treatments-xml/data/BD/6D/87/BD6D87B9FF817927FF1C18D2FE8924B1.xml

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<mods:title id="3C9CFD0076CC3473792242AC264BD772">The Psocoptera (Insecta: Psocodea) of St Helena and Ascension Island (South Atlantic) with a new record from South Africa</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="A4EE5A0DEE86913ED4ED67F97A72FE41">Lienhard, Charles</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="1CE80454A9ACFA6EBA37A6B709BAE860">Philip Ashmole, N.</mods:namePart>
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<heading id="6E3381C3FF817925FF1C18D2FB8524A5" box="[151,1073,984,1008]" centered="true" fontSize="10" level="2" pageId="13" pageNumber="436" reason="2">
<taxonomicName id="F2C44D2CFF817925FF1C18D2FD5A24A5" ID-CoL="6Z7XH" authority="Lienhard &amp; Ashmole, 1999" authorityName="Lienhard &amp; Ashmole" authorityYear="1999" box="[151,750,984,1008]" class="Insecta" family="Sphaeropsocidae" genus="Sphaeropsocopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Psocodea" pageId="13" pageNumber="436" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="myrtleae">
<emphasis id="07B0EABDFF817925FF1C18D2FE7524A5" bold="true" box="[151,449,984,1008]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="436">Sphaeropsocopsis myrtleae</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="51554B5EFF817925FE4318D2FD5A24A5" author="LIENHARD, C. &amp; ASHMOLE, N. P." box="[456,750,984,1008]" pageId="13" pageNumber="436" pagination="905 - 912" refId="ref12545" refString="LIENHARD, C. &amp; ASHMOLE, N. P. 1999. Sphaeropsocopsis myrtleae sp. n., a blind subterranean psocid from St Helena (Psocoptera: Sphaeropsocidae). Revue suisse de Zoologie 106 (4): 905 - 912." type="journal article" year="1999">Lienhard &amp; Ashmole, 1999</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
Fig. 6
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</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="7DDE6524FF817925FF1C18F1FE99237F" pageId="13" pageNumber="436" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="357B36AFFF817925FF1C18F1FB852345" blockId="13.[151,1073,1019,1204]" box="[151,1073,1019,1041]" pageId="13" pageNumber="436">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="15D41181FF817925FF1C18F1FB852345" box="[151,1073,1019,1041]" pageId="13" pageNumber="436">
<treatmentCitation id="B46510BEFF817925FF1C18F1FD412345" author="LIENHARD, C. &amp; ASHMOLE, N. P." box="[151,757,1019,1041]" page="907" pageId="13" pageNumber="436" year="1999">
<taxonomicName id="F2C44D2CFF817925FF1C18F1FD412345" ID-CoL="6Z7XH" authority="Lienhard &amp; Ashmole, 1999: 907" authorityName="Lienhard &amp; Ashmole" authorityPageNumber="907" authorityYear="1999" box="[151,757,1019,1041]" class="Insecta" family="Sphaeropsocidae" genus="Sphaeropsocopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Psocodea" pageId="13" pageNumber="436" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="myrtleae">
<emphasis id="07B0EABDFF817925FF1C18F1FE162345" box="[151,418,1019,1040]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="436">Sphaeropsocopsis myrtleae</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="51554B5EFF817925FE2718F1FD412345" author="LIENHARD, C. &amp; ASHMOLE, N. P." box="[428,757,1019,1041]" pageId="13" pageNumber="436" pagination="905 - 912" refId="ref12545" refString="LIENHARD, C. &amp; ASHMOLE, N. P. 1999. Sphaeropsocopsis myrtleae sp. n., a blind subterranean psocid from St Helena (Psocoptera: Sphaeropsocidae). Revue suisse de Zoologie 106 (4): 905 - 912." type="journal article" year="1999">Lienhard &amp; Ashmole, 1999: 907</bibRefCitation>
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; description of female from St
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</paragraph>
<paragraph id="357B36AFFF817925FF681F1FFE99237F" blockId="13.[151,1073,1019,1204]" box="[227,301,1045,1067]" pageId="13" pageNumber="436">Helena.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="357B36AFFF817925FF681F3EFCB72337" blockId="13.[151,1073,1019,1204]" pageId="13" pageNumber="436">
<materialsCitation id="85AC3CF2FF817925FF681F3EFCB72337" collectingDate="1995-03-13" collectingDateMax="1995-03-17" collectingDateMin="1995-03-13" collectionCode="MHNG" collectorName="N. P. &amp; M. J. Ashmole" location="St Helena" municipality="Rupert's Battery Cave" pageId="13" pageNumber="436" specimenCount="1" specimenCount-female="1" typeStatus="holotype">
<typeStatus id="EA7F880DFF817925FF681F3EFEFD231D" box="[227,329,1076,1097]" pageId="13" pageNumber="436" type="holotype">HOLOTYPE</typeStatus>
: 
<collectionCode id="53D5AE6AFF817925FEDE1F39FE2A231D" box="[341,414,1075,1096]" country="Switzerland" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/2jyg-xmd2" name="Museum d'Histoire Naturelle" pageId="13" pageNumber="436" type="Museum">MHNG</collectionCode>
, 
<specimenCount id="23C2FD26FF817925FE211F3EFE0A231C" box="[426,446,1076,1097]" pageId="13" pageNumber="436" type="female">♀</specimenCount>
, 
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, 
<collectingMunicipality id="D51FACD5FF817925FDB91F39FCB7231D" box="[562,771,1075,1097]" pageId="13" pageNumber="436">Rupert's Battery Cave</collectingMunicipality>
, 
<date id="417A106FFF817925FC841F39FC23231C" box="[783,919,1075,1097]" pageId="13" pageNumber="436" value="1995-03-13" valueMax="1995-03-17" valueMin="1995-03-13">
<collectingDate id="513EE987FF817925FC841F39FC23231C" box="[783,919,1075,1097]" pageId="13" pageNumber="436" value="1995-03-13" valueMax="1995-03-17" valueMin="1995-03-13">13-17.iii.1995</collectingDate>
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, leg. 
<collectorName id="98315379FF817925FC401F3EFEB72336" pageId="13" pageNumber="436">N. P. &amp; M. J. Ashmole</collectorName>
, 
<collectingMethod id="EC854EB8FF817925FE841F47FE652337" box="[271,465,1101,1123]" pageId="13" pageNumber="436">modified pitfall trap</collectingMethod>
(&quot; 
<collectingMethod id="EC854EB8FF817925FE611F47FDF42337" box="[490,576,1101,1123]" pageId="13" pageNumber="436">boot trap</collectingMethod>
&quot;) (sample 680 SH).
</materialsCitation>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="357B36AFFF817925FF681F66FF6123E6" blockId="13.[151,1073,1019,1204]" pageId="13" pageNumber="436">
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<collectionCode id="53D5AE6AFF817925FF681F66FEA523D5" box="[227,273,1132,1153]" country="Australia" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/93c9-w2q7" name="University of Newcastle" pageId="13" pageNumber="436">NEW</collectionCode>
<collectionCode id="53D5AE6AFF817925FE9D1F65FEC023D5" box="[278,372,1135,1152]" pageId="13" pageNumber="436">MATERIAL</collectionCode>
: 
<collectionCode id="53D5AE6AFF817925FE0A1F61FE7E23D5" box="[385,458,1131,1152]" country="Switzerland" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/2jyg-xmd2" name="Museum d'Histoire Naturelle" pageId="13" pageNumber="436" type="Museum">MHNG</collectionCode>
, 13 
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, and 
<collectionCode id="53D5AE6AFF817925FDD91F66FD2E23D4" box="[594,666,1132,1153]" pageId="13" pageNumber="436">BMNH</collectionCode>
</materialsCitation>
, 
<materialsCitation id="85AC3CF2FF817925FD2D1F61FF7B23E1" collectingDate="2003-11-25" collectingDateMax="2003-12-10" collectingDateMin="2003-11-25" collectionCode="BMNH" collectorName="N. P. &amp; M. J. Ashmole" elevation="50" location="St Helena" municipality="Rupert's Battery Cave" pageId="13" pageNumber="436" specimenCount="1" specimenCount-female="1">
<specimenCount id="23C2FD26FF817925FD2D1F61FD7223D4" box="[678,710,1131,1153]" pageId="13" pageNumber="436" type="female">1♀</specimenCount>
, 
<location id="301B6074FF817925FD591F61FC8423D4" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:BD6D87B9FF817927FF1C18D2FE8924B1:301B6074FF817925FD591F61FC8423D4" box="[722,816,1131,1153]" municipality="Rupert's Battery Cave" name="St Helena" pageId="13" pageNumber="436">St Helena</location>
, 
<collectingMunicipality id="D51FACD5FF817925FCB61F61FBA423D5" box="[829,1040,1131,1153]" pageId="13" pageNumber="436">Rupert's Battery Cave</collectingMunicipality>
, ca 
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<elevation id="BEE9D19CFF817925FF1C1F8FFF7623CF" box="[151,194,1157,1179]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="13" pageNumber="436" unit="m" value="50.0">50m</elevation>
</quantity>
, 
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<collectingDate id="513EE987FF817925FF441F8FFEC123CF" box="[207,373,1157,1179]" pageId="13" pageNumber="436" value="2003-11-25" valueMax="2003-12-10" valueMin="2003-11-25">25.xi-10.xii.2003</collectingDate>
</date>
, leg. 
<collectorName id="98315379FF817925FE261F8FFD3823CE" box="[429,652,1157,1179]" pageId="13" pageNumber="436">N. P. &amp; M. J. Ashmole</collectorName>
, 
<collectingMethod id="EC854EB8FF817925FD121F8FFCE823CF" box="[665,860,1157,1179]" pageId="13" pageNumber="436">modified pitfall trap</collectingMethod>
(&quot; 
<collectingMethod id="EC854EB8FF817925FCFE1F8FFC7823CF" box="[885,972,1157,1179]" pageId="13" pageNumber="436">boot trap</collectingMethod>
&quot;) (sample 1835)
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="7DDE6524FF817925FF681FCBFDB92281" pageId="13" pageNumber="436" type="description">
<paragraph id="357B36AFFF817925FF681FCBFDB92281" blockId="13.[151,1074,1217,1493]" pageId="13" pageNumber="436">
DESCRIPTION OF MALE: Body and appendages white to yellowish, head capsule very light brown, only sclerotized parts of mandibles dark brown. General morphology as in female (see 
<bibRefCitation id="51554B5EFF817925FEE11E0AFD15224D" author="LIENHARD, C. &amp; ASHMOLE, N. P." box="[362,673,1280,1304]" pageId="13" pageNumber="436" pagination="905 - 912" refId="ref12545" refString="LIENHARD, C. &amp; ASHMOLE, N. P. 1999. Sphaeropsocopsis myrtleae sp. n., a blind subterranean psocid from St Helena (Psocoptera: Sphaeropsocidae). Revue suisse de Zoologie 106 (4): 905 - 912." type="journal article" year="1999">Lienhard &amp; Ashmole, 1999</bibRefCitation>
and Discussion below) but almost apterous, only small lobes of rudimentary forewings postero-laterally on mesothorax (Fig. 6f), hindwings absent. Maxillary palps lacking (broken), both antennae damaged. Large lateral sense club on labial palp as in female (see Fig. 6d). Legs relatively long (index T/V = 1.5). Epiproct, paraprocts and hypandrium simple. Phallosome as shown in Fig. 6e. Measurements (3 MHNG 7626, µm): BL = 1220; V = 250; F+tr = 304; T = 385; t1= 130; t2 = 39; t3 = 56.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="7DDE6524FF817927FF681EEFFE8924B1" lastPageId="15" lastPageNumber="438" pageId="13" pageNumber="436" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="357B36AFFF817926FF681EEFFDC622B5" blockId="13.[151,1074,1509,1661]" lastBlockId="14.[136,1058,1482,1662]" lastPageId="14" lastPageNumber="437" pageId="13" pageNumber="436">
DISCUSSION: Based on two of the 
<specimenCount id="23C2FD26FF817925FDDA1EEFFD5522A8" box="[593,737,1509,1533]" pageId="13" pageNumber="436" type="female">three females</specimenCount>
known at present, the figure of the head (Fig. 6b) could be completed (see 
<bibRefCitation id="51554B5EFF817925FDE31D0FFC392148" author="LIENHARD, C. &amp; ASHMOLE, N. P." box="[616,909,1541,1565]" pageId="13" pageNumber="436" pagination="905 - 912" refId="ref12545" refString="LIENHARD, C. &amp; ASHMOLE, N. P. 1999. Sphaeropsocopsis myrtleae sp. n., a blind subterranean psocid from St Helena (Psocoptera: Sphaeropsocidae). Revue suisse de Zoologie 106 (4): 905 - 912." type="journal article" year="1999">Lienhard &amp; Ashmole, 1999</bibRefCitation>
: fig. 1, lacking maxillary palps and some setae) and figures of the sensilla of labial and maxillary palps could be made (Fig. 6c, d). Initially, the absence of subdivision of mesonotum into lobes was the main reason to assign the species to the genus 
<taxonomicName id="F2C44D2CFF817925FCF91D6FFB862128" authorityName="Badonnel" authorityYear="1963" box="[882,1074,1637,1661]" class="Insecta" family="Sphaeropsocidae" genus="Sphaeropsocopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Psocodea" pageId="13" pageNumber="436" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="07B0EABDFF817925FCF91D6FFB862128" box="[882,1074,1637,1661]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="436">Sphaeropsocopsis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
FIG. 6
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="357B36AFFF827926FF031EE3FDCA2128" blockId="14.[136,1058,1482,1662]" pageId="14" pageNumber="437">
<taxonomicName id="F2C44D2CFF827926FF031EE3FDD122AA" authority="Lienhard &amp; Ashmole" authorityName="Lienhard &amp; Ashmole" box="[136,613,1513,1535]" class="Insecta" family="Sphaeropsocidae" genus="Sphaeropsocopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Psocodea" pageId="14" pageNumber="437" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="myrtleae">
<emphasis id="07B0EABDFF827926FF031EE3FE2422AB" box="[136,400,1513,1534]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="437">Sphaeropsocopsis myrtleae</emphasis>
Lienhard &amp; Ashmole
</taxonomicName>
: (a) Habitus of female, dorsal view, antennae incomplete (scale bar: 
<quantity id="F23C9B4AFF827926FEE11D09FE02214D" box="[362,438,1538,1560]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="14" pageNumber="437" unit="mm" value="0.5">0.5 mm</quantity>
). (b) Head, frontal view (reconstruction based on two slightly damaged females; pilosity of antennae and maxillary palps not shown). (c) P4 of maxillary palp, female (pilosity not shown, except for subapical sensory field of thin-walled sensilla). (d) Labial palp, female (pilosity not shown, except for thin-walled sensilla). (e) Phallosome. (f) Dorsal view of mesothorax with forewing rudiments, male.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="357B36AFFF837927FF1C1BE9FED124CF" blockId="15.[151,1074,227,923]" pageId="15" pageNumber="438">
Badonnel and not to 
<taxonomicName id="F2C44D2CFF837927FEFA1BE9FDFB27AF" authority="Pearman" authorityName="Pearman" authorityYear="1953" box="[369,591,227,251]" class="Insecta" family="Sphaeropsocidae" genus="Badonnelia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Psocodea" pageId="15" pageNumber="438" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="07B0EABDFF837927FEFA1BE9FE5827AE" box="[369,492,227,251]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="438">Badonnelia</emphasis>
Pearman
</taxonomicName>
(see 
<bibRefCitation id="51554B5EFF837927FD0D1BE9FC1227AE" author="LIENHARD, C. &amp; ASHMOLE, N. P." box="[646,934,227,251]" pageId="15" pageNumber="438" pagination="905 - 912" refId="ref12545" refString="LIENHARD, C. &amp; ASHMOLE, N. P. 1999. Sphaeropsocopsis myrtleae sp. n., a blind subterranean psocid from St Helena (Psocoptera: Sphaeropsocidae). Revue suisse de Zoologie 106 (4): 905 - 912." type="journal article" year="1999">Lienhard &amp; Ashmole, 1999</bibRefCitation>
; erroneously mentioned as &quot;mesothoracic 
<emphasis id="07B0EABDFF837927FE421A0EFD97264E" box="[457,547,260,283]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="438">sternites</emphasis>
&quot; in the Discussion on p. 909). The presence of an elongate fusiform P4 now confirms this assignment (P4 subcylindrical in 
<taxonomicName id="F2C44D2CFF837927FC241A29FB9E266E" authorityName="Pearman" authorityYear="1953" box="[943,1066,291,315]" class="Insecta" family="Sphaeropsocidae" genus="Badonnelia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Psocodea" pageId="15" pageNumber="438" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="07B0EABDFF837927FC241A29FB9E266E" box="[943,1066,291,315]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="438">Badonnelia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; see 
<bibRefCitation id="51554B5EFF837927FF4E1A49FEC6260E" author="BADONNEL, A." box="[197,370,323,347]" pageId="15" pageNumber="438" pagination="291 - 338" refId="ref11499" refString="BADONNEL, A. 1963. Psocopteres terricoles, lapidicoles et corticicoles du Chili. Biologie de l'Amerique australe 2: 291 - 338." type="journal article" year="1963">Badonnel, 1963</bibRefCitation>
). The newly discovered male also confirms the initial generic assignment and allows a better understanding of the origin of this island endemic. The morphology of the phallosome of 
<taxonomicName id="F2C44D2CFF837927FD9E1A89FD2426CE" box="[533,656,387,411]" class="Insecta" family="Sphaeropsocidae" genus="Sphaeropsocopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Psocodea" pageId="15" pageNumber="438" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="myrtleae">
<emphasis id="07B0EABDFF837927FD9E1A89FD2426CE" box="[533,656,387,411]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="438">S. myrtleae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is very similar to that of the African species 
<taxonomicName id="F2C44D2CFF837927FF601AA9FE1626EE" authority="Badonnel" authorityName="Badonnel" box="[235,418,419,443]" class="Insecta" family="Sphaeropsocidae" genus="Sphaeropsocopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Psocodea" pageId="15" pageNumber="438" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="reisi">
<emphasis id="07B0EABDFF837927FF601AA9FE8126EE" box="[235,309,419,443]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="438">S. reisi</emphasis>
Badonnel
</taxonomicName>
, known from 
<collectingCountry id="4DD3763FFF837927FDB11AA9FD3D26EE" box="[570,649,419,443]" name="Angola" pageId="15" pageNumber="438">Angola</collectingCountry>
(see 
<bibRefCitation id="51554B5EFF837927FD491AA9FCDF26EE" author="BADONNEL, A." box="[706,875,419,443]" pageId="15" pageNumber="438" pagination="13 - 28" refId="ref11550" refString="BADONNEL, A. 1971. Sphaeropsocopsis reisi n. sp., premier representant africain connu de la famille des Sphaeropsocidae (Psocoptera, Nanopsocetae), avec complements a la faune des Psocopteres angolais. Publicacoes culturais da Companhia de Diamantes de Angola 84: 13 - 28." type="journal article" year="1971">Badonnel, 1971</bibRefCitation>
: fig. 2). However, in 
<taxonomicName id="F2C44D2CFF837927FF331AC9FEB2268E" box="[184,262,451,475]" class="Insecta" family="Sphaeropsocidae" genus="Sphaeropsocopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Psocodea" pageId="15" pageNumber="438" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="reisi">
<emphasis id="07B0EABDFF837927FF331AC9FEB2268E" box="[184,262,451,475]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="438">S. reisi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
both sexes have well-developed pigmentation and hemispherically prominent eyes of 9 ommatidia. The female of 
<taxonomicName id="F2C44D2CFF837927FDFD1AE9FD7526AE" box="[630,705,483,507]" class="Insecta" family="Sphaeropsocidae" genus="Sphaeropsocopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Psocodea" pageId="15" pageNumber="438" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="reisi">
<emphasis id="07B0EABDFF837927FDFD1AE9FD7526AE" box="[630,705,483,507]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="438">S. reisi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has elytriform, vaulted forewings reaching the tip of the abdomen and slightly enveloping it laterally (
<bibRefCitation id="51554B5EFF837927FCFC1909FB95254E" author="BADONNEL, A." box="[887,1057,515,539]" pageId="15" pageNumber="438" pagination="13 - 28" refId="ref11550" refString="BADONNEL, A. 1971. Sphaeropsocopsis reisi n. sp., premier representant africain connu de la famille des Sphaeropsocidae (Psocoptera, Nanopsocetae), avec complements a la faune des Psocopteres angolais. Publicacoes culturais da Companhia de Diamantes de Angola 84: 13 - 28." type="journal article" year="1971">Badonnel, 1971</bibRefCitation>
); each forewing bears four longitudinal veins. This 
<typeStatus id="EA7F880DFF837927FD511929FCBC256E" box="[730,776,547,571]" pageId="15" pageNumber="438">type</typeStatus>
of elytriform forewing is characteristic for the family 
<taxonomicName id="F2C44D2CFF837927FE5E1949FCEC250E" authority="(Mockford, 2009)" baseAuthorityName="Mockford" baseAuthorityYear="2009" box="[469,856,579,603]" class="Insecta" family="Sphaeropsocidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Psocodea" pageId="15" pageNumber="438" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">
Sphaeropsocidae (
<bibRefCitation id="51554B5EFF837927FD151949FCFB250E" author="MOCKFORD, E. L." box="[670,847,579,603]" pageId="15" pageNumber="438" pagination="666 - 685" refId="ref12731" refString="MOCKFORD, E. L. 2009. Systematics of North American species of Sphaeropsocidae (Psocoptera). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 111 (3): 666 - 685." type="journal article" year="2009">Mockford, 2009</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
. In 
<taxonomicName id="F2C44D2CFF837927FC011949FBB2250E" box="[906,1030,579,603]" class="Insecta" family="Sphaeropsocidae" genus="Sphaeropsocopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Psocodea" pageId="15" pageNumber="438" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="myrtleae">
<emphasis id="07B0EABDFF837927FC011949FBB2250E" box="[906,1030,579,603]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="438">S. myrtleae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
the forewings are reduced to short narrow membranous flaps, bearing only two longitudinal veins (Fig. 6a). The cave-dwelling 
<taxonomicName id="F2C44D2CFF837927FDD81989FD7825CE" box="[595,716,643,667]" class="Insecta" family="Sphaeropsocidae" genus="Sphaeropsocopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Psocodea" pageId="15" pageNumber="438" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="myrtleae">
<emphasis id="07B0EABDFF837927FDD81989FD7825CE" box="[595,716,643,667]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="438">S. myrtleae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is the only blind (anophthalmic) psocid species known at present. Even in forms with reduced compound eyes, as certain species of 
<taxonomicName id="F2C44D2CFF837927FEE819C9FE7B258E" box="[355,463,707,731]" class="Insecta" family="Liposcelididae" genus="Liposcelis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Psocodea" pageId="15" pageNumber="438" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="07B0EABDFF837927FEE819C9FE7B258E" box="[355,463,707,731]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="438">Liposcelis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, at least two ommatidia are always present (
<bibRefCitation id="51554B5EFF837927FC4119C9FF7825AE" author="LIENHARD, C." pageId="15" pageNumber="438" refId="ref11896" refString="LIENHARD, C. 1998. Psocopteres euro-mediterraneens. Faune de France 83: xx + 517 pp." type="book" year="1998">Lienhard, 1998</bibRefCitation>
), except for the troglobitic 
<emphasis id="07B0EABDFF837927FE7019E9FD4225AE" box="[507,758,739,763]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="438">Speleopsocus chimanta</emphasis>
Lienhard (Prionoglarididae), recently discovered in a Venezuelan cave, which has only one minute ommatidium on each side of the head (
<bibRefCitation id="51554B5EFF837927FE161829FD3D246E" author="LIENHARD, C. &amp; HOLUSA, O. &amp; GRAFITTI, G." box="[413,649,803,827]" pageId="15" pageNumber="438" pagination="185 - 197" refId="ref12629" refString="LIENHARD, C., HOLUSA, O. &amp; GRAFITTI, G. 2010. Two new cave-dwelling Prionoglarididae from Venezuela and Namibia (Psocodea: ' Psocoptera': Trogiomorpha). Revue suisse de Zoologie 117 (2): 185 - 197." type="journal article" year="2010">
Lienhard 
<emphasis id="07B0EABDFF837927FD82182EFD88246E" box="[521,572,803,827]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="438">et al</emphasis>
., 2010
</bibRefCitation>
). The epigaeic African ancestor of 
<taxonomicName id="F2C44D2CFF837927FB961829FF40240E" class="Insecta" family="Sphaeropsocidae" genus="Sphaeropsocopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Psocodea" pageId="15" pageNumber="438" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="myrtleae">
<emphasis id="07B0EABDFF837927FB961829FF40240E" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="438">S. myrtleae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
probably colonised St Helena by air and became adapted to subterranean life after reaching the island (
<bibRefCitation id="51554B5EFF837927FE4C1869FCB5242E" author="LIENHARD, C. &amp; ASHMOLE, N. P." box="[455,769,867,891]" pageId="15" pageNumber="438" pagination="905 - 912" refId="ref12545" refString="LIENHARD, C. &amp; ASHMOLE, N. P. 1999. Sphaeropsocopsis myrtleae sp. n., a blind subterranean psocid from St Helena (Psocoptera: Sphaeropsocidae). Revue suisse de Zoologie 106 (4): 905 - 912." type="journal article" year="1999">Lienhard &amp; Ashmole, 1999</bibRefCitation>
; see also Biogeographical discussion, below).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="357B36AFFF837927FF1C18C4FE8924B1" blockId="15.[151,317,974,998]" box="[151,317,974,998]" pageId="15" pageNumber="438">CAECILIUSIDAE</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>