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<mods:title id="838CBC0D86617D9EBC847392FEF4ECC2">Taxonomic notes on the antlion tribe Palparini Banks (Neuroptera: Myrmeleontidae) from Pakistan</mods:title>
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<mods:affiliation id="3C2D0E7A0A925CDB268949CC7751F94B">Directorate of Entomology, Ayub Agricultural Research Institute, Faisalabad, Pakistan. saleemakhtar. ento @ gmail. com &amp; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0003 - 3641 - 6238</mods:affiliation>
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Genus
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<emphasis id="20FE7A75FFA7E857B8B7FAFC506B5545" bold="true" box="[238,344,1283,1310]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="573">Palpares</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="761BDB96FFA7E857B939FAFC53225546" author="Rambur, M. P." box="[352,529,1283,1309]" pageId="8" pageNumber="573" refId="ref11110" refString="Rambur, M. P. (1842) Histoire naturelle des Insectes. Nevropteres. Fain et Thunot, Paris, 534 pp. [BotN ref # 5314]" type="book" year="1842">Rambur, 1842</bibRefCitation>
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<treatmentCitation id="932B8076FFA7E857B8CEFAB750F7553B" author="Rambur, M. P." box="[151,452,1352,1376]" page="365" pageId="8" pageNumber="573" year="1842">
<taxonomicName id="D58ADDE4FFA7E857B8CEFAB750F7553B" ID-CoL="6CVZ" authority="Rambur, 1842: 365" authorityName="Rambur" authorityPageNumber="365" authorityYear="1842" box="[151,452,1352,1376]" class="Insecta" family="Myrmeleontidae" genus="Palpares" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neuroptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="573" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="20FE7A75FFA7E857B8CEFAB751C1553B" box="[151,242,1352,1376]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="573">Palpares</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="761BDB96FFA7E857B8A3FAB750F7553B" author="Rambur, M. P." box="[250,452,1352,1376]" pageId="8" pageNumber="573" refId="ref11110" refString="Rambur, M. P. (1842) Histoire naturelle des Insectes. Nevropteres. Fain et Thunot, Paris, 534 pp. [BotN ref # 5314]" type="book" year="1842">Rambur, 1842: 365</bibRefCitation>
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.
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="329A8149FFA7E857B996FAB75577553B" box="[463,1092,1352,1376]" pageId="8" pageNumber="573">
<typeStatus id="CD3118C5FFA7E857B996FAB75332553B" box="[463,513,1352,1376]" pageId="8" pageNumber="573">Type</typeStatus>
species:
<treatmentCitation id="932B8076FFA7E857BA3BFAB7550D553B" author="Linnaeus, C." box="[610,1086,1352,1376]" page="401" pageId="8" pageNumber="573" year="1764">
<taxonomicName id="D58ADDE4FFA7E857BA3BFAB7550D553B" authority="Linnaeus, 1764: 401" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityPageNumber="401" authorityYear="1764" box="[610,1086,1352,1376]" class="Insecta" family="Hemerobiidae" genus="Hemerobius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neuroptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="573" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="libelluloides">
<emphasis id="20FE7A75FFA7E857BA3BFAB75251553B" box="[610,866,1352,1376]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="573">Hemerobius libelluloides</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="761BDB96FFA7E857BB33FAB7550D553B" author="Linnaeus, C." box="[874,1086,1352,1376]" pageId="8" pageNumber="573" refId="ref10113" refString="Linnaeus, C. (1764) Museum S: ae R: ae M: tis ludovicae ulricae reginae svecorum, gothorum, vandalorumque &amp; c. &amp; c. &amp; c. In quo animalia rariora, exotica, imprimis insecta &amp; Conchilia describuntur &amp; determinantur prodomi instar editum. Laurentii Salvii, Holmiae, 720 pp. [BotN ref # 3732] https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 51532" type="book" year="1764">Linnaeus, 1764: 401</bibRefCitation>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="1235A667FFA7E857BC15FAB752C45524" blockId="8.[151,1437,1352,1468]" pageId="8" pageNumber="573">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="329A8149FFA7E857BC15FAB752C45524" pageId="8" pageNumber="573">
As “
<taxonomicName id="D58ADDE4FFA7E857BC25FAB7546F553B" ID-CoL="4C6PT" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1764" box="[1148,1372,1352,1376]" class="Insecta" family="Myrmeleontidae" genus="Palpares" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neuroptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="573" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="libelluloides">
<emphasis id="20FE7A75FFA7E857BC25FAB7546F553B" box="[1148,1372,1352,1376]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="573">Palpares libelluloides</emphasis>
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[sic]” subsequent designation by Hagen, 1873: 390 – from Oswald &amp; Penny, 1991: 47.
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<paragraph id="1235A667FFA7E857B8CEFA79504A55E7" blockId="8.[151,1437,1352,1468]" pageId="8" pageNumber="573">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="329A8149FFA7E857B8CEFA79504A55E7" pageId="8" pageNumber="573">
<treatmentCitation id="932B8076FFA7E857B8CEFA79508555C6" author="Navas, L." box="[151,438,1413,1437]" page="56" pageId="8" pageNumber="573" year="1912">
<taxonomicName id="D58ADDE4FFA7E857B8CEFA79508555C6" authority="Navas, 1912 c: 56" authorityName="Navas" authorityPageNumber="56" authorityYear="1912" box="[151,438,1413,1437]" class="Insecta" family="Myrmeleontidae" genus="Negretus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neuroptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="573" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="20FE7A75FFA7E857B8CEFA7951C155C6" box="[151,242,1414,1437]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="573">Negretus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="761BDB96FFA7E857B8A5FA7A508555C6" author="Navas, L." box="[252,438,1413,1437]" pageId="8" pageNumber="573" pagination="55 - 59" refId="ref10698" refString="Navas, L. (1912 c) Bemerkungen uber die Neuropteren der Zoologischen Staatssammlung in Munchen. III. Mitteilungen der Munchener Entomologischen Gesellschaft, 3, 55 - 59. [BotN ref # 544]" type="journal article" year="1912">Navás, 1912c: 56</bibRefCitation>
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. Type species:
<treatmentCitation id="932B8076FFA7E857BA00FA79529855C6" author="Navas, L." box="[601,939,1413,1437]" page="57" pageId="8" pageNumber="573" year="1912">
<taxonomicName id="D58ADDE4FFA7E857BA00FA79529855C6" ID-CoL="464S4" authority="Navas, 1912 c: 57" authorityName="Navas" authorityPageNumber="57" authorityYear="1912" box="[601,939,1413,1437]" class="Insecta" family="Myrmeleontidae" genus="Negretus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neuroptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="573" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ertli">
<emphasis id="20FE7A75FFA7E857BA00FA7953D455C6" box="[601,743,1413,1437]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="573">Negretus ertli</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="761BDB96FFA7E857BAA8FA7A529855C6" author="Navas, L." box="[753,939,1413,1437]" pageId="8" pageNumber="573" pagination="55 - 59" refId="ref10698" refString="Navas, L. (1912 c) Bemerkungen uber die Neuropteren der Zoologischen Staatssammlung in Munchen. III. Mitteilungen der Munchener Entomologischen Gesellschaft, 3, 55 - 59. [BotN ref # 544]" type="journal article" year="1912">Navás, 1912c: 57</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
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. Monotypy.
<typeStatus id="CD3118C5FFA7E857BC68FA7A55BC55C6" box="[1073,1167,1413,1437]" pageId="8" pageNumber="573" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
female. Synonymized by
<treatmentCitation id="932B8076FFA7E857B89EFA5B504655E7" author="Stange, L. A." box="[199,373,1444,1468]" page="47" pageId="8" pageNumber="573" year="2004">
<bibRefCitation id="761BDB96FFA7E857B89EFA5B504655E7" author="Stange, L. A." box="[199,373,1444,1468]" pageId="8" pageNumber="573" pagination="1 - 565" refId="ref11141" refString="Stange, L. A. (2004) A systematic catalog, bibliography and classification of the world antlions (Insecta: Neuroptera: Myrmeleontidae). Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute, 74, 1 - 565. [BotN ref # 11168]" type="journal article" year="2004">Stange, 2004: 47</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
.
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</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="5A90F5ECFFA7E857B8CEFA1555F9565F" box="[151,1226,1514,1540]" pageId="8" pageNumber="573" type="distribution">
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<emphasis id="20FE7A75FFA7E857B8CEFA155002565F" bold="true" box="[151,305,1514,1540]" pageId="8" pageNumber="573">Distribution.</emphasis>
Palearctic, Afrotropical and
<collectingRegion id="D04E6885FFA7E857BA2AFA1553FC565F" box="[627,719,1514,1540]" country="Saudi Arabia" name="Ash Sharqiyah" pageId="8" pageNumber="573">Oriental</collectingRegion>
regions (
<bibRefCitation id="761BDB96FFA7E857BB6EFA1552FB565F" author="Stange, L. A." box="[823,968,1514,1540]" pageId="8" pageNumber="573" pagination="1 - 565" refId="ref11141" refString="Stange, L. A. (2004) A systematic catalog, bibliography and classification of the world antlions (Insecta: Neuroptera: Myrmeleontidae). Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute, 74, 1 - 565. [BotN ref # 11168]" type="journal article" year="2004">Stange 2004</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="761BDB96FFA7E857BB8AFA15558D565F" author="Machado, R. J. P. &amp; Gillung, J. P. &amp; Winterton, S. L. &amp; Garzon-Orduna, I. J. &amp; Lemmon, A. R. &amp; Lemmon, E. M. &amp; Oswald, J. D." box="[979,1214,1514,1540]" pageId="8" pageNumber="573" pagination="418 - 450" refId="ref10193" refString="Machado, R. J. P., Gillung, J. P., Winterton, S. L., Garzon-Orduna, I. J., Lemmon, A. R., Lemmon, E. M. &amp; Oswald, J. D. (2019) Owlflies are derived antlions: anchored phylogenomics supports a new phylogeny and classification of Myrmeleontidae (Neuroptera). Systematic Entomology, 44, 418 - 450. [BotN ref # 18370] https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / syen. 12334" type="journal article" year="2019">
Machado
<emphasis id="20FE7A75FFA7E857BC1BFA145549565F" box="[1090,1146,1514,1540]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="573">et al.</emphasis>
2019
</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="5A90F5ECFFA7E857B89EF9F1538557CB" pageId="8" pageNumber="573" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="1235A667FFA7E857B89EF9F1538557CB" blockId="8.[151,1437,1514,1937]" pageId="8" pageNumber="573">
<emphasis id="20FE7A75FFA7E857B89EF9F150085673" bold="true" box="[199,315,1550,1576]" pageId="8" pageNumber="573">Remarks.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="D58ADDE4FFA7E857B91CF9F1509A5673" authorityName="Rambur" authorityYear="1842" box="[325,425,1550,1576]" class="Insecta" family="Myrmeleontidae" genus="Palpares" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neuroptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="573" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="20FE7A75FFA7E857B91CF9F1509A5673" box="[325,425,1550,1576]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="573">Palpares</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is a relatively larger genus with 66 known species, which are mainly distributed in the Afrotropical, Palaearctic and Oriental regions (
<bibRefCitation id="761BDB96FFA7E857BAFFF9CD52765617" author="Mansell, M. W." box="[678,837,1586,1612]" pageId="8" pageNumber="573" pagination="201 - 208" refId="ref10444" refString="Mansell, M. W. (2004) Antlions of southern Africa: Annulares nov. gen. (Neuroptera, Myrmeleontidae, Palparini) including two new species, with comments on the tribe Palparini. Denisia, 13, 201 - 208. [BotN ref # 11272]" type="journal article" year="2004">Mansell 2004</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="761BDB96FFA7E857BB09F9CD55125617" author="Michel, B. &amp; Clamens, A. L. &amp; Berthoux, O. &amp; Kergoat, G. J. &amp; Condamine, F. L." box="[848,1057,1586,1612]" pageId="8" pageNumber="573" pagination="103 - 116" refId="ref10496" refString="Michel, B., Clamens, A. L., Berthoux, O., Kergoat, G. J. &amp; Condamine, F. L. (2017) A first higher-level time calibrated phylogeny of antlions (Neuroptera: Myrmeleontidae). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 107, 103 - 116. [BotN ref # 15981] https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. ympev. 2016.10.014" type="journal article" year="2017">
Michel
<emphasis id="20FE7A75FFA7E857BBFEF9CC52EC5617" box="[935,991,1586,1612]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="573">et al.</emphasis>
2017
</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="761BDB96FFA7E857BC74F9CD542A5617" author="Machado, R. J. P. &amp; Gillung, J. P. &amp; Winterton, S. L. &amp; Garzon-Orduna, I. J. &amp; Lemmon, A. R. &amp; Lemmon, E. M. &amp; Oswald, J. D." box="[1069,1305,1586,1612]" pageId="8" pageNumber="573" pagination="418 - 450" refId="ref10193" refString="Machado, R. J. P., Gillung, J. P., Winterton, S. L., Garzon-Orduna, I. J., Lemmon, A. R., Lemmon, E. M. &amp; Oswald, J. D. (2019) Owlflies are derived antlions: anchored phylogenomics supports a new phylogeny and classification of Myrmeleontidae (Neuroptera). Systematic Entomology, 44, 418 - 450. [BotN ref # 18370] https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / syen. 12334" type="journal article" year="2019">
Machado
<emphasis id="20FE7A75FFA7E857BCC4F9CC55E65617" box="[1181,1237,1586,1612]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="573">et al.</emphasis>
2019
</bibRefCitation>
). Currently,
<taxonomicName id="D58ADDE4FFA7E857B8CEF9A951C8562B" authorityName="Rambur" authorityYear="1842" box="[151,251,1622,1648]" class="Insecta" family="Myrmeleontidae" genus="Palpares" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neuroptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="573" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="20FE7A75FFA7E857B8CEF9A951C8562B" box="[151,251,1622,1648]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="573">Palpares</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
contains three species in
<collectingCountry id="6A9DE6F7FFA7E857BA46F9A953B2562B" box="[543,641,1622,1648]" name="Pakistan" pageId="8" pageNumber="573">Pakistan</collectingCountry>
, which mainly occur in the northeastern (
<specimenCount id="048C6DEEFFA7E857BC03F9A955A3562B" box="[1114,1168,1622,1648]" pageId="8" pageNumber="573" type="generic">1 sp.</specimenCount>
), southern (1 spp.), and southeastern (2 spp.) parts:
<taxonomicName id="D58ADDE4FFA7E857B981F98453EE56CF" authority="Banks, 1913" authorityName="Banks" authorityYear="1913" box="[472,733,1658,1684]" class="Insecta" family="Myrmeleontidae" genus="Palpares" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neuroptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="573" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="astarte">
<emphasis id="20FE7A75FFA7E857B981F984537756CF" box="[472,580,1659,1684]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="573">P. astarte</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="761BDB96FFA7E857BA17F98553EE56CF" author="Banks, N." box="[590,733,1658,1684]" pageId="8" pageNumber="573" pagination="171 - 195" refId="ref8871" refString="Banks, N. (1913) The neuropterous genus Palpares. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 6, 171 - 195. [BotNref # 61] https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / aesa / 6.2.171" type="journal article" year="1913">Banks, 1913</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="D58ADDE4FFA7E857BB40F984528356CF" baseAuthorityName="Klug in Ehrenberg" baseAuthorityYear="1834" box="[793,944,1658,1684]" class="Insecta" family="Myrmeleontidae" genus="Palpares" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neuroptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="573" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cephalotes">
<emphasis id="20FE7A75FFA7E857BB40F984528356CF" box="[793,944,1658,1684]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="573">P. cephalotes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Klug in Ehrenberg, 1832) from Rajanpur district (southeastern) [see notes below], and
<taxonomicName id="D58ADDE4FFA7E857BACDF960523C56E3" authorityName="Rambur. A. Lateral" authorityYear="1842" box="[660,783,1694,1720]" class="Insecta" family="Myrmeleontidae" genus="Palpares" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neuroptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="573" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="zebratus">
<emphasis id="20FE7A75FFA7E857BACDF960523C56E3" box="[660,783,1694,1720]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="573">P. zebratus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
known from southern (Karachi) and northern (Islamabad) parts (
<bibRefCitation id="761BDB96FFA7E857B882F93D50FA5687" author="Iqbal, M. &amp; Yousuf, M." box="[219,457,1730,1756]" pageId="8" pageNumber="573" pagination="55 - 59" refId="ref9667" refString="Iqbal, M. &amp; Yousuf, M. (1990) The genus Palpares Rambur (Myrmeleontidae: Neuroptera) with new records from 3 species from Pakistan. Proceedings of Pakistan Congress of Zoology, 10, 55 - 59. [BotN ref # 9851]" type="journal article" year="1990">Iqbal &amp; Yousuf 1990</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="761BDB96FFA7E857B98AF93D533D5687" author="Iqbal, M. &amp; Yousuf, M." box="[467,526,1730,1756]" pageId="8" pageNumber="573" pagination="127 - 138" refId="ref9762" refString="Iqbal, M. &amp; Yousuf, M. (1997) Antlions (Myrmeleontidae: Neuroptera) of the Punjab, Pakistan. Pakistan Journal of Zoology, 29, 127 - 138. [BotN ref # 9177]" type="journal article" year="1997">1997</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="761BDB96FFA7E857BA40F93D53D15687" author="Whittington, A. E." box="[537,738,1730,1756]" pageId="8" pageNumber="573" pagination="371 - 387" refId="ref11252" refString="Whittington, A. E. (2002) Resources in Scottish Neuropterology. Acta Zoologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae, 48, 371 - 387. [BotN ref # 10317]" type="journal article" year="2002">Whittington 2002</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="761BDB96FFA7E857BAB5F93C528D5687" author="Hassan, M. A. &amp; Oswald, J. D. &amp; Zia, A. &amp; Liu, X. Y." box="[748,958,1730,1757]" pageId="8" pageNumber="573" pagination="497 - 541" refId="ref9447" refString="Hassan, M. A., Oswald, J. D., Zia, A. &amp; Liu, X. Y. (2019) Neuropterida (Insecta: Megaloptera, Raphidioptera, Neuroptera) of Pakistan: a catalogue and faunistic review. Zootaxa, 4686 (4), 497 - 541. [BotN ref # 18759] https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4686.4.3" type="journal article" year="2019">
Hassan
<emphasis id="20FE7A75FFA7E857BB1DF93C52485687" box="[836,891,1730,1756]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="573">et al.</emphasis>
2019
</bibRefCitation>
). These
<taxonomicName id="D58ADDE4FFA7E857BC41F93D55E75687" box="[1048,1236,1730,1756]" pageId="8" pageNumber="573">
<emphasis id="20FE7A75FFA7E857BC41F93D554F5687" box="[1048,1148,1730,1756]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="573">Palpares</emphasis>
species
</taxonomicName>
found in
<collectingCountry id="6A9DE6F7FFA7E857BD64F93D54AF5687" box="[1341,1436,1730,1756]" name="Pakistan" pageId="8" pageNumber="573">Pakistan</collectingCountry>
can be distinguished from other palparine genera by elongated labial palp with distally clavated palpimacula, sensory slit 1/2–1/3 length of terminal labial palpomere, reaching to apex; thorax brownish yellow with distinct median longitudinal brownish stripe; abdomen uniformly pale yellowish brown; male sternite 9 with round apex; ectoprocts cylindrical, slightly or distinctly curved at base; male gonocoxites 9 closely spaced, with obtuse apex and basal projection; and presence of gonarcal bulla.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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