treatments-xml/data/C7/40/D6/C740D6092A73BB58FE87E5F2E697288D.xml

<document id="9F7B23052E9B3A8D9CBF51832BCE5F16" ID-CLB-Dataset="24063" ID-DOI="10.1080/00222933.2019.1692088" ID-GBIF-Dataset="e6443eb6-bfcc-44a6-a547-7af9a94d4a7d" ID-ISSN="1464-5262" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3665519" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatments_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1581529324984" checkinUser="valdenar" docAuthor="Nunes, Rafael V. &amp; Vaz-de-Mello, Fernando Z." docDate="2019" docId="C740D6092A73BB58FE87E5F2E697288D" docLanguage="en" docName="J_NAT_HIST.53.37–38.2231–2351.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Journal of Natural History 53 (37)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:485A7191CD41D6261F41521A3380DC73.9:JNatHist.2017-.journal_article.1cover" docStyleId="485A7191CD41D6261F41521A3380DC73" docStyleName="JNatHist.2017-.journal_article.1cover" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Dichotomius (Cephagonus) Luederwaldt 1929" docType="treatment" docVersion="13" lastPageNumber="2259" masterDocId="3B79AE712A62BB45FFA2E57EE46C2C23" masterDocTitle="Taxonomic revision of Dichotomius (Cephagonus) Luederwaldt 1929 and the taxonomic status of remaining Dichotomius Hope 1838 subgenera (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae: Dichotomiini)" masterLastPageNumber="2351" masterPageNumber="2231" pageNumber="2247" updateTime="1698782751744" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="19F4DE989CEFCC95313B84EF2F884EA7">Taxonomic revision of Dichotomius (Cephagonus) Luederwaldt 1929 and the taxonomic status of remaining Dichotomius Hope 1838 subgenera (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae: Dichotomiini)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="9430A4E86DEDF465319CD3524015A0B6">Nunes, Rafael V.</mods:namePart>
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<taxonomicName id="88E91C9C2A73BB54FE87E5F2E70B2C8B" ID-CoL="8CY8" authority="Luederwaldt 1929" authorityName="Luederwaldt" authorityYear="1929" box="[293,871,140,168]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Dichotomius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="2247" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Cephagonus">
<emphasis id="7D9DBB0D2A73BB54FE87E5F2E6EC2C8B" bold="true" box="[293,640,140,168]" pageId="17" pageNumber="2247">
<emphasis id="7D9DBB0D2A73BB54FE87E5F2E5AA2C84" bold="true" box="[293,454,140,167]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="2247">Dichotomius</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="7D9DBB0D2A73BB54FE7AE5F2E61B2C84" bold="true" box="[472,631,140,167]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="2247">Cephagonus</emphasis>
)
</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="2B781AEE2A73BB54FD2AE5F0E70B2C8B" author="Luederwaldt H" box="[648,871,142,168]" pageId="17" pageNumber="2247" pagination="603 - 776" refId="ref53282" refString="Luederwaldt H. 1929. As especies brasileiras do genero. Pinotus. Rev Museu Paulista. 16: 603 - 776." type="journal article" year="1929">Luederwaldt 1929</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="7D9DBB0D2A73BB54FCCDE5F0E7922C8B" bold="true" box="[879,1022,142,168]" pageId="17" pageNumber="2247">new status</emphasis>
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<paragraph id="4F56671F2A73BB54FDBFE5CEE76A2CE9" blockId="17.[293,1022,140,202]" box="[541,774,176,202]" pageId="17" pageNumber="2247">
<heading id="141ED0732A73BB54FDBFE5CEE76A2CE9" box="[541,774,176,202]" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="17" pageNumber="2247" reason="5">
(
<figureCitation id="D7D27B9A2A73BB54FD87E5CEE6D82CE9" box="[549,692,176,202]" captionStart-0="Figure 1" captionStart-1="Figure 2" captionStartId-0="5.[160,225,1682,1705]" captionStartId-1="6.[160,225,1593,1616]" captionTargetBox-0="[164,1152,143,1647]" captionTargetBox-1="[164,1152,150,1548]" captionTargetId-0="figure@5.[163,1153,142,1650]" captionTargetId-1="figure@6.[163,1153,142,1561]" captionTargetPageId-0="5" captionTargetPageId-1="6" captionText-0="Figure 1. Dichotomius Hope morphological structures." captionText-1="Figure 2. Dichotomius Aedeagous: (a) lateral view; (b) dorsal view of paramera; (c) ventral view of paramera (D. quadraticeps); (d) aedeagous with everted inter sac (D. ingens)." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3665521" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3665523" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/3665521/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/3665523/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="2247">
Figures 1 
<emphasis id="7D9DBB0D2A73BB54FD34E5CEE6C92CE9" box="[662,677,176,202]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="2247">–</emphasis>
2
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ı 4 
<emphasis id="7D9DBB0D2A73BB54FD73E5CEE68C2CE9" box="[721,736,176,202]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="2247">–</emphasis>
47)
</heading>
</paragraph>
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<taxonomicName id="88E91C9C2A73BB54FF02E598E49C2CDD" authorityName="Erichson" authorityYear="1847" box="[160,240,230,254]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Pinotus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="2247" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="7D9DBB0D2A73BB54FF02E598E49C2CDD" box="[160,240,230,254]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="2247">Pinotus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
ı 
<bibRefCitation id="2B781AEE2A73BB54FF5FE598E5EA2CDD" author="Harold E" box="[253,390,230,254]" pageId="17" pageNumber="2247" refId="ref52983" refString="Harold E. 1869. Catalogus Coleopterorum Hucusque Descriptorum Synonymicus et Systematicus. Vol. 4. Munich: E. H. LGummi." type="book" year="1869">
Harold 
<date id="3B5741DF2A73BB54FEEDE598E5EA2CDD" box="[335,390,230,254]" pageId="17" pageNumber="2247" value="1869-01">1869</date>
</bibRefCitation>
ı p. 1009
</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="07F334942A73BB54FF02E477E7652DAA" pageId="17" pageNumber="2247" type="synonymic_list">
<paragraph id="4F56671F2A73BB54FF02E477E6D32D02" blockId="17.[160,786,230,393]" box="[160,703,265,289]" pageId="17" pageNumber="2247">
<taxonomicName id="88E91C9C2A73BB54FF02E477E61F2D02" authority="" authorityName="Burmeister" authorityYear="1846" box="[160,627,265,289]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Dichotomius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="2239" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Selenocopris">
<emphasis id="7D9DBB0D2A73BB54FF02E477E5452D02" box="[160,297,265,289]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="2247">Dichotomius</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="7D9DBB0D2A73BB54FE9AE477E5D32D02" box="[312,447,265,289]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="2247">selenocopris</emphasis>
) 
<bibRefCitation id="2B781AEE2A73BB54FE6FE477E6012D02" author="Martinez A" box="[461,621,265,289]" pageId="17" pageNumber="2247" pagination="138 - 142" refId="ref53496" refString="Martinez A. 1951. La invalidez del nombre generico Pinotus Erichson y dos nuevas sinonimias (Col. Scarab.). An Soc Cient Argent. 152: 138 - 142." type="journal article" year="1951">Martínez 1951</bibRefCitation>
ı
</taxonomicName>
p. 140
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="4F56671F2A73BB54FF02E455E69C2D60" blockId="17.[160,786,230,393]" box="[160,752,299,323]" pageId="17" pageNumber="2247">
<taxonomicName id="88E91C9C2A73BB54FF02E455E5AA2D60" authority="" authorityName="Burmeister" authorityYear="1846" box="[160,454,299,323]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Dichotomius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="2239" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Selenocopris">
<emphasis id="7D9DBB0D2A73BB54FF02E455E5452D60" box="[160,297,299,323]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="2247">Dichotomius</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="7D9DBB0D2A73BB54FE9AE455E5D32D60" box="[312,447,299,323]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="2247">selenocopris</emphasis>
)
</taxonomicName>
<bibRefCitation id="2B781AEE2A73BB54FE6FE455E6F22D60" author="Vaz-de-Mello FZ" box="[461,670,299,323]" pageId="17" pageNumber="2247" pagination="183 - 195" refId="ref54548" refString="Vaz-de-Mello FZ. 2000. Estado atual de conhecimento dos Scarabaeidae s. str. (Coleoptera: Scarabaeoidea) do Brasil. In: Martin-Piera Fi Morrone JJi Melic Ai editors. Hacia un projecto CYTED para el inventario y Estimacion de la Diversidad Entomologica en IberoAmerica: PrIBES- 2000. Zaragoza: Monografias Tercer Milenio; p. 183 - 195." type="book chapter" year="2000">
Vaz-de-Mello 
<date id="3B5741DF2A73BB54FDC5E455E6F22D60" box="[615,670,299,323]" pageId="17" pageNumber="2247" value="2000-01">2000</date>
</bibRefCitation>
ı p. 193
</paragraph>
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<taxonomicName id="88E91C9C2A73BB54FF02E430E5AA2D45" authority="" authorityName="Burmeister" authorityYear="1846" box="[160,454,334,358]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Dichotomius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="2239" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Selenocopris">
<emphasis id="7D9DBB0D2A73BB54FF02E430E5452D45" box="[160,297,334,358]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="2247">Dichotomius</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="7D9DBB0D2A73BB54FE9AE430E5D32D45" box="[312,447,334,358]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="2247">selenocopris</emphasis>
)
</taxonomicName>
<bibRefCitation id="2B781AEE2A73BB54FE6FE430E6B72D45" author="Vaz-de-Mello FZi Edmonds WDi Ocampo Fi Schoolmeesters P" box="[461,731,334,358]" pageId="17" pageNumber="2247" pagination="1 - 73" refId="ref54612" refString="Vaz-de-Mello FZi Edmonds WDi Ocampo Fi Schoolmeesters P. 2011. A multilingual key to the genera and subgenera of the subfamily Scarabaeinae of the New World (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae). Zootaxa. 2854: 1 - 73. doi: 10.11646 / zootaxa. 2854.1" type="journal article" year="2011">
Vaz-de-Mello et al. 
<date id="3B5741DF2A73BB54FD06E430E6B72D45" box="[676,731,334,358]" pageId="17" pageNumber="2247" value="2011-01">2011</date>
</bibRefCitation>
ı p. 5
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="4F56671F2A73BB54FF02E40FE7652DAA" blockId="17.[160,786,230,393]" box="[160,777,369,393]" pageId="17" pageNumber="2247">
<taxonomicName id="88E91C9C2A73BB54FF02E40FE5AA2DAA" authority="" authorityName="Burmeister" authorityYear="1846" box="[160,454,369,393]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Dichotomius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="2239" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Selenocopris">
<emphasis id="7D9DBB0D2A73BB54FF02E40FE5452DAA" box="[160,297,369,393]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="2247">Dichotomius</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="7D9DBB0D2A73BB54FE9AE40FE5D32DAA" box="[312,447,369,393]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="2247">selenocopris</emphasis>
)
</taxonomicName>
Nunes &amp; Vaz-de-Mello 2016.
</paragraph>
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<caption id="1B9637972A73BB54FF02E300E76B2AF3" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3665527" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3665527" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3665527/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="2247" startId="17.[160,225,1662,1685]" targetBox="[163,1153,451,1618]" targetPageId="17">
<paragraph id="4F56671F2A73BB54FF02E300E76B2AF3" blockId="17.[160,1156,1662,1744]" pageId="17" pageNumber="2247">
<emphasis id="7D9DBB0D2A73BB54FF02E300E4912AB6" bold="true" box="[160,253,1662,1685]" pageId="17" pageNumber="2247">Figure 4.</emphasis>
(a) Intern sac sclerites of 
<taxonomicName id="88E91C9C2A73BB54FDA8E300E61F2AB6" box="[522,627,1662,1685]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Dichotomius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="2247" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fissiceps">
<emphasis id="7D9DBB0D2A73BB54FDA8E300E61F2AB6" box="[522,627,1662,1685]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="2247">D. fissiceps</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. (b) Axial sclerites of 
<taxonomicName id="88E91C9C2A73BB54FCF6E300E7C32AB6" box="[852,943,1662,1685]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Dichotomius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="2247" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="reichei">
<emphasis id="7D9DBB0D2A73BB54FCF6E300E7C32AB6" box="[852,943,1662,1685]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="2247">D. reichei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. (c) Axial sclerites of 
<taxonomicName id="88E91C9C2A73BB54FF02E3E5E5792A91" authorityName="Nunes &amp; Vaz-de-Mello" authorityYear="2019" box="[160,277,1691,1714]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Dichotomius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="2247" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="barbarae">
<emphasis id="7D9DBB0D2A73BB54FF02E3E5E5792A91" box="[160,277,1691,1714]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="2247">D. barbarae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. (d) Lamella copulatrix of 
<taxonomicName id="88E91C9C2A73BB54FD8BE3E5E6E92A91" box="[553,645,1691,1714]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Dichotomius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="2247" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="reichei">
<emphasis id="7D9DBB0D2A73BB54FD8BE3E5E6E92A91" box="[553,645,1691,1714]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="2247">D. reichei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. (e) Lamella copulatrix of 
<taxonomicName id="88E91C9C2A73BB54FC3AE3E5E0652A91" authorityName="Nunes &amp; Vaz-de-Mello" authorityYear="2019" box="[920,1033,1691,1714]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Dichotomius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="2247" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="frizzasae">
<emphasis id="7D9DBB0D2A73BB54FC3AE3E5E0652A91" box="[920,1033,1691,1714]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="2247">D. frizzasae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.(f) Lamella copulatrix of 
<taxonomicName id="88E91C9C2A73BB54FE81E3C7E5E62AF3" box="[291,394,1721,1744]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Dichotomius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="2247" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fissiceps">
<emphasis id="7D9DBB0D2A73BB54FE81E3C7E5E62AF3" box="[291,394,1721,1744]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="2247">D. fissiceps</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. (g) Lamella copulatrix of 
<taxonomicName id="88E91C9C2A73BB54FD2DE3C7E76F2AF3" authorityName="Nunes &amp; Vaz-de-Mello" authorityYear="2019" box="[655,771,1721,1744]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Dichotomius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="2247" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="barbarae">D. barbarae</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="1B9637972A70BB57FF02E302E0352B2A" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3665529" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3665529" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3665529/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="2248" startId="18.[160,225,1660,1683]" targetBox="[163,1153,149,1629]" targetPageId="18">
<paragraph id="4F56671F2A70BB57FF02E302E0352B2A" blockId="18.[160,1155,1660,1801]" pageId="18" pageNumber="2248">
<emphasis id="7D9DBB0D2A70BB57FF02E302E4902AB0" bold="true" box="[160,252,1660,1683]" pageId="18" pageNumber="2248">Figure 5.</emphasis>
(a) Ventral view of the open pygidium of a female of 
<taxonomicName id="88E91C9C2A70BB57FCADE302E7142AB0" box="[783,888,1660,1683]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Pinotus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="2248" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ascanius">
<emphasis id="7D9DBB0D2A70BB57FCADE302E7142AB0" box="[783,888,1660,1683]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="2248">D. ascanius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
: sixth – sixth ventrite, int – intestine; vgn – approximately location of vagina aperture; spt – spermatecha indicated by white arrow. (b) General dorsal aspect of 
<taxonomicName id="88E91C9C2A70BB57FE2DE3C8E66C2AEE" box="[399,512,1718,1741]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Pinotus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="2345" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Cephagonus">
<emphasis id="7D9DBB0D2A70BB57FE2DE3C8E66C2AEE" box="[399,512,1718,1741]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="2248">Cephagonus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
female genitalia, the elytra and abdominal superior ventrites were removed: pyg – pygidium; spt – spermatheca; spdc – spermatheca duct; spgl – spermatheca gland; bcpl – bursa copulatrix. (c) 
<taxonomicName id="88E91C9C2A70BB57FEC2E38FE5A42B2B" box="[352,456,1777,1800]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Pinotus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="2248" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ascanius">
<emphasis id="7D9DBB0D2A70BB57FEC2E38FE5A42B2B" box="[352,456,1777,1800]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="2248">D. ascanius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
spermatheca. (d) 
<taxonomicName id="88E91C9C2A70BB57FDD1E38FE6A42B2B" baseAuthorityName="Luederwaldti" baseAuthorityYear="1935" box="[627,712,1777,1800]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Dichotomius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="2248" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ingens">
<emphasis id="7D9DBB0D2A70BB57FDD1E38FE6A42B2B" box="[627,712,1777,1800]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="2248">D. ingens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
spermatheca. (e) 
<taxonomicName id="88E91C9C2A70BB57FCD3E38FE7B82B2B" box="[881,980,1777,1801]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Dichotomius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="2248" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fissiceps">
<emphasis id="7D9DBB0D2A70BB57FCD3E38FE7B82B2B" box="[881,980,1777,1801]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="2248">D. fissiceps</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
spermatheca.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="1B9637972A71BB56FF02E692E6302821" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3665531" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3665531" box="[160,604,1003,1027]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3665531/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="2249" startId="19.[160,225,1004,1027]" targetBox="[164,1152,142,971]" targetPageId="19">
<paragraph id="4F56671F2A71BB56FF02E692E6302821" blockId="19.[160,604,1003,1027]" box="[160,604,1003,1027]" pageId="19" pageNumber="2249">
<emphasis id="7D9DBB0D2A71BB56FF02E692E4962820" bold="true" box="[160,250,1004,1027]" pageId="19" pageNumber="2249">Figure 6.</emphasis>
Distribution map of 
<emphasis id="7D9DBB0D2A71BB56FE68E695E5B52821" box="[458,473,1003,1026]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="2249">D</emphasis>
. 
<taxonomicName id="88E91C9C2A71BB56FE47E692E63B2821" authorityName="Germar" authorityYear="1824" box="[485,599,1003,1027]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Copris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="2249" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bicuspis" subGenus="Selenocopris">
(
<emphasis id="7D9DBB0D2A71BB56FE4EE695E59B2821" box="[492,503,1003,1026]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="2249">S</emphasis>
.) bicuspis
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<subSubSection id="07F334942A71BB56FF02E12FE0E8297E" pageId="19" pageNumber="2249" type="type_taxon">
<paragraph id="4F56671F2A71BB56FF02E12FE0E8297E" blockId="19.[160,1156,1105,1373]" pageId="19" pageNumber="2249">
<emphasis id="7D9DBB0D2A71BB56FF02E12FE5572849" bold="true" box="[160,315,1105,1130]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="2249">
<typeStatus id="9052D9BD2A71BB56FF02E12FE4B42849" box="[160,216,1105,1130]" pageId="19" pageNumber="2249">Type</typeStatus>
species.
</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="88E91C9C2A71BB56FEE9E12CE61B2849" authority="Haroldi 1867" authorityName="Haroldi" authorityYear="1867" box="[331,631,1106,1130]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Pinotus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="2249" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fissus">
<emphasis id="7D9DBB0D2A71BB56FEE9E12CE5B22849" box="[331,478,1106,1130]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="2249">Pinotus fissus</emphasis>
Haroldı 1867
</taxonomicName>
ı here designated. 
<bibRefCitation id="2B781AEE2A71BB56FCEEE12CE04B2849" author="Luederwaldt H" box="[844,1063,1106,1130]" pageId="19" pageNumber="2249" pagination="603 - 776" refId="ref53282" refString="Luederwaldt H. 1929. As especies brasileiras do genero. Pinotus. Rev Museu Paulista. 16: 603 - 776." type="journal article" year="1929">Luederwaldt (1929)</bibRefCitation>
did not assign a 
<typeStatus id="9052D9BD2A71BB56FEA5E10BE55528AE" box="[263,313,1141,1165]" pageId="19" pageNumber="2249">type</typeStatus>
species for 
<taxonomicName id="88E91C9C2A71BB56FE65E10BE62228AE" box="[455,590,1141,1165]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Pinotus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="2345" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Cephagonus">
<emphasis id="7D9DBB0D2A71BB56FE65E10BE62228AE" box="[455,590,1141,1165]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="2249">Cephagonus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
ı howeverı he placed all species in the subgenus close to 
<taxonomicName id="88E91C9C2A71BB56FEA1E1E6E5302893" authorityName="Haroldi" authorityYear="1867" box="[259,348,1175,1200]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Pinotus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="2249" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fissus">
<emphasis id="7D9DBB0D2A71BB56FEA1E1E6E5302893" box="[259,348,1175,1200]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="2249">D. fissus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
based on their clypeo-genal angle. Luederwaldt kept positioning new species of 
<taxonomicName id="88E91C9C2A71BB56FEBEE1C4E5CF28F1" box="[284,419,1210,1234]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Pinotus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="2345" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Cephagonus">
<emphasis id="7D9DBB0D2A71BB56FEBEE1C4E5CF28F1" box="[284,419,1210,1234]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="2249">Cephagonus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
close to 
<taxonomicName id="88E91C9C2A71BB56FDB0E1C4E60028F1" authorityName="Haroldi" authorityYear="1867" box="[530,620,1210,1234]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Pinotus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="2249" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fissus">
<emphasis id="7D9DBB0D2A71BB56FDB0E1C4E60028F1" box="[530,620,1210,1234]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="2249">D. fissus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
ı in what he was followed by 
<bibRefCitation id="2B781AEE2A71BB56FC69E1C4E01328F1" author="Vernalha MM" box="[971,1151,1210,1234]" pageId="19" pageNumber="2249" pagination="39 - 44" refId="ref54660" refString="Vernalha MM. 1952. Descricao de uma especie nova do genero Dichotomius i Hope 1838 (Col. Scarabaeidae). Arquivos Biol Technol. 8: 39 - 44." type="journal article" year="1952">Vernalha (1952)</bibRefCitation>
; Pereira and D 
<emphasis id="7D9DBB0D2A71BB56FE94E1A3E55728D6" box="[310,315,1245,1269]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="2249">’</emphasis>
Andretta (1955) and 
<bibRefCitation id="2B781AEE2A71BB56FD80E1A3E69928D6" author="Vulcano MAi Pereira FSi Martinez A" box="[546,757,1245,1269]" pageId="19" pageNumber="2249" pagination="515 - 530" refId="ref54692" refString="Vulcano MAi Pereira FSi Martinez A. 1976. Notas sobre Scarabaeoidea Americana (Col. Lamellicornia). Stud Entomol. 19: 515 - 530." type="journal article" year="1976">Vulcano et al. 1976</bibRefCitation>
. Our designation of 
<taxonomicName id="88E91C9C2A71BB56FC75E1A3E04128D6" authorityName="Haroldi" authorityYear="1867" box="[983,1069,1245,1269]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Pinotus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="2249" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fissus">
<emphasis id="7D9DBB0D2A71BB56FC75E1A3E04128D6" box="[983,1069,1245,1269]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="2249">D. fissus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as 
<typeStatus id="9052D9BD2A71BB56FBF3E1A3E0EF28D6" box="[1105,1155,1245,1269]" pageId="19" pageNumber="2249">type</typeStatus>
species of 
<taxonomicName id="88E91C9C2A71BB56FEB6E07EE5F7293B" box="[276,411,1280,1304]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Pinotus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="2345" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Cephagonus">
<emphasis id="7D9DBB0D2A71BB56FEB6E07EE5F7293B" box="[276,411,1280,1304]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="2249">Cephagonus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is based on three reasons: 1) the constant use of this name to refer to 
<taxonomicName id="88E91C9C2A71BB56FF1CE05CE52B2919" ID-CoL="44NT" authorityName="Hope" authorityYear="1838" box="[190,327,1314,1338]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Dichotomius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="2249" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="7D9DBB0D2A71BB56FF1CE05CE52B2919" box="[190,327,1314,1338]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="2249">Dichotomius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
with clypeal genal angle; 2) both males and females have clear and easily observable diagnostic characters common to all 
<taxonomicName id="88E91C9C2A71BB56FD1AE03BE753297E" box="[696,831,1349,1373]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Pinotus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="2345" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Cephagonus">
<emphasis id="7D9DBB0D2A71BB56FD1AE03BE753297E" box="[696,831,1349,1373]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="2249">Cephagonus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 3) to fix the name usage.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="07F334942A71BB58FF02E0EFE74F281A" lastPageId="29" lastPageNumber="2259" pageId="19" pageNumber="2249" type="description">
<paragraph id="4F56671F2A71BB52FF02E0EFE61E2ABE" blockId="19.[160,1157,1425,1727]" lastBlockId="23.[160,1156,1599,1693]" lastPageId="23" lastPageNumber="2253" pageId="19" pageNumber="2249">
<emphasis id="7D9DBB0D2A71BB56FF02E0EFE5762989" bold="true" box="[160,282,1425,1450]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="2249">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
Lamellate antennae (
<figureCitation id="D7D27B9A2A71BB56FD8EE0ECE6FF2989" box="[556,659,1426,1450]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="20.[160,225,1522,1545]" captionTargetBox="[166,1148,142,1488]" captionTargetId="figure@20.[163,1153,142,1490]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="Figure 7. (a) Mandible of D. fissus (Harold), inc – incisory lobe (membranous), mo – molar lobe. (b) Maxilla and maxillary palp of same species, mxp – maxillary palp, ga – galea, las – lacinia. (c) Epipharynx of same species. (d) Labrum and labial palpomere of same species. (e) Ventral clypeal process of D. fissceps indicated by white arrow.(f) Antena of same species.esc – escapo, lam – lamella. (g) Macropterous hind wig of D. fissiceps. (h) Brachypterous hindwing of D. ingens." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3665533" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3665533/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="2249">Figure 7</figureCitation>
(f))ı mandible lacking sclerotised incisory teeth (
<figureCitation id="D7D27B9A2A71BB56FF51E0CBE53429EE" box="[243,344,1461,1485]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="20.[160,225,1522,1545]" captionTargetBox="[166,1148,142,1488]" captionTargetId="figure@20.[163,1153,142,1490]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="Figure 7. (a) Mandible of D. fissus (Harold), inc – incisory lobe (membranous), mo – molar lobe. (b) Maxilla and maxillary palp of same species, mxp – maxillary palp, ga – galea, las – lacinia. (c) Epipharynx of same species. (d) Labrum and labial palpomere of same species. (e) Ventral clypeal process of D. fissceps indicated by white arrow.(f) Antena of same species.esc – escapo, lam – lamella. (g) Macropterous hind wig of D. fissiceps. (h) Brachypterous hindwing of D. ingens." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3665533" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3665533/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="2249">Figure 7</figureCitation>
(a)) and clypeus expanded (covering mouth parts and with many 
<typeStatus id="9052D9BD2A71BB56FF02E0A9E4B329CC" box="[160,223,1495,1519]" pageId="19" pageNumber="2249">types</typeStatus>
of shapes and modifications) place 
<taxonomicName id="88E91C9C2A71BB56FD0AE0A9E75929CC" box="[680,821,1495,1519]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Pinotus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="2345" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Cephagonus">
<emphasis id="7D9DBB0D2A71BB56FD0AE0A9E75929CC" box="[680,821,1495,1519]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="2249">Cephagonus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in 
<taxonomicName id="88E91C9C2A71BB56FCC7E0A9E79329CC" box="[869,1023,1495,1519]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="2249" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Scarabaeinae">Scarabaeinae</taxonomicName>
subfamilyı 
<taxonomicName id="88E91C9C2A71BB56FF02E084E5562A31" authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1802" box="[160,314,1530,1554]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="2249" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Scarabaeidae</taxonomicName>
family of 
<taxonomicName id="88E91C9C2A71BB56FE1CE084E6522A31" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[446,574,1530,1554]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="2249" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Coleoptera</taxonomicName>
order of insects. Among the Scarabaeinaeı the following combined characters: lacking of visible scutellum; lacking of trocantofemoral pit; meso and meta tibiae strongly enlarged towards apex and all tarsi bearing tarsal claws place 
<taxonomicName id="88E91C9C2A71BB56FE58E31CE6EB2A59" box="[506,647,1634,1658]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Pinotus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="2345" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Cephagonus">
<emphasis id="7D9DBB0D2A71BB56FE58E31CE6EB2A59" box="[506,647,1634,1658]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="2249">Cephagonus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in tribes 
<taxonomicName id="88E91C9C2A71BB56FCB3E31CE7092A59" box="[785,869,1634,1658]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="2249" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Coprini">Coprini</taxonomicName>
or Dichtomiini s. str.ı according to 
<bibRefCitation id="2B781AEE2A71BB56FEE0E3FBE6642ABE" author="Montreuil O" box="[322,520,1669,1693]" pageId="19" pageNumber="2249" pagination="135 - 148" refId="ref53574" refString="Montreuil O. 1998. Analyse Phylogenetique et Paraphyle des Coprini et Dichotomiini (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae). Scenario Biogeographique. Ann Soc Entomol Fr. 34 (2): 135 - 148." type="journal article" year="1998">Montreuil (1998)</bibRefCitation>
and 
<bibRefCitation id="2B781AEE2A71BB56FDE8E3FBE7EB2ABE" author="Tarasov Si Genier F" box="[586,903,1669,1693]" pageId="19" pageNumber="2249" pagination="1 - 86" refId="ref54407" refString="Tarasov Si Genier F. 2015. Innovative bayesian and parsimony phylogeny of Dung Beetles (Coleopterai Scarabaeidaei Scarabaeinae) enhanced by ontology-based partitioning of morphological characters. PLoS One. 10 (3): 1 - 86. doi: 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0116671" type="journal article" year="2015">Tarasov and Génier (2015)</bibRefCitation>
respectively. Among both tribal definitionsı 
<taxonomicName id="88E91C9C2A71BB56FE12E3D9E6512A9C" box="[432,573,1703,1727]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Pinotus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="2345" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Cephagonus">
<emphasis id="7D9DBB0D2A71BB56FE12E3D9E6512A9C" box="[432,573,1703,1727]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="2249">Cephagonus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is separated of the other 
<taxonomicName id="88E91C9C2A71BB56FCD0E3D9E06D2A9C" authorityName="Hope" authorityYear="1838" box="[882,1025,1703,1727]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Dichotomius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="2249" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="7D9DBB0D2A71BB56FCD0E3D9E06D2A9C" box="[882,1025,1703,1727]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="2249">Dichotomius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
subgenera by the following combined characters: clypeal ventral process transversely carinateı strongly bifurcate at apex (
<figureCitation id="D7D27B9A2A77BB50FE53E09DE63A29D8" box="[497,598,1507,1531]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="20.[160,225,1522,1545]" captionTargetBox="[166,1148,142,1488]" captionTargetId="figure@20.[163,1153,142,1490]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="Figure 7. (a) Mandible of D. fissus (Harold), inc – incisory lobe (membranous), mo – molar lobe. (b) Maxilla and maxillary palp of same species, mxp – maxillary palp, ga – galea, las – lacinia. (c) Epipharynx of same species. (d) Labrum and labial palpomere of same species. (e) Ventral clypeal process of D. fissceps indicated by white arrow.(f) Antena of same species.esc – escapo, lam – lamella. (g) Macropterous hind wig of D. fissiceps. (h) Brachypterous hindwing of D. ingens." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3665533" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3665533/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="2251">Figure 7</figureCitation>
(e)); clypeus with two acute and conspicuous teeth; clypeal or genal external border straight; nine antenna segments (
<figureCitation id="D7D27B9A2A77BB50FC5EE378E0332A3D" box="[1020,1119,1542,1566]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="20.[160,225,1522,1545]" captionTargetBox="[166,1148,142,1488]" captionTargetId="figure@20.[163,1153,142,1490]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="Figure 7. (a) Mandible of D. fissus (Harold), inc – incisory lobe (membranous), mo – molar lobe. (b) Maxilla and maxillary palp of same species, mxp – maxillary palp, ga – galea, las – lacinia. (c) Epipharynx of same species. (d) Labrum and labial palpomere of same species. (e) Ventral clypeal process of D. fissceps indicated by white arrow.(f) Antena of same species.esc – escapo, lam – lamella. (g) Macropterous hind wig of D. fissiceps. (h) Brachypterous hindwing of D. ingens." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3665533" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3665533/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="2251">Figure 7</figureCitation>
(f)); anterior margin of mesepisternum ending in an acute angle reaching the pseudoepipleuron (
<figureCitation id="D7D27B9A2A77BB50FE86E335E5EB2A40" box="[292,391,1611,1635]" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="21.[160,225,1283,1306]" captionTargetBox="[163,1153,142,1251]" captionTargetId="figure@21.[163,1153,142,1251]" captionTargetPageId="21" captionText="Figure 8. (a) Part of D. ascanius ventral portion evidencing metasternum puncture, cox – coxae ely – elytra, mes – mesepisternum, met – metasternum. (b) Pygidium of D. reichei (c) abdominal ventrites of a male of D. ascaniusı (d) abdominal ventrites of a female of D. ascaniusı (e) abdominal ventrites of a female of D. sociusı (f) detail of the sixth ventrite of a female of D. Socius." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3665535" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3665535/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="2251">Figure 8</figureCitation>
(a)); pro-tibiae inner angle acute or spiniform; meso- and metatibiae lacking transverse carina; abdominal ventrites 2 to 6 with ocellate punctures along anterior margin and with groups of setae concentrated on both sides and females sixth abdominal ventrite bearing modifications at medial portion (
<figureCitation id="D7D27B9A2A75BB52FB8DE341E4B42A59" captionStart-0="Figure 8" captionStart-1="Figure 9" captionStart-2="Figure 10" captionStartId-0="21.[160,225,1283,1306]" captionStartId-1="22.[160,225,1548,1571]" captionStartId-2="23.[160,225,1487,1510]" captionTargetBox-0="[163,1153,142,1251]" captionTargetBox-1="[163,1153,142,1516]" captionTargetBox-2="[163,1153,142,1456]" captionTargetId-0="figure@21.[163,1153,142,1251]" captionTargetId-1="figure@22.[163,1153,142,1516]" captionTargetId-2="figure@23.[163,1153,142,1456]" captionTargetPageId-0="21" captionTargetPageId-1="22" captionTargetPageId-2="23" captionText-0="Figure 8. (a) Part of D. ascanius ventral portion evidencing metasternum puncture, cox – coxae ely – elytra, mes – mesepisternum, met – metasternum. (b) Pygidium of D. reichei (c) abdominal ventrites of a male of D. ascaniusı (d) abdominal ventrites of a female of D. ascaniusı (e) abdominal ventrites of a female of D. sociusı (f) detail of the sixth ventrite of a female of D. Socius." captionText-1="Figure 9. (a) Abdominal ventrites of a male of D. spadiceus. (b) ventrites of a female of D. spadiceus. (c) abdominal ventrites of a female of D. itatiaiaensisı (d) detail of C; (e) abdominal ventrites of a female of D. fissus. (f) Adbominal ventrites of a female of D. reichei. (g) Abdominal ventrites of a female of D. lucianomourai." captionText-2="Figure 10. (a) Abdominal ventrites of a male of D. vargasae. (b) Detail of a sixth ventrite (white arrow) of a female of D. vargasae. (c) Sixth ventrite of female of D. vargasae. (d) Abdominal ventrites of a female of D. rondoniaensis. Pyg – pygidium." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3665535" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3665537" figureDoi-2="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3665539" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/3665535/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/3665537/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/3665539/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="2253">
Figures 8 
<emphasis id="7D9DBB0D2A75BB52FF0CE31CE4D72A59" box="[174,187,1634,1658]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="2253">–</emphasis>
10
</figureCitation>
) and/or pygidium swollen. 
<taxonomicName id="88E91C9C2A75BB52FD8BE31CE6DA2A59" box="[553,694,1634,1658]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Pinotus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="2345" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Cephagonus">
<emphasis id="7D9DBB0D2A75BB52FD8BE31CE6DA2A59" box="[553,694,1634,1658]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="2253">Cephagonus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is Neotropicalı with species occurring from 
<collectingCountry id="37FE278F2A75BB52FF40E3FBE5532ABE" box="[226,319,1669,1693]" name="Panama" pageId="23" pageNumber="2253">Panama</collectingCountry>
to 
<collectingCountry id="37FE278F2A75BB52FECEE3FBE5B32ABE" box="[364,479,1669,1693]" name="Argentina" pageId="23" pageNumber="2253">Argentina</collectingCountry>
(
<figureCitation id="D7D27B9A2A75BB52FE50E3FBE60F2ABE" box="[498,611,1669,1693]" captionStart="Figure 11" captionStartId="24.[160,225,1007,1030]" captionTargetBox="[164,1152,142,975]" captionTargetId="figure@24.[163,1153,142,975]" captionTargetPageId="24" captionText="Figure 11. Geographical records of Dichotomius (Cephagonus)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3665541" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3665541/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="2253">Figure 11</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<caption id="1B9637972A76BB51FF02E08CE7BD2A5D" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3665533" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3665533" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3665533/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="2250" startId="20.[160,225,1522,1545]" targetBox="[166,1148,142,1488]" targetPageId="20">
<paragraph id="4F56671F2A76BB51FF02E08CE7BD2A5D" blockId="20.[160,1157,1521,1663]" pageId="20" pageNumber="2250">
<emphasis id="7D9DBB0D2A76BB51FF02E08CE4972A2A" bold="true" box="[160,251,1522,1545]" pageId="20" pageNumber="2250">Figure 7.</emphasis>
(a) Mandible of 
<taxonomicName id="88E91C9C2A76BB51FE06E08FE6202A2A" authority="(Harold)" baseAuthorityName="Harold" box="[420,588,1521,1545]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Pinotus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="2250" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fissus">
<emphasis id="7D9DBB0D2A76BB51FE06E08FE59F2A2B" box="[420,499,1521,1545]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="2250">D. fissus</emphasis>
(Harold)
</taxonomicName>
, inc – incisory lobe (membranous), mo – molar lobe. (b) Maxilla and maxillary palp of same species, mxp – maxillary palp, ga – galea, las – lacinia. (c) Epipharynx of same species. (d) Labrum and labial palpomere of same species. (e) Ventral clypeal process of 
<emphasis id="7D9DBB0D2A76BB51FEAAE337E57B2A43" box="[264,279,1609,1632]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="2250">D</emphasis>
. fissceps indicated by white arrow. (f) Antena of same species. esc – escapo, lam – lamella. (g) Macropterous hind wig of 
<taxonomicName id="88E91C9C2A76BB51FE68E319E65D2A5D" box="[458,561,1639,1662]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Dichotomius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="2250" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fissiceps">
<emphasis id="7D9DBB0D2A76BB51FE68E319E65D2A5D" box="[458,561,1639,1662]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="2250">D. fissiceps</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. (h) Brachypterous hindwing of 
<taxonomicName id="88E91C9C2A76BB51FCD0E319E7A12A5D" baseAuthorityName="Luederwaldti" baseAuthorityYear="1935" box="[882,973,1639,1662]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Dichotomius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="2250" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ingens">D. ingens</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="1B9637972A77BB50FF02E07DE7E62952" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3665535" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3665535" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3665535/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="2251" startId="21.[160,225,1283,1306]" targetBox="[163,1153,142,1251]" targetPageId="21">
<paragraph id="4F56671F2A77BB50FF02E07DE7E62952" blockId="21.[160,1156,1282,1394]" pageId="21" pageNumber="2251">
<emphasis id="7D9DBB0D2A77BB50FF02E07DE4962939" bold="true" box="[160,250,1283,1306]" pageId="21" pageNumber="2251">Figure 8.</emphasis>
(a) Part of 
<taxonomicName id="88E91C9C2A77BB50FECBE07CE5BA293A" box="[361,470,1282,1305]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Pinotus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="2251" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ascanius">
<emphasis id="7D9DBB0D2A77BB50FECBE07CE5BA293A" box="[361,470,1282,1305]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="2251">D. ascanius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
ventral portion evidencing metasternum puncture, cox – coxae ely – elytra, mes – mesepisternum, met – metasternum. (b) Pygidium of 
<taxonomicName id="88E91C9C2A77BB50FC8EE061E7E82915" box="[812,900,1311,1334]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Dichotomius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="2251" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="reichei">
<emphasis id="7D9DBB0D2A77BB50FC8EE061E7E82915" box="[812,900,1311,1334]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="2251">D. reichei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(c) abdominal ventrites of a male of 
<taxonomicName id="88E91C9C2A77BB50FEA4E043E5152977" box="[262,377,1341,1364]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Dichotomius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="2251" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ascaniusi">
<emphasis id="7D9DBB0D2A77BB50FEA4E043E5152977" box="[262,377,1341,1364]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="2251">D. ascaniusı</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(d) abdominal ventrites of a female of 
<taxonomicName id="88E91C9C2A77BB50FCA4E043E7152977" box="[774,889,1341,1364]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Dichotomius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="2251" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ascaniusi">
<emphasis id="7D9DBB0D2A77BB50FCA4E043E7152977" box="[774,889,1341,1364]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="2251">D. ascaniusı</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(e) abdominal ventrites of a female of 
<taxonomicName id="88E91C9C2A77BB50FEB5E024E51C2952" box="[279,368,1370,1393]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Dichotomius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="2251" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sociusi">
<emphasis id="7D9DBB0D2A77BB50FEB5E024E51C2952" box="[279,368,1370,1393]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="2251">D. sociusı</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(f) detail of the sixth ventrite of a female of 
<taxonomicName id="88E91C9C2A77BB50FC8CE024E7EB2952" authorityName="Luederwaldti" authorityYear="1929" box="[814,903,1370,1393]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Pinotus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="2331" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="socius">D. Socius</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="1B9637972A74BB53FF02E372E5272A59" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3665537" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3665537" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3665537/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="2252" startId="22.[160,225,1548,1571]" targetBox="[163,1153,142,1516]" targetPageId="22">
<paragraph id="4F56671F2A74BB53FF02E372E5272A59" blockId="22.[160,1156,1547,1658]" pageId="22" pageNumber="2252">
<emphasis id="7D9DBB0D2A74BB53FF02E372E4952A00" bold="true" box="[160,249,1548,1571]" pageId="22" pageNumber="2252">Figure 9.</emphasis>
(a) Abdominal ventrites of a male of 
<taxonomicName id="88E91C9C2A74BB53FDC1E375E6B52A01" baseAuthorityName="Luederwaldt" baseAuthorityYear="1928" box="[611,729,1547,1570]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Dichotomius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="2252" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="spadiceus">
<emphasis id="7D9DBB0D2A74BB53FDC1E375E6B52A01" box="[611,729,1547,1570]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="2252">D. spadiceus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. (b) ventrites of a female of 
<taxonomicName id="88E91C9C2A74BB53FC49E375E00C2A01" baseAuthorityName="Luederwaldt" baseAuthorityYear="1928" box="[1003,1120,1547,1570]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Dichotomius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="2252" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="spadiceus">
<emphasis id="7D9DBB0D2A74BB53FC49E375E00C2A01" box="[1003,1120,1547,1570]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="2252">D. spadiceus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. (c) abdominal ventrites of a female of 
<taxonomicName id="88E91C9C2A74BB53FE56E357E6E82A63" box="[500,644,1577,1600]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Dichotomius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="2252" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="itatiaiaensisi">
<emphasis id="7D9DBB0D2A74BB53FE56E357E6E82A63" box="[500,644,1577,1600]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="2252">D. itatiaiaensisı</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(d) detail of C; (e) abdominal ventrites of a female of 
<taxonomicName id="88E91C9C2A74BB53FF02E338E49C2A7E" box="[160,240,1606,1630]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Pinotus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="2252" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fissus">
<emphasis id="7D9DBB0D2A74BB53FF02E338E49C2A7E" box="[160,240,1606,1630]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="2252">D. fissus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. (f) Adbominal ventrites of a female of 
<taxonomicName id="88E91C9C2A74BB53FD2CE338E6852A7E" box="[654,745,1606,1629]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Dichotomius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="2252" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="reichei">
<emphasis id="7D9DBB0D2A74BB53FD2CE338E6852A7E" box="[654,745,1606,1629]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="2252">D. reichei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. (g) Abdominal ventrites of a female of 
<taxonomicName id="88E91C9C2A74BB53FF02E31DE52B2A59" authorityName="Nunes &amp; Vaz-de-Mello" authorityYear="2019" box="[160,327,1635,1658]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Dichotomius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="2252" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lucianomourai">D. lucianomourai</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="1B9637972A75BB52FF02E0B1E60A2A02" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3665539" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3665539" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3665539/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="2253" startId="23.[160,225,1487,1510]" targetBox="[163,1153,142,1456]" targetPageId="23">
<paragraph id="4F56671F2A75BB52FF02E0B1E60A2A02" blockId="23.[160,1156,1487,1569]" pageId="23" pageNumber="2253">
<emphasis id="7D9DBB0D2A75BB52FF02E0B1E56A29C5" bold="true" box="[160,262,1487,1510]" pageId="23" pageNumber="2253">Figure 10.</emphasis>
(a) Abdominal ventrites of a male of 
<taxonomicName id="88E91C9C2A75BB52FDD1E0B1E68F29C5" authorityName="Nunes &amp; Vaz-de-Mello" authorityYear="2019" box="[627,739,1487,1510]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Dichotomius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="2253" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vargasae">
<emphasis id="7D9DBB0D2A75BB52FDD1E0B1E68F29C5" box="[627,739,1487,1510]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="2253">D. vargasae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. (b) Detail of a sixth ventrite (white arrow) of a female of 
<taxonomicName id="88E91C9C2A75BB52FE99E092E5C22A20" authorityName="Nunes &amp; Vaz-de-Mello" authorityYear="2019" box="[315,430,1516,1539]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Dichotomius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="2253" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vargasae">
<emphasis id="7D9DBB0D2A75BB52FE99E092E5C22A20" box="[315,430,1516,1539]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="2253">D. vargasae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. (c) Sixth ventrite of female of 
<taxonomicName id="88E91C9C2A75BB52FD57E092E7042A20" authorityName="Nunes &amp; Vaz-de-Mello" authorityYear="2019" box="[757,872,1516,1539]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Dichotomius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="2253" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vargasae">
<emphasis id="7D9DBB0D2A75BB52FD57E092E7042A20" box="[757,872,1516,1539]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="2253">D. vargasae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. (d) Abdominal ventrites of a female of 
<taxonomicName id="88E91C9C2A75BB52FEB5E374E5DA2A02" authorityName="Nunes &amp; Vaz-de-Mello" authorityYear="2019" box="[279,438,1546,1569]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Dichotomius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="2253" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rondoniaensis">
<emphasis id="7D9DBB0D2A75BB52FEB5E374E5DA2A02" box="[279,438,1546,1569]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="2253">D. rondoniaensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Pyg – pygidium.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="1B9637972A7ABB5DFF02E691E7642825" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3665541" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3665541" box="[160,776,1006,1030]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3665541/files/figure.png" pageId="24" pageNumber="2254" startId="24.[160,225,1007,1030]" targetBox="[164,1152,142,975]" targetPageId="24">
<paragraph id="4F56671F2A7ABB5DFF02E691E7642825" blockId="24.[160,776,1006,1030]" box="[160,776,1006,1030]" pageId="24" pageNumber="2254">
<emphasis id="7D9DBB0D2A7ABB5DFF02E691E5642825" bold="true" box="[160,264,1007,1030]" pageId="24" pageNumber="2254">Figure 11.</emphasis>
Geographical records of 
<taxonomicName id="88E91C9C2A7ABB5DFDA3E690E7682825" authority="" authorityName="Luederwaldt" authorityYear="1929" box="[513,772,1006,1030]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Dichotomius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="2254" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Cephagonus">
<emphasis id="7D9DBB0D2A7ABB5DFDA3E690E6142826" box="[513,632,1006,1029]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="2254">Dichotomius</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="7D9DBB0D2A7ABB5DFD24E690E6902826" box="[646,764,1006,1029]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="2254">Cephagonus</emphasis>
)
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="4F56671F2A7ABB58FF02E136E0632D2D" blockId="24.[160,1156,1096,1710]" lastBlockId="29.[160,1155,142,270]" lastPageId="29" lastPageNumber="2259" pageId="24" pageNumber="2254">
<emphasis id="7D9DBB0D2A7ABB5DFF02E136E5B42842" bold="true" box="[160,472,1096,1121]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="2254">
Description (
<figureCitation id="D7D27B9A2A7ABB5DFE9EE136E5A62842" box="[316,458,1096,1121]" captionStart-0="Figure 1" captionStart-1="Figure 2" captionStartId-0="5.[160,225,1682,1705]" captionStartId-1="6.[160,225,1593,1616]" captionTargetBox-0="[164,1152,143,1647]" captionTargetBox-1="[164,1152,150,1548]" captionTargetId-0="figure@5.[163,1153,142,1650]" captionTargetId-1="figure@6.[163,1153,142,1561]" captionTargetPageId-0="5" captionTargetPageId-1="6" captionText-0="Figure 1. Dichotomius Hope morphological structures." captionText-1="Figure 2. Dichotomius Aedeagous: (a) lateral view; (b) dorsal view of paramera; (c) ventral view of paramera (D. quadraticeps); (d) aedeagous with everted inter sac (D. ingens)." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3665521" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3665523" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/3665521/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/3665523/files/figure.png" pageId="24" pageNumber="2254">Figures 1–2</figureCitation>
).
</emphasis>
Dorsal colour dark brown to blackı having copper or blue reflections on an elytral basis. BL: 
<quantity id="8811CAFA2A7ABB5DFDB1E112E61228A7" box="[531,638,1132,1156]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.65" metricValueMax="2.4" metricValueMin="0.9" pageId="24" pageNumber="2254" unit="mm" value="16.5" valueMax="24.0" valueMin="9.0">
9 
<emphasis id="7D9DBB0D2A7ABB5DFD83E112E64228A7" box="[545,558,1132,1156]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="2254">–</emphasis>
24 mm
</quantity>
. PW: 
<quantity id="8811CAFA2A7ABB5DFD19E112E74828A7" box="[699,804,1132,1156]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.0" metricValueMax="13.0" metricValueMin="5.0" pageId="24" pageNumber="2254" unit="mm" value="9.0" valueMax="13.0" valueMin="5.0">
5 
<emphasis id="7D9DBB0D2A7ABB5DFD6AE112E6B928A7" box="[712,725,1132,1156]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="2254">–</emphasis>
13 mm
</quantity>
. 
<emphasis id="7D9DBB0D2A7ABB5DFC92E112E7A028A7" bold="true" box="[816,972,1132,1156]" pageId="24" pageNumber="2254">Head (dorsal)</emphasis>
: anterior margin of clypeus strongly emarginate medially producing two acute teeth. Scatteredı short setae present along the clypeal marginı more abundant on clypeal teeth. Clypeal teeth curved upwards in lateral view. Clypeo-genal suture is distinct. Eyes present dorsallyı inter-ocular space having at least 6x the eye diameter. Gena posterior angle obtuse; genae not expanded in relation to clypeal margin. 
<emphasis id="7D9DBB0D2A7ABB5DFE7CE067E7222912" bold="true" box="[478,846,1305,1329]" pageId="24" pageNumber="2254">Head (ventral and mouth parts)</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="D7D27B9A2A7ABB5DFCFEE067E7D82912" box="[860,948,1305,1329]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="17.[160,225,1662,1685]" captionTargetBox="[163,1153,451,1618]" captionTargetId="figure@17.[163,1153,442,1631]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="Figure 4. (a) Intern sac sclerites of D. fissiceps. (b) Axial sclerites of D. reichei. (c) Axial sclerites of D. barbarae. (d) Lamella copulatrix of D. reichei. (e) Lamella copulatrix of D. frizzasae.(f) Lamella copulatrix of D. fissiceps. (g) Lamella copulatrix of D. barbarae." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3665527" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3665527/files/figure.png" pageId="24" pageNumber="2254">Figure 4</figureCitation>
(a-d)): head margin bearing short scattered setae throughout its extension. Ventral clypeal process carinateı strongly bifurcate apically (
<figureCitation id="D7D27B9A2A7ABB5DFE70E020E65C2955" box="[466,560,1374,1398]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="20.[160,225,1522,1545]" captionTargetBox="[166,1148,142,1488]" captionTargetId="figure@20.[163,1153,142,1490]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="Figure 7. (a) Mandible of D. fissus (Harold), inc – incisory lobe (membranous), mo – molar lobe. (b) Maxilla and maxillary palp of same species, mxp – maxillary palp, ga – galea, las – lacinia. (c) Epipharynx of same species. (d) Labrum and labial palpomere of same species. (e) Ventral clypeal process of D. fissceps indicated by white arrow.(f) Antena of same species.esc – escapo, lam – lamella. (g) Macropterous hind wig of D. fissiceps. (h) Brachypterous hindwing of D. ingens." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3665533" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3665533/files/figure.png" pageId="24" pageNumber="2254">Figure 7</figureCitation>
(e)). Antenna 9-segmentedı 1st segment bearing the combined length of 2nd to sixth segmentsı 2nd segment with a medial constrictionı at least one setae present at the base of each segment. Antenna club lamellateı light beige to brown tumescence. Lamella larger at the baseı getting narrower towards the apex (lamellae 2 and 3) (
<figureCitation id="D7D27B9A2A7ABB5DFF05E097E56C2A22" box="[167,256,1513,1537]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="20.[160,225,1522,1545]" captionTargetBox="[166,1148,142,1488]" captionTargetId="figure@20.[163,1153,142,1490]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="Figure 7. (a) Mandible of D. fissus (Harold), inc – incisory lobe (membranous), mo – molar lobe. (b) Maxilla and maxillary palp of same species, mxp – maxillary palp, ga – galea, las – lacinia. (c) Epipharynx of same species. (d) Labrum and labial palpomere of same species. (e) Ventral clypeal process of D. fissceps indicated by white arrow.(f) Antena of same species.esc – escapo, lam – lamella. (g) Macropterous hind wig of D. fissiceps. (h) Brachypterous hindwing of D. ingens." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3665533" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3665533/files/figure.png" pageId="24" pageNumber="2254">Figure 7</figureCitation>
(f)). Mouth parts with abundant setaeı longer than clypeal margin setae. Mandibles with largely extended membranous incisor lobes. Molar lobe bearing very a small tooth on its border (
<figureCitation id="D7D27B9A2A7ABB5DFF58E350E5382A65" box="[250,340,1582,1606]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="20.[160,225,1522,1545]" captionTargetBox="[166,1148,142,1488]" captionTargetId="figure@20.[163,1153,142,1490]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="Figure 7. (a) Mandible of D. fissus (Harold), inc – incisory lobe (membranous), mo – molar lobe. (b) Maxilla and maxillary palp of same species, mxp – maxillary palp, ga – galea, las – lacinia. (c) Epipharynx of same species. (d) Labrum and labial palpomere of same species. (e) Ventral clypeal process of D. fissceps indicated by white arrow.(f) Antena of same species.esc – escapo, lam – lamella. (g) Macropterous hind wig of D. fissiceps. (h) Brachypterous hindwing of D. ingens." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3665533" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3665533/files/figure.png" pageId="24" pageNumber="2254">Figure 7</figureCitation>
(a)). Maxillae with galea covered with spurs. Lacinia with abundant setae. Palpiger bearing long setae equally spacedı setae longer than those on lacinia. Maxillary palpus glabrousı four-segmentedı apical segment length equal to segments 1 
<emphasis id="7D9DBB0D2A7ABB5DFC51E30DE06C2AA8" box="[1011,1024,1651,1675]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="2254">–</emphasis>
3 combined (
<figureCitation id="D7D27B9A2A7ABB5DFF05E3E8E56D2A8D" box="[167,257,1686,1710]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="20.[160,225,1522,1545]" captionTargetBox="[166,1148,142,1488]" captionTargetId="figure@20.[163,1153,142,1490]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="Figure 7. (a) Mandible of D. fissus (Harold), inc – incisory lobe (membranous), mo – molar lobe. (b) Maxilla and maxillary palp of same species, mxp – maxillary palp, ga – galea, las – lacinia. (c) Epipharynx of same species. (d) Labrum and labial palpomere of same species. (e) Ventral clypeal process of D. fissceps indicated by white arrow.(f) Antena of same species.esc – escapo, lam – lamella. (g) Macropterous hind wig of D. fissiceps. (h) Brachypterous hindwing of D. ingens." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3665533" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3665533/files/figure.png" pageId="24" pageNumber="2254">Figure 7</figureCitation>
(b)). Ephypharinx (ventral view) strongly sclerotisedı the medial portion covered of tuberclesı anterior margin-lacking emargination (
<figureCitation id="D7D27B9A2A7BBB5CFD14E111E77D28A4" box="[694,785,1135,1159]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="20.[160,225,1522,1545]" captionTargetBox="[166,1148,142,1488]" captionTargetId="figure@20.[163,1153,142,1490]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="Figure 7. (a) Mandible of D. fissus (Harold), inc – incisory lobe (membranous), mo – molar lobe. (b) Maxilla and maxillary palp of same species, mxp – maxillary palp, ga – galea, las – lacinia. (c) Epipharynx of same species. (d) Labrum and labial palpomere of same species. (e) Ventral clypeal process of D. fissceps indicated by white arrow.(f) Antena of same species.esc – escapo, lam – lamella. (g) Macropterous hind wig of D. fissiceps. (h) Brachypterous hindwing of D. ingens." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3665533" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3665533/files/figure.png" pageId="25" pageNumber="2255">Figure 7</figureCitation>
(c)). Labrum with abundant setaeı 
<emphasis id="7D9DBB0D2A7BBB5CFF02E1EFE4C9288A" box="[160,165,1169,1193]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="2255">‘</emphasis>
U 
<emphasis id="7D9DBB0D2A7BBB5CFF14E1EFE4D7288A" box="[182,187,1169,1193]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="2255">’</emphasis>
-shaped emargination on anterior portionı first labial palpomere three times wider and larger than second and third palpomere combined (
<figureCitation id="D7D27B9A2A7BBB5CFD69E1CAE74F28EF" box="[715,803,1204,1228]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="20.[160,225,1522,1545]" captionTargetBox="[166,1148,142,1488]" captionTargetId="figure@20.[163,1153,142,1490]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="Figure 7. (a) Mandible of D. fissus (Harold), inc – incisory lobe (membranous), mo – molar lobe. (b) Maxilla and maxillary palp of same species, mxp – maxillary palp, ga – galea, las – lacinia. (c) Epipharynx of same species. (d) Labrum and labial palpomere of same species. (e) Ventral clypeal process of D. fissceps indicated by white arrow.(f) Antena of same species.esc – escapo, lam – lamella. (g) Macropterous hind wig of D. fissiceps. (h) Brachypterous hindwing of D. ingens." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3665533" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3665533/files/figure.png" pageId="25" pageNumber="2255">Figure 7</figureCitation>
(d)). 
<emphasis id="7D9DBB0D2A7BBB5CFCF3E1CAE7A928EF" bold="true" box="[849,965,1204,1228]" pageId="25" pageNumber="2255">Pronotum</emphasis>
: borders carinateı folded upwards and flattened near the anterior angle. Medio-lateral fovea smoothı lacking setaeı punctures or striations. 
<emphasis id="7D9DBB0D2A7BBB5CFE4EE187E6192932" bold="true" box="[492,629,1273,1297]" pageId="25" pageNumber="2255">Hypomeron</emphasis>
: bearing ocellate setigerous puncturesı anterior margin carinate. Portion under pro-femur (in regular position) smooth and glabrous. 
<emphasis id="7D9DBB0D2A7BBB5CFF02E041E54B2974" bold="true" box="[160,295,1343,1367]" pageId="25" pageNumber="2255">Prosternum</emphasis>
: triangular shapeı bearing ocellate setigerous punctures 
<emphasis id="7D9DBB0D2A7BBB5CFC2EE040E7F52975" box="[908,921,1342,1366]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="2255">–</emphasis>
setae having at most 1/fourth of the length of the hypomeron setae. 
<emphasis id="7D9DBB0D2A7BBB5CFD02E01FE746295A" bold="true" box="[672,810,1377,1401]" pageId="25" pageNumber="2255">Mesonotum</emphasis>
: anterior margin widely emarginatedı medially with abundant setae and lacking microsculpture at medial portion. 
<emphasis id="7D9DBB0D2A7BBB5CFF02E0D9E551299C" bold="true" box="[160,317,1447,1471]" pageId="25" pageNumber="2255">Mesosternum</emphasis>
: medially glabrousı laterally bearing setigerous ocellate puncturesı setae having at most 1/fourth of the length of hypomeron setae (
<figureCitation id="D7D27B9A2A7BBB5CFD49E0B7E72D29C2" box="[747,833,1481,1505]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="5.[160,225,1682,1705]" captionTargetBox="[164,1152,143,1647]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[163,1153,142,1650]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 1. Dichotomius Hope morphological structures." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3665521" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3665521/files/figure.png" pageId="25" pageNumber="2255">Figure 1</figureCitation>
). 
<emphasis id="7D9DBB0D2A7BBB5CFCF1E0B7E79D29C2" bold="true" box="[851,1009,1481,1505]" pageId="25" pageNumber="2255">Mesepimeron</emphasis>
: with ocellate setose punctures equally spaced; hair denseı usually concealing the structure. 
<emphasis id="7D9DBB0D2A7BBB5CFF02E371E53E2A04" bold="true" box="[160,338,1551,1575]" pageId="25" pageNumber="2255">Mesepisternum</emphasis>
: bearing ocellate punctures (setigerous or not)ı superior margin ending in an acute angle reaching the pseudoepipleuron (
<figureCitation id="D7D27B9A2A7BBB5CFD53E34FE7382A6A" box="[753,852,1585,1609]" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="21.[160,225,1283,1306]" captionTargetBox="[163,1153,142,1251]" captionTargetId="figure@21.[163,1153,142,1251]" captionTargetPageId="21" captionText="Figure 8. (a) Part of D. ascanius ventral portion evidencing metasternum puncture, cox – coxae ely – elytra, mes – mesepisternum, met – metasternum. (b) Pygidium of D. reichei (c) abdominal ventrites of a male of D. ascaniusı (d) abdominal ventrites of a female of D. ascaniusı (e) abdominal ventrites of a female of D. sociusı (f) detail of the sixth ventrite of a female of D. Socius." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3665535" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3665535/files/figure.png" pageId="25" pageNumber="2255">Figure 8</figureCitation>
(a)). 
<emphasis id="7D9DBB0D2A7BBB5CFC2CE34FE0442A6A" bold="true" box="[910,1064,1585,1609]" pageId="25" pageNumber="2255">Metasternum</emphasis>
: mesometasternal suture weakly defined. Anterior lobe twice longer than wideı setigerous punctures restricted to the borders and encroaching to the middle of anterior lobe. Longitudinal groove feebly markedı ending in a weak concavity. Metasternum sides bearing ocellate puncturesı setigerous or not and evenly spaced (
<figureCitation id="D7D27B9A2A79BB5EFD74E5F0E75F2C85" box="[726,819,142,166]" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="21.[160,225,1283,1306]" captionTargetBox="[163,1153,142,1251]" captionTargetId="figure@21.[163,1153,142,1251]" captionTargetPageId="21" captionText="Figure 8. (a) Part of D. ascanius ventral portion evidencing metasternum puncture, cox – coxae ely – elytra, mes – mesepisternum, met – metasternum. (b) Pygidium of D. reichei (c) abdominal ventrites of a male of D. ascaniusı (d) abdominal ventrites of a female of D. ascaniusı (e) abdominal ventrites of a female of D. sociusı (f) detail of the sixth ventrite of a female of D. Socius." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3665535" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3665535/files/figure.png" pageId="27" pageNumber="2257">Figure 8</figureCitation>
(a)). Posterior border medially emarginate. Fine puncture (viewed under 15x magnification) present near concavity. 
<emphasis id="7D9DBB0D2A79BB5EFBEBE5CFE0122CEA" bold="true" box="[1097,1150,177,201]" pageId="27" pageNumber="2257">Legs</emphasis>
: inner pro-tibiae angle acute or spiniform. Ventral surface of pro-femur bearing a medial row of punctures (setigerous or not)ı ventral surface of meso- and meta femur bearing similar marginal punctures only near anterior margin and apex. Pro-tibiae bearing shortı scattered setae following tibial teeth both ventrally and dorsallyı a cluster of larger setae concentrated in the inner angle. Ventral surface of pro-tibiae bearing a longitudinal ventral carinaı which is glabrous. Pro-tarsi 5 segmentedı apical segment having the length of the third and fourth tarsomeres combined. Pro calcar spiniformı strongly bent downwards on malesı straight in females. Meso- and metatibiae strongly enlarged towards apexı both rounded at internal and external bordersı lacking transverse carinas or tubercles. Setae following internal and external metatibial borders. Meso and metatibial apex sinuatedı bearing scattered setae similar to a brush along the apical margin. Each meso-tibia bearing two calcarı both with truncated apex. 
<collectingRegion id="8D2DA9FD2A79BB5EFF7DE72FE57A2E4A" box="[223,278,593,617]" country="Colombia" name="Meta" pageId="27" pageNumber="2257">Meta</collectingRegion>
tibiae bearing a single calcarı bifurcate in malesı truncate at apex in females. Meso and metatarsi with abundant setaeı tarsomere greatly enlarged towards the apex. 
<emphasis id="7D9DBB0D2A79BB5EFB99E70DE0112EA8" bold="true" box="[1083,1149,627,651]" pageId="27" pageNumber="2257">Elytra</emphasis>
: bearing nine striaeı eighth striae never reaching elytra basis. Hindwing (macropterous) (
<figureCitation id="D7D27B9A2A79BB5EFF05E7C7E56D2EF2" box="[167,257,697,721]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="20.[160,225,1522,1545]" captionTargetBox="[166,1148,142,1488]" captionTargetId="figure@20.[163,1153,142,1490]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="Figure 7. (a) Mandible of D. fissus (Harold), inc – incisory lobe (membranous), mo – molar lobe. (b) Maxilla and maxillary palp of same species, mxp – maxillary palp, ga – galea, las – lacinia. (c) Epipharynx of same species. (d) Labrum and labial palpomere of same species. (e) Ventral clypeal process of D. fissceps indicated by white arrow.(f) Antena of same species.esc – escapo, lam – lamella. (g) Macropterous hind wig of D. fissiceps. (h) Brachypterous hindwing of D. ingens." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3665533" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3665533/files/figure.png" pageId="27" pageNumber="2257">Figure 7</figureCitation>
(g)): bearing folding articulation and complete costalı subcostalı intercostalı cubital and anal veinsı usually with 1.5 to 2 times he elytra length. Hindwing (brachypterous) (
<figureCitation id="D7D27B9A2A79BB5EFF05E780E56D2F35" box="[167,257,766,790]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="20.[160,225,1522,1545]" captionTargetBox="[166,1148,142,1488]" captionTargetId="figure@20.[163,1153,142,1490]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="Figure 7. (a) Mandible of D. fissus (Harold), inc – incisory lobe (membranous), mo – molar lobe. (b) Maxilla and maxillary palp of same species, mxp – maxillary palp, ga – galea, las – lacinia. (c) Epipharynx of same species. (d) Labrum and labial palpomere of same species. (e) Ventral clypeal process of D. fissceps indicated by white arrow.(f) Antena of same species.esc – escapo, lam – lamella. (g) Macropterous hind wig of D. fissiceps. (h) Brachypterous hindwing of D. ingens." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3665533" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3665533/files/figure.png" pageId="27" pageNumber="2257">Figure 7</figureCitation>
(h)): bearing folding articulation. Basal sclerites glabrous. Subcostal vein intersecting costal axis at its basal quarter. Medial vein extending to the folding articulation. Distinct setae present on basal third of costal axis and at folding articulation. Cubital vein presentı anal vein absent. Smallı developed membranous portion apical to folding articulation with incomplete or weakly marked venationı usually equal to the elytral length or shorter. 
<emphasis id="7D9DBB0D2A79BB5EFC71E6F7E0292F82" bold="true" box="[979,1093,905,929]" pageId="27" pageNumber="2257">Abdomen</emphasis>
: with visible 6 ventritesı anterior margin of ventrite 2 
<emphasis id="7D9DBB0D2A79BB5EFD16E6D5E6AD2FE0" box="[692,705,939,963]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="2257">–</emphasis>
6 bearing ocellate punctures but always glabrous (
<figureCitation id="D7D27B9A2A79BB5EFEAFE6B0E5FA2FC5" box="[269,406,974,998]" captionStart-0="Figure 8" captionStart-1="Figure 9" captionStart-2="Figure 10" captionStartId-0="21.[160,225,1283,1306]" captionStartId-1="22.[160,225,1548,1571]" captionStartId-2="23.[160,225,1487,1510]" captionTargetBox-0="[163,1153,142,1251]" captionTargetBox-1="[163,1153,142,1516]" captionTargetBox-2="[163,1153,142,1456]" captionTargetId-0="figure@21.[163,1153,142,1251]" captionTargetId-1="figure@22.[163,1153,142,1516]" captionTargetId-2="figure@23.[163,1153,142,1456]" captionTargetPageId-0="21" captionTargetPageId-1="22" captionTargetPageId-2="23" captionText-0="Figure 8. (a) Part of D. ascanius ventral portion evidencing metasternum puncture, cox – coxae ely – elytra, mes – mesepisternum, met – metasternum. (b) Pygidium of D. reichei (c) abdominal ventrites of a male of D. ascaniusı (d) abdominal ventrites of a female of D. ascaniusı (e) abdominal ventrites of a female of D. sociusı (f) detail of the sixth ventrite of a female of D. Socius." captionText-1="Figure 9. (a) Abdominal ventrites of a male of D. spadiceus. (b) ventrites of a female of D. spadiceus. (c) abdominal ventrites of a female of D. itatiaiaensisı (d) detail of C; (e) abdominal ventrites of a female of D. fissus. (f) Adbominal ventrites of a female of D. reichei. (g) Abdominal ventrites of a female of D. lucianomourai." captionText-2="Figure 10. (a) Abdominal ventrites of a male of D. vargasae. (b) Detail of a sixth ventrite (white arrow) of a female of D. vargasae. (c) Sixth ventrite of female of D. vargasae. (d) Abdominal ventrites of a female of D. rondoniaensis. Pyg – pygidium." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3665535" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3665537" figureDoi-2="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3665539" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/3665535/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/3665537/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/3665539/files/figure.png" pageId="27" pageNumber="2257">
Figures 8 
<emphasis id="7D9DBB0D2A79BB5EFED2E6B0E5112FC5" box="[368,381,974,998]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="2257">–</emphasis>
10
</figureCitation>
). 1st ventrite usually glabrous bur may have 4 
<emphasis id="7D9DBB0D2A79BB5EFC33E6B0E7F22FC5" box="[913,926,974,998]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="2257">–</emphasis>
7 setae on each side. Male sixth ventrite constricted medially. Females sixth abdominal ventrite three times larger than the fifth ventrite and usually having modifications at the central portion (
<figureCitation id="D7D27B9A2A79BB5EFC4CE16DE01A2808" box="[1006,1142,1043,1067]" captionStart-0="Figure 8" captionStart-1="Figure 9" captionStart-2="Figure 10" captionStartId-0="21.[160,225,1283,1306]" captionStartId-1="22.[160,225,1548,1571]" captionStartId-2="23.[160,225,1487,1510]" captionTargetBox-0="[163,1153,142,1251]" captionTargetBox-1="[163,1153,142,1516]" captionTargetBox-2="[163,1153,142,1456]" captionTargetId-0="figure@21.[163,1153,142,1251]" captionTargetId-1="figure@22.[163,1153,142,1516]" captionTargetId-2="figure@23.[163,1153,142,1456]" captionTargetPageId-0="21" captionTargetPageId-1="22" captionTargetPageId-2="23" captionText-0="Figure 8. (a) Part of D. ascanius ventral portion evidencing metasternum puncture, cox – coxae ely – elytra, mes – mesepisternum, met – metasternum. (b) Pygidium of D. reichei (c) abdominal ventrites of a male of D. ascaniusı (d) abdominal ventrites of a female of D. ascaniusı (e) abdominal ventrites of a female of D. sociusı (f) detail of the sixth ventrite of a female of D. Socius." captionText-1="Figure 9. (a) Abdominal ventrites of a male of D. spadiceus. (b) ventrites of a female of D. spadiceus. (c) abdominal ventrites of a female of D. itatiaiaensisı (d) detail of C; (e) abdominal ventrites of a female of D. fissus. (f) Adbominal ventrites of a female of D. reichei. (g) Abdominal ventrites of a female of D. lucianomourai." captionText-2="Figure 10. (a) Abdominal ventrites of a male of D. vargasae. (b) Detail of a sixth ventrite (white arrow) of a female of D. vargasae. (c) Sixth ventrite of female of D. vargasae. (d) Abdominal ventrites of a female of D. rondoniaensis. Pyg – pygidium." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3665535" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3665537" figureDoi-2="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3665539" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/3665535/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/3665537/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/3665539/files/figure.png" pageId="27" pageNumber="2257">
Figures 8 
<emphasis id="7D9DBB0D2A79BB5EFBF2E16DE0312808" box="[1104,1117,1043,1067]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="2257">–</emphasis>
10
</figureCitation>
). 
<emphasis id="7D9DBB0D2A79BB5EFF02E148E562286D" bold="true" box="[160,270,1078,1102]" pageId="27" pageNumber="2257">Pygidium</emphasis>
: glabrousı with fine punctures (
<figureCitation id="D7D27B9A2A79BB5EFDF9E148E6DE286D" box="[603,690,1078,1102]" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="21.[160,225,1283,1306]" captionTargetBox="[163,1153,142,1251]" captionTargetId="figure@21.[163,1153,142,1251]" captionTargetPageId="21" captionText="Figure 8. (a) Part of D. ascanius ventral portion evidencing metasternum puncture, cox – coxae ely – elytra, mes – mesepisternum, met – metasternum. (b) Pygidium of D. reichei (c) abdominal ventrites of a male of D. ascaniusı (d) abdominal ventrites of a female of D. ascaniusı (e) abdominal ventrites of a female of D. sociusı (f) detail of the sixth ventrite of a female of D. Socius." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3665535" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3665535/files/figure.png" pageId="27" pageNumber="2257">Figure 8</figureCitation>
(b)). Apically excavate or not. Swollen or flat. 
<emphasis id="7D9DBB0D2A79BB5EFF02E127E5772852" bold="true" box="[160,283,1113,1137]" pageId="27" pageNumber="2257">Phalobasis</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="D7D27B9A2A79BB5EFE8EE127E5E32852" box="[300,399,1113,1137]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="6.[160,225,1593,1616]" captionTargetBox="[164,1152,150,1548]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[163,1153,142,1561]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 2. Dichotomius Aedeagous: (a) lateral view; (b) dorsal view of paramera; (c) ventral view of paramera (D. quadraticeps); (d) aedeagous with everted inter sac (D. ingens)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3665523" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3665523/files/figure.png" pageId="27" pageNumber="2257">Figures 2</figureCitation>
ı 12): cylindrical; symmetricalı sides positioned parallel to each other; basal area with one tubercle on each side; ventral part presentı distinctly sclerotised; opening smallı restricted to basal area. 
<emphasis id="7D9DBB0D2A79BB5EFE7CE1E0E6212895" bold="true" box="[478,589,1182,1206]" pageId="27" pageNumber="2257">Paramera</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="D7D27B9A2A79BB5EFDFBE1E0E6DC2895" box="[601,688,1182,1206]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="6.[160,225,1593,1616]" captionTargetBox="[164,1152,150,1548]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[163,1153,142,1561]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 2. Dichotomius Aedeagous: (a) lateral view; (b) dorsal view of paramera; (c) ventral view of paramera (D. quadraticeps); (d) aedeagous with everted inter sac (D. ingens)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3665523" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3665523/files/figure.png" pageId="27" pageNumber="2257">Figure 2</figureCitation>
): symmetricalı having from 1/3 to 2/3 of the phalobasis length; long and thinı with rounded or acute apex; lacking or having basal and/or longitudinal excavations; subgenital plate present in ventral viewı apex and base roundı acute and/or emarginated; baseı at junction with phalobaseı produced in a membranous excavation or sclerotised 
<emphasis id="7D9DBB0D2A79BB5EFE9DE057E5202962" box="[319,332,1321,1345]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="2257">–</emphasis>
if sclerotisedı having grooves or excavations. 
<emphasis id="7D9DBB0D2A79BB5EFCF4E057E0EE2962" bold="true" box="[854,1154,1321,1345]" pageId="27" pageNumber="2257">Endophalus (Internal sac)</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="D7D27B9A2A79BB5EFF05E035E56D2947" box="[167,257,1355,1380]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="17.[160,225,1662,1685]" captionTargetBox="[163,1153,451,1618]" captionTargetId="figure@17.[163,1153,442,1631]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="Figure 4. (a) Intern sac sclerites of D. fissiceps. (b) Axial sclerites of D. reichei. (c) Axial sclerites of D. barbarae. (d) Lamella copulatrix of D. reichei. (e) Lamella copulatrix of D. frizzasae.(f) Lamella copulatrix of D. fissiceps. (g) Lamella copulatrix of D. barbarae." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3665527" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3665527/files/figure.png" pageId="27" pageNumber="2257">Figure 4</figureCitation>
): sclerites localised along the internal sac extension; lamella copulatrix positioned anterior to axialı SAı FLP and SRP scleritesı which remain in the same plan at basal portion; axial sclerite cylindrical; SA sclerite with medial expansion and acute ends; FLP sclerite smallı 
<emphasis id="7D9DBB0D2A79BB5EFBC8E0EFE003298A" box="[1130,1135,1425,1449]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="2257">‘</emphasis>
C 
<emphasis id="7D9DBB0D2A79BB5EFBDCE0EFE0E8298A" box="[1150,1156,1425,1449]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="2257">’</emphasis>
shapedı superior apical portion indistinctly sclerotised; SRP semicircular. 
<emphasis id="7D9DBB0D2A7FBB58FC63E5F0E0EE2C85" bold="true" box="[961,1154,142,166]" pageId="29" pageNumber="2259">Female genitalia</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="D7D27B9A2A7FBB58FF05E5CFE56D2CEA" box="[167,257,177,201]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="18.[160,225,1660,1683]" captionTargetBox="[163,1153,149,1629]" captionTargetId="figure@18.[163,1153,142,1629]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="Figure 5. (a) Ventral view of the open pygidium of a female of D. ascanius: sixth – sixth ventrite, int – intestine;vgn – approximately location of vagina aperture;spt – spermatecha indicated by white arrow.(b) General dorsal aspect of Cephagonus female genitalia, the elytra and abdominal superior ventrites were removed: pyg – pygidium; spt – spermatheca; spdc – spermatheca duct; spgl – spermatheca gland; bcpl – bursa copulatrix. (c) D. ascanius spermatheca. (d) D. ingens spermatheca. (e) D. fissiceps spermatheca." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3665529" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3665529/files/figure.png" pageId="29" pageNumber="2259">Figure 5</figureCitation>
): vaginaı bursa copulatrix and ovaries membranous sac-like; spermatheca heavily sclerotisedı 
<emphasis id="7D9DBB0D2A7FBB58FEBCE5ADE54F2CC8" box="[286,291,211,235]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="2259">‘</emphasis>
C 
<emphasis id="7D9DBB0D2A7FBB58FE90E5ADE5542CC8" box="[306,312,211,235]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="2259">’</emphasis>
shaped with one acute end and sclerotised 
<emphasis id="7D9DBB0D2A7FBB58FCBBE5ADE7722CC8" box="[793,798,211,235]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="2259">‘</emphasis>
wing-link 
<emphasis id="7D9DBB0D2A7FBB58FC23E5ADE7EB2CC8" box="[897,903,211,235]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="2259">’</emphasis>
(allae) projections near spermatic duct insertion; glandula inserted on wide excavation at medial portion.
</paragraph>
<caption id="1B9637972A7BBB5CFF02E68AE596280B" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3665543" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3665543" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3665543/files/figure.png" pageId="25" pageNumber="2255" startId="25.[160,225,1012,1035]" targetBox="[164,1150,144,972]" targetPageId="25">
<paragraph id="4F56671F2A7BBB5CFF02E68AE596280B" blockId="25.[160,1155,1011,1064]" pageId="25" pageNumber="2255">
<emphasis id="7D9DBB0D2A7BBB5CFF02E68AE56B2828" bold="true" box="[160,263,1012,1035]" pageId="25" pageNumber="2255">Figure 12.</emphasis>
(a) 
<taxonomicName id="88E91C9C2A7BBB5CFE8FE68DE6522828" authority="Germar 1824" authorityName="Germar" authorityYear="1824" box="[301,574,1011,1035]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Copris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="2255" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bicuspis">
<emphasis id="7D9DBB0D2A7BBB5CFE8FE68DE5D52829" box="[301,441,1011,1034]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="2255">Copris bicuspis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="2B781AEE2A7BBB5CFE1DE68AE6522828" author="Germar EF" box="[447,574,1012,1035]" pageId="25" pageNumber="2255" pagination="87 - 110" refId="ref52727" refString="Germar EF. 1824. Coleopterorum species novae aut minus cognitiaei descriptionibus illustratae. Halae: Imprensis J. C. Hendeli et Filii; p. 87 - 110." type="book chapter" year="1824">Germar 1824</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, holotype dorsal habitus. (b) Dorsal habitus of 
<taxonomicName id="88E91C9C2A7BBB5CFBAEE68DE0EF2829" authorityName="Hope" authorityYear="1838" box="[1036,1155,1011,1034]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Dichotomius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="2255" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="7D9DBB0D2A7BBB5CFBAEE68DE0EF2829" box="[1036,1155,1011,1034]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="2255">Dichotomius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="88E91C9C2A7BBB5CFF02E16FE59A280B" authority="(Luederwaldt)" baseAuthorityName="Luederwaldt" baseAuthorityYear="1930" box="[160,502,1041,1064]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Dichotomius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="2255" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="punctulatipennis" subGenus="Selenocopris">
(
<emphasis id="7D9DBB0D2A7BBB5CFF05E16FE4DE280B" box="[167,178,1041,1064]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="2255">S</emphasis>
.) 
<emphasis id="7D9DBB0D2A7BBB5CFF67E16FE508280B" box="[197,356,1041,1064]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="2255">punctulatipennis</emphasis>
(Luederwaldt)
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="1B9637972A79BB5EFF02E361E5CD2A8F" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3814759" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3814759" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3814759/files/figure.png" pageId="27" pageNumber="2257" targetBox="[202,1113,137,1717]" targetPageId="28">
<paragraph id="4F56671F2A79BB5EFF02E361E5CD2A8F" blockId="27.[160,1156,1567,1708]" pageId="27" pageNumber="2257">
<emphasis id="7D9DBB0D2A79BB5EFF02E361E56A2A15" bold="true" box="[160,262,1567,1590]" pageId="27" pageNumber="2257">Figure 13.</emphasis>
Types of elytral disc surfaces and striae: (a) smooth and shiny elytral interstriae with deeply impressed striae and well defined puncture of 
<taxonomicName id="88E91C9C2A79BB5EFDD8E342E6B92A70" box="[634,725,1596,1619]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Dichotomius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="2257" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="reichei">
<emphasis id="7D9DBB0D2A79BB5EFDD8E342E6B92A70" box="[634,725,1596,1619]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="2257">D. reichei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(female); (b) Eltral striae and interstriae of 
<taxonomicName id="88E91C9C2A79BB5EFF02E327E4812A53" box="[160,237,1625,1649]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Pinotus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="2257" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fissus">
<emphasis id="7D9DBB0D2A79BB5EFF02E327E4812A53" box="[160,237,1625,1649]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="2257">D. fissus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(female); (c) elytral striae and interstriae of 
<taxonomicName id="88E91C9C2A79BB5EFD34E327E69F2A53" authorityName="Nunes &amp; Vaz-de-Mello" authorityYear="2019" box="[662,755,1625,1648]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Dichotomius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="2346" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="baiano">
<emphasis id="7D9DBB0D2A79BB5EFD34E327E69F2A53" box="[662,755,1625,1648]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="2257">D. Baiano</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(female); (d) detail of the microsculpture in C (35x); (e) detail of C (50x); (f) elytral striae and interstriae of 
<taxonomicName id="88E91C9C2A79BB5EFCFFE309E7A12AAD" authorityName="Haroldi" authorityYear="1869" box="[861,973,1655,1678]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Pinotus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="2336" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mundus">
<emphasis id="7D9DBB0D2A79BB5EFCFFE309E7002AAD" box="[861,876,1655,1678]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="2257">D</emphasis>
. Mundus
</taxonomicName>
(male); (g) detail of chagrination in E (35x).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="4F56671F2A7FBB58FF02E436E74F281A" blockId="29.[160,1156,328,1081]" pageId="29" pageNumber="2259">
<emphasis id="7D9DBB0D2A7FBB58FF02E436E5A72D42" bold="true" box="[160,459,328,353]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="2259">Morphological variation.</emphasis>
In this sectionı we describe how structures shared by all 
<taxonomicName id="88E91C9C2A7FBB58FF02E415E54B2DA0" box="[160,295,363,387]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Pinotus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="2345" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Cephagonus">
<emphasis id="7D9DBB0D2A7FBB58FF02E415E54B2DA0" box="[160,295,363,387]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="2259">Cephagonus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species vary morphologically. This following description can also be applied to 
<taxonomicName id="88E91C9C2A7FBB58FF62E4F0E5252D85" authorityName="Hope" authorityYear="1838" box="[192,329,398,422]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Dichotomius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="2259" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="7D9DBB0D2A7FBB58FF62E4F0E5252D85" box="[192,329,398,422]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="2259">Dichotomius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and related genera in most of the cases with exceptions pointed in the descriptions and diagnosis. Dorsal and ventral surfaces of the integument may be smooth (
<figureCitation id="D7D27B9A2A7FBB58FF0AE4ADE57E2DC8" box="[168,274,467,491]" captionStart="Figure 13" captionStartId="27.[160,225,1567,1590]" captionTargetBox="[202,1113,137,1717]" captionTargetId="figure@28.[202,1113,137,1717]" captionTargetPageId="28" captionText="Figure 13. Types of elytral disc surfaces and striae: (a) smooth and shiny elytral interstriae with deeply impressed striae and well defined puncture of D. reichei (female); (b) Eltral striae and interstriae of D. fissus (female); (c) elytral striae and interstriae of D. Baiano (female); (d) detail of the microsculpture in C (35x); (e) detail of C (50x); (f) elytral striae and interstriae of D. Mundus (male); (g) detail of chagrination in E (35x)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3814759" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3814759/files/figure.png" pageId="29" pageNumber="2259">Figure 13</figureCitation>
(a-b))ı striated (
<figureCitation id="D7D27B9A2A7FBB58FE1CE4ADE6442DC8" box="[446,552,467,491]" captionStart="Figure 13" captionStartId="27.[160,225,1567,1590]" captionTargetBox="[202,1113,137,1717]" captionTargetId="figure@28.[202,1113,137,1717]" captionTargetPageId="28" captionText="Figure 13. Types of elytral disc surfaces and striae: (a) smooth and shiny elytral interstriae with deeply impressed striae and well defined puncture of D. reichei (female); (b) Eltral striae and interstriae of D. fissus (female); (c) elytral striae and interstriae of D. Baiano (female); (d) detail of the microsculpture in C (35x); (e) detail of C (50x); (f) elytral striae and interstriae of D. Mundus (male); (g) detail of chagrination in E (35x)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3814759" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3814759/files/figure.png" pageId="29" pageNumber="2259">Figure 13</figureCitation>
(c-e))ı or chagrinated (
<figureCitation id="D7D27B9A2A7FBB58FC81E4ADE7E32DC8" box="[803,911,467,491]" captionStart="Figure 13" captionStartId="27.[160,225,1567,1590]" captionTargetBox="[202,1113,137,1717]" captionTargetId="figure@28.[202,1113,137,1717]" captionTargetPageId="28" captionText="Figure 13. Types of elytral disc surfaces and striae: (a) smooth and shiny elytral interstriae with deeply impressed striae and well defined puncture of D. reichei (female); (b) Eltral striae and interstriae of D. fissus (female); (c) elytral striae and interstriae of D. Baiano (female); (d) detail of the microsculpture in C (35x); (e) detail of C (50x); (f) elytral striae and interstriae of D. Mundus (male); (g) detail of chagrination in E (35x)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3814759" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3814759/files/figure.png" pageId="29" pageNumber="2259">Figure 13</figureCitation>
(f-g)). Puncturesı both on dorsal and ventral surfacesı may be fine (
<figureCitation id="D7D27B9A2A7FBB58FD2EE488E69B2E2D" box="[652,759,502,526]" captionStart="Figure 14" captionStartId="29.[160,225,1611,1634]" captionTargetBox="[163,1153,142,1554]" captionTargetId="figure@30.[163,1153,142,1554]" captionTargetPageId="30" captionText="Figure 14. Types of punctures and head/pronotal disc surfaces: (a) smooth surface with fine puncture; (b) ocellate punctures type I; (c) elliptical punctures; (d) ocellate punctures type II; (e) fine punctures (pronotum) and coarse punctures (head, indicated by white arrow); (f) clypeus and gena surfacewrinkled, wrinkled." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3814761" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3814761/files/figure.png" pageId="29" pageNumber="2259">Figure 14</figureCitation>
(a))ı ocellate (
<figureCitation id="D7D27B9A2A7FBB58FC29E488E79A2E2D" box="[907,1014,502,526]" captionStart="Figure 14" captionStartId="29.[160,225,1611,1634]" captionTargetBox="[163,1153,142,1554]" captionTargetId="figure@30.[163,1153,142,1554]" captionTargetPageId="30" captionText="Figure 14. Types of punctures and head/pronotal disc surfaces: (a) smooth surface with fine puncture; (b) ocellate punctures type I; (c) elliptical punctures; (d) ocellate punctures type II; (e) fine punctures (pronotum) and coarse punctures (head, indicated by white arrow); (f) clypeus and gena surfacewrinkled, wrinkled." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3814761" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3814761/files/figure.png" pageId="29" pageNumber="2259">Figure 14</figureCitation>
(b))ı elliptical (
<figureCitation id="D7D27B9A2A7FBB58FF05E767E5792E12" box="[167,277,537,561]" captionStart="Figure 14" captionStartId="29.[160,225,1611,1634]" captionTargetBox="[163,1153,142,1554]" captionTargetId="figure@30.[163,1153,142,1554]" captionTargetPageId="30" captionText="Figure 14. Types of punctures and head/pronotal disc surfaces: (a) smooth surface with fine puncture; (b) ocellate punctures type I; (c) elliptical punctures; (d) ocellate punctures type II; (e) fine punctures (pronotum) and coarse punctures (head, indicated by white arrow); (f) clypeus and gena surfacewrinkled, wrinkled." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3814761" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3814761/files/figure.png" pageId="29" pageNumber="2259">Figure 14</figureCitation>
(c))ı ocellate 
<typeStatus id="9052D9BD2A7FBB58FE05E767E5B52E12" box="[423,473,537,561]" pageId="29" pageNumber="2259">type</typeStatus>
II (
<figureCitation id="D7D27B9A2A7FBB58FDA2E767E6022E12" box="[512,622,537,561]" captionStart="Figure 14" captionStartId="29.[160,225,1611,1634]" captionTargetBox="[163,1153,142,1554]" captionTargetId="figure@30.[163,1153,142,1554]" captionTargetPageId="30" captionText="Figure 14. Types of punctures and head/pronotal disc surfaces: (a) smooth surface with fine puncture; (b) ocellate punctures type I; (c) elliptical punctures; (d) ocellate punctures type II; (e) fine punctures (pronotum) and coarse punctures (head, indicated by white arrow); (f) clypeus and gena surfacewrinkled, wrinkled." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3814761" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3814761/files/figure.png" pageId="29" pageNumber="2259">Figure 14</figureCitation>
(d)) (another kind of ocellate punctures that is found in few single species). Those punctures may be weakly impressed (distinguishable only beyond) (viewed under 20x magnification) or deeply impressed (distinguishable by naked eye). Each puncture may have single setaeı also called setigerous punctures. Setae may be very shortı long or long with a curved apex. Head horn may be lacking a knob (
<figureCitation id="D7D27B9A2A7FBB58FF05E7B8E57E2EFD" box="[167,274,710,734]" captionStart="Figure 33" captionStartId="48.[160,225,1500,1523]" captionTargetBox="[163,1153,142,1469]" captionTargetId="figure@48.[163,1153,142,1469]" captionTargetPageId="48" captionText="Figure 33. D. arnaudi: (a) male dorsal habitus; (b) paramera dorsal view; (c) paramera ventral view; (d) paramera lateral view (grey arrow indicates the position of longitudinal excavation on lateral view). D. asenjoi: (e) male dorsal habitus; (f) paramera dorsal view; (g) paramera ventral view; (h) paramera lateral view. D. barbarae (i) male dorsal habitus; (j) paramera dorsal view (black arrow indicating slight medial constriction); (k) paramera ventral view; (l) paramera lateral view (black arrow indicates the surface of longitudinal excavation, which is smooth with fine punctures (see D. paschoali) and the differentiation of both species)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3665581" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3665581/files/figure.png" pageId="29" pageNumber="2259">Figure 33</figureCitation>
(a))ı conical (
<figureCitation id="D7D27B9A2A7FBB58FE3EE7B8E66A2EFD" box="[412,518,710,734]" captionStart="Figure 35" captionStartId="50.[160,225,1682,1705]" captionTargetBox="[163,1153,142,1634]" captionTargetId="figure@50.[163,1153,142,1650]" captionTargetPageId="50" captionText="Figure 35. D. blancoi: (a) male dorsal habitus; (b) paramera dorsal view; (c) paramera ventral view; (d) paramera lateral view; (e) detail of the carena found on the middle of paramera longitudinal excavation. D. candangoi: (f) male dorsal habitus; (g) paramera dorsal view; (h) paramera ventral view; (i) paramera lateral view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3665585" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3665585/files/figure.png" pageId="29" pageNumber="2259">Figure 35</figureCitation>
(f)) or produced in a cephalic carina (
<figureCitation id="D7D27B9A2A7FBB58FC39E7B8E0642EFD" box="[923,1032,710,734]" captionStart="Figure 39" captionStartId="54.[160,225,1518,1541]" captionTargetBox="[163,1152,142,1487]" captionTargetId="figure@54.[163,1153,142,1487]" captionTargetPageId="54" captionText="Figure 39. D. emas: (a) male dorsal habitus; (b) paramera dorsal view (black arrow indicating strong medial constriction on paramera side); (c) paramera ventral view (black arrow indicating strong medial constriction on paramera side); (d) paramera lateral view. D. marcoscarvalhoi: (e) male dorsal habitus; (f) paramera dorsal view; (g) paramera ventral view; (h) paramera lateral view. D. paschoali (i) male dorsal habitus; (j) paramera dorsal view; (k) paramera ventral view; (l) paramera lateral view (black arrow indicating basal excavation)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3665593" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3665593/files/figure.png" pageId="29" pageNumber="2259">Figure 39</figureCitation>
(i)). When it is conicalı it strongly varies in sizeı curvature and may have a round (Fig.) or bifurcate apex. Cephalic carina may be longer than wide (
<figureCitation id="D7D27B9A2A7FBB58FDDEE675E6892F00" box="[636,741,779,803]" captionStart="Figure 19" captionStartId="34.[160,225,1607,1630]" captionTargetBox="[164,1153,142,1576]" captionTargetId="figure@34.[163,1153,142,1576]" captionTargetPageId="34" captionText="Figure 19. D. fissus: (a) male dorsal habitus; (b) female dorsal habitus; (c) female ventral habitus; (d) paramera dorsal view; (e) paramera ventral view; (f) paramera lateral view; (g) type labels." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3665553" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3665553/files/figure.png" pageId="29" pageNumber="2259">Figure 19</figureCitation>
(a)) or wider than long (
<figureCitation id="D7D27B9A2A7FBB58FC53E675E0302F00" box="[1009,1116,779,803]" captionStart="Figure 23" captionStartId="38.[160,225,1583,1606]" captionTargetBox="[163,1153,142,1546]" captionTargetId="figure@38.[163,1153,142,1551]" captionTargetPageId="38" captionText="Figure 23. D. fernandosilvai: (a) male dorsal habitus (Holotype); (b) female dorsal habitus; (c) female ventral habitus; (d) paramera dorsal view; (e) paramera ventral view; (f) paramera lateral view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3665561" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3665561/files/figure.png" pageId="29" pageNumber="2259">Figure 23</figureCitation>
(a)). In both casesı it may have a medial emargination (
<figureCitation id="D7D27B9A2A7FBB58FD68E650E7582F65" box="[714,820,814,838]" captionStart="Figure 23" captionStartId="38.[160,225,1583,1606]" captionTargetBox="[163,1153,142,1546]" captionTargetId="figure@38.[163,1153,142,1551]" captionTargetPageId="38" captionText="Figure 23. D. fernandosilvai: (a) male dorsal habitus (Holotype); (b) female dorsal habitus; (c) female ventral habitus; (d) paramera dorsal view; (e) paramera ventral view; (f) paramera lateral view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3665561" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3665561/files/figure.png" pageId="29" pageNumber="2259">Figure 23</figureCitation>
(a))ı may produce tubercles on each apex (
<figureCitation id="D7D27B9A2A7FBB58FEBCE62FE5EA2F4A" box="[286,390,849,873]" captionStart="Figure 19" captionStartId="34.[160,225,1607,1630]" captionTargetBox="[164,1153,142,1576]" captionTargetId="figure@34.[163,1153,142,1576]" captionTargetPageId="34" captionText="Figure 19. D. fissus: (a) male dorsal habitus; (b) female dorsal habitus; (c) female ventral habitus; (d) paramera dorsal view; (e) paramera ventral view; (f) paramera lateral view; (g) type labels." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3665553" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3665553/files/figure.png" pageId="29" pageNumber="2259">Figure 19</figureCitation>
(a)) andı in a few casesı produces a blade-like central tooth (
<figureCitation id="D7D27B9A2A7FBB58FBB9E62FE0EF2F4A" box="[1051,1155,849,873]" captionStart="Figure 32" captionStartId="47.[160,225,1646,1669]" captionTargetBox="[166,1153,142,1614]" captionTargetId="figure@47.[163,1153,142,1614]" captionTargetPageId="47" captionText="Figure 32. D. clypeatus: (a) male dorsal habitus; (b) paramera dorsal view; (c) paramera ventral view; (d) paramera lateral view; (e) type labels. D. aielloae: (f) Holotype dorsal habitus; (g) detail of male cephalic carina in frontal view; (h) type labels." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3665579" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3665579/files/figure.png" pageId="29" pageNumber="2259">Figure 32</figureCitation>
(g)). Both on head horns and carinası punctures and striations described as above may appear at the base. Pronotal lobes may be absent (usually associated with the absence of an anterior declivity and excavation) (
<figureCitation id="D7D27B9A2A7FBB58FDF1E6C7E6AE2FF2" box="[595,706,953,977]" captionStart="Figure 33" captionStartId="48.[160,225,1500,1523]" captionTargetBox="[163,1153,142,1469]" captionTargetId="figure@48.[163,1153,142,1469]" captionTargetPageId="48" captionText="Figure 33. D. arnaudi: (a) male dorsal habitus; (b) paramera dorsal view; (c) paramera ventral view; (d) paramera lateral view (grey arrow indicates the position of longitudinal excavation on lateral view). D. asenjoi: (e) male dorsal habitus; (f) paramera dorsal view; (g) paramera ventral view; (h) paramera lateral view. D. barbarae (i) male dorsal habitus; (j) paramera dorsal view (black arrow indicating slight medial constriction); (k) paramera ventral view; (l) paramera lateral view (black arrow indicates the surface of longitudinal excavation, which is smooth with fine punctures (see D. paschoali) and the differentiation of both species)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3665581" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3665581/files/figure.png" pageId="29" pageNumber="2259">Figure 33</figureCitation>
(a))ı have a single-rounded central lobe (
<figureCitation id="D7D27B9A2A7FBB58FF05E6A5E5792FD0" box="[167,277,987,1011]" captionStart="Figure 33" captionStartId="48.[160,225,1500,1523]" captionTargetBox="[163,1153,142,1469]" captionTargetId="figure@48.[163,1153,142,1469]" captionTargetPageId="48" captionText="Figure 33. D. arnaudi: (a) male dorsal habitus; (b) paramera dorsal view; (c) paramera ventral view; (d) paramera lateral view (grey arrow indicates the position of longitudinal excavation on lateral view). D. asenjoi: (e) male dorsal habitus; (f) paramera dorsal view; (g) paramera ventral view; (h) paramera lateral view. D. barbarae (i) male dorsal habitus; (j) paramera dorsal view (black arrow indicating slight medial constriction); (k) paramera ventral view; (l) paramera lateral view (black arrow indicates the surface of longitudinal excavation, which is smooth with fine punctures (see D. paschoali) and the differentiation of both species)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3665581" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3665581/files/figure.png" pageId="29" pageNumber="2259">Figure 33</figureCitation>
(i)) or two (
<figureCitation id="D7D27B9A2A7FBB58FE33E6A5E66C2FD0" box="[401,512,987,1011]" captionStart="Figure 37" captionStartId="52.[160,225,1535,1558]" captionTargetBox="[163,1145,148,1503]" captionTargetId="figure@52.[163,1153,142,1503]" captionTargetPageId="52" captionText="Figure 37. D. edmondsi: (a) male dorsal habitus; (b) paramera dorsal view; (c) paramera ventral view; (d) paramera lateral view. D. frizzasae: (e) male dorsal habitus; (f) paramera dorsal view; (g) paramera ventral view; (h) paramera lateral view. D. gardneri (i) male dorsal habitus; (j) paramera dorsal view; (k) paramera ventral view; (l) paramera lateral view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3665589" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3665589/files/figure.png" pageId="29" pageNumber="2259">Figure 37</figureCitation>
(i)) or four rounded lobes (
<figureCitation id="D7D27B9A2A7FBB58FC88E6A5E7FB2FD0" box="[810,919,987,1011]" captionStart="Figure 24" captionStartId="39.[160,225,1564,1587]" captionTargetBox="[164,1149,142,1528]" captionTargetId="figure@39.[163,1153,142,1532]" captionTargetPageId="39" captionText="Figure 24. D. filgueirasi: (a) male dorsal habitus; (b) female dorsal habitus; (c) female ventral habitus; (d) paramera dorsal view; (e) paramera ventral view; (f) paramera lateral view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3665563" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3665563/files/figure.png" pageId="29" pageNumber="2259">Figure 24</figureCitation>
(a)). Elytral interstriae may be convex or flattened. In the paramera descriptionı we considered the ventral part as the one which bears the subgenital plate (
<figureCitation id="D7D27B9A2A7FBB58FD3CE15FE696281A" box="[670,762,1057,1081]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="6.[160,225,1593,1616]" captionTargetBox="[164,1152,150,1548]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[163,1153,142,1561]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 2. Dichotomius Aedeagous: (a) lateral view; (b) dorsal view of paramera; (c) ventral view of paramera (D. quadraticeps); (d) aedeagous with everted inter sac (D. ingens)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3665523" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3665523/files/figure.png" pageId="29" pageNumber="2259">Figure 2</figureCitation>
(c)).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="07F334942A7FBB58FF02E10DE697288D" pageId="29" pageNumber="2259" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="4F56671F2A7FBB58FF02E10DE697288D" blockId="29.[160,1155,1139,1198]" pageId="29" pageNumber="2259">
<emphasis id="7D9DBB0D2A7FBB58FF02E10DE55F28AF" bold="true" box="[160,307,1139,1164]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="2259">Distribution.</emphasis>
<collectingCountry id="37FE278F2A7FBB58FEE1E10DE5F128A8" box="[323,413,1139,1163]" name="Panama" pageId="29" pageNumber="2259">Panama</collectingCountry>
to 
<collectingCountry id="37FE278F2A7FBB58FE67E10DE65A28A8" box="[453,566,1139,1163]" name="Argentina" pageId="29" pageNumber="2259">Argentina</collectingCountry>
. The majority of the species inhabits many 
<typeStatus id="9052D9BD2A7FBB58FB8AE10DE00828A8" box="[1064,1124,1139,1163]" pageId="29" pageNumber="2259">types</typeStatus>
of forest habitats in their distribution ranges (
<figureCitation id="D7D27B9A2A7FBB58FD27E1E8E682288D" box="[645,750,1174,1198]" captionStart="Figure 11" captionStartId="24.[160,225,1007,1030]" captionTargetBox="[164,1152,142,975]" captionTargetId="figure@24.[163,1153,142,975]" captionTargetPageId="24" captionText="Figure 11. Geographical records of Dichotomius (Cephagonus)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3665541" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3665541/files/figure.png" pageId="29" pageNumber="2259">Figure 11</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>