350 lines
61 KiB
XML
350 lines
61 KiB
XML
<document id="98203ECB43C4A4EF6E0AFB48B0DA7A6F" ENCODING="UTF-8" ID-GBIF-Dataset="5f96e565-1778-4154-8f67-81830690657d" ModsDocID="6751" checkinTime="1243377290804" checkinUser="christiana" docAuthor="Brown, W. L." docDate="1975" docId="A4651A4A04A392C3994587C77FF98615" docLanguage="en" docName="6751" docOrigin="Search: Agriculture; Cornell University Agricultural Experiment Station 15" docSource="http://antbase.org/ants/publications/6751/6751.pdf" docTitle="Sphinctomyrmex" docType="treatment" docVersion="10" lastPageNumber="33" masterDocId="5EF94453F8BE2CD657C7B1F34B08FD04" masterDocTitle="Contributions toward a reclassification of the Formicidae. V. Ponerinae, tribes Platythyreini, Cerapachyini, Cylindromyrmecini, Acanthostichini, and Aenictogitini." masterLastPageNumber="115" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="31" updateTime="1701312558498" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:titleInfo id="A072814DF5A09E324BB33047218EA972">
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<mods:title id="00B40D656740C780DAED8BA87CFE4043">Contributions toward a reclassification of the Formicidae. V. Ponerinae, tribes Platythyreini, Cerapachyini, Cylindromyrmecini, Acanthostichini, and Aenictogitini.</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="131D3154A112AFA97DA3852B1BEE42EA">Brown, W. L.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="0FD92239C6785600D69D54775BA15153">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="9F83C2BB6C4BA6D5813E87DDF73DDC45">Search: Agriculture; Cornell University Agricultural Experiment Station</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="A3E6CE91FA9E18CCD1142423BE8845CC">
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<mods:date id="511AB7FBA9E60437AA8A8371D735D9C2">1975</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="79B15860F601067198D1F3BD2DE91264">15</mods:number>
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<mods:url id="B0C1A4FC3F1DAF0FFB57282FA5C710AB">http://antbase.org/ants/publications/6751/6751.pdf</mods:url>
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<mods:classification id="36E69CC6E9FBB2E51BF2EA07AE0B24E2">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="D4182A4135470CC3D425B9D97FA11929" type="HNS-Pub">6751</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="91AE90561981C54023E5BECFE6CBC7FF" type="ZooBank">45422C7B-83F2-4F5A-9EE4-74C51F2C2BFE</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="A4651A4A04A392C3994587C77FF98615" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6284631" ID-GBIF-Taxon="125135899" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6284631" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:A4651A4A04A392C3994587C77FF98615" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/A4651A4A04A392C3994587C77FF98615" lastPageNumber="33" pageNumber="31">
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<subSubSection id="709BBB9D5837563EA4106BFD3660EF5A" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="676050C16FA02A6FC976829562F5C9C7" pageNumber="31">
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<taxonomicName id="98DCC1694421DC0815CF3324BCA8E2E7" ID-CoL="646B5" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:2433" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Sphinctomyrmex" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sphinctomyrmex Mayr" lsidName-HNS="Sphinctomyrmex Mayr" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Sphinctomyrmex</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="E9B76149067E88F80EB1A0143BB3BFCB" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="7E66F2F3BB3DF87DFE159077E6DAECAF" pageNumber="31">
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>
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<taxonomicName id="22417D0C729FB56CD1A6CCA298B96738" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:2433" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Sphinctomyrmex" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sphinctomyrmex Mayr" lsidName-HNS="Sphinctomyrmex Mayr" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Sphinctomyrmex</taxonomicName>
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Mayr, 1866: 895, [[ queen ]]. Type:
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<taxonomicName id="DD366CE437B5E53EFF386E633E11BBE3" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:36425" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Sphinctomyrmex" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sphinctomyrmex stali Mayr" lsidName-HNS="Sphinctomyrmex stali Mayr" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="stali">Sphinctomyrmex stali</taxonomicName>
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, 1866, monobasic. ----- Borgmeier, 1957: 104, [[ worker ]] ', discussion of
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<taxonomicName id="D3CE1D8B0038A857058D98E85DE081E9" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:36425" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Sphinctomyrmex" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sphinctomyrmex stali Mayr" lsidName-HNS="Sphinctomyrmex stali Mayr" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="stali">S. stali</taxonomicName>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="BF3BF29995D45DFFD1E812FAA99C33E5" pageNumber="31">
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[[ ... ]]
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<taxonomicName id="E4ED82E23CA7F9F6738EFBF5ECC431BD" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:2431" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Cerapachys" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cerapachys Smith" lsidName-HNS="Cerapachys Smith" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Cerapachys</taxonomicName>
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: Forel, 1893: 461, not F. Smith.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="52421DF23C291D08F3E9EFFF47556221" pageNumber="31">
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> Eusphinctus Emery, 1893, Ann. Soc. Entomol. France, 61 (1892): cclxxv, [[ worker ]]. Type:
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<taxonomicName id="AD62E54AAB73B9A0C458F491342B5C7F" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:144446" authority="Emery, 1893" authorityName="Emery" authorityYear="1893" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Eusphinctus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Eusphinctus furcatus Emery" lsidName-HNS="Eusphinctus furcatus Emery" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthorpoda" rank="species" species="furcatus">Eusphinctus furcatus</taxonomicName>
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, 1893, by original designation, monobasic. ----- 1895 a: pl. 14, fig. 4, [[ male ]]: genitalia.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="2C37F26421EE4D6A7296C6331C3B4480" pageNumber="31">
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>
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<taxonomicName id="829042772D61F8ED94D3608B77B9C010" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:2433" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Sphinctomyrmex" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sphinctomyrmex Mayr" lsidName-HNS="Sphinctomyrmex Mayr" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Sphinctomyrmex</taxonomicName>
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subgenus
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<taxonomicName id="D8656106AE69FE301E64D9A8BE1DB0DA" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:146952" authority="Emery, 1893" authorityName="Emery" authorityYear="1893" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Eusphinctus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Eusphinctus Emery" lsidName-HNS="Eusphinctus Emery" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthorpoda" rank="genus">Eusphinctus</taxonomicName>
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: Emery, 1894 b: 457. ----- 1911: 7, [[ worker ]] [[ queen ]], species list.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="193E0A2B7C506F668E22E98FA60E9A59" pageNumber="31">
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>
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<taxonomicName id="2DBD3DAAF14B1691A764B7157634DD64" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:146952" authority="Emery, 1893" authorityName="Emery" authorityYear="1893" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Eusphinctus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Eusphinctus Emery" lsidName-HNS="Eusphinctus Emery" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthorpoda" rank="genus">Eusphinctus</taxonomicName>
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: Wheeler, 1918: 219, 224, review of Australian spp. with key.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="F0537BC8401CDF3AA6A4C2F467E8323D" pageNumber="31">
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>
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<taxonomicName id="EE1224E9B4164B2022C30A285CCB0A29" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:146952" authority="Emery, 1893" authorityName="Emery" authorityYear="1893" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Eusphinctus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Eusphinctus Emery" lsidName-HNS="Eusphinctus Emery" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthorpoda" rank="genus">Eusphinctus</taxonomicName>
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subgenus
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<taxonomicName id="44A134E63C84BAF00BF5B8916845C188" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:146952" authority="Emery, 1893" authorityName="Emery" authorityYear="1893" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Eusphinctus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Eusphinctus Emery" lsidName-HNS="Eusphinctus Emery" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthorpoda" rank="genus">Eusphinctus</taxonomicName>
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: Wheeler, 1918: 219, diagnosis; 224 - 231, review of Australian spp. with key.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="2E5FD338E47B9401794E04D6EDDECB76" pageNumber="31">
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>
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<taxonomicName id="0D9D70DC18068C1635F40E8E55873FE6" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:146952" authority="Emery, 1893" authorityName="Emery" authorityYear="1893" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Eusphinctus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Eusphinctus Emery" lsidName-HNS="Eusphinctus Emery" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthorpoda" rank="genus">Eusphinctus</taxonomicName>
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subgenus
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<taxonomicName id="08086CFBD7C0A41B3EF4D7AD96BD754E" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:147293" authority="Wheeler & W.M., 1918" authorityName="Wheeler & W.M." authorityYear="1918" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Zasphinctus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zasphinctus Wheeler" lsidName-HNS="Zasphinctus Wheeler" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthorpoda" rank="genus">Zasphinctus</taxonomicName>
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Wheeler, 1918: 219, 233. Type:
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<taxonomicName id="832A795C3BC89AF5A2C0B2361B958ECF" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:233536" authority="Emery, 1893" authorityName="Emery" authorityYear="1893" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Eusphinctus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Eusphinctus (Zasphinctus) turneri" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthorpoda" rank="species" species="turneri" subGenus="Zasphinctus">Eusphinctus (Zasphinctus) turneri</taxonomicName>
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Forel, monobasic.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="131C3794E720E1467347BB2ABCAC27DF" pageNumber="31">
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>
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<taxonomicName id="AC54C7FF4C725743BBBD3BC9D6FA867F" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:146952" authority="Emery, 1893" authorityName="Emery" authorityYear="1893" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Eusphinctus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Eusphinctus Emery" lsidName-HNS="Eusphinctus Emery" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthorpoda" rank="genus">Euphinctus</taxonomicName>
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subgenus
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<taxonomicName id="29974378E52D5D82AAFD0A06BC88FCEF" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:147140" authority="Wheeler, 1918" authorityName="Wheeler" authorityYear="1918" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Nothosphinctus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nothosphinctus Wheeler" lsidName-HNS="Nothosphinctus Wheeler" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Nothosphinctus</taxonomicName>
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Wheeler, 1918: 219, 225, 233 - 239, diagnosis and review of Australian spp. with key. Type:
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<taxonomicName id="771658D8BC1601D56396414D010C63E5" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:36416" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Sphinctomyrmex" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sphinctomyrmex froggatti Forel" lsidName-HNS="Sphinctomyrmex froggatti Forel" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="froggatti">Sphinctomyrmex froggatti Forel</taxonomicName>
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, by designation of Donisthorpe, 1943, Ann. Mag. Natur. Hist., (11) 10: 675.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="F3A4873DEC3151252276EC886368D650" pageNumber="31">
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>
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<taxonomicName id="D91BAE08F5111751AD3E7A64550C1794" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:146790" authority="Santschi, 1930" authorityName="Santschi" authorityYear="1930" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Aethiopopone" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aethiopopone Santschi" lsidName-HNS="Aethiopopone Santschi" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Aethiopopone</taxonomicName>
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Santschi, 1930: 49, a. Type:
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<taxonomicName id="BCDDEBB005929611393914DE603E4D53" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:36423" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Sphinctomyrmex" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sphinctomyrmex rufiventris Santschi" lsidName-HNS="Sphinctomyrmex rufiventris Santschi" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rufiventris">Sphinctomyrmex rufiventris Santschi</taxonomicName>
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, monobasic.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="7DE1638601A2973FFB348334CD030328" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph id="1292C8E72A34A3E2D67A0C662E7A433A" pageNumber="31">
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Worker: With characters of
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<taxonomicName id="63943895763C67DCCC3F9BAF1F354701" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:2431" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Cerapachys" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cerapachys Smith" lsidName-HNS="Cerapachys Smith" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Cerapachys</taxonomicName>
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, but gastric segments IV, V, and VI separated by distinct constrictions and (except for
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<taxonomicName id="AB06544F1BD88D22369B9204F9AB92A8" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:36417" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Sphinctomyrmex" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sphinctomyrmex furcatus (Emery)" lsidName-HNS="Sphinctomyrmex furcatus (Emery)" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="furcatus">S. furcatus</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="42A0DE934C88158C65FA4B8381A63AA2" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:36427" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Sphinctomyrmex" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sphinctomyrmex taylori Forel" lsidName-HNS="Sphinctomyrmex taylori Forel" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="taylori">S. taylori</taxonomicName>
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) nearly equal in length. Eyes reduced to very small size or altogether lacking (except in s.
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<taxonomicName id="15B27FC297837D7BA1AA8978FA226215" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:36429" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Sphinctomyrmex" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sphinctomyrmex turneri Forel" lsidName-HNS="Sphinctomyrmex turneri Forel" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="turneri">turneri</taxonomicName>
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, which has fairly large, convex eyes). Antennae with 11 or 12 segments; palpi usually segmented 3,3. Sculpture of round piligerous foveolae, sparse or crowded, with smooth or finely roughened interspaces. Hairs short, simple, sparse to fairly dense; pubescence sometimes present on petiole, postpetiole, or succeeding gastric segments. Color black, brown, red, or yellow.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="A6A0084C8D2A2FCDB74CBCCABFD6B938" pageNumber="31">
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Queen: A morphocline ranges from perfect winged (or dealate) females with large eyes, ocelli, etc., to blind subdichthadiiform queens that are workerlike except for larger size and broader head and petiole, and sometimes vestigial eyes and 1 ocellus. Intermediates exist in, e. g.,
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<taxonomicName id="B48AC99760DB38E98AE9FBA7CA94973F" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:36426" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Sphinctomyrmex" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sphinctomyrmex steinheili Forel" lsidName-HNS="Sphinctomyrmex steinheili Forel" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="steinheili">S. steinheili</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="D20E3EAEEA2D01C418B0FB71969998BE" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:36408" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Sphinctomyrmex" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sphinctomyrmex asper Brown" lsidName-HNS="Sphinctomyrmex asper Brown" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="asper">S. asper</taxonomicName>
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; these may have compound eyes of modest size and 3 ocelli, but workerlike trunk. It seems likely that the species with subdichthadiiform queens have monogynous colonies, while at least some of the dealate or intermediate forms are found several (to more than 20) to a single colony. It is not known whether the multiple queens are all functional reproductives.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="7E3B7DB5A68B1BEB994FA7F536BBEB9C" pageNumber="31">
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Male: Differs from
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<taxonomicName id="909D2B1D9C356796B9F730E69079B181" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:2431" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Cerapachys" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cerapachys Smith" lsidName-HNS="Cerapachys Smith" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Cerapachys</taxonomicName>
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male by the distinctly constricted subequal segments of the gaster, and even here a difficulty exists because some American
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<taxonomicName id="0972E7A33FA61CB81904A69402F921CD" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:2431" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Cerapachys" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cerapachys Smith" lsidName-HNS="Cerapachys Smith" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Cerapachys</taxonomicName>
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have narrowed bases to the main gastric segments. The male of
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<taxonomicName id="97007209BC5D801778457EF1F9D95411" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:36417" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Sphinctomyrmex" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sphinctomyrmex furcatus (Emery)" lsidName-HNS="Sphinctomyrmex furcatus (Emery)" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="furcatus">S. furcatus</taxonomicName>
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, like its worker, has the gastric segments unequal, with the first much the largest. Antennal segments 13, rarely (
|
|
<taxonomicName id="6116F59D42084D6C55EB9BD42CF9DC0F" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:36417" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Sphinctomyrmex" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sphinctomyrmex furcatus (Emery)" lsidName-HNS="Sphinctomyrmex furcatus (Emery)" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="furcatus">S. furcatus</taxonomicName>
|
|
) 12.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="EBA83E7E371A1F7BDD19AB828E15A035" pageNumber="31">
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|
Aside from s.
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|
<taxonomicName id="2194CCA571B95F3D5F1EFC7A255393AC" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:36417" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Sphinctomyrmex" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sphinctomyrmex furcatus (Emery)" lsidName-HNS="Sphinctomyrmex furcatus (Emery)" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="furcatus">furcatus</taxonomicName>
|
|
, males of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="D88AFEB7D81E8306C64C1D845DA83CDA" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:2433" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Sphinctomyrmex" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sphinctomyrmex Mayr" lsidName-HNS="Sphinctomyrmex Mayr" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Sphinctomyrmex</taxonomicName>
|
|
divide into 2 classes. The first class, associated in a few cases with workers and / or queens (
|
|
<taxonomicName id="5F18CD93094DA6AFB376E30C822C3171" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:36426" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Sphinctomyrmex" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sphinctomyrmex steinheili Forel" lsidName-HNS="Sphinctomyrmex steinheili Forel" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="steinheili">S. steinheili</taxonomicName>
|
|
,
|
|
<taxonomicName id="E5DCD1AEEF39C5C63713AAB06D4AF105" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:36429" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Sphinctomyrmex" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sphinctomyrmex turneri Forel" lsidName-HNS="Sphinctomyrmex turneri Forel" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="turneri">S. turneri</taxonomicName>
|
|
, S
|
|
<taxonomicName id="D4D58B295B4720C25704F627AAD8C71B" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:36408" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Sphinctomyrmex" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sphinctomyrmex asper Brown" lsidName-HNS="Sphinctomyrmex asper Brown" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="asper">. asper</taxonomicName>
|
|
) has slender males with triangular mandibles, and usually distinct notauli. The second class, consisting of males taken at light, probably belongs with the species having subdichthadiiform queens (froggatti group); these have long, tapered, falcate mandibles and lack distinct notauli; they tend to be larger and relatively robust, and have denser, softer, more regularly arranged pilosity, particularly on head and mandibles (figs. 97, 98); see also fuller discussion at [67].
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|
<subSubSection id="14727F341AF25D4BED1ECF3C8BBD0FC7" type="discussion">
|
|
<paragraph id="DD453126CC7BF926D19EDFD2FC7EE9CB" pageNumber="31">
|
|
The genus
|
|
<taxonomicName id="D99207F55FD2AD117C082151EEA11932" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:2433" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Sphinctomyrmex" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sphinctomyrmex Mayr" lsidName-HNS="Sphinctomyrmex Mayr" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Sphinctomyrmex</taxonomicName>
|
|
was first described by Mayr (1866: 895) from a single dealate queen with 12 - segmented antennae (
|
|
<taxonomicName id="B368DC53A772116C9656D5CCE7B62D7A" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:36425" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Sphinctomyrmex" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sphinctomyrmex stali Mayr" lsidName-HNS="Sphinctomyrmex stali Mayr" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="stali">S. stali</taxonomicName>
|
|
) from southeastern Brasil. Although at least one winged queen of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="568BA520177984CDA8828A99E5326A41" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:2433" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Sphinctomyrmex" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sphinctomyrmex Mayr" lsidName-HNS="Sphinctomyrmex Mayr" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Sphinctomyrmex</taxonomicName>
|
|
had already been collected in West Africa in the last century [70], the genus was not to be reported in print from that continent again until Santschi's record of 1915. Forel described forms from Australia (as
|
|
<taxonomicName id="7D0D639D48C8093C5407B2E087314169" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:2431" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Cerapachys" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cerapachys Smith" lsidName-HNS="Cerapachys Smith" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Cerapachys</taxonomicName>
|
|
) in 1893 and 1895, and in 1895 Emery introduced the new generic name
|
|
<taxonomicName id="55A27AE37A4AD282CE27615572CEE5D4" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:146952" authority="Emery, 1893" authorityName="Emery" authorityYear="1893" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Eusphinctus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Eusphinctus Emery" lsidName-HNS="Eusphinctus Emery" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthorpoda" rank="genus">Eusphinctus</taxonomicName>
|
|
for a worker from Burma with 11 - segmented antennae that he named
|
|
<taxonomicName id="9E0E121F2492477FAECC21372F562D92" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:144446" authority="Emery, 1893" authorityName="Emery" authorityYear="1893" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Eusphinctus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Eusphinctus furcatus Emery" lsidName-HNS="Eusphinctus furcatus Emery" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthorpoda" rank="species" species="furcatus">E. furcatus</taxonomicName>
|
|
. New
|
|
<taxonomicName id="82C1BA8B00E93F808518478DFF65AC9E" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:146952" authority="Emery, 1893" authorityName="Emery" authorityYear="1893" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Eusphinctus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Eusphinctus Emery" lsidName-HNS="Eusphinctus Emery" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthorpoda" rank="genus">Eusphinctus</taxonomicName>
|
|
species were added from New Guinea by Emery (1897) and from India and Australia by Forel, who both saw that workers of some species had 11, others 12, antennal segments, and therefore regarded
|
|
<taxonomicName id="D493D23924BB849AE28C55AB76E5311C" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:146952" authority="Emery, 1893" authorityName="Emery" authorityYear="1893" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Eusphinctus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Eusphinctus Emery" lsidName-HNS="Eusphinctus Emery" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthorpoda" rank="genus">Eusphinctus</taxonomicName>
|
|
only as a subgenus of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="65A15C901265E40ACDDF45FFCEF10A17" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:2433" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Sphinctomyrmex" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sphinctomyrmex Mayr" lsidName-HNS="Sphinctomyrmex Mayr" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Sphinctomyrmex</taxonomicName>
|
|
. Andre (1905) noted that the Indo-Australian species known at the time differed from the lone neotropical species,
|
|
<taxonomicName id="9E5649A0E06D5599CE73DC18389BC1CC" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:36425" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Sphinctomyrmex" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sphinctomyrmex stali Mayr" lsidName-HNS="Sphinctomyrmex stali Mayr" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="stali">S. stali</taxonomicName>
|
|
, in that they had ergatoid queens, whereas the
|
|
<taxonomicName id="9B8D6528D8190304016F50F9AF99346E" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:36425" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Sphinctomyrmex" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sphinctomyrmex stali Mayr" lsidName-HNS="Sphinctomyrmex stali Mayr" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="stali">S. stali</taxonomicName>
|
|
queen had well-developed thoracic sclerites and had obviously once borne wings. On this basis, he recommended that
|
|
<taxonomicName id="66E466712C6D3865E97DF4AD0DD12C78" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:2433" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Sphinctomyrmex" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sphinctomyrmex Mayr" lsidName-HNS="Sphinctomyrmex Mayr" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Sphinctomyrmex</taxonomicName>
|
|
and
|
|
<taxonomicName id="1A24D9DCAA8D86A7EA2A9E2160D2ED7C" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:146952" authority="Emery, 1893" authorityName="Emery" authorityYear="1893" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Eusphinctus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Eusphinctus Emery" lsidName-HNS="Eusphinctus Emery" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthorpoda" rank="genus">Eusphinctus</taxonomicName>
|
|
be recognized as separate genera. Emery, in his 1911 ponerine fascicle of the Genera Insectorum, kept
|
|
<taxonomicName id="FEDEDD42847FA0F59FEF023FC2225678" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:146952" authority="Emery, 1893" authorityName="Emery" authorityYear="1893" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Eusphinctus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Eusphinctus Emery" lsidName-HNS="Eusphinctus Emery" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthorpoda" rank="genus">Eusphinctus</taxonomicName>
|
|
at subgeneric level. In 1918, however, Wheeler not only embraced Andre's generic separation, but went on to subdivide
|
|
<taxonomicName id="FB1AE814975ABE3485DC4B4F338384B3" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:146952" authority="Emery, 1893" authorityName="Emery" authorityYear="1893" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Eusphinctus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Eusphinctus Emery" lsidName-HNS="Eusphinctus Emery" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthorpoda" rank="genus">Eusphinctus</taxonomicName>
|
|
into 3 subgenera:
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|
<subSubSection id="6B4E0C04AA1C1BA1F36E8C3C1C0208EB" type="description">
|
|
<paragraph id="50FDBCAF800BDCA3F0C6D65B6324BA15" pageNumber="31">
|
|
1.
|
|
<taxonomicName id="A391170BF235F7AA6ABB41DB7684E808" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:146952" authority="Emery, 1893" authorityName="Emery" authorityYear="1893" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Eusphinctus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Eusphinctus Emery" lsidName-HNS="Eusphinctus Emery" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthorpoda" rank="genus">Eusphinctus</taxonomicName>
|
|
s. str. Workers and females with 11 - jointed antennae, with entire or emarginate pygidium, the workers blind, the females with eyes and ocelli. Habits hypogaeic.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="84F18C9151FFB859F998E5F1A7E30222" pageNumber="31">
|
|
2.
|
|
<taxonomicName id="7A48C031D4D020C329B7B5B0B7B8AFD6" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:147140" authority="Wheeler, 1918" authorityName="Wheeler" authorityYear="1918" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Nothosphinctus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nothosphinctus Wheeler" lsidName-HNS="Nothosphinctus Wheeler" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Nothosphinctus</taxonomicName>
|
|
<taxonomicNameLabel id="BD7B4E3AD74B4BD5DE78E36181C4AACB" rank="subGenus">subgen. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
|
Workers and females with 12 - jointed antennae; the former blind and with entire pygidium, the latter with emarginate pygidium and either blind or with very minute eyes and the anterior ocellus. Habits hypogaeic.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="A1EA22D71F2E66EC7366F5BD10916155" pageNumber="31">
|
|
3.
|
|
<taxonomicName id="CE3BA44FA09D7768B302E572BCC46166" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:147293" authority="Wheeler & W.M., 1918" authorityName="Wheeler & W.M." authorityYear="1918" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Zasphinctus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zasphinctus Wheeler" lsidName-HNS="Zasphinctus Wheeler" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthorpoda" rank="genus">Zasphinctus</taxonomicName>
|
|
<taxonomicNameLabel id="DC5F2A0267CFF54D5430DBE41965B516" rank="subGenus">subgen. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
|
Workers large, dark colored, with 12 - jointed antennae and well developed eyes, but without ocelli. Females unknown. Habits probably epigaeic.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|
<subSubSection id="D15D18BBAE7D3C5825606DCFAA59A433" type="discussion">
|
|
<paragraph id="8A076BBBE28352396C70B766FEE25710" lastPageNumber="32" pageNumber="32">
|
|
Meanwhile, Santschi (1915) had described a species of Sphinctomyrmex from males taken at light in West Africa. Wheeler (1918) dismissed Santschi's generic assignment as " open to doubt. " But when Santschi read Wheeler's 1918 revision, he displayed his carefree notion of generic-level taxonomy by making
|
|
<taxonomicName id="F23003DAFA1211E667D5FBD1799C1B2E" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:36423" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Sphinctomyrmex" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sphinctomyrmex rufiventris Santschi" lsidName-HNS="Sphinctomyrmex rufiventris Santschi" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rufiventris">S. rufiventris</taxonomicName>
|
|
the type of a new genus,
|
|
<taxonomicName id="AFD37D22AA501CF0199503FA0970936C" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:146790" authority="Santschi, 1930" authorityName="Santschi" authorityYear="1930" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Aethiopopone" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aethiopopone Santschi" lsidName-HNS="Aethiopopone Santschi" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Aethiopopone</taxonomicName>
|
|
, and justified his action as follows (Santschi En 1915, quand je decrivis cette espece en la rapportant au genre
|
|
<taxonomicName id="CEDFA294E3D7564E16E58A6C6C3681B0" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:2433" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Sphinctomyrmex" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sphinctomyrmex Mayr" lsidName-HNS="Sphinctomyrmex Mayr" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Sphinctomyrmex</taxonomicName>
|
|
, l'habitat de celui-ci etait considere comme etant le Bresil, l'Australie et l'Indie, et le S etait encore inconnu. Or, le [[ male ]] de
|
|
<taxonomicName id="88820447461393A257555D936B68DBFA" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:36423" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Sphinctomyrmex" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sphinctomyrmex rufiventris Santschi" lsidName-HNS="Sphinctomyrmex rufiventris Santschi" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rufiventris">S. rufiventris</taxonomicName>
|
|
avec ses caracteres de Prodorylinas, surtout ses segments abdominaux etrangles, son habitat intermediaire, me fit risquer une identification pareille a celle que firent Forel et Emery en rapportant a ce genre les
|
|
<taxonomicName id="DDC1D1F86CFAA052041FC0342FD9E26B" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:146952" authority="Emery, 1893" authorityName="Emery" authorityYear="1893" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Eusphinctus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Eusphinctus Emery" lsidName-HNS="Eusphinctus Emery" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthorpoda" rank="genus">Eusphinctus</taxonomicName>
|
|
du vieux monde. Ce n'est du reste qu'en 1918 que Wheeler fit la distinction generique, ne considerant plus que comme
|
|
<taxonomicName id="2B8D8984749C8B66D1365333A74BDA84" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:2433" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Sphinctomyrmex" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sphinctomyrmex Mayr" lsidName-HNS="Sphinctomyrmex Mayr" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Sphinctomyrmex</taxonomicName>
|
|
la [[ queen ]]
|
|
<taxonomicName id="34FF822EB10A5A60ECEE3093C6F14BDC" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:36425" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Sphinctomyrmex" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sphinctomyrmex stali Mayr" lsidName-HNS="Sphinctomyrmex stali Mayr" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="stali">S. stali Mayr</taxonomicName>
|
|
du Bresil. En elevant au rang de genre le sous-genre
|
|
<taxonomicName id="74BB0DA77BAC6A1C775710BDABCF2767" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:146952" authority="Emery, 1893" authorityName="Emery" authorityYear="1893" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Eusphinctus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Eusphinctus Emery" lsidName-HNS="Eusphinctus Emery" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthorpoda" rank="genus">Eusphinctus</taxonomicName>
|
|
Em. pour les especes indo-australiennes, il le divise en trois sous-genres:
|
|
<taxonomicName id="C67027D536F206B3B2289313DA04823A" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:146952" authority="Emery, 1893" authorityName="Emery" authorityYear="1893" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Eusphinctus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Eusphinctus Emery" lsidName-HNS="Eusphinctus Emery" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthorpoda" rank="genus">Eusphinctus</taxonomicName>
|
|
,
|
|
<taxonomicName id="B985EE61E97003645A6202BB1BF5CCD5" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:147140" authority="Wheeler, 1918" authorityName="Wheeler" authorityYear="1918" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Nothosphinctus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nothosphinctus Wheeler" lsidName-HNS="Nothosphinctus Wheeler" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Notosphinctus</taxonomicName>
|
|
et
|
|
<taxonomicName id="1DDF591011595B7FDC8B30B6C257AFF0" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:147293" authority="Wheeler & W.M., 1918" authorityName="Wheeler & W.M." authorityYear="1918" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Zasphinctus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zasphinctus Wheeler" lsidName-HNS="Zasphinctus Wheeler" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthorpoda" rank="genus">Zasphinctus</taxonomicName>
|
|
. Cela etant donne, je me vois oblige de creer un nouveau genre pour l'espece africaine. Les caracteres de celle-ci tiennent das G.
|
|
<taxonomicName id="9BD8EBD191622554548F3C36462CF7CD" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:2433" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Sphinctomyrmex" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sphinctomyrmex Mayr" lsidName-HNS="Sphinctomyrmex Mayr" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Sphinctomyrmex</taxonomicName>
|
|
,
|
|
<taxonomicName id="684C5B9ED80660278A4662408D8E370B" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:2431" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Cerapachys" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cerapachys Smith" lsidName-HNS="Cerapachys Smith" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Cerapachys</taxonomicName>
|
|
et
|
|
<taxonomicName id="65D85F19A22F66285BA12D8554750A05" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:2432" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Simopone" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Simopone Forel" lsidName-HNS="Simopone Forel" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Simopone</taxonomicName>
|
|
.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="442E23EBFA420B6D45749F8F7A4E23AA" pageNumber="32">
|
|
This house of cards should have been fluttered away in 1923 by Clark when he described
|
|
<taxonomicName id="6E9E21EF5493B2F5FBED2C2135838CE2" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:144455" authority="Emery, 1893" authorityName="Emery" authorityYear="1893" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Eusphinctus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Eusphinctus (Eusphinctus) occidentalis Clark" lsidName-HNS="Eusphinctus (Eusphinctus) occidentalis Clark" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthorpoda" rank="species" species="occidentalis">Eusphinctus occidentalis</taxonomicName>
|
|
from Western Australia. This species turned out to have a dealate queen with 11 - segmented antennae associated with blind workers much like those of the eastern Australian
|
|
<taxonomicName id="DAB4451CEA36E2A643A59FEC6DE0BF73" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:177799" authority="Emery, 1893" authorityName="Emery" authorityYear="1893" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Eusphinctus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Eusphinctus steinheili (Forel)" lsidName-HNS="Eusphinctus steinheili (Forel)" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthorpoda" rank="species" species="steinheili">E. steinheili</taxonomicName>
|
|
and
|
|
<taxonomicName id="0801A731B33F1F5B7C5C4B76BEDE856A" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:144442" authority="Emery, 1893" authorityName="Emery" authorityYear="1893" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Eusphinctus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Eusphinctus duchaussoyi André" lsidName-HNS="Eusphinctus duchaussoyi André" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthorpoda" rank="species" species="duchaussoyi">E. duchaussoyi</taxonomicName>
|
|
.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="C208522AA15419EA8E590B59E2D3C607" pageNumber="32">
|
|
Further discoveries were the worker caste of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="7550C474FBBB76372B6906B48805A931" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:36425" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Sphinctomyrmex" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sphinctomyrmex stali Mayr" lsidName-HNS="Sphinctomyrmex stali Mayr" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="stali">S. stali (Borgmeier, 1957)</taxonomicName>
|
|
[69] and the winged
|
|
<taxonomicName id="28922FECFDB3B54794873CE9D09EBA6D" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:2433" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Sphinctomyrmex" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sphinctomyrmex Mayr" lsidName-HNS="Sphinctomyrmex Mayr" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Sphinctomyrmex</taxonomicName>
|
|
queen collected long ago by Afzelius in West Africa [70], already mentioned above, and also workers of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="6B1AAC9918460B5555263BA2FE8DF452" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:2433" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Sphinctomyrmex" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sphinctomyrmex Mayr" lsidName-HNS="Sphinctomyrmex Mayr" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Sphinctomyrmex</taxonomicName>
|
|
dug out of the Ivorian savanna by Jean Levieux [70]. Now another species has been found by Gotwald in rotting wood in Gabon (unpublished).
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="C939D83078732AF2A51E960E0C40DD8B" pageNumber="32">It seems from a survey of all the old and new material that we are dealing with a single genus in which the functional queens vary, according to species, from " normal " winged (when virgin) to ergatoid or even dichthadiiform types. This arrangement has already been tacitly accepted by Wilson (1957), and it would be well to deal with the diagnostic characters (Wheeler, 1918: 219) one at a time.</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="97ED9B5CB2BC4E20623FF67133492059" pageNumber="32">
|
|
Specialization of queen. The most primitive kind of queen (Africa, Brasil, Western Australia) has wings that are lost, presumably in the usual fashion, before the colony is founded, or at least before the queen joins an established colony. Queens of species such as
|
|
<taxonomicName id="28A30DC6B51F067AD286E2EBA1E64595" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:36426" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Sphinctomyrmex" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sphinctomyrmex steinheili Forel" lsidName-HNS="Sphinctomyrmex steinheili Forel" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="steinheili">S. steinheili</taxonomicName>
|
|
,
|
|
<taxonomicName id="B61BB1E760709D589FF88E8DE0687C3D" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:36408" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Sphinctomyrmex" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sphinctomyrmex asper Brown" lsidName-HNS="Sphinctomyrmex asper Brown" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="asper">S. asper</taxonomicName>
|
|
, and
|
|
<taxonomicName id="9B7A81986A110CFCBF214FA9A788967F" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:36414" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Sphinctomyrmex" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sphinctomyrmex duchaussoyi (André)" lsidName-HNS="Sphinctomyrmex duchaussoyi (André)" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="duchaussoyi">S. duchaussoyi</taxonomicName>
|
|
are wingless and ergatoid in thoracic structure, but have 3 distinct ocelli and a pair of compound eyes. In
|
|
<taxonomicName id="A67684686718DBC03133946E2896A54C" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:36418" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Sphinctomyrmex" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sphinctomyrmex imbecilis Forel" lsidName-HNS="Sphinctomyrmex imbecilis Forel" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="imbecilis">imbecilis</taxonomicName>
|
|
, the queen has undergone further specialization; the head is broadened and its sides rounded, the ocelli are reduced to one, and the compound eyes are reduced to minute vestiges; this ant is clearly on its way towards becoming a dichthadiiform, and it is important to note that the development of wings and pterothorax is not the only criterion on which the queens may be sorted.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="95ADE8B921D1624FD2CF6EC50890DB6E" pageNumber="32">
|
|
Habits " hypogaeic " vs. " probably epigaeic. " Wheeler's use of this ethological character, even as stated, is obviously speculative. The meager evidence available fails to support his classification. I found
|
|
<taxonomicName id="141AD89C9AA845D3A86F106D8F20A120" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:36426" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Sphinctomyrmex" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sphinctomyrmex steinheili Forel" lsidName-HNS="Sphinctomyrmex steinheili Forel" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="steinheili">S. steinheili</taxonomicName>
|
|
travelling aboveground in full daylight during a raid on a nest of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="C2B2837655772F3C5972D064CA78012E" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:24791" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Stigmacros" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Stigmacros Forel" lsidName-HNS="Stigmacros Forel" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Stigmacros</taxonomicName>
|
|
in Victoria, Australia, although the raiders used cracks in the soil for some parts of their trail (Wilson, 1958: 136). On the other hand, I collected a worker of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="21271566D4360875CACE9291A917D891" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:36429" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Sphinctomyrmex" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sphinctomyrmex turneri Forel" lsidName-HNS="Sphinctomyrmex turneri Forel" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="turneri">S. turneri</taxonomicName>
|
|
foraging under leaves in dark rain forest in northern Queensland. At the very least, the distinction between these two species and their respective subgenera on hypogaeic vs. epigaeic foraging habits must be considered as blurred. In fact, Wheeler's classification is based on the presence or absence of worker eyes, a trait that may no more reflect foraging habits than it does in the true army ants. By the same token, it is possible, even probable, that some of the species with blind workers really are hypogaeic in foraging habits.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="66C8956C601048AE0A69AAA84A6F719E" pageNumber="32">
|
|
Antennae 12 - merous vs. 11 - merous in worker and queen. This character was weak to begin with, because the workers of forms with winged / dealate queens can have either 12 or 11 segments,
|
|
<taxonomicName id="9C8BE35E81DD18A2FC119366077173A6" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:36417" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Sphinctomyrmex" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sphinctomyrmex furcatus (Emery)" lsidName-HNS="Sphinctomyrmex furcatus (Emery)" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="furcatus">S. furcatus</taxonomicName>
|
|
, though not very close to the Australian "
|
|
<taxonomicName id="89394E96CAFD57E3791A12FCF3F95028" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:146952" authority="Emery, 1893" authorityName="Emery" authorityYear="1893" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Eusphinctus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Eusphinctus Emery" lsidName-HNS="Eusphinctus Emery" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthorpoda" rank="genus">Eusphinctus</taxonomicName>
|
|
s. str., " has 11 segments in worker and queen. Now we have
|
|
<taxonomicName id="40BD7E68CF9DCC27D3A0A5CDDA279685" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:36408" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Sphinctomyrmex" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sphinctomyrmex asper Brown" lsidName-HNS="Sphinctomyrmex asper Brown" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="asper">S. asper</taxonomicName>
|
|
, which is very close to the Australian Eusphinctus s. str. but has 12 antennal segments instead of 11. As in
|
|
<taxonomicName id="679AA5607357039FEE6E486AF091D72F" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:2431" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Cerapachys" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cerapachys Smith" lsidName-HNS="Cerapachys Smith" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Cerapachys</taxonomicName>
|
|
, antennal segment number apparently has undergone independent reductions that make it a poor group character.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="7B82383EE93FB34C5A88F9CECC5FFF6A" pageNumber="32">
|
|
Pygidium notched vs. entire. Wheeler (1918: 219) noted that: the worker of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="B211A1BA084F9A5D2B578EEB504C5683" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:36413" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Sphinctomyrmex" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sphinctomyrmex cribratus Emery" lsidName-HNS="Sphinctomyrmex cribratus Emery" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cribratus">E. cribratus Emery</taxonomicName>
|
|
of New Guinea has an entire pygidium and belongs with the Australian species in Eusphinctus s. str., but the workers of the Indian species
|
|
<taxonomicName id="3EB0AC0AD536338C727EB06A99878596" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:144446" authority="Emery, 1893" authorityName="Emery" authorityYear="1893" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Eusphinctus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Eusphinctus furcatus Emery" lsidName-HNS="Eusphinctus furcatus Emery" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthorpoda" rank="species" species="furcatus">E. furcatus Emery</taxonomicName>
|
|
and
|
|
<taxonomicName id="1095992C6291BD8494501BBC2B7B52D1" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:36427" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Sphinctomyrmex" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sphinctomyrmex taylori Forel" lsidName-HNS="Sphinctomyrmex taylori Forel" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="taylori">taylori Forel</taxonomicName>
|
|
have a notched pygidium. Should future investigation show that the pygidial characters are correlated with other peculiarities or with different types of female, it may be advisable to restrict the subgenus
|
|
<taxonomicName id="59EE22F468816345E5E5806CDB7AF940" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:146952" authority="Emery, 1893" authorityName="Emery" authorityYear="1893" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Eusphinctus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Eusphinctus Emery" lsidName-HNS="Eusphinctus Emery" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthorpoda" rank="genus">Eusphinctus</taxonomicName>
|
|
to the two Indian species and to suggest a new subgeneric name for the Australian and Papuan forms with 11 - jointed antennae. The emarginate pygidium itself is not a very impressive group character, since it is partly linked to size. "
|
|
<taxonomicName id="712EDBE134A98D9445DE92AD3D4D4617" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:147293" authority="Wheeler & W.M., 1918" authorityName="Wheeler & W.M." authorityYear="1918" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Zasphinctus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zasphinctus Wheeler" lsidName-HNS="Zasphinctus Wheeler" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthorpoda" rank="genus">Zasphinctus</taxonomicName>
|
|
"
|
|
<taxonomicName id="DD79A9B2D38EA667A0C72C3C91A3E488" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:36429" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Sphinctomyrmex" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sphinctomyrmex turneri Forel" lsidName-HNS="Sphinctomyrmex turneri Forel" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="turneri">turneri</taxonomicName>
|
|
has it in the worker, and "
|
|
<taxonomicName id="9F3B52C0945ED75C92169474776F8116" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:147140" authority="Wheeler, 1918" authorityName="Wheeler" authorityYear="1918" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Nothosphinctus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nothosphinctus Wheeler" lsidName-HNS="Nothosphinctus Wheeler" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Nothosphinctus</taxonomicName>
|
|
" queens have it, while workers do not. Also, emargination occurs to different degrees among the species that have it, and even the angle of view affects its distinctiveness.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="05E0571F48198C2C92E048B3E11DAD6C" pageNumber="32">
|
|
The Indian species
|
|
<taxonomicName id="A3B08E7DDD1BC22B671BDDFF0EB3ADC1" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:144446" authority="Emery, 1893" authorityName="Emery" authorityYear="1893" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Eusphinctus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Eusphinctus furcatus Emery" lsidName-HNS="Eusphinctus furcatus Emery" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthorpoda" rank="species" species="furcatus">furcatus</taxonomicName>
|
|
[68] has now been found to possess an ergatoid female with eyes modestly larger than the minute ones of its worker, although its overall body size hardly differs from that of the worker in the same colony. The differences in the proportions of the gastric segments between
|
|
<taxonomicName id="30CD43CB38126DC5BA9BD4EA8DD498B5" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:144446" authority="Emery, 1893" authorityName="Emery" authorityYear="1893" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Eusphinctus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Eusphinctus furcatus Emery" lsidName-HNS="Eusphinctus furcatus Emery" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthorpoda" rank="species" species="furcatus">furcatus</taxonomicName>
|
|
(fig. 100) and other
|
|
<taxonomicName id="6E5BC7A66B4E7F021EA078C580AA72B5" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:2433" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Sphinctomyrmex" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sphinctomyrmex Mayr" lsidName-HNS="Sphinctomyrmex Mayr" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Sphinctomyrmex</taxonomicName>
|
|
seem not to have attracted much notice, though they weaken the separation between
|
|
<taxonomicName id="5AC4B289AD7D4E0ED916230CACAB2DEA" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:2433" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Sphinctomyrmex" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sphinctomyrmex Mayr" lsidName-HNS="Sphinctomyrmex Mayr" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Sphinctomyrmex</taxonomicName>
|
|
and
|
|
<taxonomicName id="48264FBCB0C878C5366E7C1B124EB7A3" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:2431" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Cerapachys" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cerapachys Smith" lsidName-HNS="Cerapachys Smith" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Cerapachys</taxonomicName>
|
|
. Now that we have the presumed males of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="A5E3EA093B547A414F23922A0E9B7C47" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:144446" authority="Emery, 1893" authorityName="Emery" authorityYear="1893" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Eusphinctus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Eusphinctus furcatus Emery" lsidName-HNS="Eusphinctus furcatus Emery" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthorpoda" rank="species" species="furcatus">furcatus</taxonomicName>
|
|
, we note another difference in that this specimen has only 12 antennal segments, whereas all other known cerapachyine males have 13. The
|
|
<taxonomicName id="8E55F33E2224856E71E1DF8347A10ACA" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:144446" authority="Emery, 1893" authorityName="Emery" authorityYear="1893" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Eusphinctus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Eusphinctus furcatus Emery" lsidName-HNS="Eusphinctus furcatus Emery" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthorpoda" rank="species" species="furcatus">furcatus</taxonomicName>
|
|
male also has the gastric segments proportioned about the same as in the worker, and its terminalia are fairly distinctive (although terminalia for related species are poorly known).
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="6BD8F6621B2A886B5775AE14CD3B112B" lastPageNumber="33" pageNumber="32">
|
|
Forgetting about the emarginate pygidium, then, we might still make a fair case for separating
|
|
<taxonomicName id="36CDCCC27D24983FE46FDE00D44BA762" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:144446" authority="Emery, 1893" authorityName="Emery" authorityYear="1893" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Eusphinctus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Eusphinctus furcatus Emery" lsidName-HNS="Eusphinctus furcatus Emery" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthorpoda" rank="species" species="furcatus">furcatus</taxonomicName>
|
|
and
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4BABD1AB6D456A4130D0A2021DE2EC80" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:36427" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Sphinctomyrmex" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sphinctomyrmex taylori Forel" lsidName-HNS="Sphinctomyrmex taylori Forel" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="taylori">taylori</taxonomicName>
|
|
into a genus
|
|
<taxonomicName id="9D530901E81674F465246A6485439D14" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:146952" authority="Emery, 1893" authorityName="Emery" authorityYear="1893" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Eusphinctus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Eusphinctus Emery" lsidName-HNS="Eusphinctus Emery" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthorpoda" rank="genus">Eusphinctus</taxonomicName>
|
|
apart from both Sphinctomyrmex and
|
|
<taxonomicName id="FF59A3355B70B8E6972F1EA778368CCE" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:2431" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Cerapachys" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cerapachys Smith" lsidName-HNS="Cerapachys Smith" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Cerapachys</taxonomicName>
|
|
, but it seems unwise to do this in a group so poorly known as
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|
<taxonomicName id="9799C6E68DDD1CE7390A473FFC30A7FE" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:2433" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Sphinctomyrmex" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sphinctomyrmex Mayr" lsidName-HNS="Sphinctomyrmex Mayr" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Sphinctomyrmex</taxonomicName>
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, in which males have yet to be matched up to workers or queens in most species, and in which many species doubtless remain undescribed from any caste. It seems that problems in this group will best be solved by rearing live colonies to get the males in association with the female castes.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="ABC859D223722CFDFE616B5080E87439" type="biology_ecology">
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<paragraph id="10C445BF34EB615D9BDD21BC4ABC5846" pageNumber="33">bionomics: Discussed previously under the tribe.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="FEEF4B8650B2BE1FF25613F4952B4946" type="distribution">
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<paragraph id="9E8032B31099D10A15311F4447FE0B92" pageNumber="33">
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distribution:
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<taxonomicName id="60A8BD3754E348F697A6D4EAE6407126" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:2433" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Sphinctomyrmex" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sphinctomyrmex Mayr" lsidName-HNS="Sphinctomyrmex Mayr" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Sphinctomyrmex</taxonomicName>
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is best represented in numbers of species, and is decidedly more common, in Australia than in other parts of the world, but the genus also occurs in New Guinea, New Caledonia, and southern Asia.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="CCF1BF7AC5B9D075EB7D8661B3B6C507" pageNumber="33">
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At least 2, and probably more, species exist in west and central Africa, where the 2 were originally described from males, and 2 distinctly different, undescribed species are known in the worker caste, plus 1 undescribed form known from a winged queen. Elsewhere,
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<taxonomicName id="DFC9A676E7548E5FEC2EFED2E9F97EBA" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:2433" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Sphinctomyrmex" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sphinctomyrmex Mayr" lsidName-HNS="Sphinctomyrmex Mayr" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Sphinctomyrmex</taxonomicName>
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is represented only by a single rare species from southeastern Brasil.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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</treatment>
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</document> |