</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">0.11-0.23</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">pale pink, colourless</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">orange red</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName lsidName="P. fucosa" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="fucosa">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. fucosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Valenciennes, 1846
</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">0.10-0.22</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">0.10-0.18</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">0.09-0.11</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">0.10-0.21</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">red, pink, colourless</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">red</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName lsidName="P. gracilis" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="gracilis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. gracilis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Verrill, 1868
</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">0.12-0.24</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">0.11-0.25</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">0.08-0.10</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">0.11-0.20</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">red, orange, yellow</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">orange, pale yellow</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName lsidName="P. hookeri" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="hookeri">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. hookeri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Breedy &amp; Guzman, 2014
</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">0.12-0.19</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">0.11-0.16</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">0.09-0.11</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">0.10-0.18</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">coral red, reddish</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">yellowish, pale pink</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName lsidName="P. pax" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="pax">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. pax</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.5343/bms.2019.0072" author="Breedy, O" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of Marine Science" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="169 - 179" refId="B13" refString="Breedy, O, Guzman, HM, Murillo, C, Vargas, S, 2020. A new species of the genus Psammogorgia (Cnidaria: Anthozoa: Octocorallia) from the Hannibal Bank in Pacific Panama. Bulletin of Marine Science 96 (1): 169 - 179, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5343/bms.2019.0072" title="A new species of the genus Psammogorgia (Cnidaria: Anthozoa: Octocorallia) from the Hannibal Bank in Pacific Panama." url="https://doi.org/10.5343/bms.2019.0072" volume="96" year="2020">Breedy et al. 2020</bibRefCitation>
</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">0.21-0.24</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">0.13-0.33</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">not found</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">0.21-0.26</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">colourless</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">orange</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName lsidName="P. teres" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="teres">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. teres</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Verrill, 1868
</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">0.11-0.20</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">0.07-0.16</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">0.07-0.14</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">0.13-0.26</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">red, orange, colourless</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">pale yellow, colourless</td>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<bibRefCitation author="Bayer, FM" journalOrPublisher="Memoires du Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Nouvelle Series, Serie A (Zoologie)" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="41 - 56" publicationUrl="https://repository.si.edu/handle/10088/891" refId="B3" refString="Bayer, FM, 1958. Les Octocoralliaires plexaurides des cotes occidentals d'Amerique. Memoires du Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Nouvelle Series, Serie A (Zoologie) 16 (2): 41 - 56, https://repository.si.edu/handle/10088/891" title="Les Octocoralliaires plexaurides des cotes occidentals d'Amerique." url="https://repository.si.edu/handle/10088/891" volume="16" year="1958">Bayer (1958)</bibRefCitation>
treated specimen MCZ 4022 as the holotype for the species however, Verrill did not designate a holotype. 
<bibRefCitation author="Verrill, AE" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural History" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="323 - 333" refId="B39" refString="Verrill, AE, 1866. On the polyps and corals from Panama with descriptions of new species. Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural History 10: 323 - 333" title="On the polyps and corals from Panama with descriptions of new species." volume="10" year="1866">
<normalizedToken originalValue="Verrill´s">Verrill's</normalizedToken>
1866
</bibRefCitation>
original description of 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Verrill" authorityYear="1866" class="Anthozoa" family="Plexauridae" genus="Echinogorgia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Echinogorgia arbuscula" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="arbuscula">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Echinogorgia arbuscula</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is general, and he did not describe specimen MCZ 4022 specifically. We consider specimen YPM 573 more representative of the species and designate this as the lectotype to clearly establish the taxonomic status of 
<taxonomicName lsidName="P. arbuscula" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="arbuscula">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. arbuscula</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>