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<mods:title id="B744E8154B347EBBEE8D9D741E03FEAB">Asteroidea (Echinodermata) from shallow-waters of the remote oceanic archipelago Trindade and Martin Vaz, southeastern Atlantic, with taxonomic and zoogeographical notes</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="2D7CE28124DB817DF8695A75F1BE703D">Cunha, Rosana</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="A5CE1783B99C1F315CE80F949FDBB01D">Jr, Joel Braga De Mendonça</mods:namePart>
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<taxonomicName id="E5974D01FFFCFA08A9B0F885FD45573D" ID-CoL="J4SM" authority="Lutken, 1859" authorityName="Lutken" authorityYear="1859" box="[151,647,1812,1839]" class="Asteroidea" family="Astropectinidae" genus="Astropecten" kingdom="Animalia" order="Paxillosida" pageId="16" pageNumber="47" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="antillensis">
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<emphasis id="10E3EA90FFFCFA08A9B0F885FEE4573C" bold="true" box="[151,294,1813,1839]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="47">Astropecten</emphasis>
aff. 
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Lütken, 1859
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<taxonomicName id="E5974D01FFFCFA08A9B0F8EDFE625786" ID-CoL="J4SM" authority="Lu" authorityName="Lutken" authorityYear="1859" box="[151,416,1916,1941]" class="Asteroidea" family="Astropectinidae" genus="Astropecten" kingdom="Animalia" order="Paxillosida" pageId="16" pageNumber="47" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="antillensis">
<emphasis id="10E3EA90FFFCFA08A9B0F8EDFEBD5786" box="[151,383,1917,1941]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="47">Astropecten antillensis</emphasis>
Lu
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̈tken, 1859: 47 [
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locality: St. Thomas, 
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, viz. 
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]; Benavides- Serrato et al. 2011: 114; 
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<emphasis id="10E3EA90FFFCFA08A9B0F82DFE4C57CB" bold="true" box="[151,398,1981,2008]" pageId="16" pageNumber="47">Trindade specimens.</emphasis>
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Ponta 
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, 
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, 30 m: 1 spm R=40, r=5 (
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.
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<emphasis id="10E3EA90FFFDFA09A9E0FF08FE1550A0" bold="true" box="[199,471,152,179]" pageId="17" pageNumber="48">Comparative material.</emphasis>
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<emphasis id="10E3EA90FFFDFA09A8FAFF09FD2B50A1" box="[477,745,152,179]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="48">Astropecten brasiliensis</emphasis>
Müller &amp; 
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: 
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, 
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, 
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Grande, Ponta do Aripeba, 
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, 
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2095). 
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, 
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, 9 m: 1 spm R=110, r=15 (
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. 
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, 1 spm R=60, r=15 (
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; 
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<quantity id="E56F9B67FFFDFA09AB96FE95FD30510C" box="[689,754,261,287]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.9" pageId="17" pageNumber="48" unit="m" value="19.0">
<elevation id="A9BAD1B1FFFDFA09AB96FE95FD30510C" box="[689,754,261,287]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.9" pageId="17" pageNumber="48" unit="m" value="19.0">19 m</elevation>
</quantity>
: 1 spm R=65, r=15 (
<specimenCode id="72319EF9FFFDFA09AACDFE95FB52510C" box="[1002,1168,261,287]" collectionCode="MZUSP" country="Brazil" name="Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de Sao Paulo" pageId="17" pageNumber="48">MZUSP 2098</specimenCode>
)
</materialsCitation>
. 
<materialsCitation id="92FF3CDFFFFDFA09AD81FE95FAD05150" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2566071222" collectingDate="2001-02-13" collectionCode="MZUSP" latitude="-23.883333" location="Sao Sebastiao Island" longLatPrecision="1254" longitude="-45.433334" pageId="17" pageNumber="48" specimenCode="MZUSP 118" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Sao Paulo">
<location id="27486059FFFDFA09AD81FE95FA5A510D" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:AA3E8794FFFCFA0AA9B0F885FAFB546D:27486059FFFDFA09AD81FE95FA5A510D" box="[1190,1432,260,287]" latitude="-23.883333" longLatPrecision="1254" longitude="-45.433334" name="Sao Sebastiao Island" pageId="17" pageNumber="48" stateProvince="Sao Paulo">São Sebastião Island</location>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="47A35045FFFDFA09A9B0FEB8FF345150" box="[151,246,296,323]" degrees="23" direction="south" minutes="53" orientation="latitude" pageId="17" pageNumber="48" precision="925" value="-23.883333">23°53’S</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="47A35045FFFDFA09A823FEB8FEA95150" box="[260,363,296,323]" degrees="45" direction="west" minutes="26" orientation="longitude" pageId="17" pageNumber="48" precision="925" value="-45.433334">45°26’W</geoCoordinate>
, 
<date id="56291042FFFDFA09A85EFEB8FE2C5151" box="[377,494,296,322]" pageId="17" pageNumber="48" value="2001-02-13">
<collectingDate id="466DE9AAFFFDFA09A85EFEB8FE2C5151" box="[377,494,296,322]" pageId="17" pageNumber="48" value="2001-02-13">13.ii.2001</collectingDate>
</date>
: 4 spms R=55, r=8; R=53, r=8; R=32, r=6; R=19, r=4 (
<specimenCode id="72319EF9FFFDFA09AD52FEB9FAC85150" box="[1141,1290,297,323]" collectionCode="MZUSP" country="Brazil" name="Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de Sao Paulo" pageId="17" pageNumber="48">MZUSP 118</specimenCode>
)
</materialsCitation>
; 
<materialsCitation id="92FF3CDFFFFDFA09AC07FEB8FCBA5174" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2566071203" collectingDate="1915-12" collectionCode="MZUSP" pageId="17" pageNumber="48" specimenCode="MZUSP 2096" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Sao Paulo">
<date id="56291042FFFDFA09AC07FEB8FA435150" box="[1312,1409,296,323]" pageId="17" pageNumber="48" value="1915-12">
<collectingDate id="466DE9AAFFFDFA09AC07FEB8FA435150" box="[1312,1409,296,323]" pageId="17" pageNumber="48" value="1915-12">xii.1915</collectingDate>
</date>
: 3 topotypes R=125, r=20; R=105, r=20; R=65, r=13 (
<specimenCode id="72319EF9FFFDFA09ABE8FEDDFCB25174" box="[719,880,332,359]" collectionCode="MZUSP" country="Brazil" name="Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de Sao Paulo" pageId="17" pageNumber="48">MZUSP 2096</specimenCode>
)
</materialsCitation>
; 
<materialsCitation id="92FF3CDFFFFDFA09AAA5FEDCFF1E5198" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2566071221" collectingDate="2001-12-14" collectionCode="MZUSP" elevation="20" pageId="17" pageNumber="48" specimenCode="MZUSP 2097" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Sao Paulo">
<date id="56291042FFFDFA09AAA5FEDCFBC15175" box="[898,1027,332,358]" pageId="17" pageNumber="48" value="2001-12-14">
<collectingDate id="466DE9AAFFFDFA09AAA5FEDCFBC15175" box="[898,1027,332,358]" pageId="17" pageNumber="48" value="2001-12-14">14.xii.2001</collectingDate>
</date>
, 
<quantity id="E56F9B67FFFDFA09AD29FEDDFB9D5174" box="[1038,1119,333,359]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.03" pageId="17" pageNumber="48" unit="m" value="20.3">
<elevation id="A9BAD1B1FFFDFA09AD29FEDDFB9D5174" box="[1038,1119,333,359]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.03" pageId="17" pageNumber="48" unit="m" value="20.3">20.3 m</elevation>
</quantity>
: 1 spm R=55, r=10 (
<specimenCode id="72319EF9FFFDFA09AC19FEDDFF165198" collectionCode="MZUSP" country="Brazil" name="Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de Sao Paulo" pageId="17" pageNumber="48">MZUSP 2097</specimenCode>
)
</materialsCitation>
. 
<materialsCitation id="92FF3CDFFFFDFA09A9CDFEE1FD7251BC" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2566071216" collectingDate="2002-04-16" collectionCode="MZUSP" country="Brazil" latitude="-23.516666" location="Ubatuba" longLatPrecision="1255" longitude="-45.15" pageId="17" pageNumber="48" specimenCode="MZUSP 00002" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Sao Paulo">
<taxonomicName id="E5974D01FFFDFA09A9CDFEE1FD465198" authority="Gray, 1840" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1840" box="[234,644,369,395]" class="Asteroidea" family="Astropectinidae" genus="Astropecten" kingdom="Animalia" order="Paxillosida" pageId="17" pageNumber="48" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="marginatus">
<emphasis id="10E3EA90FFFDFA09A9CDFEE1FE355199" box="[234,503,369,395]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="48">Astropecten marginatus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="46064B73FFFDFA09AB26FEE1FD465198" author="Gray, J. E." box="[513,644,369,395]" pageId="17" pageNumber="48" pagination="175 - 184" refId="ref19975" refString="Gray, J. E. (1840) A synopsis of the genera and species of the class Hypostoma (Asterias Linnaeus). Annals of the Magazine of Natural History, 6, 175 - 184 + 275 - 290. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 03745484009443296" type="journal article" year="1840">Gray, 1840</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
: 
<collectingCountry id="5A807612FFFDFA09ABB5FEE0FD1B5199" box="[658,729,368,394]" name="Brazil" pageId="17" pageNumber="48">Brazil</collectingCountry>
, 
<collectingRegion id="E053F860FFFDFA09ABC0FEE1FC9C5199" box="[743,862,368,395]" country="Brazil" name="Sao Paulo" pageId="17" pageNumber="48">São Paulo</collectingRegion>
, 
<location id="27486059FFFDFA09AA4BFEE0FC0C5199" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:AA3E8794FFFCFA0AA9B0F885FAFB546D:27486059FFFDFA09AA4BFEE0FC0C5199" box="[876,974,368,394]" country="Brazil" latitude="-23.516666" longLatPrecision="1255" longitude="-45.15" name="Ubatuba" pageId="17" pageNumber="48" stateProvince="Sao Paulo">Ubatuba</location>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="47A35045FFFDFA09AAFBFEE1FBFA5198" box="[988,1080,369,395]" degrees="23" direction="south" minutes="31" orientation="latitude" pageId="17" pageNumber="48" precision="925" value="-23.516666">23º31’S</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="47A35045FFFDFA09AD60FEE0FB695198" box="[1095,1195,368,395]" degrees="45" direction="west" minutes="09" orientation="longitude" pageId="17" pageNumber="48" precision="925" value="-45.15">45º09’W</geoCoordinate>
, 
<date id="56291042FFFDFA09AD9DFEE0FAF05199" box="[1210,1330,368,394]" pageId="17" pageNumber="48" value="2002-04-16">
<collectingDate id="466DE9AAFFFDFA09AD9DFEE0FAF05199" box="[1210,1330,368,394]" pageId="17" pageNumber="48" value="2002-04-16">16.iv.2002</collectingDate>
</date>
, 14 m: 2 spms R=36, r=24; R=18, r=12 (
<specimenCode id="72319EF9FFFDFA09A8DFFE05FD6A51BC" box="[504,680,405,431]" collectionCode="MZUSP" country="Brazil" name="Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de Sao Paulo" pageId="17" pageNumber="48">MZUSP 00002</specimenCode>
)
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<caption id="76E8660AFFFDFA09A9B0FACBFBF65616" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3674461" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3674461" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3674461/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="48" startId="17.[151,250,1371,1396]" targetBox="[164,1423,452,1346]" targetPageId="17">
<paragraph id="22283682FFFDFA09A9B0FACBFBF65616" blockId="17.[151,1437,1371,1541]" pageId="17" pageNumber="48">
<emphasis id="10E3EA90FFFDFA09A9B0FACBFED65567" bold="true" box="[151,276,1371,1396]" pageId="17" pageNumber="48">FIGURE 9.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="E5974D01FFFDFA09A83CFACDFD7C5567" authority="Lutken, 1859" authorityName="Lutken" authorityYear="1859" box="[283,702,1371,1396]" class="Asteroidea" family="Astropectinidae" genus="Astropecten" kingdom="Animalia" order="Paxillosida" pageId="17" pageNumber="48" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="antillensis">
<emphasis id="10E3EA90FFFDFA09A83CFACDFE515567" box="[283,403,1373,1396]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="48">Astropecten</emphasis>
aff. 
<emphasis id="10E3EA90FFFDFA09A8E4FACCFDE95567" box="[451,555,1372,1396]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="48">antillensis</emphasis>
Lütken, 1859
</taxonomicName>
. 
<emphasis id="10E3EA90FFFDFA09ABEFFACBFD3F5567" bold="true" box="[712,765,1371,1396]" pageId="17" pageNumber="48">A–Y.</emphasis>
MZUSP 2090: 
<emphasis id="10E3EA90FFFDFA09AA87FACBFC145567" bold="true" box="[928,982,1371,1396]" pageId="17" pageNumber="48">A, B.</emphasis>
Abactinal and actinal views. 
<emphasis id="10E3EA90FFFDFA09AC22FACBFADF5567" bold="true" box="[1285,1309,1371,1396]" pageId="17" pageNumber="48">C.</emphasis>
Paxillae. 
<emphasis id="10E3EA90FFFDFA09ACA3FACCFA5E5567" bold="true" box="[1412,1436,1372,1396]" pageId="17" pageNumber="48">D.</emphasis>
Madreporite. 
<emphasis id="10E3EA90FFFDFA09A805FA10FEFB558B" bold="true" box="[290,313,1408,1432]" pageId="17" pageNumber="48">E.</emphasis>
Mouth. 
<emphasis id="10E3EA90FFFDFA09A8B7FA10FE61558B" bold="true" box="[400,419,1408,1432]" pageId="17" pageNumber="48">F.</emphasis>
Ambulacral spines. 
<emphasis id="10E3EA90FFFDFA09AB53FAEFFD4C558B" bold="true" box="[628,654,1407,1432]" pageId="17" pageNumber="48">G.</emphasis>
Squamules and spines, inferomarginal plate. 
<emphasis id="10E3EA90FFFDFA09AD79FA10FB56558B" bold="true" box="[1118,1172,1408,1432]" pageId="17" pageNumber="48">H–Y.</emphasis>
Scanning electron microscope. 
<emphasis id="10E3EA90FFFDFA09A9C7FA34FED655AF" bold="true" box="[224,276,1444,1468]" pageId="17" pageNumber="48">H–J.</emphasis>
Superomarginal plates. 
<emphasis id="10E3EA90FFFDFA09AB37FA34FD8D55AF" bold="true" box="[528,591,1444,1468]" pageId="17" pageNumber="48">K–M.</emphasis>
Inferomarginal plates. 
<emphasis id="10E3EA90FFFDFA09AA66FA34FCB655AF" bold="true" box="[833,884,1444,1468]" pageId="17" pageNumber="48">N–P.</emphasis>
Ambulacral plates. 
<emphasis id="10E3EA90FFFDFA09AD62FA33FB4355AF" bold="true" box="[1093,1153,1443,1468]" pageId="17" pageNumber="48">Q, R.</emphasis>
Adambulacral plates. 
<emphasis id="10E3EA90FFFDFA09AC4DFA33FA5F55AF" bold="true" box="[1386,1437,1443,1468]" pageId="17" pageNumber="48">S, T.</emphasis>
Haste, paxillae. 
<emphasis id="10E3EA90FFFDFA09A81CFA58FE9155F3" bold="true" box="[315,339,1480,1504]" pageId="17" pageNumber="48">U.</emphasis>
Superomarginal spine. 
<emphasis id="10E3EA90FFFDFA09AB63FA58FDBB55F3" bold="true" box="[580,633,1480,1504]" pageId="17" pageNumber="48">V, X.</emphasis>
Inferomarginal spines. 
<emphasis id="10E3EA90FFFDFA09AA4DFA58FC5F55F3" bold="true" box="[874,925,1480,1504]" pageId="17" pageNumber="48">Z–Y.</emphasis>
Furrow spines. Scale bars: A–B, 10 mm; C–D, G, 1 mm; E–F, 2 mm; H–J, N–R, U–X, Y, 200 μm; K–M, 300 μm; S, Z–W, 100 μm; T, 60 μm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<subSubSection id="6A8D6509FFFDFA09A9E0F9BCFACB57E4" pageId="17" pageNumber="48" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="22283682FFFDFA09A9E0F9BCFB11569C" blockId="17.[151,1437,1580,2040]" pageId="17" pageNumber="48">
<emphasis id="10E3EA90FFFDFA09A9E0F9BCFEA35654" bold="true" box="[199,353,1580,1607]" pageId="17" pageNumber="48">Distribution.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="E5974D01FFFDFA09A84EF9BEFDA85654" authorityName="Lutken" authorityYear="1859" box="[361,618,1581,1608]" class="Asteroidea" family="Astropectinidae" genus="Astropecten" kingdom="Animalia" order="Paxillosida" pageId="17" pageNumber="48" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" sensu="stricto" species="antillensis">
<emphasis id="10E3EA90FFFDFA09A84EF9BEFDA85654" box="[361,618,1581,1608]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="48">Astropecten antillensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="0BD057EBFFFDFA09AB54F9BEFD70565B" box="[627,690,1582,1608]" pageId="17" pageNumber="48" sensu="stricto">s. str.</taxonomicNameLabel>
, has been reported from Gulf of 
<collectingCountry id="5A807612FFFDFA09AD0AF9BDFB475654" box="[1069,1157,1581,1607]" name="Mexico" pageId="17" pageNumber="48">Mexico</collectingCountry>
, Greater and Lesser Antilles, 
<collectingCountry id="5A807612FFFDFA09A9FAF9C1FE895678" box="[221,331,1617,1643]" name="Colombia" pageId="17" pageNumber="48">Colombia</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="46064B73FFFDFA09A87BF9C1FE365678" author="Sladen, W. P." box="[348,500,1617,1643]" pageId="17" pageNumber="48" pagination="1 - 935" refId="ref22482" refString="Sladen, W. P. (1889) Report on the Asteroidea collected by H. M. S. ' Challenger' during the years 1873 - 1876. Report Scientia Results Voyage Challenger, Zoology, 30, 1 - 935." type="journal article" year="1889">Sladen, 1889</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="46064B73FFFDFA09AB26F9C2FD0C5678" author="Bayer F. &amp; Voss, G. &amp; Robins, R." box="[513,718,1617,1644]" pageId="17" pageNumber="48" refId="ref18581" refString="Bayer F., Voss, G. &amp; Robins, R. (1970) Bioenvironmental and radiological safety feasibility studies Atlantic-Pacific interoceanic Canal. Report on the marine fauna and benthic shelf slope communities of the Isthmian Region. University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida, 99 pp." type="book" year="1970">Bayer et al., 1970</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="46064B73FFFDFA09ABFCF9C1FC255678" author="Clark, A. M. &amp; Downey, M. E." box="[731,999,1617,1644]" pageId="17" pageNumber="48" refId="ref19314" refString="Clark, A. M. &amp; Downey, M. E. (1992) Starfishes of the Atlantic. Chapman and Hall-Natural History Museum Publications, London, 794 pp., 75 figs, 113 pls." type="book" year="1992">Clark &amp; Downey, 1992</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="46064B73FFFDFA09AAD4F9C1FAC85678" author="Abreu-Perez, M. &amp; Solis-Marin, F. A. &amp; Laguarda-Figueras, A." box="[1011,1290,1616,1644]" pageId="17" pageNumber="48" pagination="29 - 52" refId="ref18180" refString="Abreu-Perez, M., Solis-Marin, F. A. &amp; Laguarda-Figueras, A. (2005) Catalogo de los equinodermos (Echinodermata: Asteroidea y Ophiuroidea) neritico-bentonicos del Arquipielago Cubano. Revista de Biologia Tropical, 53, 29 - 52." type="journal article" year="2005">Abreu-Pérez et al., 2005</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="46064B73FFFDFA09AC31F9C1FEAA569C" author="Alvarado, J. J. &amp; Solis-Marin, F. A." pageId="17" pageNumber="48" refId="ref18351" refString="Alvarado, J. J. &amp; Solis-Marin, F. A. (2013) Echinoderm research and diversity in Latin America. Springer, Berlin, 658 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / 978 - 3 - 642 - 20051 - 9" type="book" year="2013">Alvarado &amp; Solis-Marin, 2013</bibRefCitation>
). 
<collectingCountry id="5A807612FFFDFA09A85DF9E5FE01569C" box="[378,451,1653,1679]" name="Brazil" pageId="17" pageNumber="48">Brazil</collectingCountry>
: 
<collectingRegion id="E053F860FFFDFA09A8E9F9E5FDCD569C" box="[462,527,1653,1679]" country="Brazil" name="Bahia" pageId="17" pageNumber="48">Bahia</collectingRegion>
(
<bibRefCitation id="46064B73FFFDFA09AB39F9E5FD5C569C" author="John, D." box="[542,670,1653,1679]" pageId="17" pageNumber="48" pagination="485 - 508" refId="ref20337" refString="John, D. (1948) Notes on Asteroidea in the British Museum (Natural History) 1. The species of Astropecten. Novitates Zoolicae, 42, 485 - 508." type="journal article" year="1948">John, 1948</bibRefCitation>
). Depth range: 
<quantity id="E56F9B67FFFDFA09AA6DF9E5FC6F5683" box="[842,941,1653,1680]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.405" metricValueMax="2.78" metricValueMin="0.03" pageId="17" pageNumber="48" unit="m" value="140.5" valueMax="278.0" valueMin="3.0">3–278 m</quantity>
(
<bibRefCitation id="46064B73FFFDFA09AA9CF9E5FB04569C" author="Clark, A. M. &amp; Downey, M. E." box="[955,1222,1653,1680]" pageId="17" pageNumber="48" refId="ref19314" refString="Clark, A. M. &amp; Downey, M. E. (1992) Starfishes of the Atlantic. Chapman and Hall-Natural History Museum Publications, London, 794 pp., 75 figs, 113 pls." type="book" year="1992">Clark &amp; Downey, 1992</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="22283682FFFDFA09A9E0F908FE41577B" blockId="17.[151,1437,1580,2040]" pageId="17" pageNumber="48">
<emphasis id="10E3EA90FFFDFA09A9E0F908FE2056A0" bold="true" box="[199,482,1688,1715]" pageId="17" pageNumber="48">Recognition characters.</emphasis>
Two prominent spines in first pair of superomarginal plates, spines decreasing in size distally in remaining plates. Inferomarginal plates projecting beyond superomarginal ones. Inferomarginal spines broad, opaque. Two rows of subambulacral spines. First subambulacral row with three spines; middle spine wider and longer than proximal and distal ones, longer than furrow spines. Conspicuous bare area at center of actinal surface of inferomarginal plate. No pedicellariae (
<bibRefCitation id="46064B73FFFDFA09AB83F8B9FC6C5750" author="Clark, A. M. &amp; Downey, M. E." box="[676,942,1833,1860]" pageId="17" pageNumber="48" refId="ref19314" refString="Clark, A. M. &amp; Downey, M. E. (1992) Starfishes of the Atlantic. Chapman and Hall-Natural History Museum Publications, London, 794 pp., 75 figs, 113 pls." type="book" year="1992">Clark &amp; Downey, 1992</bibRefCitation>
; Benevides-Serrato et al., 2011; 
<bibRefCitation id="46064B73FFFDFA09AC3CF8B9FF105774" author="Cobb, J. C. &amp; Lawrence, J. M. &amp; Herrera, J. C. &amp; Janies, D." pageId="17" pageNumber="48" pagination="301 - 325" refId="ref19420" refString="Cobb, J. C., Lawrence, J. M., Herrera, J. C. &amp; Janies, D. (2019) A new species of Astropecten (Echinodermata: Asteroidea: Paxillosida: Astropectinidae) and a comparison of the Astropecten species from the Gulf of Mexico and the East Florida Shelf. Zootaxa, 4612 (3), 301 - 325. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4612.3.1" type="journal article" year="2019">Cobb et al., 2019</bibRefCitation>
; present study).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="22283682FFFDFA09A9E0F8E0FA5E57C0" blockId="17.[151,1437,1580,2040]" pageId="17" pageNumber="48">
<emphasis id="10E3EA90FFFDFA09A9E0F8E0FE9D5798" bold="true" box="[199,351,1904,1931]" pageId="17" pageNumber="48">Color in life.</emphasis>
Pale yellow (Lütken, 1859). The specimen in the photograph given by Benevides-Serrato 
<emphasis id="10E3EA90FFFDFA09AC44F8E2FA575798" box="[1379,1429,1905,1931]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="48">et al</emphasis>
. (2011) had orange body, with darker midline along each arm, and bright-red bands at the base of the inferomarginal fringe spines and superomarginal spines. The Trindade specimen was not photographed alive prior to preservation.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="22283682FFFDFA09A9E0F84CFACB57E4" blockId="17.[151,1437,1580,2040]" box="[199,1289,2012,2040]" pageId="17" pageNumber="48">
<emphasis id="10E3EA90FFFDFA09A9E0F84CFEF757E4" bold="true" box="[199,309,2012,2039]" pageId="17" pageNumber="48">Habitats.</emphasis>
The Trindade specimen was found on a whitish sandy bottom, around 30 meters depth.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="6A8D6509FFFEFA0AA9E0FF08FAFB546D" pageId="18" pageNumber="49" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="22283682FFFEFA0AA9E0FF08FB1D5150" blockId="18.[151,1437,152,1151]" pageId="18" pageNumber="49">
<emphasis id="10E3EA90FFFEFA0AA9E0FF08FE8D50A0" bold="true" box="[199,335,152,179]" pageId="18" pageNumber="49">Comments.</emphasis>
The species in 
<taxonomicName id="E5974D01FFFEFA0AA8D9FF09FD4150A0" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1840" box="[510,643,153,179]" class="Asteroidea" family="Astropectinidae" genus="Astropecten" kingdom="Animalia" order="Paxillosida" pageId="18" pageNumber="49" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="10E3EA90FFFEFA0AA8D9FF09FD4150A0" box="[510,643,153,179]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="49">Astropecten</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
can be separated into two groups according to the presence or absence of superomarginal spines. Among the eight species so far recorded from the Brazilian coasts, only 
<taxonomicName id="E5974D01FFFEFA0AAC21FF2DFEEB50E8" authority="Sladen, 1833" authorityName="Sladen" authorityYear="1833" class="Asteroidea" family="Astropectinidae" genus="Astropecten" kingdom="Animalia" order="Paxillosida" pageId="18" pageNumber="49" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="cingulatus">
<emphasis id="10E3EA90FFFEFA0AAC21FF2DFAD550C4" box="[1286,1303,189,215]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="49">A</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="10E3EA90FFFEFA0AAC0FFF2CFA5F50C5" box="[1320,1437,188,214]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="49">cingulatus</emphasis>
Sladen, 1833
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="E5974D01FFFEFA0AA847FF71FD4650E8" authority="Gray, 1840" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1840" box="[352,644,225,251]" class="Asteroidea" family="Astropectinidae" genus="Astropecten" kingdom="Animalia" order="Paxillosida" pageId="18" pageNumber="49" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="marginatus">
<emphasis id="10E3EA90FFFEFA0AA847FF71FEB350E8" box="[352,369,225,251]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="49">A</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="10E3EA90FFFEFA0AA858FF71FE3C50E9" box="[383,510,225,250]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="49">marginatus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="46064B73FFFEFA0AAB22FF71FD4650E8" author="Gray, J. E." box="[517,644,225,251]" pageId="18" pageNumber="49" pagination="175 - 184" refId="ref19975" refString="Gray, J. E. (1840) A synopsis of the genera and species of the class Hypostoma (Asterias Linnaeus). Annals of the Magazine of Natural History, 6, 175 - 184 + 275 - 290. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 03745484009443296" type="journal article" year="1840">Gray, 1840</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, are devoid of superomarginal spines. The six species with superomarginal spines are as follow: 
<taxonomicName id="E5974D01FFFEFA0AA8E5FE95FCF7510C" authority="Tortonese, 1956" authorityName="Tortonese" authorityYear="1956" box="[450,821,260,287]" class="Asteroidea" family="Astropectinidae" genus="Astropecten" kingdom="Animalia" order="Paxillosida" pageId="18" pageNumber="49" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="acutiradiatus">
<emphasis id="10E3EA90FFFEFA0AA8E5FE95FDB4510D" box="[450,630,260,287]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="49">A. acutiradiatus</emphasis>
Tortonese, 1956
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="E5974D01FFFEFA0AAA67FE95FB99510C" authority="Perrier, 1881" authorityName="Perrier" authorityYear="1881" box="[832,1115,260,287]" class="Asteroidea" family="Astropectinidae" genus="Astropecten" kingdom="Animalia" order="Paxillosida" pageId="18" pageNumber="49" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="alligator">
<emphasis id="10E3EA90FFFEFA0AAA67FE95FC93510C" box="[832,849,261,287]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="49">A</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="10E3EA90FFFEFA0AAA78FE94FC03510D" box="[863,961,260,286]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="49">alligator</emphasis>
Perrier, 1881
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="E5974D01FFFEFA0AAD40FE95FA5A510C" authority="Lutken, 1859" authorityName="Lutken" authorityYear="1859" box="[1127,1432,260,287]" class="Asteroidea" family="Astropectinidae" genus="Astropecten" kingdom="Animalia" order="Paxillosida" pageId="18" pageNumber="49" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="antillensis">
<emphasis id="10E3EA90FFFEFA0AAD40FE95FBBA510C" box="[1127,1144,261,287]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="49">A</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="10E3EA90FFFEFA0AADA1FE94FB3B510D" box="[1158,1273,260,286]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="49">antillensis</emphasis>
Lütken, 1859
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="E5974D01FFFEFA0AA9B0FEB9FE785150" authority="(Say, 1825)" baseAuthorityName="Say" baseAuthorityYear="1825" box="[151,442,296,323]" class="Asteroidea" family="Astropectinidae" genus="Astropecten" kingdom="Animalia" order="Paxillosida" pageId="18" pageNumber="49" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="articulatus">
<emphasis id="10E3EA90FFFEFA0AA9B0FEB9FF6A5150" box="[151,168,297,323]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="49">A</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="10E3EA90FFFEFA0AA991FEB8FEED5151" box="[182,303,296,322]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="49">articulatus</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="46064B73FFFEFA0AA818FEB9FE735150" author="Say, T." box="[319,433,296,323]" pageId="18" pageNumber="49" pagination="151 - 154" refId="ref22341" refString="Say, T. (1825) On the species of the linnean genus Asterias inhabiting the coast of the United States. Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 5, 151 - 154." type="journal article" year="1825">Say, 1825</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="E5974D01FFFEFA0AA8E2FEB9FC445150" authority="Muller &amp; Troschel, 1842" authorityName="Muller &amp; Troschel" authorityYear="1842" box="[453,902,296,323]" class="Asteroidea" family="Astropectinidae" genus="Astropecten" kingdom="Animalia" order="Paxillosida" pageId="18" pageNumber="49" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="brasiliensis">
<emphasis id="10E3EA90FFFEFA0AA8E2FEB9FE145150" box="[453,470,297,323]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="49">A</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="10E3EA90FFFEFA0AA8C2FEB8FDA45151" box="[485,614,296,322]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="49">brasiliensis</emphasis>
Müller &amp; 
<bibRefCitation id="46064B73FFFEFA0AABFBFEB8FC445150" author="Troschel, F. H." box="[732,902,296,323]" pageId="18" pageNumber="49" refId="ref21630" refString="Mu ¨ ller, J. &amp; Troschel, F. H. (1842) System der Asteriden. F. Vieweg und Sohn, Braunschweig, xx + 134 pp., 12 pls. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 11715" type="book" year="1842">Troschel, 1842</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, and 
<taxonomicName id="E5974D01FFFEFA0AAAE6FEB9FB185150" authority="Gray, 1840" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1840" box="[961,1242,296,323]" class="Asteroidea" family="Astropectinidae" genus="Astropecten" kingdom="Animalia" order="Paxillosida" pageId="18" pageNumber="49" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="duplicatus">
<emphasis id="10E3EA90FFFEFA0AAAE6FEB9FC105150" box="[961,978,297,323]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="49">A</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="10E3EA90FFFEFA0AAAC7FEB8FB975151" box="[992,1109,296,322]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="49">duplicatus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="46064B73FFFEFA0AAD7CFEB9FB185150" author="Gray, J. E." box="[1115,1242,297,323]" pageId="18" pageNumber="49" pagination="175 - 184" refId="ref19975" refString="Gray, J. E. (1840) A synopsis of the genera and species of the class Hypostoma (Asterias Linnaeus). Annals of the Magazine of Natural History, 6, 175 - 184 + 275 - 290. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 03745484009443296" type="journal article" year="1840">Gray, 1840</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="22283682FFFEFA0AA9E0FEDDFC7451C0" blockId="18.[151,1437,152,1151]" pageId="18" pageNumber="49">
<taxonomicName id="E5974D01FFFEFA0AA9E0FEDDFE155175" authorityName="Muller &amp; Troschel" authorityYear="1842" box="[199,471,332,359]" class="Asteroidea" family="Astropectinidae" genus="Astropecten" kingdom="Animalia" order="Paxillosida" pageId="18" pageNumber="49" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="brasiliensis">
<emphasis id="10E3EA90FFFEFA0AA9E0FEDDFE155175" box="[199,471,332,359]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="49">Astropecten brasiliensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="E5974D01FFFEFA0AAB33FEDDFD695175" authorityName="Sladen" authorityYear="1833" box="[532,683,332,359]" class="Asteroidea" family="Astropectinidae" genus="Astropecten" kingdom="Animalia" order="Paxillosida" pageId="18" pageNumber="49" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="cingulatus">
<emphasis id="10E3EA90FFFEFA0AAB33FEDDFDE75174" box="[532,549,333,359]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="49">A</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="10E3EA90FFFEFA0AAB11FEDCFD695175" box="[566,683,332,358]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="49">cingulatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
have both been previously recorded from Trindade (
<bibRefCitation id="46064B73FFFEFA0AAC37FEDCFA555175" author="Brito, I. M." box="[1296,1431,332,358]" pageId="18" pageNumber="49" pagination="1 - 10" refId="ref18899" refString="Brito, I. M. (1962) Ensaio de catailogo dos equinodermas do Brasil. Universidade do Brasil, Faculdade Nacional de Filosofia, Centro de Estudos Zooloigicos, 13, 1 - 10." type="journal article" year="1962">Brito, 1962</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="46064B73FFFEFA0AA9B0FEE1FEB05199" author="Ventura, C. R. R. &amp; Lima, R. P. N. &amp; Nobre, C. C. &amp; Verissimo, I. &amp; Zama, P. C." box="[151,370,368,395]" pageId="18" pageNumber="49" pagination="339 - 389" refId="ref22978" refString="Ventura, C. R. R., Lima, R. P. N., Nobre, C. C., Verissimo, I. &amp; Zama, P. C. (2006) Filo Echinodermata. In: Lavrado, H. P. &amp; Ignacio, B. L. (Eds.), Biodiversidade bentonica da regiao central da zona economica exclusiva brasileira. Serie Livros No. 18. Museu Nacional do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, pp. 339 - 389." type="book chapter" year="2006">
Ventura 
<emphasis id="10E3EA90FFFEFA0AA9D1FEE1FEEA5199" box="[246,296,368,394]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="49">et al</emphasis>
. 2006
</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="46064B73FFFEFA0AA859FEE1FE795198" author="Ventura, C. R. R. &amp; Verissimo, I. &amp; Nobre, C. C. &amp; Zama, P. C." box="[382,443,369,395]" pageId="18" pageNumber="49" pagination="217 - 258" refId="ref23074" refString="Ventura, C. R. R., Verissimo, I., Nobre, C. C. &amp; Zama, P. C. (2007) Filo Echinodermata. In: Lavrado, H. P. &amp; Viana, M. S. (Eds.), Atlas de invertebrados marinhos da regiao central da zona economica exclusiva brasileira. Serie Livros No. 25. Museu Nacional, Rio de Janeiro, pp. 217 - 258." type="book chapter" year="2007">2007</bibRefCitation>
). However, the Trindade specimen can be immediately distinguished from 
<taxonomicName id="E5974D01FFFEFA0AAC2FFEE1FA5F5199" authorityName="Sladen" authorityYear="1833" box="[1288,1437,368,395]" class="Asteroidea" family="Astropectinidae" genus="Astropecten" kingdom="Animalia" order="Paxillosida" pageId="18" pageNumber="49" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="cingulatus">
<emphasis id="10E3EA90FFFEFA0AAC2FFEE1FADB5198" box="[1288,1305,369,395]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="49">A</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="10E3EA90FFFEFA0AAC0FFEE0FA5F5199" box="[1320,1437,368,394]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="49">cingulatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in having superomarginal spines (
<figureCitation id="BAAC2A07FFFEFA0AAB28FE04FD4851BC" box="[527,650,404,431]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="17.[151,250,1371,1396]" captionTargetBox="[164,1423,452,1346]" captionTargetId="figure@17.[164,1423,452,1346]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="FIGURE 9. Astropecten aff. antillensis Lütken, 1859. A–Y. MZUSP 2090: A, B. Abactinal and actinal views. C. Paxillae. D. Madreporite. E. Mouth. F. Ambulacral spines. G. Squamules and spines, inferomarginal plate. H–Y. Scanning electron microscope. H–J. Superomarginal plates. K–M. Inferomarginal plates. N–P. Ambulacral plates. Q, R. Adambulacral plates. S, T. Haste, paxillae. U. Superomarginal spine. V, X. Inferomarginal spines. Z–Y. Furrow spines. Scale bars: A–B, 10 mm; C–D, G, 1 mm; E–F, 2 mm; H–J, N–R, U–X, Y, 200 μm; K–M, 300 μm; S, Z–W, 100 μm; T, 60 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3674461" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3674461/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="49">Fig. 9A, U</figureCitation>
), and stands apart from 
<taxonomicName id="E5974D01FFFEFA0AAAB2FE05FBF751BD" authorityName="Muller &amp; Troschel" authorityYear="1842" box="[917,1077,404,431]" class="Asteroidea" family="Astropectinidae" genus="Astropecten" kingdom="Animalia" order="Paxillosida" pageId="18" pageNumber="49" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="brasiliensis">
<emphasis id="10E3EA90FFFEFA0AAAB2FE05FC6451BC" box="[917,934,405,431]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="49">A</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="10E3EA90FFFEFA0AAA93FE04FBF751BD" box="[948,1077,404,430]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="49">brasiliensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in presenting three spines in the first subambulacral row (
<figureCitation id="BAAC2A07FFFEFA0AA897FE28FDC651C0" box="[432,516,440,467]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="17.[151,250,1371,1396]" captionTargetBox="[164,1423,452,1346]" captionTargetId="figure@17.[164,1423,452,1346]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="FIGURE 9. Astropecten aff. antillensis Lütken, 1859. A–Y. MZUSP 2090: A, B. Abactinal and actinal views. C. Paxillae. D. Madreporite. E. Mouth. F. Ambulacral spines. G. Squamules and spines, inferomarginal plate. H–Y. Scanning electron microscope. H–J. Superomarginal plates. K–M. Inferomarginal plates. N–P. Ambulacral plates. Q, R. Adambulacral plates. S, T. Haste, paxillae. U. Superomarginal spine. V, X. Inferomarginal spines. Z–Y. Furrow spines. Scale bars: A–B, 10 mm; C–D, G, 1 mm; E–F, 2 mm; H–J, N–R, U–X, Y, 200 μm; K–M, 300 μm; S, Z–W, 100 μm; T, 60 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3674461" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3674461/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="49">Fig. 9F</figureCitation>
) (
<emphasis id="10E3EA90FFFEFA0AAB3BFE29FDA651C1" box="[540,612,441,466]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="49">versus</emphasis>
two spines in 
<taxonomicName id="E5974D01FFFEFA0AAA22FE29FC6751C1" authorityName="Muller &amp; Troschel" authorityYear="1842" box="[773,933,440,467]" class="Asteroidea" family="Astropectinidae" genus="Astropecten" kingdom="Animalia" order="Paxillosida" pageId="18" pageNumber="49" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="brasiliensis">
<emphasis id="10E3EA90FFFEFA0AAA22FE29FCD451C0" box="[773,790,441,467]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="49">A</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="10E3EA90FFFEFA0AAA03FE28FC6751C1" box="[804,933,440,466]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="49">brasiliensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="22283682FFFEFA0AA9E0FE4DFDFD5390" blockId="18.[151,1437,152,1151]" pageId="18" pageNumber="49">
<taxonomicName id="E5974D01FFFEFA0AA9E0FE4DFE3851E5" authorityName="Lutken" authorityYear="1859" box="[199,506,476,503]" class="Asteroidea" family="Astropectinidae" genus="Astropecten" kingdom="Animalia" order="Paxillosida" pageId="18" pageNumber="49" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="antillensis">
<emphasis id="10E3EA90FFFEFA0AA9E0FE4DFE8E51E4" box="[199,332,477,503]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="49">Astropecten</emphasis>
aff. 
<emphasis id="10E3EA90FFFEFA0AA8A0FE4CFE3851E5" box="[391,506,476,502]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="49">antillensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
actually appears to be morphologically more closely related to 
<taxonomicName id="E5974D01FFFEFA0AADCFFE4DFABC51E5" authorityName="Lutken" authorityYear="1859" box="[1256,1406,476,503]" class="Asteroidea" family="Astropectinidae" genus="Astropecten" kingdom="Animalia" order="Paxillosida" pageId="18" pageNumber="49" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="antillensis">
<emphasis id="10E3EA90FFFEFA0AADCFFE4DFB3B51E4" box="[1256,1273,477,503]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="49">A</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="10E3EA90FFFEFA0AAC2CFE4CFABC51E5" box="[1291,1406,476,502]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="49">antillensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, a species previously known from the Brazilian coasts only from 
<collectingRegion id="E053F860FFFEFA0AAA7CFD90FC5E5209" box="[859,924,512,538]" country="Brazil" name="Bahia" pageId="18" pageNumber="49">Bahia</collectingRegion>
(
<bibRefCitation id="46064B73FFFEFA0AAA8BFD90FBEF5208" author="John, D." box="[940,1069,512,539]" pageId="18" pageNumber="49" pagination="485 - 508" refId="ref20337" refString="John, D. (1948) Notes on Asteroidea in the British Museum (Natural History) 1. The species of Astropecten. Novitates Zoolicae, 42, 485 - 508." type="journal article" year="1948">John, 1948</bibRefCitation>
). However, the insular specimen differs from 
<taxonomicName id="E5974D01FFFEFA0AA802FDB5FE7A522D" authorityName="Lutken" authorityYear="1859" box="[293,440,548,575]" class="Asteroidea" family="Astropectinidae" genus="Astropecten" kingdom="Animalia" order="Paxillosida" pageId="18" pageNumber="49" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" sensu="stricto" species="antillensis">
<emphasis id="10E3EA90FFFEFA0AA802FDB5FEF4522C" box="[293,310,549,575]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="49">A</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="10E3EA90FFFEFA0AA862FDB4FE7A522D" box="[325,440,548,574]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="49">antillensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="0BD057EBFFFEFA0AA8E7FDB5FE39522C" box="[448,507,549,575]" pageId="18" pageNumber="49" sensu="stricto">s. str.</taxonomicNameLabel>
(cf., 
<bibRefCitation id="46064B73FFFEFA0AAB10FDB4FCFD522C" author="Clark, A. M. &amp; Downey, M. E." box="[567,831,548,575]" pageId="18" pageNumber="49" refId="ref19314" refString="Clark, A. M. &amp; Downey, M. E. (1992) Starfishes of the Atlantic. Chapman and Hall-Natural History Museum Publications, London, 794 pp., 75 figs, 113 pls." type="book" year="1992">Clark &amp; Downey, 1992</bibRefCitation>
) in having two prominent spines on the inner edge of the first pair of superomarginal plates, and one row of spines decreasing in size distally in the other plates (
<figureCitation id="BAAC2A07FFFEFA0AAC1AFDD8FA565270" box="[1341,1428,584,611]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="17.[151,250,1371,1396]" captionTargetBox="[164,1423,452,1346]" captionTargetId="figure@17.[164,1423,452,1346]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="FIGURE 9. Astropecten aff. antillensis Lütken, 1859. A–Y. MZUSP 2090: A, B. Abactinal and actinal views. C. Paxillae. D. Madreporite. E. Mouth. F. Ambulacral spines. G. Squamules and spines, inferomarginal plate. H–Y. Scanning electron microscope. H–J. Superomarginal plates. K–M. Inferomarginal plates. N–P. Ambulacral plates. Q, R. Adambulacral plates. S, T. Haste, paxillae. U. Superomarginal spine. V, X. Inferomarginal spines. Z–Y. Furrow spines. Scale bars: A–B, 10 mm; C–D, G, 1 mm; E–F, 2 mm; H–J, N–R, U–X, Y, 200 μm; K–M, 300 μm; S, Z–W, 100 μm; T, 60 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3674461" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3674461/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="49">Fig. 9A</figureCitation>
) (
<emphasis id="10E3EA90FFFEFA0AA986FDFDFF2B5295" box="[161,233,621,646]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="49">versus</emphasis>
prominent spines present on the inner edge of first 5–6 superomarginal plates, and a much smaller spine on the outer edge of all superomarginals in 
<taxonomicName id="E5974D01FFFEFA0AABA7FD01FCD052B9" authorityName="Lutken" authorityYear="1859" box="[640,786,656,683]" class="Asteroidea" family="Astropectinidae" genus="Astropecten" kingdom="Animalia" order="Paxillosida" pageId="18" pageNumber="49" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="antillensis">
<emphasis id="10E3EA90FFFEFA0AABA7FD01FD5352B8" box="[640,657,657,683]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="49">A</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="10E3EA90FFFEFA0AABB8FD00FCD052B9" box="[671,786,656,682]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="49">antillensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
); and two rows of subambulacral spines (
<figureCitation id="BAAC2A07FFFEFA0AADCFFD00FAFE52B8" box="[1256,1340,656,683]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="17.[151,250,1371,1396]" captionTargetBox="[164,1423,452,1346]" captionTargetId="figure@17.[164,1423,452,1346]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="FIGURE 9. Astropecten aff. antillensis Lütken, 1859. A–Y. MZUSP 2090: A, B. Abactinal and actinal views. C. Paxillae. D. Madreporite. E. Mouth. F. Ambulacral spines. G. Squamules and spines, inferomarginal plate. H–Y. Scanning electron microscope. H–J. Superomarginal plates. K–M. Inferomarginal plates. N–P. Ambulacral plates. Q, R. Adambulacral plates. S, T. Haste, paxillae. U. Superomarginal spine. V, X. Inferomarginal spines. Z–Y. Furrow spines. Scale bars: A–B, 10 mm; C–D, G, 1 mm; E–F, 2 mm; H–J, N–R, U–X, Y, 200 μm; K–M, 300 μm; S, Z–W, 100 μm; T, 60 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3674461" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3674461/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="49">Fig. 9F</figureCitation>
) (versus one row in 
<taxonomicName id="E5974D01FFFEFA0AA831FD25FE6A52DD" authorityName="Lutken" authorityYear="1859" box="[278,424,692,719]" class="Asteroidea" family="Astropectinidae" genus="Astropecten" kingdom="Animalia" order="Paxillosida" pageId="18" pageNumber="49" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="antillensis">
<emphasis id="10E3EA90FFFEFA0AA831FD25FEE552DC" box="[278,295,693,719]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="49">A</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="10E3EA90FFFEFA0AA812FD24FE6A52DD" box="[309,424,692,718]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="49">antillensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
). However, the 
<typeStatus id="FD2C8820FFFEFA0AAB7BFD25FD7152DC" box="[604,691,693,719]" pageId="18" pageNumber="49" type="syntype">syntype</typeStatus>
ZMUC-AST-4-22 (R= 
<quantity id="E56F9B67FFFEFA0AAA91FD25FBC552DC" box="[950,1031,693,719]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.9" pageId="18" pageNumber="49" unit="mm" value="29.0">29 mm</quantity>
) of 
<taxonomicName id="E5974D01FFFEFA0AAD13FD25FB0452DD" authorityName="Lutken" authorityYear="1859" box="[1076,1222,692,719]" class="Asteroidea" family="Astropectinidae" genus="Astropecten" kingdom="Animalia" order="Paxillosida" pageId="18" pageNumber="49" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" sensu="stricto" species="antillensis">
<emphasis id="10E3EA90FFFEFA0AAD13FD25FB8752DC" box="[1076,1093,693,719]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="49">A</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="10E3EA90FFFEFA0AAD74FD24FB0452DD" box="[1107,1222,692,718]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="49">antillensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="0BD057EBFFFEFA0AADEAFD25FACA52DC" box="[1229,1288,693,719]" pageId="18" pageNumber="49" sensu="stricto">s. str.</taxonomicNameLabel>
also shows a second row of subambulacral spines in some plates. The Trindade specimen and the Caribbean Colombian specimens assigned to 
<taxonomicName id="E5974D01FFFEFA0AA879FD6DFE325305" authorityName="Lutken" authorityYear="1859" box="[350,496,764,791]" class="Asteroidea" family="Astropectinidae" genus="Astropecten" kingdom="Animalia" order="Paxillosida" pageId="18" pageNumber="49" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="antillensis">
<emphasis id="10E3EA90FFFEFA0AA879FD6DFEAD5304" box="[350,367,765,791]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="49">A</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="10E3EA90FFFEFA0AA85AFD6CFE325305" box="[381,496,764,790]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="49">antillensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by 
<bibRefCitation id="46064B73FFFEFA0AAB3DFD6CFCBA5304" author="Benavides-Serrato, M. &amp; Borrero-Perez, G. &amp; Diaz-Sanchez, C." box="[538,888,764,791]" pageId="18" pageNumber="49" refId="ref18693" refString="Benavides-Serrato, M., Borrero-Perez, G. &amp; Diaz-Sanchez, C. (2011) Equinodermos del caribe colombiano: Crinodea, Asteroidea y Ophiuroidea. Serie de Publicaciones Especiales de Invemar, Santa Marta, 384 pp." type="book" year="2011">
Benavides-Serrato 
<emphasis id="10E3EA90FFFEFA0AABD7FD6DFCE35305" box="[752,801,764,790]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="49">et al</emphasis>
. (2011)
</bibRefCitation>
agree with one another in having inferomarginal plates projecting beyond the superomarginal ones. Conversely, in 
<taxonomicName id="E5974D01FFFEFA0AAA5DFCB1FAAC5328" authority="sensu Clark &amp; Downey (1992)" authorityName="sensu Clark &amp; Downey" authorityYear="1992" box="[890,1390,800,827]" class="Asteroidea" family="Astropectinidae" genus="Astropecten" kingdom="Animalia" order="Paxillosida" pageId="18" pageNumber="49" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="antillensis">
<emphasis id="10E3EA90FFFEFA0AAA5DFCB1FC495328" box="[890,907,801,827]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="49">A</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="10E3EA90FFFEFA0AAABEFCB0FBCE5329" box="[921,1036,800,826]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="49">antillensis</emphasis>
sensu 
<bibRefCitation id="46064B73FFFEFA0AAD7EFCB0FAAC5328" author="Clark, A. M. &amp; Downey, M. E." box="[1113,1390,800,827]" pageId="18" pageNumber="49" refId="ref19314" refString="Clark, A. M. &amp; Downey, M. E. (1992) Starfishes of the Atlantic. Chapman and Hall-Natural History Museum Publications, London, 794 pp., 75 figs, 113 pls." type="book" year="1992">Clark &amp; Downey (1992)</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, the inferomarginals plates do not project beyond the superomarginals. According to Lütken (1859), morphology greatly varies over ontogeny in 
<taxonomicName id="E5974D01FFFEFA0AA881FCF9FDFA5391" authorityName="sensu Clark &amp; Downey" authorityYear="1992" box="[422,568,872,899]" class="Asteroidea" family="Astropectinidae" genus="Astropecten" kingdom="Animalia" order="Paxillosida" pageId="18" pageNumber="49" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="antillensis">
<emphasis id="10E3EA90FFFEFA0AA881FCF9FE755390" box="[422,439,873,899]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="49">A</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="10E3EA90FFFEFA0AA8E2FCF8FDFA5391" box="[453,568,872,898]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="49">antillensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="22283682FFFEFA0AA9E0FC1DFAFB546D" blockId="18.[151,1437,152,1151]" pageId="18" pageNumber="49">
<taxonomicName id="E5974D01FFFEFA0AA9E0FC1DFE3353B5" authorityName="sensu Clark &amp; Downey" authorityYear="1992" box="[199,497,908,935]" class="Asteroidea" family="Astropectinidae" genus="Astropecten" kingdom="Animalia" order="Paxillosida" pageId="18" pageNumber="49" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="antillensis">
<emphasis id="10E3EA90FFFEFA0AA9E0FC1DFE8E53B4" box="[199,332,909,935]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="49">Astropecten</emphasis>
aff. 
<emphasis id="10E3EA90FFFEFA0AA859FC1CFE3353B5" box="[382,497,908,934]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="49">antillensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
differs from its Brazilian congeners with superomarginal spines in that it has a large spine in the first subambulacral row. That spine is wider and longer than the proximal and distal spines and longer than the furrow spines (
<figureCitation id="BAAC2A07FFFEFA0AA8B9FC44FE3053FC" box="[414,498,980,1007]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="17.[151,250,1371,1396]" captionTargetBox="[164,1423,452,1346]" captionTargetId="figure@17.[164,1423,452,1346]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="FIGURE 9. Astropecten aff. antillensis Lütken, 1859. A–Y. MZUSP 2090: A, B. Abactinal and actinal views. C. Paxillae. D. Madreporite. E. Mouth. F. Ambulacral spines. G. Squamules and spines, inferomarginal plate. H–Y. Scanning electron microscope. H–J. Superomarginal plates. K–M. Inferomarginal plates. N–P. Ambulacral plates. Q, R. Adambulacral plates. S, T. Haste, paxillae. U. Superomarginal spine. V, X. Inferomarginal spines. Z–Y. Furrow spines. Scale bars: A–B, 10 mm; C–D, G, 1 mm; E–F, 2 mm; H–J, N–R, U–X, Y, 200 μm; K–M, 300 μm; S, Z–W, 100 μm; T, 60 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3674461" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3674461/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="49">Fig. 9F</figureCitation>
). It further stands apart in having long, narrow arms and narrow disk; the inferomarginal plates usually have two ambital fringe spines (sometimes a much smaller one in the proximal region) (
<figureCitation id="BAAC2A07FFFEFA0AAC48FC68FF7F5424" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="17.[151,250,1371,1396]" captionTargetBox="[164,1423,452,1346]" captionTargetId="figure@17.[164,1423,452,1346]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="FIGURE 9. Astropecten aff. antillensis Lütken, 1859. A–Y. MZUSP 2090: A, B. Abactinal and actinal views. C. Paxillae. D. Madreporite. E. Mouth. F. Ambulacral spines. G. Squamules and spines, inferomarginal plate. H–Y. Scanning electron microscope. H–J. Superomarginal plates. K–M. Inferomarginal plates. N–P. Ambulacral plates. Q, R. Adambulacral plates. S, T. Haste, paxillae. U. Superomarginal spine. V, X. Inferomarginal spines. Z–Y. Furrow spines. Scale bars: A–B, 10 mm; C–D, G, 1 mm; E–F, 2 mm; H–J, N–R, U–X, Y, 200 μm; K–M, 300 μm; S, Z–W, 100 μm; T, 60 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3674461" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3674461/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="49">Fig. 9A</figureCitation>
). The fringe spines are about equal in length, or the distal spine is slightly longer. Conspicuous bare area in the center of the actinal surface of the inferomarginal plate (
<figureCitation id="BAAC2A07FFFEFA0AAA22FBD0FC9C5448" box="[773,862,1088,1115]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="17.[151,250,1371,1396]" captionTargetBox="[164,1423,452,1346]" captionTargetId="figure@17.[164,1423,452,1346]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="FIGURE 9. Astropecten aff. antillensis Lütken, 1859. A–Y. MZUSP 2090: A, B. Abactinal and actinal views. C. Paxillae. D. Madreporite. E. Mouth. F. Ambulacral spines. G. Squamules and spines, inferomarginal plate. H–Y. Scanning electron microscope. H–J. Superomarginal plates. K–M. Inferomarginal plates. N–P. Ambulacral plates. Q, R. Adambulacral plates. S, T. Haste, paxillae. U. Superomarginal spine. V, X. Inferomarginal spines. Z–Y. Furrow spines. Scale bars: A–B, 10 mm; C–D, G, 1 mm; E–F, 2 mm; H–J, N–R, U–X, Y, 200 μm; K–M, 300 μm; S, Z–W, 100 μm; T, 60 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3674461" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3674461/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="49">Fig. 9G</figureCitation>
). Paxillae with 1–5 central and about 12 peripherals spinelets. Three ambulacral spines truncated, the middle one larger than the lateral ones. No pedicellariae.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>