461 lines
77 KiB
XML
461 lines
77 KiB
XML
<document id="8B64AA72233107C70481802439711565" ID-CLB-Dataset="29126" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.4497.4.3" ID-GBIF-Dataset="f09380a8-4d31-4e79-9b72-74ee26438553" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="1456311" ID-ZooBank="7DFD16E7-D628-48DA-AAD6-4AB1E4D679E2" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1539238820092" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Reid, C. A. M. & Beatson, M." docDate="2018" docId="2A2D13766B70FF87FF1AF9A805AA5B6E" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.4497.4.3.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 4497 (4)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Cheiloxena Baly 1860" docType="treatment" docVersion="9" lastPageNumber="505" masterDocId="D6146B0E6B71FF83FF8DFFF604615833" masterDocTitle="Revision of the Australian leaf beetle genus Cheiloxena Baly, 1860 (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Spilopyrinae)" masterLastPageNumber="534" masterPageNumber="501" pageNumber="502" updateTime="1698574941947" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="8A14407A1A8A65688528130ECF579C2C">Revision of the Australian leaf beetle genus Cheiloxena Baly, 1860 (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Spilopyrinae)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="3BBB2AF4A3F0E8EC410F603580D47218">Reid, C. A. M.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="EDF36F90AF915B8E855B52928DFF1A1B">Beatson, M.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="5B271AA4C1C4F191FA25D9D6B886B39C">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="16B25959510BFA17564BE1339E2B1DAA">
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<mods:date id="8EA9550458E922F1C0258977D5F1EEDE">2018</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="0F479612933C041EF82D8608A184ACDF">4497</mods:number>
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<treatment id="2A2D13766B70FF87FF1AF9A805AA5B6E" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5958926" ID-GBIF-Taxon="148673161" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5958926" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:2A2D13766B70FF87FF1AF9A805AA5B6E" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/2A2D13766B70FF87FF1AF9A805AA5B6E" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="505" pageId="1" pageNumber="502">
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<paragraph id="A23BA2606B70FF82FF1AF9A805D15E4B" blockId="1.[151,432,1630,1656]" box="[151,432,1630,1656]" pageId="1" pageNumber="502">
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<emphasis id="90F07E726B70FF82FF1AF9A805D15E4B" bold="true" box="[151,432,1630,1656]" pageId="1" pageNumber="502">
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<taxonomicName id="6584D9E36B70FF82FF1AF9A805CA5E4B" authority="Baly, 1860" authorityName="Baly" authorityYear="1860" box="[151,427,1630,1656]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Cheiloxena" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="502" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="90F07E726B70FF82FF1AF9A805435E4B" bold="true" box="[151,290,1630,1656]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="502">Cheiloxena</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="C615DF916B70FF82FEA5F9A805CA5E4B" box="[296,427,1630,1656]" pageId="1" pageNumber="502" refId="ref19275" refString="Baly, J. S. (1860) Descriptions of some new species of Sagra; remarks on that genus; and the characters of Cheiloxena, a new genus belonging to the same family. Transactions of the entomological Society of London, Series 2, 5, 249 - 260. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2311.1860. tb 01852. x" type="journal article">Baly, 1860</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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.
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="EA9EF1EB6B70FF82FF1AF95306075ECB" pageId="1" pageNumber="502" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="A23BA2606B70FF82FF1AF95305D05E88" blockId="1.[151,814,1701,1815]" box="[151,433,1701,1723]" pageId="1" pageNumber="502">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="8294854E6B70FF82FF1AF95305D05E88" box="[151,433,1701,1723]" pageId="1" pageNumber="502">
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<taxonomicName id="6584D9E36B70FF82FF1AF95305D05E88" authority="Baly, 1860: 255" authorityName="Baly" authorityPageNumber="255" authorityYear="1860" box="[151,433,1701,1723]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Cheiloxena" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="502" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="90F07E726B70FF82FF1AF953056B5E88" box="[151,266,1701,1723]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="502">Cheiloxena</emphasis>
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<treatmentCitation id="232584716B70FF82FE9DF95305D05E88" author="" box="[272,433,1701,1723]" page="255" pageId="1" pageNumber="502">
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<bibRefCitation id="C615DF916B70FF82FE9DF95305E05E88" box="[272,385,1701,1723]" pageId="1" pageNumber="502" refId="ref19275" refString="Baly, J. S. (1860) Descriptions of some new species of Sagra; remarks on that genus; and the characters of Cheiloxena, a new genus belonging to the same family. Transactions of the entomological Society of London, Series 2, 5, 249 - 260. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2311.1860. tb 01852. x" type="journal article">Baly, 1860</bibRefCitation>
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: 255
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</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="A23BA2606B70FF82FF1AF932074F5EE9" blockId="1.[151,814,1701,1815]" box="[151,814,1732,1754]" pageId="1" pageNumber="502">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="8294854E6B70FF82FF1AF932074F5EE9" box="[151,814,1732,1754]" pageId="1" pageNumber="502">
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<taxonomicName id="6584D9E36B70FF82FF1AF93206C35EE9" authority=": Gemminger and von Harold 1874: 3233" authorityName="Gemminger and von Harold" authorityPageNumber="3233" authorityYear="1874" box="[151,674,1732,1754]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Chiloxena" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="502" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="90F07E726B70FF82FF1AF932049E5EE9" box="[151,255,1732,1754]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="502">Chiloxena</emphasis>
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: Gemminger and von
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<treatmentCitation id="232584716B70FF82FE6FF93206C35EE9" author="" box="[482,674,1732,1754]" page="3233" pageId="1" pageNumber="502">
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<bibRefCitation id="C615DF916B70FF82FE6FF93206045EE9" box="[482,613,1732,1754]" pageId="1" pageNumber="502" refId="ref19699" refString="von Harold, E. (1874) Chrysomelidae pars 1. In: Gemminger, M. & von Harold, E. (Eds.), Catalogus Coleopterorum hucusque descriptorum synonimicus et systematicus, 11, pp. 3233 - 3478." type="journal article">Harold 1874</bibRefCitation>
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: 3233
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</treatmentCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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(misspelling)
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</treatmentCitationGroup>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="A23BA2606B70FF82FF1AF91406075ECB" blockId="1.[151,814,1701,1815]" box="[151,614,1762,1784]" pageId="1" pageNumber="502">
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<emphasis id="90F07E726B70FF82FF1AF91405755ECB" box="[151,276,1762,1784]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="502">Cheiloscena</emphasis>
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:
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<bibRefCitation id="C615DF916B70FF82FEACF91405C85ECB" box="[289,425,1762,1784]" pageId="1" pageNumber="502" refId="ref20622" refString="Selman, B. J. (1963) A revision of the genus Deretrichia Weise (Coleoptera: Eumolpidae). Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), Entomology, 14 (4), 155 - 196. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 8781" type="journal article">Selman 1963</bibRefCitation>
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: 158 (misspelling)
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="EA9EF1EB6B70FF82FF1AF8F700795F69" pageId="1" pageNumber="502" type="description">
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<paragraph id="A23BA2606B70FF82FF1AF8F7063B5F24" blockId="1.[151,814,1701,1815]" box="[151,602,1793,1815]" pageId="1" pageNumber="502">
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<emphasis id="90F07E726B70FF82FF1AF8F705685F24" box="[151,265,1793,1815]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="502">Chiloscena</emphasis>
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:
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<bibRefCitation id="C615DF916B70FF82FE9BF8F705FF5F24" box="[278,414,1793,1815]" pageId="1" pageNumber="502" refId="ref20622" refString="Selman, B. J. (1963) A revision of the genus Deretrichia Weise (Coleoptera: Eumolpidae). Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), Entomology, 14 (4), 155 - 196. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 8781" type="journal article">Selman 1963</bibRefCitation>
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: 159 (misspelling)
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="A23BA2606B70FF82FF1AF8B300795F69" blockId="1.[151,1048,1860,1882]" box="[151,1048,1860,1882]" pageId="1" pageNumber="502">
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Type species:
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<taxonomicName id="6584D9E36B70FF82FEA1F8B206EF5F69" authority="Baly, 1860" authorityName="Baly Elytra" authorityYear="1860" box="[300,654,1860,1882]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Cheiloxena" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="502" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="westwoodii">
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<emphasis id="90F07E726B70FF82FEA1F8B206795F69" box="[300,536,1860,1882]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="502">Cheiloxena westwoodii</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="C615DF916B70FF82FD93F8B206EF5F69" box="[542,654,1860,1882]" pageId="1" pageNumber="502" refId="ref19275" refString="Baly, J. S. (1860) Descriptions of some new species of Sagra; remarks on that genus; and the characters of Cheiloxena, a new genus belonging to the same family. Transactions of the entomological Society of London, Series 2, 5, 249 - 260. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2311.1860. tb 01852. x" type="journal article">Baly, 1860</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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, by original designation and monotypy
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="EA9EF1EB6B70FF81FF1AF870073B59BB" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="503" pageId="1" pageNumber="502" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph id="A23BA2606B70FF81FF1AF870073B59BB" blockId="1.[151,1437,1926,2023]" lastBlockId="2.[151,1437,151,2013]" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="503" pageId="1" pageNumber="502">
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<emphasis id="90F07E726B70FF82FF1AF87005705FAC" bold="true" box="[151,273,1926,1951]" pageId="1" pageNumber="502">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
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Length 7¯
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<quantity id="657C0F856B70FF82FE05F87005925FAD" box="[392,499,1926,1951]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.55" pageId="1" pageNumber="502" unit="mm" value="15.5">15.5 mm</quantity>
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; shape elongate, profile not elevated at base of elytra; elytra parallel-sided for basal 2/3, base of pronotum strongly narrowed compared with elytral width at humeri; dorsum dull, with scattered recumbent scale-like setae; eyes generally small, gena 0.3–0.8x eye length; pronotum widest at middle and/or anterior, and width at posterior angles narrower than width at anterior angles; lateral margination of pronotum absent; prosternal process elongate, arched between coxae, apex truncate and laterally expanded; elytra tuberculate, non-striate, but some punctures may be aligned in short rows; epipleuron narrow, gradually contracted from humerus to apex, upper margin obliterated at base; mesosternal process elongate, apex truncate; male tibiae straight; tibial spurs 1+2+2; claw bifid, inner lobe small and acute, <45°; apex of third tarsomere shallowly bilobed; ventrites I and II fused; tegmen with internal median keel; male spiculum relictum absent; female median sclerite present in ovipositor; rectal kotpresse not well-defined.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="EA9EF1EB6B73FF80FF4AFE6206635D3E" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="504" pageId="2" pageNumber="503" type="description">
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<paragraph id="A23BA2606B73FF81FF4AFE62071D5A0E" blockId="2.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="2" pageNumber="503">
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<emphasis id="90F07E726B73FF81FF4AFE620538599E" bold="true" box="[199,345,404,429]" pageId="2" pageNumber="503">Description.</emphasis>
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Length
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<quantity id="657C0F856B73FF81FE35FE62065B599F" box="[440,570,404,429]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.125" metricValueMax="1.55" metricValueMin="0.7" pageId="2" pageNumber="503" unit="mm" value="11.25" valueMax="15.5" valueMin="7.0">7–15.5 mm</quantity>
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, females larger than males on average but ranges broadly overlapping; body (
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<figureCitation id="3ABFBEE56B73FF81FF12FE41057059E3" box="[159,273,439,464]" captionStart-0="FIGURES 1–2" captionStart-1="FIGURES 3–6" captionStart-2="FIGURES 7–10" captionStart-3="FIGURES 11–12" captionStart-4="FIGURES 13–21" captionStartId-0="5.[151,264,1955,1978]" captionStartId-1="6.[151,264,1969,1992]" captionStartId-2="7.[151,264,1975,1998]" captionStartId-3="8.[151,264,1346,1369]" captionStartId-4="13.[151,264,1907,1930]" captionTargetBox-0="[311,1269,205,1810]" captionTargetBox-1="[200,1385,203,1898]" captionTargetBox-2="[194,1366,311,1853]" captionTargetBox-3="[192,1346,256,1218]" captionTargetBox-4="[230,1395,232,1777]" captionTargetId-0="figure@5.[189,1397,117,1933]" captionTargetId-1="figure@6.[152,1435,133,1948]" captionTargetId-2="figure@7.[152,1435,139,1955]" captionTargetId-3="figure@8.[150,1436,193,1343]" captionTargetId-4="figure@13.[152,1435,141,1956]" captionTargetPageId-0="5" captionTargetPageId-1="6" captionTargetPageId-2="7" captionTargetPageId-3="8" captionTargetPageId-4="13" captionText-0="FIGURES 1–2. Live Cheiloxena species: 1, Cheiloxena westwoodii Baly in copula, south Victoria; 2, Cheiloxena frenchae Blackburn, south Victoria. Photos by N. Monaghan." captionText-1="FIGURES 3–6. Habitus of Cheiloxena species: 3, C. aitori Reid & Beatson, male; 4, C. blackburni Reid; 5, C. conani Reid & Beatson; 6, C. frenchae Blackburn. Not to scale." captionText-2="FIGURES 7–10. Habitus of Cheiloxena species: 7, C. insignis Baly (Launching Place, Victoria); 8, C. insignis (Lake Mountain, Victoria); 9, C. monga Reid & Beatson (holotype); 10, C. tuberosa Reid; Not to scale." captionText-3="FIGURES 11–12. Habitus of Cheiloxena species: 11, C. westwoodii Baly (northern form, Dorrigo); 12, C. westwoodii Baly (southern form, Victoria). Not to scale." captionText-4="FIGURES 13–21. Lateral of Cheiloxena species: 13, C. aitori Reid & Beatson, male (holotype); 14, C. blackburni Reid; 15, C. conani Reid & Beatson; 16, C. frenchae Blackburn, (holotype); 17, C. insignis Blackburn; 18, C. monga Reid & Beatson (holotype); 19, C. tuberosa Reid; 20, C. westwoodii Baly (northern form, Dorrigo); 21, C. westwoodii Baly (southern form, Victoria). Not to scale." httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/1456313/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/1456315/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/1456317/files/figure.png" httpUri-3="https://zenodo.org/record/1456319/files/figure.png" httpUri-4="https://zenodo.org/record/1456321/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="503">Figs 1–20</figureCitation>
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) elongate, length 1.8–2.3x width; head generally deflexed (least so in
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<taxonomicName id="6584D9E36B73FF81FBA0FE4E00C759FC" authorityName="Blackburn" authorityYear="1896" box="[1069,1190,440,463]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Cheiloxena" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="503" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="insignis">
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<emphasis id="90F07E726B73FF81FBA0FE4E00C759FC" box="[1069,1190,440,463]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="503">C. insignis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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); pronotal base much narrower than elytral base at humeri, which are prominent; dorsum and venter dark brown to black, with broad recumbent scale-like setae, except
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<taxonomicName id="6584D9E36B73FF81FDACFDF606F85A24" authorityName="Blackburn" authorityYear="1896" box="[545,665,512,535]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Cheiloxena" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="503" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="insignis">
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<emphasis id="90F07E726B73FF81FDACFDF606F85A24" box="[545,665,512,535]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="503">C. insignis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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with recumbent thin setae; profile shallowly convex, but often with prominent tubercles, length 2.6–3.1x height (excluding tubercles).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="A23BA2606B73FF81FF4AFDB1016C5D03" blockId="2.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="2" pageNumber="503">
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Head (
|
||
<figureCitation id="3ABFBEE56B73FF81FE99FDB105EB5A53" box="[276,394,583,608]" captionStart-0="FIGURES 1–2" captionStart-1="FIGURES 3–6" captionStart-2="FIGURES 7–10" captionStart-3="FIGURES 11–12" captionStart-4="FIGURES 13–21" captionStart-5="FIGURES 22–30" captionStartId-0="5.[151,264,1955,1978]" captionStartId-1="6.[151,264,1969,1992]" captionStartId-2="7.[151,264,1975,1998]" captionStartId-3="8.[151,264,1346,1369]" captionStartId-4="13.[151,264,1907,1930]" captionStartId-5="14.[151,264,1700,1723]" captionTargetBox-0="[311,1269,205,1810]" captionTargetBox-1="[200,1385,203,1898]" captionTargetBox-2="[194,1366,311,1853]" captionTargetBox-3="[192,1346,256,1218]" captionTargetBox-4="[230,1395,232,1777]" captionTargetBox-5="[212,1381,282,1587]" captionTargetId-0="figure@5.[189,1397,117,1933]" captionTargetId-1="figure@6.[152,1435,133,1948]" captionTargetId-2="figure@7.[152,1435,139,1955]" captionTargetId-3="figure@8.[150,1436,193,1343]" captionTargetId-4="figure@13.[152,1435,141,1956]" captionTargetId-5="figure@14.[150,1436,193,1679]" captionTargetPageId-0="5" captionTargetPageId-1="6" captionTargetPageId-2="7" captionTargetPageId-3="8" captionTargetPageId-4="13" captionTargetPageId-5="14" captionText-0="FIGURES 1–2. Live Cheiloxena species: 1, Cheiloxena westwoodii Baly in copula, south Victoria; 2, Cheiloxena frenchae Blackburn, south Victoria. Photos by N. Monaghan." captionText-1="FIGURES 3–6. Habitus of Cheiloxena species: 3, C. aitori Reid & Beatson, male; 4, C. blackburni Reid; 5, C. conani Reid & Beatson; 6, C. frenchae Blackburn. Not to scale." captionText-2="FIGURES 7–10. Habitus of Cheiloxena species: 7, C. insignis Baly (Launching Place, Victoria); 8, C. insignis (Lake Mountain, Victoria); 9, C. monga Reid & Beatson (holotype); 10, C. tuberosa Reid; Not to scale." captionText-3="FIGURES 11–12. Habitus of Cheiloxena species: 11, C. westwoodii Baly (northern form, Dorrigo); 12, C. westwoodii Baly (southern form, Victoria). Not to scale." captionText-4="FIGURES 13–21. Lateral of Cheiloxena species: 13, C. aitori Reid & Beatson, male (holotype); 14, C. blackburni Reid; 15, C. conani Reid & Beatson; 16, C. frenchae Blackburn, (holotype); 17, C. insignis Blackburn; 18, C. monga Reid & Beatson (holotype); 19, C. tuberosa Reid; 20, C. westwoodii Baly (northern form, Dorrigo); 21, C. westwoodii Baly (southern form, Victoria). Not to scale." captionText-5="FIGURES 22–30. Anterior view, Cheiloxena species: 22, C. aitori Reid & Beatson, male (holotype); 23, C. blackburni Reid; 24, C. conani Reid & Beatson; 25, C. frenchae Blackburn; 26, C. insignis Baly; 27, C. monga Reid & Beatson; 28, C. tuberosa Reid; 29, C. westwoodii Baly (northern form, Dorrigo); 30, C. westwoodii Baly (southern form, Victoria)." httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/1456313/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/1456315/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/1456317/files/figure.png" httpUri-3="https://zenodo.org/record/1456319/files/figure.png" httpUri-4="https://zenodo.org/record/1456321/files/figure.png" httpUri-5="https://zenodo.org/record/1456323/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="503">Figs 1–30</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="3ABFBEE56B73FF81FE14FDB105D65A53" box="[409,439,583,608]" captionStart="FIGURES 35–37" captionStartId="16.[151,264,1944,1967]" captionTargetBox="[226,1365,279,1759]" captionTargetId="figure@16.[152,1435,193,1924]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIGURES 35–37. Cheiloxena species, ventral view: 35, C. insignis Baly, thoracic venter; 36, C. westwoodii Baly (Blundell's Range, ACT), male abdominal ventrites; 37, C. westwoodii (Island Bend, NSW), female abdominal ventrites." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1456327/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="503">35</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="3ABFBEE56B73FF81FE4BFDBE06725A53" box="[454,531,584,608]" captionStart="FIGURES 38–42" captionStartId="17.[151,264,1957,1980]" captionTargetBox="[281,1374,340,1843]" captionTargetId="figure@17.[152,1435,193,2009]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="FIGURES 38–42. Cheiloxena species: 38, C. tuberosa Reid, male antenna; 39, C. insignis Blackburn, male antenna; 40, C. insignis, metafemur; 41, C. tuberosa, pro- (left) and meta- (right) tarsi; 42, C. frenchae Blackburn, apex of tarsus." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1456329/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="503">38, 39</figureCitation>
|
||
): head capsule dorsally without deep grooves or ridges; fronto-clypeal sutures obsolete, but frontoclypeus distinguished by narrow impunctate margins delimiting an approximately triangular area, anterior margin truncate to deeply concave, flat or concave between eyes and without elevated apex; vertex and frontoclypeus punctate, punctures larger than ommatidia; eyes small and ovate, length 1.3–
|
||
<date id="D63A84A06B73FF81FB66FD4201665AFF" box="[1259,1287,692,716]" pageId="2" pageNumber="503">2x</date>
|
||
width, inner margins shallowly concave, inter-ocular space 2–
|
||
<date id="D63A84A06B73FF81FD30FD2E06B85AC3" box="[701,729,728,752]" pageId="2" pageNumber="503">4x</date>
|
||
eye lengths; eye feebly to strongly laterally projecting, if latter, posterior curvature contiguous with short temples, which are constricted to parallel-sided base of head capsule; small trichobothrium present at posterior margin of eye; pregular area smooth and impunctate (normally hidden); gena produced, 0.3–0.8x greatest eye length; antennae 2.5x (male
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6584D9E36B73FF81FC16FCB200775B6F" authorityName="Blackburn" authorityYear="1896" box="[923,1046,836,860]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Cheiloxena" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="503" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="insignis">
|
||
<emphasis id="90F07E726B73FF81FC16FCB200775B6F" box="[923,1046,836,860]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="503">C. insignis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) to
|
||
<date id="D63A84A06B73FF81FBC7FCB200045B6F" box="[1098,1125,836,860]" pageId="2" pageNumber="503">9x</date>
|
||
(female
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6584D9E36B73FF81FB5DFCB201215B6F" authorityName="Reid & Beatson" authorityYear="2018" box="[1232,1344,836,860]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Cheiloxena" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="503" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="conani">
|
||
<emphasis id="90F07E726B73FF81FB5DFCB201215B6F" box="[1232,1344,836,860]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="503">C. conani</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) socket diameters apart, sockets laterally directed; antennae 0.55–0.9x body length; relative sizes of antennomeres variable, but 1 always widest, 2 shortest and quadrate to transverse, 3 longer than 1, antennomeres 8–11 elongate and parallel-sided or short and ovate (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6584D9E36B73FF81FDD0FC4606BB5BF4" authorityName="Blackburn" authorityYear="1896" box="[605,730,944,967]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Cheiloxena" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="503" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="insignis">
|
||
<emphasis id="90F07E726B73FF81FDD0FC4606BB5BF4" box="[605,730,944,967]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="503">C. insignis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), 3 longest, and 7 or 11 second longest; antennomeres 1–6 relatively shining and sparsely punctured, 8–11 (sometimes also apical half of 7) dull and densely microsculptured; membranous anteclypeus usually produced, smooth and impunctate; labrum transverse, broadest at apex, flat except for declivous apical edge, often only the latter visible, anterior margin shallowly concave to truncate; apical half shining, sparsely punctate, with 2–4 pairs (sometimes asymmetric) of long setae at edge of declivity and fringe of long setae projecting from underside of apical edge, forming tuft at each apicolateral corner; mandibles shining and almost impunctate on apical 1/3–1/2, closely punctured and setose on basal 2/3–1/2; each mandible produced, bent at almost right-angles to two apical teeth; apical maxillary palpomere elongate, fusiform in females, varying from elongate ovate to securiform in males, but in males always with broader truncate apex; preapical maxillary palpomere elongate-triangular, shorter than apical, and narrower; labial palpi similar to maxillary palpi in both sexes, but narrower; mentum transverse, width 2–
|
||
<date id="D63A84A06B73FF81FD4AFAEE06805D03" box="[711,737,1304,1328]" pageId="2" pageNumber="503">3x</date>
|
||
median length, anterior angles slightly produced.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="A23BA2606B73FF80FF4AFACA00725A2B" blockId="2.[151,1437,151,2013]" lastBlockId="3.[151,1437,151,2013]" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="504" pageId="2" pageNumber="503">
|
||
Thorax (
|
||
<figureCitation id="3ABFBEE56B73FF81FEA5FACA05FF5D66" box="[296,414,1340,1365]" captionStart-0="FIGURES 1–2" captionStart-1="FIGURES 3–6" captionStart-2="FIGURES 7–10" captionStart-3="FIGURES 11–12" captionStart-4="FIGURES 13–21" captionStart-5="FIGURES 22–30" captionStart-6="FIGURES 31–34" captionStart-7="FIGURES 35–37" captionStartId-0="5.[151,264,1955,1978]" captionStartId-1="6.[151,264,1969,1992]" captionStartId-2="7.[151,264,1975,1998]" captionStartId-3="8.[151,264,1346,1369]" captionStartId-4="13.[151,264,1907,1930]" captionStartId-5="14.[151,264,1700,1723]" captionStartId-6="15.[151,264,1652,1675]" captionStartId-7="16.[151,264,1944,1967]" captionTargetBox-0="[311,1269,205,1810]" captionTargetBox-1="[200,1385,203,1898]" captionTargetBox-2="[194,1366,311,1853]" captionTargetBox-3="[192,1346,256,1218]" captionTargetBox-4="[230,1395,232,1777]" captionTargetBox-5="[212,1381,282,1587]" captionTargetBox-6="[217,1368,257,1517]" captionTargetBox-7="[226,1365,279,1759]" captionTargetId-0="figure@5.[189,1397,117,1933]" captionTargetId-1="figure@6.[152,1435,133,1948]" captionTargetId-2="figure@7.[152,1435,139,1955]" captionTargetId-3="figure@8.[150,1436,193,1343]" captionTargetId-4="figure@13.[152,1435,141,1956]" captionTargetId-5="figure@14.[150,1436,193,1679]" captionTargetId-6="figure@15.[150,1436,141,1632]" captionTargetId-7="figure@16.[152,1435,193,1924]" captionTargetPageId-0="5" captionTargetPageId-1="6" captionTargetPageId-2="7" captionTargetPageId-3="8" captionTargetPageId-4="13" captionTargetPageId-5="14" captionTargetPageId-6="15" captionTargetPageId-7="16" captionText-0="FIGURES 1–2. Live Cheiloxena species: 1, Cheiloxena westwoodii Baly in copula, south Victoria; 2, Cheiloxena frenchae Blackburn, south Victoria. Photos by N. Monaghan." captionText-1="FIGURES 3–6. Habitus of Cheiloxena species: 3, C. aitori Reid & Beatson, male; 4, C. blackburni Reid; 5, C. conani Reid & Beatson; 6, C. frenchae Blackburn. Not to scale." captionText-2="FIGURES 7–10. Habitus of Cheiloxena species: 7, C. insignis Baly (Launching Place, Victoria); 8, C. insignis (Lake Mountain, Victoria); 9, C. monga Reid & Beatson (holotype); 10, C. tuberosa Reid; Not to scale." captionText-3="FIGURES 11–12. Habitus of Cheiloxena species: 11, C. westwoodii Baly (northern form, Dorrigo); 12, C. westwoodii Baly (southern form, Victoria). Not to scale." captionText-4="FIGURES 13–21. Lateral of Cheiloxena species: 13, C. aitori Reid & Beatson, male (holotype); 14, C. blackburni Reid; 15, C. conani Reid & Beatson; 16, C. frenchae Blackburn, (holotype); 17, C. insignis Blackburn; 18, C. monga Reid & Beatson (holotype); 19, C. tuberosa Reid; 20, C. westwoodii Baly (northern form, Dorrigo); 21, C. westwoodii Baly (southern form, Victoria). Not to scale." captionText-5="FIGURES 22–30. Anterior view, Cheiloxena species: 22, C. aitori Reid & Beatson, male (holotype); 23, C. blackburni Reid; 24, C. conani Reid & Beatson; 25, C. frenchae Blackburn; 26, C. insignis Baly; 27, C. monga Reid & Beatson; 28, C. tuberosa Reid; 29, C. westwoodii Baly (northern form, Dorrigo); 30, C. westwoodii Baly (southern form, Victoria)." captionText-6="FIGURES 31–34. Dorsal of pronotum, Cheiloxena species: 31, C. aitori Reid & Beatson, male (holotype); 32, C. blackburni Reid; 33, C. frenchae Blackburn; 34, C. monga Reid & Beatson." captionText-7="FIGURES 35–37. Cheiloxena species, ventral view: 35, C. insignis Baly, thoracic venter; 36, C. westwoodii Baly (Blundell's Range, ACT), male abdominal ventrites; 37, C. westwoodii (Island Bend, NSW), female abdominal ventrites." httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/1456313/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/1456315/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/1456317/files/figure.png" httpUri-3="https://zenodo.org/record/1456319/files/figure.png" httpUri-4="https://zenodo.org/record/1456321/files/figure.png" httpUri-5="https://zenodo.org/record/1456323/files/figure.png" httpUri-6="https://zenodo.org/record/1456325/files/figure.png" httpUri-7="https://zenodo.org/record/1456327/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="503">Figs 1–36</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="3ABFBEE56B73FF81FE26FACA05965D67" box="[427,503,1340,1364]" captionStart="FIGURES 38–42" captionStartId="17.[151,264,1957,1980]" captionTargetBox="[281,1374,340,1843]" captionTargetId="figure@17.[152,1435,193,2009]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="FIGURES 38–42. Cheiloxena species: 38, C. tuberosa Reid, male antenna; 39, C. insignis Blackburn, male antenna; 40, C. insignis, metafemur; 41, C. tuberosa, pro- (left) and meta- (right) tarsi; 42, C. frenchae Blackburn, apex of tarsus." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1456329/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="503">40–42</figureCitation>
|
||
): pronotum elongate to transverse, width 0.85–1.3x length, broadest at middle, or middle and anterior angles, usually strongly contracted from middle to posterior angles and slightly contracted from middle to anterior angles; disc punctured, uneven, with lateral depressions and/or paired median ridges; anterior edge produced in front of anterior angles, posterior edge truncate to convex, lateral margins slightly convex to strongly toothed or lobed; anterior and posterior edges without distinct beading; lateral carinae absent, or reduced to short ridge between anterior angle and anterolateral tubercle in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6584D9E36B73FF81FC7EFA06000D5E34" authorityName="Blackburn" authorityYear="1896" box="[1011,1132,1520,1543]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Cheiloxena" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="503" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="insignis">
|
||
<emphasis id="90F07E726B73FF81FC7EFA06000D5E34" box="[1011,1132,1520,1543]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="503">C. insignis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; anterior angles anteriorly prominent, with small trichobothrium; posterior angles not produced, 90–100°, with small trichobothrium laterally placed; base of elytra not or slightly hollowed to accommodate posterior of pronotum; prosternum flat and punctate between procoxae and head; prosternal process elongate, narrow and strongly arched, with truncate expanded apex; procoxal cavities pear shaped, rounded at inner margin and attenuated laterally; protrochantins narrowly exposed; procoxal cavities closed by insertion of hypomeral lobes into prosternal process; scutellum semi-ovate, flat, apex superimposed on sutural base; elytra broadest at base or basal 2/3, with strongly developed humeri; surface with shiny tipped tubercles and irregular depressions, usually including an arcuate depression in basal half; elytral puncturation irregular, without distinct striae but partially seriate in some
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6584D9E36B73FF81FC64F8E600025F14" authorityName="Blackburn" authorityYear="1896" box="[1001,1123,1808,1831]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Cheiloxena" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="503" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="insignis">
|
||
<emphasis id="90F07E726B73FF81FC64F8E600025F14" box="[1001,1123,1808,1831]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="503">C. insignis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; discal punctures deep and vertically walled with transparent shiny bases and pair of shiny tubercles laterally on rim (absent in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6584D9E36B73FF81FA91F8C201EA5F7F" authorityName="Reid & Beatson" authorityYear="2018" box="[1308,1419,1844,1868]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Cheiloxena" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="503" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="conani">
|
||
<emphasis id="90F07E726B73FF81FA91F8C201EA5F7F" box="[1308,1419,1844,1868]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="503">C. conani</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
); elytral sutural margin elevated in apical third; elytral epipleuron narrow, width <0.2x elytral width, entirely visible laterally, slightly sinuate, gradually contracted from base to apex but upper margin erased at base, below humeri; mesoventrite entirely visible, well-developed, punctured, anterior without procoxal rests, posterior with elongate and parallel-sided median process strongly raised to truncate apex; wings fully developed, with two closed cells in anal field; metaventrite densely punctured and microreticulate except at midline, transverse, width about
|
||
<date id="D63A84A06B72FF80FAA0FF6E01295883" box="[1325,1352,152,176]" pageId="3" pageNumber="504">3x</date>
|
||
length, without femoral plates, anterior with complete margination and without median depression, inner edge of margin not crenulate; metepisternum flat, densely punctured and microreticulate, posterior apex thin, slotting into groove at base of abdomen; all femora clavate, ovate in cross-section, with basal half thin and apical half expanded, with paired longitudinal keels on inner and outer faces of basal half; all tibiae oval in mid cross-section, with abruptly expanded apices; metatibiae with shallow irregular to deep regular lateral longitudinal grooves, defining keels when grooves are deep and regular; metatibiae thin and elongated to short and robust; 1 minute spur at apex of protibia, 2 minute spurs at apices of other tibiae (spurs small and often broken off); all first tarsomeres ventrally with dense setae, mostly apically directed in males, diverging from midline in females; apices of first and second tarsomeres broadly concave; apex of third tarsomere shallowly excavate at middle, depth 0.2–0.1x length of tarsomere; claws bifid, internal tooth acute and about half length external tooth.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="A23BA2606B72FF80FF4AFDD205A95C4E" blockId="3.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="3" pageNumber="504">
|
||
Abdomen (
|
||
<figureCitation id="3ABFBEE56B72FF80FEC6FDD205BD5A0F" box="[331,476,548,573]" captionStart="FIGURES 35–37" captionStartId="16.[151,264,1944,1967]" captionTargetBox="[226,1365,279,1759]" captionTargetId="figure@16.[152,1435,193,1924]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIGURES 35–37. Cheiloxena species, ventral view: 35, C. insignis Baly, thoracic venter; 36, C. westwoodii Baly (Blundell's Range, ACT), male abdominal ventrites; 37, C. westwoodii (Island Bend, NSW), female abdominal ventrites." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1456327/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="504">Figs 36, 37</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="3ABFBEE56B72FF80FE62FDD2065B5A0E" box="[495,570,548,573]" captionStart-0="FIGURES 43–51" captionStart-1="FIGURES 52–61" captionStart-2="FIGURES 62–68" captionStart-3="FIGURES 69–76" captionStartId-0="18.[151,264,1789,1812]" captionStartId-1="19.[151,264,1911,1934]" captionStartId-2="20.[151,264,1947,1970]" captionStartId-3="21.[151,264,1871,1894]" captionTargetBox-1="[224,1367,255,1760]" captionTargetBox-2="[222,1410,255,1799]" captionTargetId-0="figure@18.[152,1435,193,1768]" captionTargetId-1="figure@19.[152,1435,131,1947]" captionTargetId-2="figure@20.[152,1435,111,1926]" captionTargetPageId-0="18" captionTargetPageId-1="19" captionTargetPageId-2="20" captionText-0="FIGURES 43–51. Cheiloxena species, male genitalia lateral and dorsal: 43, C. aitori Reid & Beatson; 44, C. blackburni Reid; 45, C. conani Reid & Beatson; 46, C. frenchae Blackburn; 47, C. insignis Blackburn; 48, C. monga Reid & Beatson; 49, C. tuberosa Reid; 50, C. westwoodii Baly (northern form, Dorrigo); 51, C. westwoodii (southern form, Victoria). All images to scale, scale bar = 2mm." captionText-1="FIGURES 52–61. Cheiloxena species, apex of penis: 52, C. aitori Reid & Beatson; 53, C. blackburni Reid; 54, C. conani Reid & Beatson; 55, C. frenchae Blackburn; 56, C. insignis Blackburn (Launching Place, Victoria); 57, C. insignis Blackburn (Lake Mountain, Victoria); 58, C. monga Reid & Beatson; 59, C. tuberosa Reid; 60, C. westwoodii Baly (northern form, Dorrigo); 61, C. westwoodii (southern form, Victoria). All images to same scale." captionText-2="FIGURES 62–68. Cheiloxena species, female genitalia: 62, C. aitori Reid & Beatson; 63, C. blackburni Reid; 64, C. conani Reid & Beatson; 65, C. frenchae Blackburn; 66, C. insignis Blackburn; 67, C. tuberosa Reid; 68, C. westwoodii Baly (northern form, Dorrigo)." captionText-3="FIGURES 69–76. Cheiloxena species, female genitalia, sternite 8: 69, C. aitori Reid & Beatson; 70, C. blackburni Reid; 71, C. conani Reid & Beatson; 72, C. frenchae Blackburn; 73, C. insignis Blackburn; 74, C. tuberosa Reid; 75, C. westwoodii Baly (northern form, Dorrigo); 76, C. westwoodii (southern form, Victoria)." httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/1457873/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/1456331/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/1456333/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="504">43–76</figureCitation>
|
||
): pygidium (tergite 7) with basal half membranous, apical half densely pubescent and punctured, without median groove, and apex strongly sclerotised; all ventrites punctured and pubescent, densely on ventrite V; all ventrites entirely laterally margined; ventrite I with truncate intercoxal process and without femoral plates; ventrites I and II completely fused; ventrites III–IV generally shorter at midline in male; ventrite V smooth, not medially depressed; male tergite VIII strongly sclerotised with strongly reflexed anterior edge, sternite VIII (spiculum relictum) membranous, not distinguishable; sternite IX (spiculum gastrale) of male Y-shaped, but left branch always distinctly shorter than right branch; male tegmen present, almost enclosing penis, Y- shaped, thinly sclerotised and with distinct internal median keel; penis simple, flattened-tubular and strongly reflexed in apical half (bent at 45–90°, or strongly curved), apex sparsely microspiculate, basal foramen 0.4–0.5x length of penis; vas deferens with long thickened sperm pump; female tergite VIII well-developed, sternite VIII laterally and apically membranous, with elongate basal apodeme; ovipositor with thin sclerite wrapped around base of well-developed paraprocts, which partly enclose basal half of palpi, pair of well-defined elongate proctigers dorsal to these; vaginal palpi 2-segmented, gonocoxite massive, not divided, gonostylus small and conical, apically situated; membranous pad between gonocoxites with elongate but poorly defined sclerite (the median ventral sclerite); spermatheca falciform, surface smooth, with moderately long coiled or uncoiled spermathecal duct; kotpresse present as complete ring of sparse spinules, without well-defined dense dorsal and ventral patches of spinules.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="A23BA2606B72FF80FF4AFB7106635D3E" blockId="3.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="3" pageNumber="504">
|
||
<emphasis id="90F07E726B72FF80FF4AFB7105705C93" bold="true" box="[199,273,1159,1184]" pageId="3" pageNumber="504">Notes.</emphasis>
|
||
Sexual dimorphism is slight, however males are easily distinguished by having apically expanded last maxillary palpomeres compared with the simply ovate female last maxillary palpomeres. Males are also smaller on average, with larger cephalic sensory organs (antennae longer and thicker, eyes proportionally slightly larger) and first tarsomeres slightly broader.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="EA9EF1EB6B72FF80FF4AFAEF00D95DF3" pageId="3" pageNumber="504" type="reference_group">
|
||
<paragraph id="A23BA2606B72FF80FF4AFAEF00D95DF3" blockId="3.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="3" pageNumber="504">
|
||
In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6584D9E36B72FF80FF64FAEE05085D03" authorityName="Baly" authorityYear="1860" box="[233,361,1304,1328]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Cheiloxena" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="504" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="90F07E726B72FF80FF64FAEE05085D03" box="[233,361,1304,1328]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="504">Cheiloxena</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
there is little interspecific variation in ventral structures, such as the thorax and abdominal sclerites, in contrast to other spilopyrine genera such as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6584D9E36B72FF80FC93FACA00445D66" authority="Baly, 1861" authorityName="Baly" authorityYear="1861" box="[798,1061,1340,1365]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Macrolema" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="504" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="90F07E726B72FF80FC93FACA07FF5D67" box="[798,926,1340,1364]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="504">Macrolema</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C615DF916B72FF80FC25FACA00445D66" box="[936,1061,1340,1365]" pageId="3" pageNumber="504" refId="ref19348" refString="Baly, J. S. (1861) Descriptions of new genera and species of Phytophaga. Journal of Entomology, 1, 275 - 302." type="journal article">Baly, 1861</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6584D9E36B72FF80FBE8FACA00B35D67" authorityName="Baly" authorityYear="1860" box="[1125,1234,1340,1364]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Spilopyra" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="504" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="90F07E726B72FF80FBE8FACA00B35D67" box="[1125,1234,1340,1364]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="504">Spilopyra</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C615DF916B72FF80FB6FFACA04BF5D4B" pageId="3" pageNumber="504" refId="ref20494" refString="Reid, C. A. M. & Beatson, M. (2010 a) Revision of the Australo-Papuan genus Macrolema Baly (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Spilopyrinae), with description of a new genus. Zootaxa, 2486, 1 - 60." type="journal article">Reid & Beatson 2010a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C615DF916B72FF80FF64FAA905555D4B" box="[233,308,1375,1400]" pageId="3" pageNumber="504" refId="ref20541" refString="Reid, C. A. M. & Beatson, M. (2010 b) Revision of the Australo-Papuan genus Spilopyra Baly (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Spilopyrinae). Zootaxa, 2692, 1 - 32." type="journal article">2010b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Our species diagnosis is mostly based on variation in antennal structure, tubercles and lobes on the pronotum and elytra, and on the genitalia. As in other
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6584D9E36B72FF80FCA8FA7207D65DAE" box="[805,951,1412,1437]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="504" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Spilopyrinae">Spilopyrinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, interspecific genitalic variation is slight. Molecular study of this genus has not been attempted and is hampered by rarity of the species.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="EA9EF1EB6B72FF80FF4AFA3A00BB5EAB" pageId="3" pageNumber="504" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph id="A23BA2606B72FF80FF4AFA3A00BB5EAB" blockId="3.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="3" pageNumber="504">
|
||
<emphasis id="90F07E726B72FF80FF4AFA3A05985DD6" bold="true" box="[199,505,1484,1509]" pageId="3" pageNumber="504">Distribution and biology.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6584D9E36B72FF80FD89FA3A06E55DD7" authorityName="Baly" authorityYear="1860" box="[516,644,1484,1508]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Cheiloxena" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="504" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="90F07E726B72FF80FD89FA3A06E55DD7" box="[516,644,1484,1508]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="504">Cheiloxena</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is endemic to
|
||
<collectingCountry id="DA93E2F06B72FF80FCB5FA3A07C05DD6" box="[824,929,1484,1509]" name="Australia" pageId="3" pageNumber="504">Australia</collectingCountry>
|
||
, where it occurs on the eastern ranges and coastal plains (
|
||
<quantity id="657C0F856B72FF80FEB1FA0605CF5E3B" box="[316,430,1520,1544]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.01" metricValueMax="14.0" metricValueMin="0.02" pageId="3" pageNumber="504" unit="m" value="701.0" valueMax="1400.0" valueMin="2.0">2–1400 m</quantity>
|
||
elevation) from southern
|
||
<collectingRegion id="60406C826B72FF80FD43FA1907495E3B" box="[718,808,1519,1544]" country="Australia" name="Victoria" pageId="3" pageNumber="504">Victoria</collectingRegion>
|
||
to south-central
|
||
<collectingRegion id="60406C826B72FF80FC69FA1900095E3B" box="[996,1128,1519,1544]" country="Australia" name="Queensland" pageId="3" pageNumber="504">Queensland</collectingRegion>
|
||
at Kroombit Tops (
|
||
<figureCitation id="3ABFBEE56B72FF80FACCFA1901F65E3B" box="[1345,1431,1519,1544]" captionStart="FIGURE 77" captionStartId="31.[151,250,1971,1993]" captionTargetId="figure@31.[151,1435,193,1950]" captionTargetPageId="31" captionText="FIGURE 77. Eastern Australia showing distribution of Cheiloxena species." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1457875/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="504">Figs 77</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="3ABFBEE56B72FF80FF1AF9E204D65E1F" box="[151,183,1556,1580]" captionStart="FIGURE 78" captionStartId="31.[151,250,2002,2024]" captionTargetBox="[177,1385,206,1916]" captionTargetId="figure@31.[151,1435,193,1950]" captionTargetPageId="31" captionText="FIGURE 78. Eastern Australia showing distribution of Cheiloxena westwoodii Baly." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1456335/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="504">78</figureCitation>
|
||
). It is absent from
|
||
<collectingRegion id="60406C826B72FF80FE01F9E2059A5E1E" box="[396,507,1556,1581]" country="Australia" name="Tasmania" pageId="3" pageNumber="504">Tasmania</collectingRegion>
|
||
. All species are fully winged and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6584D9E36B72FF80FCF1F9E2079D5E1F" authorityName="Baly" authorityYear="1860" box="[892,1020,1556,1580]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Cheiloxena" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="504" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="90F07E726B72FF80FCF1F9E2079D5E1F" box="[892,1020,1556,1580]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="504">Cheiloxena</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species are occasionally collected at light. Almost all
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6584D9E36B72FF80FEECF9CE05805E63" authorityName="Baly" authorityYear="1860" box="[353,481,1592,1616]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Cheiloxena" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="504" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="90F07E726B72FF80FEECF9CE05805E63" box="[353,481,1592,1616]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="504">Cheiloxena</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
specimens have been collected from October to February, especially the summer months of November to January, and the sex ratio is approximately 1:1. All species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6584D9E36B72FF80FB08F9AA01645E47" authorityName="Baly" authorityYear="1860" box="[1157,1285,1628,1652]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Cheiloxena" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="504" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="90F07E726B72FF80FB08F9AA01645E47" box="[1157,1285,1628,1652]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="504">Cheiloxena</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
appear to be cryptically coloured and therefore may be hiding on dead branches or in leaf litter during the day.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="EA9EF1EB6B72FF87FF4AF95205AA5B6E" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="505" pageId="3" pageNumber="504" type="reference_group">
|
||
<paragraph id="A23BA2606B72FF87FF4AF95201FD5A53" blockId="3.[151,1437,151,2013]" lastBlockId="4.[151,1437,151,861]" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="505" pageId="3" pageNumber="504">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6584D9E36B72FF80FF4AF95205265E8F" authorityName="Baly" authorityYear="1860" box="[199,327,1700,1724]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Cheiloxena" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="504" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="90F07E726B72FF80FF4AF95205265E8F" box="[199,327,1700,1724]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="504">Cheiloxena</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species are mostly restricted to temperate or cool temperate forest in southeastern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="DA93E2F06B72FF80FB6FF952012A5E8E" box="[1250,1355,1700,1725]" name="Australia" pageId="3" pageNumber="504">Australia</collectingCountry>
|
||
, unlike other Australian spilopyrines, which occur in tropical or subtropical rainforests (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C615DF916B72FF80FBBBF93101205ED3" box="[1078,1345,1735,1760]" pageId="3" pageNumber="504" refId="ref20494" refString="Reid, C. A. M. & Beatson, M. (2010 a) Revision of the Australo-Papuan genus Macrolema Baly (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Spilopyrinae), with description of a new genus. Zootaxa, 2486, 1 - 60." type="journal article">Reid & Beatson 2010a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C615DF916B72FF80FAC2F93101F95ED3" box="[1359,1432,1735,1760]" pageId="3" pageNumber="504" refId="ref20541" refString="Reid, C. A. M. & Beatson, M. (2010 b) Revision of the Australo-Papuan genus Spilopyra Baly (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Spilopyrinae). Zootaxa, 2692, 1 - 32." type="journal article">2010b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C615DF916B72FF80FF1AF91A04B25F37" box="[151,211,1772,1796]" pageId="3" pageNumber="504" refId="ref20581" refString="Reid, C. A. M. & Beatson, M. (2011) Revision of the New Caledonian endemic genus Bohumiljania Monros (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Spilopyrinae). Zootaxa, 3000, 1 - 43." type="journal article">2011</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The life history of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6584D9E36B72FF80FE3BF91A06575F37" authorityName="Baly" authorityYear="1860" box="[438,566,1772,1796]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Cheiloxena" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="504" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="90F07E726B72FF80FE3BF91A06575F37" box="[438,566,1772,1796]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="504">Cheiloxena</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is poorly known. Several specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6584D9E36B72FF80FC78F91A00B15F36" authority="Baly" authorityName="Baly Elytra" authorityYear="1860" box="[1013,1232,1772,1797]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Cheiloxena" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="504" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="westwoodii">
|
||
<emphasis id="90F07E726B72FF80FC78F91A00F25F37" box="[1013,1171,1772,1796]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="504">C. westwoodii</emphasis>
|
||
Baly
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
were collected on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6584D9E36B72FF80FF1AF8E606695F1B" ID-CoL="J5MS" box="[151,520,1807,1832]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Araliaceae" genus="Astrotricha" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Apiales" pageId="3" pageNumber="504" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="latifolia">
|
||
<emphasis id="90F07E726B72FF80FF1AF8E605175F1B" box="[151,374,1808,1832]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="504">Astrotricha latifolia</emphasis>
|
||
(Araliaceae)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and kept alive in a laboratory, where they fed on this plant but failed to lay eggs.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6584D9E36B72FF80FF1AF8C205775F7F" ID-CoL="8VVBJ" authorityName="A.P.de Candolle" authorityYear="1829" box="[151,278,1844,1868]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Araliaceae" genus="Astrotricha" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Apiales" pageId="3" pageNumber="504" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="90F07E726B72FF80FF1AF8C205775F7F" box="[151,278,1844,1868]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="504">Astrotricha</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species are generally uncommon in eastern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="DA93E2F06B72FF80FC9EF8C2071B5F7E" box="[787,890,1844,1869]" name="Australia" pageId="3" pageNumber="504">Australia</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C615DF916B72FF80FC06F8C2004D5F7F" box="[907,1068,1844,1869]" pageId="3" pageNumber="504" refId="ref19744" refString="Hnatiuk, R. J. (1990) Census of Australian vascular plants. Australian Flora and Fauna. Series 11. AGPS Press, Canberra, 650 pp." type="book">Hnatiuk 1990</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C615DF916B72FF80FBB4F8C201695F7F" box="[1081,1288,1844,1868]" pageId="3" pageNumber="504" refId="ref19191" refString="Anonymous (2017) Astrotricha DC. Atlas of Living Australia. Available from: http: // bie. ala. org. au / species / http: // id. biodiversity. org. au / node / apni / 6923469 (accessed 1 October 2017)" type="url">Anonymous 2017</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Feeding on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6584D9E36B72FF80FF1AF8A1056E5F43" box="[151,271,1879,1904]" family="Araliaceae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Apiales" pageId="3" pageNumber="504" phylum="Magnoliopsida" rank="family">Araliaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
is extremely rare in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6584D9E36B72FF80FD8EF8A106CE5F43" ID-CoL="87S" authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1802" box="[515,687,1879,1904]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="504" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Chrysomelidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, with only three other genera recorded feeding on this family, in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6584D9E36B72FF80FF1AF88A05205FA6" authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1802" box="[151,321,1916,1941]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelinae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="504" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Chrysomelinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6584D9E36B72FF80FE0BF88A06315FA6" ID-CoL="628JR" box="[390,592,1916,1941]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="504" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Lamprosomatinae">Lamprosomatinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C615DF916B72FF80FDEBF88A07BD5FA6" box="[614,988,1916,1941]" pageId="3" pageNumber="504" refId="ref19814" refString="Jolivet, P. & Hawkeswood, T. J. (1995) Host-plants of Chrysomelidae of the world. Backhuys, Leiden, 281 pp." type="book">Jolivet and Hawkeswood 1995</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6584D9E36B72FF80FC7BF88A00155FA7" ID-CoL="8VVBJ" authorityName="A.P.de Candolle" authorityYear="1829" box="[1014,1140,1916,1940]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Araliaceae" genus="Astrotricha" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Apiales" pageId="3" pageNumber="504" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="90F07E726B72FF80FC7BF88A00155FA7" box="[1014,1140,1916,1940]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="504">Astrotricha</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
may be the host of all
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6584D9E36B72FF80FF1AF85605765F8B" authorityName="Baly" authorityYear="1860" box="[151,279,1952,1976]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Cheiloxena" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="504" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="90F07E726B72FF80FF1AF85605765F8B" box="[151,279,1952,1976]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="504">Cheiloxena</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species as all localities for the beetle are known to have
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6584D9E36B72FF80FC77F85600185F8B" ID-CoL="8VVBJ" authorityName="A.P.de Candolle" authorityYear="1829" box="[1018,1145,1952,1976]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Araliaceae" genus="Astrotricha" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Apiales" pageId="3" pageNumber="504" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="90F07E726B72FF80FC77F85600185F8B" box="[1018,1145,1952,1976]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="504">Astrotricha</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
present (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C615DF916B72FF80FB7DF85601F65F8B" box="[1264,1431,1952,1977]" pageId="3" pageNumber="504" refId="ref19744" refString="Hnatiuk, R. J. (1990) Census of Australian vascular plants. Australian Flora and Fauna. Series 11. AGPS Press, Canberra, 650 pp." type="book">Hnatiuk 1990</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C615DF916B72FF80FF1AF83205035FEF" box="[151,354,1988,2012]" pageId="3" pageNumber="504" refId="ref19191" refString="Anonymous (2017) Astrotricha DC. Atlas of Living Australia. Available from: http: // bie. ala. org. au / species / http: // id. biodiversity. org. au / node / apni / 6923469 (accessed 1 October 2017)" type="url">Anonymous 2017</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and both plant and beetle are absent from
|
||
<collectingRegion id="60406C826B72FF80FCC2F83207DF5FEE" box="[847,958,1988,2013]" country="Australia" name="Tasmania" pageId="3" pageNumber="504">Tasmania</collectingRegion>
|
||
. However, three specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6584D9E36B72FF80FA94F83201FD5FEF" authorityName="Blackburn. Not" authorityYear="1893" box="[1305,1436,1988,2012]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Cheiloxena" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="504" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="frenchae">
|
||
<emphasis id="90F07E726B72FF80FA94F83201FD5FEF" box="[1305,1436,1988,2012]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="504">C. frenchae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
were collected on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6584D9E36B75FF87FEFDFF6E06DB5883" ID-CoL="3VWWG" box="[368,698,152,176]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Proteaceae" genus="Lomatia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Proteales" pageId="4" pageNumber="505" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="fraseri">
|
||
<emphasis id="90F07E726B75FF87FEFDFF6E06455883" box="[368,548,152,176]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="505">Lomatia fraseri</emphasis>
|
||
(Proteaceae)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and a leaf of this plant was partly chewed by two of them in captivity. The female
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6584D9E36B75FF87FE01FF4A066C58E7" authorityName="Blackburn. Not" authorityYear="1893" box="[396,525,188,212]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Cheiloxena" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="505" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="frenchae">
|
||
<emphasis id="90F07E726B75FF87FE01FF4A066C58E7" box="[396,525,188,212]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="505">C. frenchae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
laid three eggs, each covered in faecal material, but these eggs failed to hatch. A single specimen of the new species similar to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6584D9E36B75FF87FD1EFF16077558CB" authorityName="Blackburn. Not" authorityYear="1893" box="[659,788,224,248]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Cheiloxena" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="505" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="frenchae">
|
||
<emphasis id="90F07E726B75FF87FD1EFF16077558CB" box="[659,788,224,248]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="505">C. frenchae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was collected from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6584D9E36B75FF87FC79FF16008158CB" ID-CoL="3VWVP" authorityName="L. Fraser & Vickery" authorityYear="1937" box="[1012,1248,224,248]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Proteaceae" genus="Lomatia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Proteales" pageId="4" pageNumber="505" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="arborescens">
|
||
<emphasis id="90F07E726B75FF87FC79FF16008158CB" box="[1012,1248,224,248]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="505">Lomatia arborescens</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in northern
|
||
<collectingRegion id="60406C826B75FF87FAEAFF16054F592E" country="Australia" name="New South Wales" pageId="4" pageNumber="505">
|
||
New
|
||
<collectingRegion id="60406C826B75FF87FF1AFEF2054F592E" box="[151,302,260,285]" inferredBySuffix="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="505">
|
||
South
|
||
<collectingCountry id="DA93E2F06B75FF87FF6AFEF2054F592E" box="[231,302,260,285]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="4" pageNumber="505">Wales</collectingCountry>
|
||
</collectingRegion>
|
||
</collectingRegion>
|
||
. The distribution of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6584D9E36B75FF87FDBFFEF306EE592F" ID-CoL="62XPK" box="[562,655,261,284]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Proteaceae" genus="Lomatia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Proteales" pageId="4" pageNumber="505" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="90F07E726B75FF87FDBFFEF306EE592F" box="[562,655,261,284]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="505">Lomatia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is similar to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6584D9E36B75FF87FCCEFEF207A0592F" ID-CoL="8VVBJ" authorityName="A.P.de Candolle" authorityYear="1829" box="[835,961,260,284]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Araliaceae" genus="Astrotricha" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Apiales" pageId="4" pageNumber="505" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="90F07E726B75FF87FCCEFEF207A0592F" box="[835,961,260,284]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="505">Astrotricha</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
but includes
|
||
<collectingRegion id="60406C826B75FF87FBE2FEF200BB592E" box="[1135,1242,260,285]" country="Australia" name="Tasmania" pageId="4" pageNumber="505">Tasmania</collectingRegion>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C615DF916B75FF87FB7CFEF201F6592F" box="[1265,1431,260,285]" pageId="4" pageNumber="505" refId="ref19744" refString="Hnatiuk, R. J. (1990) Census of Australian vascular plants. Australian Flora and Fauna. Series 11. AGPS Press, Canberra, 650 pp." type="book">Hnatiuk 1990</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C615DF916B75FF87FF1AFEDE05075973" box="[151,358,296,320]" pageId="4" pageNumber="505" refId="ref19191" refString="Anonymous (2017) Astrotricha DC. Atlas of Living Australia. Available from: http: // bie. ala. org. au / species / http: // id. biodiversity. org. au / node / apni / 6923469 (accessed 1 October 2017)" type="url">Anonymous 2017</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and it also occurs in South America (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C615DF916B75FF87FCB6FEDE07BD5973" box="[827,988,296,320]" pageId="4" pageNumber="505" refId="ref20679" refString="Stevens, P. F. (2017) Angiosperm phylogeny website. Version 14, July 2017. Available from: http: // www. mobot. org / MOBOT / research / APweb (accessed 18 March 2018)" type="journal volume">Stevens 2017</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6584D9E36B75FF87FC7EFEDE0031590C" ID-CoL="62XPK" box="[1011,1104,296,319]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Proteaceae" genus="Lomatia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Proteales" pageId="4" pageNumber="505" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="90F07E726B75FF87FC7EFEDE0031590C" box="[1011,1104,296,319]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="505">Lomatia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
leaves have long trichomes (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C615DF916B75FF87FF13FEBA05FD5957" box="[158,412,332,357]" pageId="4" pageNumber="505" refId="ref19639" refString="Gonzalez, C. C., Gandolfo, M. A. & Cuneo, R. N. (2004) Leaf architecture and epidermal characters of the Argentinean species of Proteaceae. International Journal of Plant Science, 165 (4), 521 - 536. https: // doi. org / 10.1086 / 386566" type="journal article">
|
||
Gonzalez
|
||
<emphasis id="90F07E726B75FF87FE99FEBB05295957" box="[276,328,332,356]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="505">et al</emphasis>
|
||
., 2004
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), like
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6584D9E36B75FF87FE6BFEBA06045957" ID-CoL="8VVBJ" authorityName="A.P.de Candolle" authorityYear="1829" box="[486,613,332,356]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Araliaceae" genus="Astrotricha" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Apiales" pageId="4" pageNumber="505" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="90F07E726B75FF87FE6BFEBA06045957" box="[486,613,332,356]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="505">Astrotricha</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
leaves, and trichomes are known to provide defence against eruciform insect larvae (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C615DF916B75FF87FECDFE99065459BB" box="[320,565,367,392]" pageId="4" pageNumber="505" refId="ref19997" refString="Kariyat, R. R., Smith, J. D., Stephenson, A. G., de Morales, C. M. & Mescher, M. C. (2017) Non-glandular trichomes of Solanum carolinense deter feeding by Manduca sexta caterpillars and cause damage to the gut peritrophic matrix. Proceedings of the Royal Society B, 284 (1849), 1 - 9. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1098 / rspb. 2016.2323" type="journal article">
|
||
Kariyat
|
||
<emphasis id="90F07E726B75FF87FE29FE8705BA59BB" box="[420,475,368,392]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="505">et al</emphasis>
|
||
., 2017
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Three species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6584D9E36B75FF87FCAFFE8607C359BB" authorityName="Baly" authorityYear="1860" box="[802,930,368,392]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Cheiloxena" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="505" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="90F07E726B75FF87FCAFFE8607C359BB" box="[802,930,368,392]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="505">Cheiloxena</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
have also been collected from foliage of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6584D9E36B75FF87FF1AFE6205CD599F" ID-CoL="4F2P" box="[151,428,404,428]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" genus="Eucalyptus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Myrtales" pageId="4" pageNumber="505" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="90F07E726B75FF87FF1AFE620575599F" box="[151,276,404,428]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="505">Eucalyptus</emphasis>
|
||
(Myrtaceae)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, which lacks trichomes, and there are single records on other plants, but all without evidence of feeding. Larvae of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6584D9E36B75FF87FE74FE4E061859E3" authorityName="Baly" authorityYear="1860" box="[505,633,440,464]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Cheiloxena" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="505" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="90F07E726B75FF87FE74FE4E061859E3" box="[505,633,440,464]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="505">Cheiloxena</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
remain unknown. The failure, so far, to find larvae of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6584D9E36B75FF87FB69FE4E010559E3" authorityName="Baly" authorityYear="1860" box="[1252,1380,440,464]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Cheiloxena" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="505" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="90F07E726B75FF87FB69FE4E010559E3" box="[1252,1380,440,464]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="505">Cheiloxena</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
may indicate that the larvae have a different biology to other spilopyrine genera, all of which are known, however larvae of this subfamily are generally nocturnal and rarely collected (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6584D9E36B75FF87FCD0FDF6009C5A2B" authority=": Reid & Beatson 2011" authorityName="Reid & Beatson" authorityYear="2011" box="[861,1277,511,536]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Bohumiljania" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="505" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="90F07E726B75FF87FCD0FDF607945A2B" box="[861,1013,512,536]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="505">Bohumiljania</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C615DF916B75FF87FB88FE09009C5A2B" box="[1029,1277,511,536]" pageId="4" pageNumber="505" refId="ref20581" refString="Reid, C. A. M. & Beatson, M. (2011) Revision of the New Caledonian endemic genus Bohumiljania Monros (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Spilopyrinae). Zootaxa, 3000, 1 - 43." type="journal article">Reid & Beatson 2011</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
;
|
||
<emphasis id="90F07E726B75FF87FA87FDF601F45A2B" box="[1290,1429,512,536]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="505">Dorymolpus</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C615DF916B75FF87FF1AFDD206415A0F" box="[151,544,548,573]" pageId="4" pageNumber="505" refId="ref19525" refString="Elgueta, M., Daccordi, M. & Zoia, S. (2014) Dorymolpus elizabethae nov. gen., nov. sp. (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae, Spilopyrinae) de Chile, asociado a Nothofagus Blume. Boletin del Museo Nacional de Historia Natural, Chile, 63, 159 - 178." type="journal article">Elgueta, Daccordi & Zoia 2014</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6584D9E36B75FF87FDB9FDD3074C5A0E" authority=": Jerez 1996" authorityName="Jerez" authorityYear="1996" box="[564,813,548,573]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Hornius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="505" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="90F07E726B75FF87FDB9FDD306F15A0F" box="[564,656,549,572]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="505">Hornius</emphasis>
|
||
: Jerez 1996
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
;
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6584D9E36B75FF87FCCFFDD200995A0F" authority=": Reid & Beatson 2010 a" authorityName="Reid & Beatson" authorityYear="2010" box="[834,1272,548,573]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Macrolema" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="505" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="90F07E726B75FF87FCCFFDD207A35A0F" box="[834,962,548,572]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="505">Macrolema</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C615DF916B75FF87FC57FDD200995A0F" box="[986,1272,548,573]" pageId="4" pageNumber="505" refId="ref20494" refString="Reid, C. A. M. & Beatson, M. (2010 a) Revision of the Australo-Papuan genus Macrolema Baly (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Spilopyrinae), with description of a new genus. Zootaxa, 2486, 1 - 60." type="journal article">Reid & Beatson 2010a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
;
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6584D9E36B75FF87FA80FDD201F55A0F" authorityName="Jacoby" authorityYear="1898" box="[1293,1428,548,572]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Richmondia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="505" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="90F07E726B75FF87FA80FDD201F55A0F" box="[1293,1428,548,572]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="505">Richmondia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
: undescribed, but reared by one of the authors (CAMR);
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6584D9E36B75FF87FC85FDBE00E75A53" authority=": Reid & Beatson 2010 b" authorityName="Reid & Beatson" authorityYear="2010" box="[776,1158,583,608]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Spilopyra" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="505" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="90F07E726B75FF87FC85FDBE07145A53" box="[776,885,584,608]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="505">Spilopyra</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C615DF916B75FF87FC09FDB100E75A53" box="[900,1158,583,608]" pageId="4" pageNumber="505" refId="ref20541" refString="Reid, C. A. M. & Beatson, M. (2010 b) Revision of the Australo-Papuan genus Spilopyra Baly (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Spilopyrinae). Zootaxa, 2692, 1 - 32." type="journal article">Reid & Beatson 2010b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
;
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6584D9E36B75FF87FB1CFDBE01F15A53" authority=": Jerez 1996" authorityName="Jerez" authorityYear="1996" box="[1169,1424,583,608]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Stenomela" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="505" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="90F07E726B75FF87FB1CFDBE01645A53" box="[1169,1285,584,608]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="505">Stenomela</emphasis>
|
||
: Jerez 1996
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="A23BA2606B75FF87FF4AFD9A05AA5B6E" blockId="4.[151,1437,151,861]" pageId="4" pageNumber="505">
|
||
Three of the species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6584D9E36B75FF87FE5CFD9A06315AB7" authorityName="Baly" authorityYear="1860" box="[465,592,620,644]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Cheiloxena" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="505" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="90F07E726B75FF87FE5CFD9A06315AB7" box="[465,592,620,644]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="505">Cheiloxena</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
have been fairly commonly collected, the other five are represented by 23 specimens in collections.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6584D9E36B75FF87FE31FD6607275A9B" authority="Reid, 1992" authorityName="Reid" authorityYear="1992" box="[444,838,655,680]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Cheiloxena" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="505" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="blackburni">
|
||
<emphasis id="90F07E726B75FF87FE31FD6606DC5A9B" box="[444,701,656,680]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="505">Cheiloxena blackburni</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C615DF916B75FF87FD4BFD7907275A9B" box="[710,838,655,680]" pageId="4" pageNumber="505" refId="ref20270" refString="Reid, C. A. M. (1992) Revision of the genus Cheiloxena Baly (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Eumolpinae). Memoirs of the Museum of Fictoria, 53 (1), 101 - 114. https: // doi. org / 10.24199 / j. mmv. 1992.53.04" type="journal article">Reid, 1992</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, is only known from a small amount of old material (most recent dated specimen = 1935), without detailed locality, and may reasonably be considered ‘Endangered’ in conservation status (International Union for Conservation of
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C615DF916B75FF87FCF6FD2E00725AC3" box="[891,1043,728,752]" pageId="4" pageNumber="505" refId="ref19775" refString="International Union for Conservation of Nature (2012) IUCN Red List categories and criteria: Fersion 3.1. 2 nd Edition. International Union for Conservation of Nature, Gland and Cambridge, iv + 32 pp." type="book">Nature 2012</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Records of several identifiable
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6584D9E36B75FF87FF1AFD0A05765B27" authorityName="Baly" authorityYear="1860" box="[151,279,764,788]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Cheiloxena" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="505" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="90F07E726B75FF87FF1AFD0A05765B27" box="[151,279,764,788]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="505">Cheiloxena</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species are available from detailed photographic records posted on websites. The amateur photographer-naturalist community provides a valuable service posting images of these rarely seen animals, for which we are very grateful.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |