treatments-xml/data/BD/47/87/BD4787A8FFB1D36F08BBFE32FEE701AA.xml

<document id="A70EF86FEE2C2D2C67DB4FD40BF86F1E" ID-CLB-Dataset="22341" ID-DOI="10.5852/ejt.2018.411" ID-GBIF-Dataset="6fd99cca-afd1-4289-9fce-2e4e43e33a1b" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3805999" ID-ZooBank="20D7A744-CE8B-4E6C-92DA-71A9B8C3D805" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="julia" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatments_approvedBy="julia" checkinTime="1588790263828" checkinUser="valdenar" docAuthor="Rousseau, Julie, Gale, Andrew Scott &amp; Thuy, Ben" docDate="2018" docId="BD4787A8FFB1D36F08BBFE32FEE701AA" docLanguage="en" docName="ejt-411_rousseau_gale_thuy.pdf.imf" docOrigin="European Journal of Taxonomy 411" docStyle="DocumentStyle:EF2B578F1D15862ADE45B0C07C620911.14:EJT.2018-.journal_article.type1" docStyleId="EF2B578F1D15862ADE45B0C07C620911" docStyleName="EJT.2018-.journal_article.type1" docStyleVersion="14" docTitle="Polarasterias janusensis Rousseau &amp; Gale &amp; Thuy 2018, gen. et sp. nov." docType="treatment" docUuid="6A46CC92-9366-4DCB-94B5-7313D76EB0A1" docUuidSource="ZooBank" docVersion="5" lastPageNumber="8" masterDocId="417EFFD0FFB4D367097AFFA4FFBC0019" masterDocTitle="New articulated asteroids (Echinodermata, Asteroidea) and ophiuroids (Echinodermata, Ophiuroidea) from the Late Jurassic (Volgian / Tithonian) of central Spitsbergen" masterLastPageNumber="26" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="6" updateTime="1698839493668" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="2B853DD9C7669E5ACB5087AC0FCB25FF">New articulated asteroids (Echinodermata, Asteroidea) and ophiuroids (Echinodermata, Ophiuroidea) from the Late Jurassic (Volgian / Tithonian) of central Spitsbergen</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="6D9B1A5E1F5746AFCA01F5E8E57489DE">Rousseau, Julie</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="84A77D046600E40055C1D59BE1D775A4">Gale, Andrew Scott</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="787E8F629E5B19463F99E0F0029D5A4A">Thuy, Ben</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="455D23B38B3EA753144FF1861BC47AE5">European Journal of Taxonomy</mods:title>
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<treatment id="BD4787A8FFB1D36F08BBFE32FEE701AA" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3816187" ID-GBIF-Taxon="212424863" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3816187" LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:6A46CC92-9366-4DCB-94B5-7313D76EB0A1" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/BD4787A8FFB1D36F08BBFE32FEE701AA" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="8" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<subSubSection id="7DF46535FFB1D36208BBFE32FBCF01A8" box="[449,1139,406,433]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="355136BEFFB1D36208BBFE32FBCF01A8" blockId="5.[358,1229,406,508]" box="[449,1139,406,433]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<taxonomicName id="F2EE4D3DFFB1D36208BBFE32FC0701A9" authority="Rousseau &amp; Gale" authorityName="Rousseau &amp; Gale &amp; Thuy" authorityYear="2018" box="[449,955,406,433]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asteriidae" genus="Polarasterias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Forcipulatida" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="janusensis" status="gen. et sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="079AEAACFFB1D36208BBFE32FD5B01A9" bold="true" box="[449,743,406,433]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Polarasterias janusensis</emphasis>
Rousseau &amp; Gale
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="1CA957D7FFB1D3620AB9FE33FBCF01A8" box="[963,1139,407,433]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" rank="species">gen. et sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</paragraph>
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urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 
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<paragraph id="355136BEFFB1D3620B8DFE46FC8001E5" blockId="5.[358,1229,406,508]" box="[759,828,482,508]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<figureCitation id="ADD52A3BFFB1D3620B8DFE46FC8001E5" box="[759,828,482,508]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="6.[189,232,1718,1744]" captionTargetBox="[203,1392,265,1691]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[197,1393,265,1701]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Fig. 2. Polarasterias janusensis Rousseau &amp; Gale gen. et sp. nov. A–C. Holotype PMO 218.011a. A. Nearly complete specimen preserved in a cut-through fashion. B. Drawing detail from ambulacral groove showing ambulacrals, adambulacrals, adambulacral spines and scattered valves of forcipulate pedicellariae. C. Portion of arm illustrated in B, basal pieces of straight pedicellariae visible in cross section. D. Paratype PMO 217.982, oral region in actinal view. E. Paratype PMO 217.936, Arm tip showing terminal ossicle. F–G. Paratype PMO 218.069. F. Obliquely compressed radius showing adambulacrals, marginals, and columns of abactinal ossicles. G. Drawing detail from F. Abbreviations: abact = abactinal ossicle; adamb sp = adambulacral spine; adamb = adambulacral; amb = ambulacral; im = inferomarginal; ped bp = basal piece of pedicellariae; sm = superomarginal; sp = spine." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3806007" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3806007/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="7DF46535FFB1D36209C7FD81FEE70268" box="[189,347,549,625]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" type="diagnosis">
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<heading id="6E1981D2FFB1D36209C7FD81FE8A0226" bold="true" box="[189,310,549,575]" fontSize="11" level="3" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" reason="3">
<emphasis id="079AEAACFFB1D36209C7FD81FE8A0226" bold="true" box="[189,310,549,575]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Diagnosis</emphasis>
</heading>
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<paragraph id="355136BEFFB1D36209C7FDF3FEE70268" blockId="5.[189,347,599,625]" box="[189,347,599,625]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">As for genus.</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="7DF46535FFB1D36209C7FD3FFC4602FF" box="[189,1018,667,743]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" type="etymology">
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<heading id="6E1981D2FFB1D36209C7FD3FFEF802AC" bold="true" box="[189,324,667,693]" fontSize="11" level="3" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" reason="3">
<emphasis id="079AEAACFFB1D36209C7FD3FFEF802AC" bold="true" box="[189,324,667,693]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Etymology</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="355136BEFFB1D36209C7FD68FC4602FF" blockId="5.[189,1018,716,743]" box="[189,1018,716,743]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">The specific epithet refers to the Janus mountain (Janusfjellet) locality.</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="7DF46535FFB1D36209C7FCABFB62049D" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="355136BEFFB1D36209C7FCABFE160330" blockId="5.[189,426,783,809]" box="[189,426,783,809]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<heading id="6E1981D2FFB1D36209C7FCABFE160330" bold="true" box="[189,426,783,809]" fontSize="11" level="3" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" reason="3">
<emphasis id="079AEAACFFB1D36209C7FCABFE160330" bold="true" box="[189,426,783,809]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Material examined</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
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<emphasis id="079AEAACFFB1D3620990FCE5FEE00342" bold="true" box="[234,348,833,859]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<typeStatus id="EA55881CFFB1D3620990FCE5FEE00342" box="[234,348,833,859]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="355136BEFFB1D36209C7FCC2FB400399" blockId="5.[189,1276,833,897]" box="[189,1276,868,897]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<materialsCitation id="85863CE3FFB1D36209C7FCC2FB400399" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="4170264305" box="[189,1276,868,897]" collectionCode="PMO" country="Norway" location="central Spitsbergen" municipality="Janusfjellet" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" specimenCode="PMO 218.011" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="holotype">
<collectingCountry id="4DF9762EFFB1D36209C7FCC2FE800399" box="[189,316,870,896]" name="Norway" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">NORWAY</collectingCountry>
: 
<location id="30316065FFB1D362083CFCC2FD960399" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:BD4787A8FFB1D36F08BBFE32FEE701AA:30316065FFB1D362083CFCC2FD960399" box="[326,554,870,896]" country="Norway" latitude="78.34317" municipality="Janusfjellet" name="central Spitsbergen" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">central Spitsbergen</location>
, 
<collectingMunicipality id="D535ACC4FFB1D3620B4CFCC2FD030399" box="[566,703,870,896]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Janusfjellet</collectingMunicipality>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="50DA5079FFB1D3620BB0FCC0FCCA0398" box="[714,886,868,897]" degrees="78" direction="north" minutes="20" orientation="latitude" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" precision="1" seconds="35.4" value="78.34317">78°20′35.4″ N</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="50DA5079FFB1D3620AF8FCC0FB940398" box="[898,1064,868,897]" degrees="15" direction="east" minutes="49" orientation="longitude" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" seconds="85.2">15°49′85.2″ E</geoCoordinate>
(
<specimenCode id="65489EC5FFB1D3620D4DFCC2FB5F0399" box="[1079,1251,870,896]" collectionCode="PMO" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">PMO 218.011</specimenCode>
a).
</materialsCitation>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="355136BEFFB1D3620990FC0EFEDB03DD" blockId="5.[189,1398,938,1040]" box="[234,359,938,964]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<emphasis id="079AEAACFFB1D3620990FC0EFEDB03DD" bold="true" box="[234,359,938,964]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<typeStatus id="EA55881CFFB1D3620990FC0EFEDB03DD" box="[234,359,938,964]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" type="paratype">Paratypes</typeStatus>
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="355136BEFFB1D36209C7FC74FDFF0416" blockId="5.[189,1398,938,1040]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<materialsCitation id="85863CE3FFB1D36209C7FC74FCE203F3" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="4170264303" box="[189,862,976,1002]" collectionCode="PMO" country="Norway" location="NORWAY" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" specimenCode="217.936" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="holotype">
<collectingCountry id="4DF9762EFFB1D36209C7FC74FE8003F3" box="[189,316,976,1002]" name="Norway" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">NORWAY</collectingCountry>
: same location as for holotype (
<collectionCode id="53FFAE7BFFB1D3620BD4FC74FD5303F3" box="[686,751,976,1002]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">PMO</collectionCode>
<specimenCode id="65489EC5FFB1D3620B8DFC74FCE503F3" box="[759,857,976,1002]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">217.936</specimenCode>
,
</materialsCitation>
<materialsCitation id="85863CE3FFB1D3620A1FFC74FBAE03F3" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="4170264301" box="[869,1042,976,1002]" collectionCode="PMO" country="Norway" location="NORWAY" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" specimenCode="217.982" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="holotype">
<collectionCode id="53FFAE7BFFB1D3620A1FFC74FC1903F3" box="[869,933,976,1002]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">PMO</collectionCode>
<specimenCode id="65489EC5FFB1D3620AD6FC74FBB203F3" box="[940,1038,976,1002]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">217.982</specimenCode>
,
</materialsCitation>
<materialsCitation id="85863CE3FFB1D3620D60FC74FD830416" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="4170264306" collectionCode="PMO" country="Norway" location="NORWAY" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" specimenCode="218.069" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="holotype">
<collectionCode id="53FFAE7BFFB1D3620D60FC74FBE603F3" box="[1050,1114,976,1002]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">PMO</collectionCode>
<specimenCode id="65489EC5FFB1D3620D1BFC74FB7A03F2" box="[1121,1222,976,1003]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">218.069</specimenCode>
). More than 50 partial specimens were collected
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="355136BEFFB1D36209C7FB9EFED9044D" blockId="5.[189,357,1082,1108]" box="[189,357,1082,1108]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<heading id="6E1981D2FFB1D36209C7FB9EFED9044D" bold="true" box="[189,357,1082,1108]" fontSize="11" level="3" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" reason="3">
<emphasis id="079AEAACFFB1D36209C7FB9EFED9044D" bold="true" box="[189,357,1082,1108]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Type stratum</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="355136BEFFB1D36209C7FBCFFB62049D" blockId="5.[189,1246,1130,1157]" box="[189,1246,1130,1157]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Lower Middle Volgian (Middle Tithonian), Slottsmøya Member, Agardhfjellet Formation.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
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<paragraph id="355136BEFFB1D36209C7FB0AFEF204D1" blockId="5.[189,334,1198,1224]" box="[189,334,1198,1224]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<heading id="6E1981D2FFB1D36209C7FB0AFEF204D1" bold="true" box="[189,334,1198,1224]" fontSize="11" level="3" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" reason="3">
<emphasis id="079AEAACFFB1D36209C7FB0AFEF204D1" bold="true" box="[189,334,1198,1224]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Description</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="355136BEFFB1D36209C7FB7BFD4307F2" blockId="5.[189,1399,1247,2027]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
The 
<typeStatus id="EA55881CFFB1D362098EFB7BFEE204E0" box="[244,350,1247,1273]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
, PMO 218.011a (
<figureCitation id="ADD52A3BFFB1D3620B49FB7BFDC704E0" box="[563,635,1247,1273]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="6.[189,232,1718,1744]" captionTargetBox="[203,1392,265,1691]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[197,1393,265,1701]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Fig. 2. Polarasterias janusensis Rousseau &amp; Gale gen. et sp. nov. A–C. Holotype PMO 218.011a. A. Nearly complete specimen preserved in a cut-through fashion. B. Drawing detail from ambulacral groove showing ambulacrals, adambulacrals, adambulacral spines and scattered valves of forcipulate pedicellariae. C. Portion of arm illustrated in B, basal pieces of straight pedicellariae visible in cross section. D. Paratype PMO 217.982, oral region in actinal view. E. Paratype PMO 217.936, Arm tip showing terminal ossicle. F–G. Paratype PMO 218.069. F. Obliquely compressed radius showing adambulacrals, marginals, and columns of abactinal ossicles. G. Drawing detail from F. Abbreviations: abact = abactinal ossicle; adamb sp = adambulacral spine; adamb = adambulacral; amb = ambulacral; im = inferomarginal; ped bp = basal piece of pedicellariae; sm = superomarginal; sp = spine." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3806007" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3806007/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
A–C), is a relatively complete specimen showing an articulated disc with five arms, two of which extend to the tip, preserved in a cut-through manner (i.e., split horizontally approximately along the ambitus) and clearly showing the form and arrangement of the ambulacral groove ossicles. The arms are elongated and the disc is very small. The arms taper slowly and the interbrachial angle is acute (major radius = 
<quantity id="F2169B5BFFB1D3620A4FFAD2FC320589" box="[821,910,1398,1425]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.5" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" unit="mm" value="65.0">65 mm</quantity>
, minor radius = 
<quantity id="F2169B5BFFB1D3620D20FAD2FB1A0589" box="[1114,1190,1398,1424]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.0" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" unit="mm" value="8.0">8 mm</quantity>
). The ambulacral groove is very broad (width = 
<quantity id="F2169B5BFFB1D3620B53FA38FDCC05AF" box="[553,624,1436,1462]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.0" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" unit="mm" value="8.0">8 mm</quantity>
) and the ambulacrals occupy roughly 80% of the arm width. The inferomarginals are barely visible on the actinal surfaces of the arms. The presence of actinal ossicles cannot be confirmed from the material available, but the very acute interradii cannot have had significant actinal interradial areas and if actinals were present, they must have been restricted to the proximal arms. There are about 70 ambulacrals and adambulacrals in each half radius. The podial openings for tube feet are strongly quadriserial along the total length of the arms (
<figureCitation id="ADD52A3BFFB1D3620A9BF9FCFBDD066B" box="[993,1121,1624,1650]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="6.[189,232,1718,1744]" captionTargetBox="[203,1392,265,1691]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[197,1393,265,1701]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Fig. 2. Polarasterias janusensis Rousseau &amp; Gale gen. et sp. nov. A–C. Holotype PMO 218.011a. A. Nearly complete specimen preserved in a cut-through fashion. B. Drawing detail from ambulacral groove showing ambulacrals, adambulacrals, adambulacral spines and scattered valves of forcipulate pedicellariae. C. Portion of arm illustrated in B, basal pieces of straight pedicellariae visible in cross section. D. Paratype PMO 217.982, oral region in actinal view. E. Paratype PMO 217.936, Arm tip showing terminal ossicle. F–G. Paratype PMO 218.069. F. Obliquely compressed radius showing adambulacrals, marginals, and columns of abactinal ossicles. G. Drawing detail from F. Abbreviations: abact = abactinal ossicle; adamb sp = adambulacral spine; adamb = adambulacral; amb = ambulacral; im = inferomarginal; ped bp = basal piece of pedicellariae; sm = superomarginal; sp = spine." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3806007" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3806007/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Fig. 2A, C</figureCitation>
). The ambulacrals have well demarcated heads, shaft and bases and are not very foreshortened (
<figureCitation id="ADD52A3BFFB1D3620D61F9DAFBCA0681" box="[1051,1142,1662,1688]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="6.[189,232,1718,1744]" captionTargetBox="[203,1392,265,1691]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[197,1393,265,1701]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Fig. 2. Polarasterias janusensis Rousseau &amp; Gale gen. et sp. nov. A–C. Holotype PMO 218.011a. A. Nearly complete specimen preserved in a cut-through fashion. B. Drawing detail from ambulacral groove showing ambulacrals, adambulacrals, adambulacral spines and scattered valves of forcipulate pedicellariae. C. Portion of arm illustrated in B, basal pieces of straight pedicellariae visible in cross section. D. Paratype PMO 217.982, oral region in actinal view. E. Paratype PMO 217.936, Arm tip showing terminal ossicle. F–G. Paratype PMO 218.069. F. Obliquely compressed radius showing adambulacrals, marginals, and columns of abactinal ossicles. G. Drawing detail from F. Abbreviations: abact = abactinal ossicle; adamb sp = adambulacral spine; adamb = adambulacral; amb = ambulacral; im = inferomarginal; ped bp = basal piece of pedicellariae; sm = superomarginal; sp = spine." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3806007" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3806007/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Fig. 2C</figureCitation>
) as in many asteriids (
<bibRefCitation id="517F4B4FFFB1D36209BFF907FEEE06A4" author="Gale A. S." box="[197,338,1699,1725]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="1 - 112" refId="ref11498" refString="Gale A. S. 2011 a. Phylogeny of the Neoasteroidea (post-Palaeozoic Asteroidea, Echinodermata). Special Papers in Palaeontology 85: 1 - 112." type="journal article" year="2011">Gale 2011a</bibRefCitation>
). The ambulacral head is angled to the shaft and the base, and strong dentition is present. The ambulacrals are rectangular in actinal view, short and broad, and have a strongly concave proximal surface for a large adambulacral muscle. The adambulacrals have a prominent distal heel contacting the distal ambulacral base. Each adambulacral carried two spines (diplacantid condition), one of which, probably the outer, is significantly larger than the other (
<figureCitation id="ADD52A3BFFB1D3620A2AF89EFC10074D" box="[848,940,1850,1876]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="6.[189,232,1718,1744]" captionTargetBox="[203,1392,265,1691]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[197,1393,265,1701]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Fig. 2. Polarasterias janusensis Rousseau &amp; Gale gen. et sp. nov. A–C. Holotype PMO 218.011a. A. Nearly complete specimen preserved in a cut-through fashion. B. Drawing detail from ambulacral groove showing ambulacrals, adambulacrals, adambulacral spines and scattered valves of forcipulate pedicellariae. C. Portion of arm illustrated in B, basal pieces of straight pedicellariae visible in cross section. D. Paratype PMO 217.982, oral region in actinal view. E. Paratype PMO 217.936, Arm tip showing terminal ossicle. F–G. Paratype PMO 218.069. F. Obliquely compressed radius showing adambulacrals, marginals, and columns of abactinal ossicles. G. Drawing detail from F. Abbreviations: abact = abactinal ossicle; adamb sp = adambulacral spine; adamb = adambulacral; amb = ambulacral; im = inferomarginal; ped bp = basal piece of pedicellariae; sm = superomarginal; sp = spine." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3806007" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3806007/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Fig. 2C</figureCitation>
). The conical, elongated, adambulacral spines at the base of the arm are over 
<quantity id="F2169B5BFFB1D3620BF6F8C4FD6E0763" box="[652,722,1888,1914]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" unit="mm" value="4.0">4 mm</quantity>
in length and form a distally directed fringe to the arm. Abundant straight pedicellariae are seen in cross section scattered among the adambulacral spines (
<figureCitation id="ADD52A3BFFB1D36209BCF80FFEB007DC" box="[198,268,1963,1989]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="13.[189,232,1858,1884]" captionTargetBox="[250,1346,301,1813]" captionTargetId="figure@13.[240,1347,289,1816]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="Fig. 4. Ophiogaleus sp. PMO 217.899a. A. Specimen preserving the ventral side of the disc area, two nearly complete arms and proximal area of a third arm. B. Detail view of the disc area. C. Drawing detail of the area shown in B. D. Detail view of a proximal section of arm. Abbreviations: abgp = abradial genital plate; adgp = adradial genital plate; ds = disc spine; lopa = lateral oral papillae; op = oral plate; sart = spine articulation; v = vertebra." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3806013" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3806013/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
B–C). These include ε shaped basal pieces which possess tall median ridges for insertion of the inner longitudinal adductor muscle (
<bibRefCitation id="517F4B4FFFB1D3620B1CF875FD4E07F2" author="Gale A. S." box="[614,754,2001,2027]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="1 - 112" refId="ref11498" refString="Gale A. S. 2011 a. Phylogeny of the Neoasteroidea (post-Palaeozoic Asteroidea, Echinodermata). Special Papers in Palaeontology 85: 1 - 112." type="journal article" year="2011">Gale 2011a</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<caption id="61916636FFB2D36109C7F912FB4607F3" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3806007" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3806007" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3806007/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" startId="6.[189,232,1718,1744]" targetBox="[203,1392,265,1691]" targetPageId="6">
<paragraph id="355136BEFFB2D36109C7F912FB4607F3" blockId="6.[189,1399,1718,2027]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<emphasis id="079AEAACFFB2D36109C7F912FEB306C8" bold="true" box="[189,271,1718,1745]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Fig. 2.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="F2EE4D3DFFB2D3610860F913FC9C06C8" authority="Rousseau &amp; Gale" authorityName="Rousseau &amp; Gale &amp; Thuy" authorityYear="2018" box="[282,800,1719,1745]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asteriidae" genus="Polarasterias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Forcipulatida" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="janusensis" status="gen. et sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="079AEAACFFB2D3610860F913FD8306C8" box="[282,575,1719,1745]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Polarasterias janusensis</emphasis>
Rousseau &amp; Gale
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="1CA957D7FFB2D3610A56F913FC5506C8" box="[812,1001,1719,1745]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" rank="species">gen. et sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
<emphasis id="079AEAACFFB2D3610A8EF912FB9106C9" bold="true" box="[1012,1069,1718,1744]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">A–C</emphasis>
. Holotype PMO 218.011a. 
<emphasis id="079AEAACFFB2D36109C7F97EFF6E06ED" bold="true" box="[189,210,1754,1780]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">A</emphasis>
. Nearly complete specimen preserved in a cut-through fashion. 
<emphasis id="079AEAACFFB2D3610AA9F97EFC5B06ED" bold="true" box="[979,999,1754,1780]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">B</emphasis>
. Drawing detail from ambulacral groove showing ambulacrals, adambulacrals, adambulacral spines and scattered valves of forcipulate pedicellariae. 
<emphasis id="079AEAACFFB2D361081EF884FEC50723" bold="true" box="[356,377,1824,1850]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">C</emphasis>
. Portion of arm illustrated in B, basal pieces of straight pedicellariae visible in cross section. 
<emphasis id="079AEAACFFB2D3610858F8E0FE8B0747" bold="true" box="[290,311,1860,1886]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">D</emphasis>
. Paratype PMO 217.982, oral region in actinal view. 
<emphasis id="079AEAACFFB2D3610ABDF8E0FC670747" bold="true" box="[967,987,1860,1886]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">E</emphasis>
. Paratype PMO 217.936, Arm tip showing terminal ossicle. 
<emphasis id="079AEAACFFB2D3610B7AF8C2FD8B0799" bold="true" box="[512,567,1894,1920]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">F–G</emphasis>
. Paratype PMO 218.069. 
<emphasis id="079AEAACFFB2D3610A05F8C3FC2D0798" bold="true" box="[895,913,1895,1921]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">F</emphasis>
. Obliquely compressed radius showing adambulacrals, marginals, and columns of abactinal ossicles. 
<emphasis id="079AEAACFFB2D3610AEAF82EFC1B07BD" bold="true" box="[912,935,1930,1956]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">G</emphasis>
. Drawing detail from F. Abbreviations: abact = abactinal ossicle; adamb sp = adambulacral spine; adamb = adambulacral; amb = ambulacral; im = inferomarginal; ped bp = basal piece of pedicellariae; sm = superomarginal; sp = spine.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="355136BEFFB3D36009C7FEA8FACB0174" blockId="7.[189,1399,267,365]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
A partly disarticulated mouth frame seen from the actinal surface is visible on 
<typeStatus id="EA55881CFFB3D3600D18FEA8FB7B013F" box="[1122,1223,268,294]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
PMO 217.982 (
<figureCitation id="ADD52A3BFFB3D36009BCFE8BFE9F0150" box="[198,291,303,329]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="6.[189,232,1718,1744]" captionTargetBox="[203,1392,265,1691]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[197,1393,265,1701]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Fig. 2. Polarasterias janusensis Rousseau &amp; Gale gen. et sp. nov. A–C. Holotype PMO 218.011a. A. Nearly complete specimen preserved in a cut-through fashion. B. Drawing detail from ambulacral groove showing ambulacrals, adambulacrals, adambulacral spines and scattered valves of forcipulate pedicellariae. C. Portion of arm illustrated in B, basal pieces of straight pedicellariae visible in cross section. D. Paratype PMO 217.982, oral region in actinal view. E. Paratype PMO 217.936, Arm tip showing terminal ossicle. F–G. Paratype PMO 218.069. F. Obliquely compressed radius showing adambulacrals, marginals, and columns of abactinal ossicles. G. Drawing detail from F. Abbreviations: abact = abactinal ossicle; adamb sp = adambulacral spine; adamb = adambulacral; amb = ambulacral; im = inferomarginal; ped bp = basal piece of pedicellariae; sm = superomarginal; sp = spine." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3806007" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3806007/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Fig. 2D</figureCitation>
) and shows the presence of an adoral carina involving two or three adambulacrals. The oral ossicles are well preserved and have a short, rectangular oral surface which bears two spine articulations.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="355136BEFFB3D36009C7FE31FCD401CB" blockId="7.[189,1398,405,467]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
The terminal ossicle is well preserved in 
<typeStatus id="EA55881CFFB3D3600BF5FE31FD4801B6" box="[655,756,405,431]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
specimen PMO 217.936 (
<figureCitation id="ADD52A3BFFB3D3600D64FE31FBCA01B6" box="[1054,1142,405,431]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="6.[189,232,1718,1744]" captionTargetBox="[203,1392,265,1691]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[197,1393,265,1701]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Fig. 2. Polarasterias janusensis Rousseau &amp; Gale gen. et sp. nov. A–C. Holotype PMO 218.011a. A. Nearly complete specimen preserved in a cut-through fashion. B. Drawing detail from ambulacral groove showing ambulacrals, adambulacrals, adambulacral spines and scattered valves of forcipulate pedicellariae. C. Portion of arm illustrated in B, basal pieces of straight pedicellariae visible in cross section. D. Paratype PMO 217.982, oral region in actinal view. E. Paratype PMO 217.936, Arm tip showing terminal ossicle. F–G. Paratype PMO 218.069. F. Obliquely compressed radius showing adambulacrals, marginals, and columns of abactinal ossicles. G. Drawing detail from F. Abbreviations: abact = abactinal ossicle; adamb sp = adambulacral spine; adamb = adambulacral; amb = ambulacral; im = inferomarginal; ped bp = basal piece of pedicellariae; sm = superomarginal; sp = spine." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3806007" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3806007/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Fig. 2E</figureCitation>
), where it is triangular and as broad as long with a strongly convex distal margin.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="355136BEFFB3D36009C7FE5FFB6F0317" blockId="7.[189,1399,506,783]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<typeStatus id="EA55881CFFB3D36009C7FE5FFE98020C" box="[189,292,507,533]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" type="paratype">Paratype</typeStatus>
specimen PMO 218.069 (
<figureCitation id="ADD52A3BFFB3D3600B1EFE5EFD11020D" box="[612,685,506,532]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="6.[189,232,1718,1744]" captionTargetBox="[203,1392,265,1691]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[197,1393,265,1701]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Fig. 2. Polarasterias janusensis Rousseau &amp; Gale gen. et sp. nov. A–C. Holotype PMO 218.011a. A. Nearly complete specimen preserved in a cut-through fashion. B. Drawing detail from ambulacral groove showing ambulacrals, adambulacrals, adambulacral spines and scattered valves of forcipulate pedicellariae. C. Portion of arm illustrated in B, basal pieces of straight pedicellariae visible in cross section. D. Paratype PMO 217.982, oral region in actinal view. E. Paratype PMO 217.936, Arm tip showing terminal ossicle. F–G. Paratype PMO 218.069. F. Obliquely compressed radius showing adambulacrals, marginals, and columns of abactinal ossicles. G. Drawing detail from F. Abbreviations: abact = abactinal ossicle; adamb sp = adambulacral spine; adamb = adambulacral; amb = ambulacral; im = inferomarginal; ped bp = basal piece of pedicellariae; sm = superomarginal; sp = spine." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3806007" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3806007/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
F–G) shows the abactinal surface of an arm. The abactinal ossicles are cruciform, with four processes which contacted adjacent rows and columns, and are arranged in well-marked imbricate transverse columns, with up to seven ossicles in each half radius. The largest two abactinals are present adjacent to the adambulacral, and are identified as the inferoand superomarginals (
<figureCitation id="ADD52A3BFFB3D36008B9FD2DFD9F02BA" box="[451,547,649,675]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="6.[189,232,1718,1744]" captionTargetBox="[203,1392,265,1691]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[197,1393,265,1701]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Fig. 2. Polarasterias janusensis Rousseau &amp; Gale gen. et sp. nov. A–C. Holotype PMO 218.011a. A. Nearly complete specimen preserved in a cut-through fashion. B. Drawing detail from ambulacral groove showing ambulacrals, adambulacrals, adambulacral spines and scattered valves of forcipulate pedicellariae. C. Portion of arm illustrated in B, basal pieces of straight pedicellariae visible in cross section. D. Paratype PMO 217.982, oral region in actinal view. E. Paratype PMO 217.936, Arm tip showing terminal ossicle. F–G. Paratype PMO 218.069. F. Obliquely compressed radius showing adambulacrals, marginals, and columns of abactinal ossicles. G. Drawing detail from F. Abbreviations: abact = abactinal ossicle; adamb sp = adambulacral spine; adamb = adambulacral; amb = ambulacral; im = inferomarginal; ped bp = basal piece of pedicellariae; sm = superomarginal; sp = spine." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3806007" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3806007/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Fig. 2G</figureCitation>
). Up to five slightly smaller abactinals are also present in each column. However, it is not possible to identify radials and adradials, so the exact numbers of plates present cannot be discerned. The abactinal ossicles formed a rectilinear reticulate structure, with the spaces occupied by papular openings, and the centre of each abactinal plate carried a long spine.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="7DF46535FFB3D36009C7FC92FDDA0556" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="355136BEFFB3D36009C7FC92FE930349" blockId="7.[189,303,822,848]" box="[189,303,822,848]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<heading id="6E1981D2FFB3D36009C7FC92FE930349" bold="true" box="[189,303,822,848]" fontSize="11" level="3" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" reason="3">
<emphasis id="079AEAACFFB3D36009C7FC92FE930349" bold="true" box="[189,303,822,848]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Remarks</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="355136BEFFB3D36009C7FCC1FDDA0556" blockId="7.[189,1399,869,1359]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
This new asteroid is clearly a forcipulatid neoasteroid as forcipulate pedicellariae are present. It could potentially belong to the 
<taxonomicName id="F2EE4D3DFFB3D360089DFC2DFC8003BA" authority="Gale, 2011 a" authorityName="Gale" authorityYear="2011" box="[487,828,905,931]" class="Asteroidea" family="Terminasteridae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Forcipulatida" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="family">
Terminasteridae 
<bibRefCitation id="517F4B4FFFB3D3600BD6FC2DFC8003BA" author="Gale A. S." box="[684,828,905,931]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="1 - 112" refId="ref11498" refString="Gale A. S. 2011 a. Phylogeny of the Neoasteroidea (post-Palaeozoic Asteroidea, Echinodermata). Special Papers in Palaeontology 85: 1 - 112." type="journal article" year="2011">Gale, 2011a</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="F2EE4D3DFFB3D3600A33FC2DFB3203BA" authority="Sladen, 1889" authorityName="Sladen" authorityYear="1889" box="[841,1166,905,931]" class="Asteroidea" family="Zoroasteridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Forcipulatida" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="family">Zoroasteridae Sladen, 1889</taxonomicName>
or 
<taxonomicName id="F2EE4D3DFFB3D3600DCFFC2DFF4403DE" authority="Gray, 1840" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1840" class="Asteroidea" family="Asteriidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Forcipulatida" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="family">Asteriidae Gray, 1840</taxonomicName>
which can be difficult to separate in fossil material, because the families have many morphological features in common (
<bibRefCitation id="517F4B4FFFB3D36008CCFC74FDFF03F3" author="Blake D. B." box="[438,579,976,1002]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="103 - 123" refId="ref10695" refString="Blake D. B. 1990. Hettangian Asteriidae (Echinodermata: Asteroidea) from southern Germany: taxonomy, phylogeny and life habits. Palaontologische Zeitschrift 64: 103 - 123. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / BF 02985925" type="journal article" year="1990">Blake 1990</bibRefCitation>
). The single most diagnostic feature of the 
<taxonomicName id="F2EE4D3DFFB3D3600D47FC74FB0503F3" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1840" box="[1085,1209,976,1002]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asteriidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Forcipulatida" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="family">Asteriidae</taxonomicName>
, the presence of both straight and crossed pedicellariae, unfortunately cannot be confirmed in this material. However, various lines of morphological evidence permit assignation to the 
<taxonomicName id="F2EE4D3DFFB3D3600AADFBBCFBEF042B" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1840" box="[983,1107,1048,1074]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asteriidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Forcipulatida" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="family">Asteriidae</taxonomicName>
. These include the form of the terminal ossicle, which is relatively short and broad as in asteriids while markedly elongated in terminasterids and zoroasterids. Moreover, the morphology of the oral ossicle is similar to that in extant asteriids (
<bibRefCitation id="517F4B4FFFB3D3600855FB27FE060484" author="Gale A. S." box="[303,442,1155,1181]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="1 - 112" refId="ref11498" refString="Gale A. S. 2011 a. Phylogeny of the Neoasteroidea (post-Palaeozoic Asteroidea, Echinodermata). Special Papers in Palaeontology 85: 1 - 112." type="journal article" year="2011">Gale 2011a</bibRefCitation>
), and the shape of the basal piece of the straight pedicellariae, with a tall median ridge, is also typically asteriid. The strongly quadriserial arrangement of the tube feet along the entire length of the groove is also an asteriid character (
<bibRefCitation id="517F4B4FFFB3D3600B8CFB6EFC3E04FD" author="Blake D. B." box="[758,898,1226,1252]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="103 - 123" refId="ref10695" refString="Blake D. B. 1990. Hettangian Asteriidae (Echinodermata: Asteroidea) from southern Germany: taxonomy, phylogeny and life habits. Palaontologische Zeitschrift 64: 103 - 123. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / BF 02985925" type="journal article" year="1990">Blake 1990</bibRefCitation>
). The arrangement of the abactinal ossicles in up to seven transverse rectilinear columns is not typical of extant asteriids, in which a more or less irregular network of plates extends between the superomarginals and the radials (e.g., 
<bibRefCitation id="517F4B4FFFB3D3600DA5FAB6FACF0535" author="Fisher W. K." box="[1247,1395,1298,1324]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="1 - 404" refId="ref11337" refString="Fisher W. K. 1928. Asteroidea of the North Pacific and adjacent waters, Part 2. Forcipulata. Bulletin of the United States National Museum 76: 1 - 404." type="journal article" year="1928">Fisher 1928</bibRefCitation>
: pls 67, 44, 61; 
<bibRefCitation id="517F4B4FFFB3D3600811FA91FDE60556" author="Gale A. S. &amp; Villier L." box="[363,602,1333,1359]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="577 - 588" refId="ref11582" refString="Gale A. S. &amp; Villier L. 2013. Mass mortality of an asteriid starfish (Forcipulatida, Asteroidea, Echinodermata) from the late Maastrichtian (Late Cretaceous) of Morocco. Palaeontology 56: 577 - 588. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / pala. 12002" type="journal article" year="2013">Gale &amp; Villier 2013</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="7DF46535FFB3D36F09C7FAD3FEE701AA" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="9" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="355136BEFFB3D36009C7FAD3FBFA0703" blockId="7.[189,1406,1399,1818]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<taxonomicName id="F2EE4D3DFFB3D36009C7FAD3FE670588" authority="Rousseau &amp; Gale &amp; Thuy, 2018" authorityName="Rousseau &amp; Gale &amp; Thuy" authorityYear="2018" box="[189,475,1399,1425]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asteriidae" genus="Polarasterias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Forcipulatida" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="janusensis" status="gen. et sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="079AEAACFFB3D36009C7FAD3FE670588" box="[189,475,1399,1425]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Polarasterias janusensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="1CA957D7FFB3D360089AFADCFD3B058B" box="[480,647,1400,1426]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" rank="species">gen. et sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
differs significantly from other described Jurassic and Cretaceous asteriid genera. 
<bibRefCitation id="517F4B4FFFB3D360080FFA3FFDB105AC" author="Blake D. B." box="[373,525,1435,1461]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="103 - 123" refId="ref10695" refString="Blake D. B. 1990. Hettangian Asteriidae (Echinodermata: Asteroidea) from southern Germany: taxonomy, phylogeny and life habits. Palaontologische Zeitschrift 64: 103 - 123. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / BF 02985925" type="journal article" year="1990">Blake (1990)</bibRefCitation>
described two new genera and species from the Hettangian (Early Jurassic) of 
<collectingCountry id="4DF9762EFFB3D360099BFA1BFEF305C0" box="[225,335,1471,1497]" name="Germany" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Germany</collectingCountry>
, 
<taxonomicName id="F2EE4D3DFFB3D3600825FA1BFCC005C0" authority="Blake, 1990" authorityName="Blake" authorityYear="1990" box="[351,892,1471,1497]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asteriidae" genus="Germanasterias" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Forcipulatida" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="amplipapularia">
<emphasis id="079AEAACFFB3D3600825FA1BFD6305C0" box="[351,735,1471,1497]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Germanasterias amplipapularia</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="517F4B4FFFB3D3600B90FA1BFCC005C0" author="Blake D. B." box="[746,892,1471,1497]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="103 - 123" refId="ref10695" refString="Blake D. B. 1990. Hettangian Asteriidae (Echinodermata: Asteroidea) from southern Germany: taxonomy, phylogeny and life habits. Palaontologische Zeitschrift 64: 103 - 123. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / BF 02985925" type="journal article" year="1990">Blake, 1990</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="F2EE4D3DFFB3D3600AC7FA1BFF4405E5" authority="Blake, 1990" authorityName="Blake" authorityYear="1990" class="Asteroidea" family="Asteriidae" genus="Hystrixasterias" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Forcipulatida" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="hettangiurnus">
<emphasis id="079AEAACFFB3D3600AC7FA1BFAA305C0" box="[957,1311,1471,1497]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Hystrixasterias hettangiurnus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="517F4B4FFFB3D3600C51FA1BFF4405E5" author="Blake D. B." pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="103 - 123" refId="ref10695" refString="Blake D. B. 1990. Hettangian Asteriidae (Echinodermata: Asteroidea) from southern Germany: taxonomy, phylogeny and life habits. Palaontologische Zeitschrift 64: 103 - 123. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / BF 02985925" type="journal article" year="1990">Blake, 1990</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, which he assigned to the 
<taxonomicName id="F2EE4D3DFFB3D3600B42FA46FD0805E5" ID-CoL="7NG2H" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1840" box="[568,692,1506,1532]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asteriidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Forcipulatida" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="family">Asteriidae</taxonomicName>
. These differ from the described species in the presence of relatively broad actinal interareas, the relatively closed ambulacral groove and the more rapidly tapering arms. Additionally, 
<taxonomicName id="F2EE4D3DFFB3D36008D7F98EFCBB065D" authority="Blake, 1990" authorityName="Blake" authorityYear="1990" box="[429,775,1578,1604]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asteriidae" genus="Germanasterias" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Forcipulatida" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="079AEAACFFB3D36008D7F98EFDD6065D" box="[429,618,1578,1604]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Germanasterias</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="517F4B4FFFB3D3600B0FF98EFCBB065D" author="Blake D. B." box="[629,775,1578,1604]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="103 - 123" refId="ref10695" refString="Blake D. B. 1990. Hettangian Asteriidae (Echinodermata: Asteroidea) from southern Germany: taxonomy, phylogeny and life habits. Palaontologische Zeitschrift 64: 103 - 123. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / BF 02985925" type="journal article" year="1990">Blake, 1990</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
is characterized by having very coarse, numerous, adambulacral spines which are not seen in the Janusfjellet material. 
<taxonomicName id="F2EE4D3DFFB3D3600A89F9EAFACB0671" ID-CoL="846QT" authority="Hess, 1972" authorityName="Hess" authorityYear="1972" box="[1011,1399,1613,1640]" class="Asteroidea" family="Stichasteridae" genus="Argoviaster" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Forcipulatida" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="occultus">
<emphasis id="079AEAACFFB3D3600A89F9EAFB54067E" box="[1011,1256,1613,1640]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Argoviaster occultus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="517F4B4FFFB3D3600D88F9EAFACB0671" author="Hess H." box="[1266,1399,1614,1640]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="1 - 87" refId="ref11873" refString="Hess H. 1972. Eine Echinodermen-Fauna aus dem mittleren Dogger des Aargauer Juras. Schweizerische Palaontologische Abhandlungen 92: 1 - 87." type="journal article" year="1972">Hess, 1972</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="F2EE4D3DFFB3D360098AF9D6FD370692" authority="de Loriol, 1899" authorityName="de Loriol" authorityYear="1899" box="[240,651,1649,1675]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asteriidae" genus="Dermaster" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Forcipulatida" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="boehmi">
<emphasis id="079AEAACFFB3D360098AF9D6FE770692" box="[240,459,1649,1675]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Dermaster boehmi</emphasis>
de Loriol, 1899
</taxonomicName>
were described from the Bajocian of 
<collectingCountry id="4DF9762EFFB3D3600D31F9D5FB6B0692" box="[1099,1239,1649,1675]" name="Switzerland" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Switzerland</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="517F4B4FFFB3D3600D92F9D5FAD60692" author="Hess H." box="[1256,1386,1649,1675]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="1 - 87" refId="ref11873" refString="Hess H. 1972. Eine Echinodermen-Fauna aus dem mittleren Dogger des Aargauer Juras. Schweizerische Palaontologische Abhandlungen 92: 1 - 87." type="journal article" year="1972">Hess 1972</bibRefCitation>
). Both have stout, relatively short, rapidly tapering arms and narrow ambulacral grooves. The species from Spitsbergen also differs from 
<taxonomicName id="F2EE4D3DFFB3D3600B1DF91DFBC306CA" ID-CoL="8SFD7" authority="Gale &amp; Villier, 2013" authorityName="Gale &amp; Villier" authorityYear="2013" box="[615,1151,1720,1747]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asteriidae" genus="Cretasterias" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Forcipulatida" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="reticulatus">
<emphasis id="079AEAACFFB3D3600B1DF91DFCC106CA" box="[615,893,1721,1747]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Cretasterias reticulatus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="517F4B4FFFB3D3600AFDF91CFBC306CA" author="Gale A. S. &amp; Villier L." box="[903,1151,1720,1747]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="577 - 588" refId="ref11582" refString="Gale A. S. &amp; Villier L. 2013. Mass mortality of an asteriid starfish (Forcipulatida, Asteroidea, Echinodermata) from the late Maastrichtian (Late Cretaceous) of Morocco. Palaeontology 56: 577 - 588. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / pala. 12002" type="journal article" year="2013">
Gale &amp; Villier, 
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</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
in its more strongly quadriserial tube feet, and the more numerous columns of abactinal ossicles, but agrees in the overall shape of the arms of and the rectilinear arrangement of the abactinal ossicles.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="355136BEFFB3D36F09C7F8E6FEE701AA" blockId="7.[189,1399,1858,2027]" lastBlockId="8.[189,1399,267,435]" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="9" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
Modern members of the 
<taxonomicName id="F2EE4D3DFFB3D3600895F8E6FDD40745" ID-CoL="7NG2H" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1840" box="[495,616,1858,1884]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asteriidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Forcipulatida" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="family">Asteriidae</taxonomicName>
family are slow-moving, epifaunal carnivores living on the sea bottom. The relatively large body size, small disc size, multi-element arms, quadriserial tube feet and adoral carina present in 
<taxonomicName id="F2EE4D3DFFB3D36008AEF82DFD4807BA" authority="Rousseau &amp; Gale &amp; Thuy, 2018" authorityName="Rousseau &amp; Gale &amp; Thuy" authorityYear="2018" box="[468,756,1929,1955]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asteriidae" genus="Polarasterias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Forcipulatida" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="janusensis" status="gen. et sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="079AEAACFFB3D36008AEF82DFD4807BA" box="[468,756,1929,1955]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Polarasterias janusensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="1CA957D7FFB3D3600B81F82EFC1407BD" box="[763,936,1930,1956]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" rank="species">gen. et sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
are all features which favor a predatory mode of feeding (
<bibRefCitation id="517F4B4FFFB3D36008E8F809FDA207DE" author="Blake D. B." box="[402,542,1965,1991]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="481 - 528" refId="ref10654" refString="Blake D. B. 1987. A classification and phylogeny of post-Paleozoic sea stars (Asteroidea: Echinodermata). Journal of Natural History 21: 481 - 528. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222938700771141" type="journal article" year="1987">Blake 1987</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="517F4B4FFFB3D3600B57F809FDD007DE" author="Blake D. B." box="[557,620,1965,1991]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="103 - 123" refId="ref10695" refString="Blake D. B. 1990. Hettangian Asteriidae (Echinodermata: Asteroidea) from southern Germany: taxonomy, phylogeny and life habits. Palaontologische Zeitschrift 64: 103 - 123. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / BF 02985925" type="journal article" year="1990">1990</bibRefCitation>
). The wide ambulacral groove, covered with numerous tube feet, provided a strong adhesion force which could have helped 
<taxonomicName id="F2EE4D3DFFB3D3600AF4F875FB0E07F2" authority="Rousseau &amp; Gale &amp; Thuy, 2018" authorityName="Rousseau &amp; Gale &amp; Thuy" authorityYear="2018" box="[910,1202,2001,2027]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asteriidae" genus="Polarasterias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Forcipulatida" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="janusensis" status="gen. et sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="079AEAACFFB3D3600AF4F875FB0E07F2" box="[910,1202,2001,2027]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Polarasterias janusensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="1CA957D7FFB3D3600DC7F875FACB07F2" box="[1213,1399,2001,2027]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" rank="species">gen. et sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
to grab and hold its prey. Modern predatory asteroids feed mostly on bivalves, gastropods and other echinoderms, including other asteroids, ophiuroids and echinoids, and are known to form large feeding groups (
<bibRefCitation id="517F4B4FFFBCD36F0865FEF6FDF80174" author="Spencer W. K. &amp; Wright C. W." box="[287,580,338,365]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="107" refId="ref13353" refString="Spencer W. K. &amp; Wright C. W. 1966. Asterozoans. In: Moore R. C. (ed.) Treatise on invertebrate paleontology. Part U: Echinodermata 3: U 4 - U 107. The Geological Society of America, Washington DC and The University of Kansas Press, Lawrence." type="book chapter" year="1966">Spencer &amp; Wright 1966</bibRefCitation>
). Similarly, it is likely that 
<taxonomicName id="F2EE4D3DFFBCD36F0AEBFEF6FB090175" authority="Rousseau &amp; Gale &amp; Thuy, 2018" authorityName="Rousseau &amp; Gale &amp; Thuy" authorityYear="2018" box="[913,1205,338,364]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asteriidae" genus="Polarasterias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Forcipulatida" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="janusensis" status="gen. et sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="079AEAACFFBCD36F0AEBFEF6FB090175" box="[913,1205,338,364]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Polarasterias janusensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="1CA957D7FFBCD36F0DC5FEF7FACB0174" box="[1215,1399,339,365]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" rank="species">gen. et sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
lived gregariously as epifauna on the Spitsbergen muddy seafloor, where it hunted for bivalves and echinoderms.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>